Wti 89

WELL TEST
INTERPRETATION
for monophasic oil and monophasic gas
by analysis of pressure behavior
1989
This manual is an update of Systems Analysis Part 1.
Well Test Interpretation for monophasic oil by analysis of
pressure behavior written by Flopetrol, Melun, France
1983.
Chapters for Gas Wells and Impulse Testing were also
added.
WELL TEST
INTERPRETATION
for monophasic oil and monophasic gas
by analysis of pressure behavior
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH
3 LOG-LOG DIAGNOSIS
4 TYPE-CURVE ANALYSIS
5 BUILDUP INTERPRETATION
6 CHECKING PROCEDURES
7 INTERPRETATION METHODOLOGY
8 GAS WELLS
9 IMPULSE TESTING
10 EQUATION SUMMARY
1989 BY SCHLUMBERGER. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

1. INTRODUCTION
RESERVOIR MODEL
WELL TESTING
4 INTRODUCTION
Reservoir Model
FIELD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

is usually established with the help of models:
ECONOMIC MODEL
RESERVOIR MODEL
RESERVOIR ECONOMIC
MODEL MODEL
FIELD DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGY
Reservoir Model 5
THE ECONOMIC MODEL

takes into account present and projected economic information, such as:
Price of oil and gas
Interest rate
Return on investment
Etc.
THE RESERVOIR MODEL

is used to predict the physical behavior of the field, in terms of rate of
production and fluid recovery, for different operating conditions.
For example:
Primary production
Secondary recovery
Tertiary recovery
In order to perform realistic predictions, the reservoir model should

represent the actual reservoir as closely as possible.
It is built using information available from:
GEOLOGY
GEOPHYSICS
WELLS
6 INTRODUCTION
A reservoir model is never definitive, but must be adjusted as new

information becomes available when additional wells are drilled. The
parameters used for the construction of the reservoir model are obtained
from:
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS:
On cores or cuttings while drilling
On PVT samples
Etc.
Results of INTERPRETATION of:

Seismic data
Electric log data
Well test data
Etc.
MEASUREMENT
Electric P.V.T.
Geophysics Well Test
Logs Core
INTERPRETATION
Geophysical Log Well Test

Model Model Model
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
RESERVOIR MODEL
Well Testing 7
Well Testing
Only WELL TESTING provides information on the DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

of the reservoir.
A WELL TEST, depending on its design may provide:
Permeability
Initial or average reservoir pressure
Near wellbore conditions (damage, stimulation)
Reservoir flow behavior
Reservoir size
Inflow performance response
Communication between wells
A WELL TEST essentially consists of recording the downhole pressure

response due to changes in flow rate.
8 INTRODUCTION
We CREATE a disturbance in the reservoir by changing the flow rate

FLOW RATE
TIME
and MEASURE the pressure response.

PRESSURE
TIME
Well Testing 9
The pressure response, which is a function of reservoir characteristics and

the production history, can be interpreted by analysis of
CHANGE IN PRESSURE, p, versus TIME, t
p
FLOWRATE
PRESSURE
q (t)
TIME
WELL TEST INTERPRETATION is the analysis of this response in order to

determine the reservoir characteristics.
DRAWDOWN analysis is usually difficult due to non-stable flow rates.

The analysis of BUILDUP data is, therefore, preferred.
10 INTRODUCTION
Wellbore Storage Effect
When a well is opened, initially the production at surface is due only to the
decompression of fluid in the wellbore. The reservoir contribution is
negligible.
This is the WELLBORE STORAGE EFFECT.
p (t) q (t)
Well Testing 11
This plot gives a simplified description of the pressure distribution versus

the distance, r, from the well.
r
pi
pressure profile
The reservoir is still at initial pressure, pi. Only the pressure in the
wellbore has dropped.
12 INTRODUCTION
The WELLBORE STORAGE effect prevents the sand-face flow rate from
instantaneously following the surface flow rate.
FLOW RATE
surface flow rate

sand-face flow rate
t
elapsed time from opening of well
Well Testing 13
Infinite Acting Radial Flow Regime
The reservoir production is established when all the fluid flowing at the
surface comes from the reservoir.
p (t) q (t)
14 INTRODUCTION
An apparent RADIUS OF DRAINAGE, rd, can be defined beyond which no

pressure drop is measurable. (It is, however, dependent on the resolution
of the pressure gauge used.)
r
pi
SKIN, s = 0
rd
pressure profile
Within the drainage area the pressure drops. The minimum pressure is in
the wellbore.
The pressure front, defined by rd, propagates RADIALLY.
This configuration is called INFINITE ACTING RADIAL FLOW REGIME.

Well Testing 15
The communication between the well and the reservoir is affected by:
Presence of mud cake
Invasion of drilling fluids
Insufficient perforation density
Partial penetration
This causes an additional pressure drop around the wellbore which is

quantified by a SKIN FACTOR, s.
For a DAMAGED WELL , s > 0
rw r
pi
p s SKIN, s > 0
pressure profile
16 INTRODUCTION
After stimulation, the ability to flow into the wellbore is improved. Thus
the pressure drop measured in the well is smaller.
This is seen as a reduction in the SKIN FACTOR which may even become
negative.
For a STIMULATED WELL , s < 0
In the literature, the concept of APPARENT WELLBORE RADIUS, rwa, has

been used to represent the skin.
rw rwa r
pi
p s
SKIN, s < 0
pressure profile
Well Testing 17
Other Flow Regimes
Sometimes infinite acting radial flow is not established immediately after

the end of the wellbore storage flow regime.
This can be the case if:
The well is FRACTURED
The well PARTIALLY PENETRATES the reservoir
The reservoir is FISSURED
The reservoir is MULTILAYERED.
It may take some time before the EQUIVALENT HOMOGENEOUS

behavior of the whole system is reached.
18 INTRODUCTION
In a fissured reservoir, the fissure response is much faster than the matrix
response.
During the first period of production only the FISSURE SYSTEM produces,
the matrix blocks still being at initial pressure.
Thus two pressure profiles exist in the reservoir.
pf for the FISSURE SYSTEM.
pm for the MATRIX BLOCKS.
Once the MATRIX BLOCKS start to produce into the fissures, pm, drops
from pi to pf.
When both systems (fissures and matrix blocks) have the same pressure the
behavior appears HOMOGENEOUS.
Well Testing 19
p (t) q (t)
r
pi
rd
pressure profile in the matrix
pressure profile in the fissures

20 INTRODUCTION
In a test of sufficiently long duration, another flow regime will occur at late
time due to the presence of OUTER BOUNDARIES, such as:
CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY
NO FLOW BOUNDARY
CLOSED SYSTEM
For example, if there is a SEALING FAULT near the well, after rd has
reached the fault, the shape of the pressure profile is changed.
p (t) q (t)
sealing
fault
Well Testing 21
p TIME t1
pressure front has not reached
the fault
pi
pressure profile without fault
p TIME t2 > t1
pressure front has reached the
fault and is reflected but no effect
is seen at the wellbore
pi

reflected pressure profile
actual pressure profile
22 INTRODUCTION
p TIME t3 > t2
pressure reflection has reached
the wellbore, the effect of the fault
is seen in the measured signal
pi

reflected pressure profile
actual pressure profile
Interference Testing
During a well test it is also possible to monitor the pressure response in an

OBSERVATION WELL near the producing well, in order to assess the
communication between them.
This is an INTERFERENCE TEST.
When the radius of drainage has reached the OBSERVATION WELL, a

pressure drop can be recorded.
The magnitude of the pressure drop is generally quite small.
Well Testing 23
p (t) q (t) p (t)
producing observation
well well
r
pi
rd
pressure profile
24 INTRODUCTION
Various Phases During a Well Test
The various phases occurring during a well test are illustrated on a

schematic reservoir map.
wellbore storage
fracture flow
radial flow (infinite acting reservoir)
boundary effect
The example is a FRACTURED WELL located near a SEALING FAULT.

Well Testing 25
First the WELLBORE STORAGE acts and there is no pressure change in the
reservoir.
Then the reservoir starts to produce.
Initially the flow is LINEAR and NORMAL to the fracture.
As the area of drainage expands, the anisotropy due to the fracture

disappears.
RADIAL FLOW is established and the fracture is only seen as a negative

skin factor.
Eventually the pressure front is reflected back by the SEALING FAULT.
When the reflection reaches the well, an additional pressure drop will be
observed indicating the presence of a boundary.
2. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH
INVERSE PROBLEM AND DIRECT PROBLEM
INTERPRETATION MODELS
Inverse Problem and Direct Problem
The principles governing the analysis of well tests are more easily
understood when one considers well test interpretation as a special
PATTERN RECOGNITION problem.
I S O
INVERSE PROBLEM O/I S
DIRECT PROBLEM IxSO
In a well test, a known SIGNAL, I (the constant withdrawal of reservoir

fluid) is applied to an unknown SYSTEM, S (the well and reservoir), and
the response, O, of that system (the change in reservoir pressure) is
measured during the test.
Inverse Problem and Direct Problem 29
This type of problem is known in mathematics as the INVERSE PROBLEM:
O/I S
Its solution involves finding a well defined theoretical SYSTEM, whose

response to the same input signal is as close as possible to that of the actual
RESERVOIR.
The purpose of well test interpretation is to IDENTIFY the system knowing

only the input and output signals and possibly some other reservoir
characteristics, such as initial or boundary conditions, shape of drainage
area, etc.
The response of the theoretical reservoir is computed for specific initial and
boundary conditions, that must correspond to the actual ones.
This is called the DIRECT PROBLEM:
IxSO
Models
Interpretation relies on MODELS, whose characteristics are assumed to

represent the characteristics of the actual reservoir.
If the wrong model is selected, then the parameters calculated for the actual
reservoir will not be correct.
On the other hand, the solution of the INVERSE PROBLEM is not always
unique. It is possible to find several reservoir configurations that would
yield similar responses to a given input signal.
But the number of alternative solutions decreases as the number and the
range of output signal measurements increase.
Models used for analysis are always built in the same manner. They
include:
A BASIC MODEL
INNER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
OUTER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Models 31
Most BASIC MODELS in the oil industry have impermeable upper and
lower boundaries, and are of infinite lateral extent.
Initially, the pressure is uniform.
Under these assumptions, flow eventually becomes radial in the reservoir.
BASIC
MODEL
INFINITE LATERAL
EXTENT
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &

LOWER BOUNDARIES
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
To be useful for practical applications, the basic model must be associated

with INNER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
Inner boundary conditions that are most common in practice are:
Wellbore storage and skin

Fractures
Partial penetration
INNER BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
WELLBORE STORAGE
SKIN
FRACTURES
PARTIAL PENETRATION
etc
Models 33
Finally OUTER BOUNDARY CONDITIONS may be added.
Possibilities include:
No flow outer boundary (sealing faults)
Constant pressure outer boundary (water drive)
OUTER BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
NO FLOW
CONSTANT PRESSURE
The complete configuration of an interpretation model should be as shown

below:
INNER BOUNDARY BASIC OUTER BOUNDARY

CONDITIONS MODEL CONDITIONS
HOMOGENEOUS
WELLBORE STORAGE INFINITE LATERAL

EXTENT
SKIN NO FLOW
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
FRACTURES LOWER BOUNDARIES
CONSTANT PRESSURE
PARTIAL PENETRATION UNIFORM INITIAL
etc PRESSURE
Models 35
The BASIC MODEL could be:
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
DOUBLE POROSITY
MULTILAYERED
COMPOSITE
The HOMOGENEOUS model has been well documented in the oil

literature and analytical solutions for the various inner and outer boundary
conditions are available.
HETEROGENEOUS models have been the subject of many recent

developments and solutions including inner boundary conditions are now
in common use.

DOUBLE POROSITY

EXTENT
SKIN NO FLOW
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
CONSTANT PRESSURE
etc PRESSURE

MULTILAYERED
WITHOUT CROSSFLOW
EXTENT
SKIN NO FLOW
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
CONSTANT PRESSURE
etc PRESSURE
Models 37

MULTILAYERED WITH
CROSSFLOW
EXTENT
SKIN NO FLOW
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
CONSTANT PRESSURE
etc PRESSURE

COMPOSITE

EXTENT
SKIN NO FLOW
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
CONSTANT PRESSURE
etc PRESSURE
3. LOG-LOG DIAGNOSIS
LOG-LOG SCALE
LOG-LOG SHAPES
TIME PERIODS
40 LOG-LOG DIAGNOSIS
Log-Log Scale
To select the appropriate theoretical model and identify the flow regimes
the change in pressure during the test, p, and the pressure derivative,
p't, are plotted versus time, t, on LOG-LOG SCALE.
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-log scale is chosen as this allows the fundamental CHARACTERISTIC

SHAPE of a response to be seen without being distorted by the effect of its
magnitude.
Log-Log Scale 41
The DERIVATIVE value is obtained by taking the slope at the point

required of the test data plotted on a pressure versus superposition time
plot.
The algorithm takes a point before (left) and a point after (right) the point
(B) considered, calculates the two corresponding derivatives and places
their weighted mean at the point of interest.
Y2
B
Y1
X2
X1
Y1 Y2
dy X1 X2 - X2 X1
=
dxB
X1 + X2
Data may be noisy, so the two points are normally chosen to be adequately
distant from the point considered, in order to smooth the scatter in the
differentiated data.
Smoothing is delicate.
Attempts to oversmooth noisy data may distort the actual pressure

response. Smoothing may be increased up to the point when distortion
starts.
Log-Log Scale 43
The shape of the log-log pressure and pressure derivative plot is indicative
of the system behavior.
A LOG-LOG plot of p and p't versus t is a DIAGNOSTIC PLOT.
It permits identification of dominating flow regimes.
In most practical cases, the effect of inner and outer boundary conditions
on the pressure behavior of the model is independent of the nature of the
basic model itself (homogeneous or heterogeneous).
This is so because inner boundaries, the basic model, and outer boundaries
dominate at different times.
Each of these exhibits SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS that are easily recognized.

Log-Log Shape
WELLBORE STORAGE yields a LOG-LOG STRAIGHT LINE OF UNIT-

SLOPE at early times (p is proportional to t).
Therefore, a unit-slope log-log straight line passing through early time p

and p't data is usually indicative of wellbore storage.
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
Wellbore Storage
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 45
Because p is proportional to t, the same data points must also be located

on a STRAIGHT LINE passing through the origin when p is plotted
versus t in CARTESIAN COORDINATES.
Such a plot, specific to a given flow regime, is called a SPECIALIZED

PLOT.
Wellbore Storage
p
0
0 t
A HIGH CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE communicating with the wellbore

yields a LOG-LOG STRAIGHT LINE with HALF-SLOPE (p is
proportional to t ).
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
High Conductivity
Fracture Flow
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 47
The SPECIALIZED PLOT in this case is a plot of p versus t , which

yields a straight line through the same points.
High Conductivity Vertical Fracture

p
0
0
t
A LOW CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE communicating with the wellbore

yields a LOG-LOG STRAIGHT LINE with a QUARTER SLOPE (p is
4
proportional to t ).
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
Low Conductivity
Fracture Flow
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 49
4
The SPECIALIZED PLOT is a plot of p versus t .
Low Conductivity Vertical Fracture

p
0
0 4
t
During INFINITE ACTING RADIAL FLOW, p is a linear function of the

logarithm of t.
tD
pD = 0.5 lnC + 0.80907 + lnCDe2s
D
The value of the pressure derivative is constant (HORIZONTAL LINE) and

equal to 0.5 (when scales are in dimensionless parameters).
tD
CD pD' = 0.5
p
p' t
Homogeneous System
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 51
The corresponding specialized plot is a SEMILOG PLOT of p versus

log t.
p
0
LOG t
BASIC HETEROGENEOUS MODELS have characteristic log-log behaviors.
Heterogeneities appear as a downward deviation in the derivative plot,

between wellbore storage and radial flow. The shape and depth of this dip
characterizes the type of heterogeneity.
Double porosity systems with pseudosteady state interporosity flow

display a well developed dip on the derivative plot.
p
p' t
Heterogeneous System
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 53
Transient interporosity flow can be described with two matrix block

shapes. Slab and spherical blocks are distinguishable on the derivative
plot, but much less so on the pressure plot.
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
Slabs
Spheres
LOG t
For a multilayered system the depth of the dip is between those for double
porosity systems with pseudosteady state and transient interporosity flow.
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
For a CLOSED SYSTEM, the log-log p versus t becomes ASYMPTOTIC

TO A UNIT-SLOPE STRAIGHT LINE at late times
(p is a linear function of t).
p
p' t
Closed System
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 55
The corresponding SPECIALIZED PLOT is a cartesian plot of p versus t.
Closed System
p
0
0 t
A CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY, on the other hand, is

characterized by a stabilization in pressure.
p
p' t
Constant Pressure Boundary
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 57
When a sealing fault is observed, the magnitude of the derivative plot

doubles.
The first horizontal line indicates infinite acting radial flow before the effect
of the fault becomes apparent.
p
p' t
LOG p & LOG p' t
Sealing Fault
LOG t
When LINEAR CHANNEL FLOW is observed, the pressure and pressure

derivative yield a log-log straight line with HALF-SLOPE.
p
p' t
Linear Channel Flow
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 59
The corresponding specialized plot is a cartesian plot of p versus t.
Linear Channel Flow

p
0
0
t
The log-log behavior of a complete model
inner outer
boundary + basic
model
+ boundary
conditions conditions
is simply obtained as the SUPERPOSITION of the individual log-log

behavior of each component of the model.
The illustrations show how model components have been superimposed to

give three typical examples:
A well with wellbore storage in a closed homogeneous reservoir.
A well with wellbore storage and a low conductivity fracture in a

closed homogeneous reservoir.
A well with wellbore storage in a heterogeneous reservoir of

infinite lateral extent.
Log-Log Shape 61
WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE.

CLOSED HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR.
p
p' t Closed
System
Radial Flow
LOG p & LOG p' t
Wellbore
Storage
LOG t
A WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND A LOW CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE.

CLOSED HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR.
p Closed
p' t Radial System
Flow
LOG p & LOG p' t
Fracture
Flow
Wellbore
Storage
LOG t
Log-Log Shape 63
WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE.

HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIR OF INFINITE LATERAL EXTENT.
p Radial Flow
Transition
p' t Period
LOG p & LOG p' t
Wellbore
Storage
LOG t
Time Periods
The change in pressure versus elapsed time is plotted on a log-log graph

for an idealized drawdown test.
Four different time periods can be identified.
1 2 3 4
C xf, hd, , , kh, s, p* r, A, p
LOG p & LOG p' t
no flow
boundary
fracture constant
pressure
partial penetration boundary
radial
wellbore fissures homogeneous closed
storage multilayers flow system
LOG t
Time Periods 65
Period 4 includes LATE TIME DATA, where boundary effects are

predominate.
This period was the first to be investigated by well testing, in the 1920's and
1930's.
Production wells were shut in at regular intervals and spot downhole

pressure measurements were taken to obtain the AVERAGE RESERVOIR
PRESSURE.
A MATERIAL BALANCE was then used to estimate the reserves.
As all closed systems have the same PSEUDOSTEADY STATE behavior, no

other information can be extracted from the data.
It was then realized that the validity of the spot pressure measurements
was dependent upon the duration of the shut-in period:
The less permeable the formation, the longer the shut-in period necessary
to reach average reservoir pressure.
TRANSIENT PRESSURE TESTING was thus developed in the 1950's and

1960's.
This corresponds to period 3 in the figure. Data from period 3 are analyzed
to obtain the:
PERMEABILITY-THICKNESS PRODUCT, kh
SKIN, s
EXTRAPOLATED PRESSURE, p*
kh and s from period 3 represent only a GROSS RESERVOIR BEHAVIOR,

and cannot be used to describe the system in greater detail.
The kh value could represent a homogeneous, a multilayered, or a fissured

reservoir.
In the same way, a positive skin could indicate either a damaged well, or
an undamaged well with partial penetration; and a negative skin
characterizes a stimulated well (as a result of acidizing or hydraulic
fracturing) or a well in a fissured reservoir.
Time Periods 67
Detailed information is only obtained from period 2 and has been the
subject of many recent developments. It describes the specific flow
characteristics of the system before the gross radial homogeneous behavior
is reached.
If period 2 is present, parameters detailing the WELL AND RESERVOIR

STRUCTURE are then accessible:
Partial penetration
Fracture
Natural fissures
Multilayers
Period 1 always appears first. It is the WELLBORE STORAGE EFFECT.
It may obscure the presence of period 2 data.
The duration of period 1, proportional to the wellbore volume, can be

advantageously reduced with downhole shut-in tools. The test duration is
then shortened as the subsequent periods, which give parameters of
interest are reached earlier.
4. TYPE-CURVE ANALYSIS
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
TYPE CURVES
HOMOGENEOUS
DOUBLE POROSITY WITH PSEUDOSTEADY
STATE INTERPOROSITY FLOW
DOUBLE POROSITY WITH TRANSIENT
INTERPOROSITY FLOW
DOUBLE PERMEABILITY
LOG-LOG ANALYSIS
Dimensionless Groups
The theoretical model responses are represented in terms of:
DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURE, pD
DIMENSIONLESS TIME, tD
These dimensionless groups define universal pressure and time scales

independent of the actual magnitude of the physical parameters involved
(q, kh, ).
During a test, for example, the system response would be doubled if a

given drawdown were to be repeated at twice the original flow rate. pD
and tD, however, remain unchanged. They characterize the SYSTEM
BEHAVIOR.
Dimensionless Groups 71
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS are combinations of certain system variables.
The dimensionless pressure is:
pD = A p where A = (kh, , )
The dimensionless time is:
tD = B t where B = g (k, , ct, )
In log-log coordinates:
log pD = log p + log A
log tD = log t + log B
Consequently, when the proper model is being used, real and theoretical
pressure versus time curves are IDENTICAL IN SHAPE, but
TRANSLATED one with respect to the other when plotted on the same log-
log graph.
The translation factors for both pressure and time axes, are proportional to
the well and reservoir parameters. They can, therefore, be used to compute
these parameters.
The model responses plotted in dimensionless form on log-log scale are

know as TYPE CURVES. Type curves are designed to give a GLOBAL
DESCRIPTION of the pressure response.
A theoretical interpretation model can only be used if the corresponding

log-log curve matches ALL THE DATA from VERY EARLY TIME to the
LAST RECORDED POINT.
The various components participating in the pressure response are acting

at different times in a well defined order. Log-log diagnosis allows each
successive FLOW REGIME to be identified.
The SPECIALIZED ANALYSIS relevant to each flow regime can then be

performed.
With the introduction of sophisticated interpretation models, LOG-LOG

DIAGNOSIS has become a powerful tool and is now considered essential
in interpretation.
For a given theoretical model, not all TYPE CURVES are equivalent. The
ease with which a given type curve can be used is dependent on the choice
of dimensionless groups.
The various flow regimes must be clearly indicated, with limits computed
from realistic approximation criteria, so that appropriate SPECIALIZED
ANALYSIS methods can be applied to the corresponding test data.
This last point is particularly important, as SPECIALIZED ANALYSIS

METHODS, which use the slope of a straight line on the specialized plots,
usually provide more accurate results than QUANTITATIVE LOG-LOG
ANALYSIS.
Type Curves 73
COMMON TYPE CURVES
1. OBSERVATION WELL. RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR

(Theis, AGU 1935)
2. WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS

BEHAVIOR
(Gringarten, Bourdet, Landel and Kniazeff, SPE 8205 October 1979)
(Bourdet, Whittle, Douglas and Pirard, World Oil May 1983) SMP 3056
3. WELL WITH INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE. RESERVOIR WITH

HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
(Alagoa, Bourdet and Ayoub, World Oil October 1985) SMP 3064
4. WELL WITH INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE. CLOSED RECTANGULAR

RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
(Gringarten, SPE 7452 October 1978) SMP 3047
5. WELL WITH FINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE. RESERVOIR WITH

(Cinco et al., SPE 6017 October 1978)
6. WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE POROSITY
BEHAVIOR - Pseudosteady state interporosity flow
(Bourdet and Gringarten, SPE 9293 September 1980)
(Bourdet, Ayoub, Whittle, Pirard and Kniazeff, World Oil October 1983) SMP 3069
7. WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE POROSITY
BEHAVIOR - Transient interporosity flow
(Bourdet and Gringarten - SPE 9293, September 1980)
(Bourdet, Alagoa, Ayoub and Pirard, World Oil April 1984) SMP 3058
8. WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE

PERMEABILITY BEHAVIOR - LAYERED RESERVOIRS WITH CROSSFLOW
(Bourdet, SPE 13628 March 1985)
OBSERVATION WELL RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
10
p
D
t D /rD2 p D'
t D /rD2 p D'
1
and
10-1
D
p
10-2
10 -1 1 10 102 10 3 104
t D /rD2
BASIC
MODEL
HOMOGENEOUS
INFINITE LATERAL
EXTENT
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &

LOWER BOUNDARIES
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Type Curves 75
Three DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tD
ct rw2
r
rD
rw2
Only two GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tD/rD2
Quantitative log-log analysis yields:
pD
kh = 141.2qB from the PRESSURE MATCH
pmatch
0.0002637 kh
cth = from the TIME MATCH
tD2/rD2
r2 t
match
This type curve is called the THEIS CURVE. It is also known as the Line
Source Solution and the Exponential Integral Curve.
It describes the observation well response due to one active well in a

homogeneous reservoir. It is used for the analysis of INTERFERENCE
TESTS.
Type Curves 77
WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
10 2 CDe 2s t
p 40 tp
D 10
1
20
t D /CD p D' 10 6
t D /CD p '
D
10 4
10 3
10 2
10 4
10 10 -1
APPROXIMATE END 6
-1
OF UNIT SLOPE 10 4
and
STRAIGHT LINE 3
2
1
D
p
10 -1
10 -1 1 10 102 10 3 104
t D/CD
INNER BOUNDARY BASIC

CONDITIONS MODEL
HOMOGENEOUS
INFINITE LATERAL
EXTENT
WELLBORE STORAGE
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
LOWER BOUNDARIES
SKIN
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Four DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tD
ct rw2
0.8936 C
CD
ct h rw2
Only three GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tD/CD , CDe2s
pD
kh = 141.2qB p from the PRESSURE MATCH
match
0.000295 kh
C = tD/CD
from the TIME MATCH
t
match
(CDe2s)match
s = 0.5 ln CD
from the CURVE MATCH

The shape of the curve is defined by the label CDe2s. If CD and s are changed, but the
product CDe2s is kept constant, the curve is not changed.
CDe2s > 103 ............................................ Damaged well

3 < CDe2s < 103 .......................... Non-damaged well
CDe2s < 3 ................................................. Acidized well
Limits are approximate

Type Curves 79
WELLBORE STORAGE AND INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE. RESERVOIR WITH

10
CDf
0.0
t Df p D'
0.003
1 0.01
0.03
0.1
0.3
and
10 -1
D
p
p
D
t Df p D'
10 -2
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10
t Df

CONDITIONS MODEL
HOMOGENEOUS
INFINITE LATERAL
WELLBORE STORAGE EXTENT
INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY IMPERMEABLE UPPER &

VERTICAL FRACTURE LOWER BOUNDARIES
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tDf
c t x f2
0.8936 C
CDf
c t h x f2
Only three GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tDf , CDf
pD
match
0.0002637 k
xf = tD f from the TIME MATCH
ct t
match
cth xf2 (CDf)match

C = 0.8936 from the CURVE MATCH
(xf is the plane vertical fracture half length).

Type Curves 81
INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE AT THE CENTER OF A CLOSED RECTANGLE.

RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
10 2
p
15
0.
D
0.
=
t Df p D'
=
A
A
/
xf
/
t Df p D'
xf
10 x e /y e 1 4 4 1
0
xf / A =
andD
1
p
xf / A = 0
APPROXIMATE END OF
HALF UNIT SLOPE
LOG-LOG STRAIGHT LINE
10 -1
10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 103
t Df

HOMOGENEOUS
INFINITE LATERAL
EXTENT
INFINITE CLOSED
CONDUCTIVITY IMPERMEABLE UPPER & RECTANGLE
VERTICAL LOWER BOUNDARIES
FRACTURE
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Four DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tDf
c t x f2
xf / A xf / A
xe/ye xe/ye
Four GOVERNING GROUPS

ye
pD , tDf , xf / A, xe/ye FRACTURE
xf
xe
Plan view of fractured well in center of a closed rectangle

pD
match
0.0002637 k
ct t
match
xf 2
A = from the CURVE MATCH
(xf/ A)match
xe/ye = (xe/ye)match from the CURVE MATCH

Type Curves 83
FINITE CONDUCTIVITY VERTICAL FRACTURE. RESERVOIR WITH HOMOGENEOUS BEHAVIOR
10
FCD
0.1
5
500
t Df p D'
1
and
10 -1
D
p
p
D
t Df p D'
10 -2
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10
t Df

CONDITIONS MODEL
HOMOGENEOUS
INFINITE LATERAL
EXTENT
FINITE
CONDUCTIVITY IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
VERTICAL LOWER BOUNDARIES
FRACTURE
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tDf
c t x f2
kf w
FCD k xf
Three GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tDf , FCD
pD
match
0.0002637 k
ct t
match
kf w = k xf (FCD)match from the CURVE MATCH
kf is the fracture permeability
w is the fracture width

Type Curves 85
WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE POROSITY BEHAVIOR
- pseudosteady state interporosity flow
10 2 CDe 2s
p 40
10
D -30
10
t D /CD p D'
t D /CD p '
D
10 10
10
-6
10 10
-1
10
and
-2
10
1 e -2s
D
p
CD / (1-) = 10 -1 10
-2
10
-3
CD /1- = 3x10 -2 3x10

-3
3x10
-4
-1
10
10 -1 1 10 102 10 3 104
t D/CD

CONDITIONS MODEL
DOUBLE POROSITY
pseudosteady state interporosity flow
INFINITE LATERAL
WELLBORE EXTENT
STORAGE
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
SKIN LOWER BOUNDARIES
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Five DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tD
ct rw2
0.8936 C
CD
ct h rw2
km
rw2 k
f
Five GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tD/CD , CDe2s , , e-2s
(omega) is the storativity ratio which is in general, related to the

percentage of oil present in the fissures
Type Curves 87
(Vct)f
= (Vc ) + (Vc )
tf tm
(lambda) is the interporosity flow parameter. It characterizes the ability

of the matrix to flow into the fissures
km
= k
f
is a function of structural geometry
12
= for horizontal slab matrix blocks
hm 2
15
= for spherical matrix blocks
rm2
Three FLOW REGIMES
1. The FISSURES produce first: the pressure follows one of the

wellbore storage and skin type curves, (CDe2s)f
2. TRANSITION period: the pressure follows a e-2s curve
3. The TOTAL SYSTEM (fissures + matrix) produces last: the

pressure follows a lower wellbore storage and skin type curve
(CDe2s)f+m
Type Curves 89
pD
match
0.000295 kh
C = tD/CD
from the TIME MATCH
t
match
(CDe2s)match
s = 0.5 ln CD
from the last CDe2s CURVE MATCH

(CDe2s)f+m
= (CDe2s)f from the first and last CDe2s CURVES
= ( e-2s ) e2s from the e-2s CURVE matched

during the transition period
WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE POROSITY BEHAVIOR
- Transient interporosity flow
10 2 CDe 2s
t
40 tp
10
' 1
40 6
10
t D /CD p '
D
10 4
10 3
10 2
10
10
10 -1
APPROXIMATE END -1 6
10
OF UNIT SLOPE
and
4
STRAIGHT LINE 3
-1
10 2
1
D
p
-2 -2 -3 -3
CD/(1-) 2 = 3x10 10 3x10 10 3x10-4
10 -1
10 -1 1 10 102 10 3 104
t D/CD

CONDITIONS MODEL
DOUBLE POROSITY
transient interporosity flow
INFINITE LATERAL
WELLBORE EXTENT
STORAGE
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Type Curves 91
Five DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
kh
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 k t
tD
ct rw2
0.8936 C
CD
ct h rw2
km
rw2 k
f
Five GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tD/CD , CDe2s , , '
(omega) is the storativity ratio which is in general, related to the

percentage of oil present in the fissures
(Vct)f
= (Vc ) + (Vc )
tf tm
(lambda) is the interporosity flow parameter. It characterizes the ability

of the matrix to flow into the fissures
km
= k
f
12
= for horizontal slab matrix blocks
hm 2
15
= for spherical matrix blocks
rm2
Three FLOW REGIMES
1. The FISSURES produce first: the pressure follows one of the

wellbore storage and skin type curves, (CDe2s)f
2. TRANSITION period: the pressure follows a ' curve
3. The TOTAL SYSTEM (fissures + matrix) produces last: the

pressure follows a lower wellbore storage and skin type curve
(CDe2s)f+m
Type Curves 93
pD
match
0.000295 kh
C = tD/CD
from the TIME MATCH
t
match
(CDe2s)match
s = 0.5 ln CD
from the last CDe2s CURVE MATCH

(CDe2s)f+m
= (CDe2s)f from the first and last CDe2s CURVES
' [ (CDe2s)f+m ]2
= from the ' CURVE matched
' (e-2s) during the transition period
= 1.8914 for a horizontal slab model
= 1.0508 for a spherical block model

WELL WITH WELLBORE STORAGE AND SKIN. RESERVOIR WITH DOUBLE PERMEABILITY
BEHAVIOR - LAYERED RESERVOIRS WITH CROSSFLOW
Due to the large number of governing groups, no printed type curves exist for this model.
10
= 1.00
0.95
0.80
0.60
t /CD p D'
1
D
and
10-1
D
p 0.60
p
D 0.80
0.95
t D /CD p D'
= 1.00
-2
10
-1 2 3 4
10 1 10 10 10 10
t D/CD

CONDITIONS MODEL
MULTILAYERED
WITH CROSSFLOW
INFINITE LATERAL
WELLBORE EXTENT
STORAGE
IMPERMEABLE UPPER &
UNIFORM INITIAL
PRESSURE
Type Curves 95
Seven DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
k1h1+k2h2
pD 141.2qB p
0.0002637 (k1h1+k2h2) t
tD
[(cth)1+(cth)2] rw2
0.8936 C
CD
[(cth)1+(cth)2] rw2
k2h2
rw2 k h +k h
1 1 2 2
(cth)1
(cth)1+(cth)2
k1h1
k1h1+k2h2
Six GOVERNING GROUPS
pD , tD/CD , CDe2s , , e-2s ,
KAPPA = 1.0 NO PERMEABILITY CONTRAST

same as double porosity pseudosteady state
KAPPA < 1.0 PERMEABILITY CONTRAST BETWEEN LAYERS

TYPE-CURVE MATCHING
For type-curve matching purposes, the type curve for a reservoir with
double porosity behavior, pseudosteady state transition, is used as a first
match. A permeability contrast term KAPPA () is then altered until a
refined computer match is obtained.
KAPPA affects the dip of the transition on the derivative plot.
With KAPPA=1.0, the response is that of the double porosity,

pseudosteady state transition system. As KAPPA is decreased below 1.0
the depth of dip on the derivative plot during transition is also decreased.
Three FLOW REGIMES
1. At early time, before crossflow is established, the response is the

same as for TWO LAYERS WITHOUT CROSSFLOW
2. At intermediate time, a TRANSITION behavior establishes
3. At late time, the system reaches a homogeneous behavior

characterizing the TOTAL SYSTEM (total permeability thickness,
total storativity)
Type Curves 97
pD
k1h1 + k2h2 = 141.2qB p from the PRESSURE MATCH
match
0.000295 (k1h1 + k2h2)

C = tD/CD
from the TIME MATCH
t
match
(CDe2s)match
s = 0.5 ln CD
from the CDe2s CURVE MATCH

from the computer generated curve
k1h1 = (k1h1 + k2h2)
k2h2 = (k1h1 + k2h2) - k1h1

5. BUILDUP INTERPRETATION
PRESSURE DATA
PRESSURE DERIVATIVE DATA

Pressure Data
The pressure response during an ideal, simple test in an infinite reservoir is

shown.
PRESSURE
p
Dd
p
BU
tp
TIME
The bottomhole pressure is initially at pi. During a time tp, the well is
flowed at constant rate and the pressure drops.
The well is then shut in for a pressure buildup.
After an infinite shut-in time the pressure will be back to pi.

Pressure Data 101
In terms of pressure change
pBU(t=) = pDd(t=tp)
therefore at the same elapsed time,
pBU(t) pDd(t)
drawdown
LOG p
buildup
tp
LOG t
The illustration shows the drawdown and buildup responses on the same
log-log scale.
The BUILDUP CURVE deviates from the drawdown response and tends
asymptotically towards pDd(t=tp) for large elapsed time.
This means that for log-log analysis of buildup data, BUILDUP TYPE
CURVES should be used, computed for the actual production time, tp.
The equation of a buildup type curve is:
pD = pD[(t)D] + pD[(tp)D] - pD[(tp + t)D]
Drawdown type curves:
pD = pD[(t)D]
can be used to analyze a buildup only if :
pD[(tp)D] - pD[(tp + t)D] is negligible.
t is small compared with tp or
pD[(tp)D] - pD[(tp + t)D] is small compared with pD[(t)D]

Pressure Data 103
Another possibility is to use:
p(t) = pBU(t) + pext
where pext is obtained by an extrapolation of the drawdown beyond the

time tp.
In this case:
pD = pD[(t)D]
and drawdown type curves can be used for analysis. However, the method
is not always applicable, and in practice has limited use.
When the log-log analysis indicates that the radial flow configuration has
been reached during the buildup, semilog analysis can then be performed
with the HORNER METHOD:
tp + t
A plot of p(t) versus log
t
Usually the flow sequence is not just a constant rate drawdown followed
by a buildup.
It is complicated by:
CLEAN-UP
SHUT-IN
CHANGING RATE
The previous methods then have to be generalized in order to SUPERPOSE

all the effects of flow history.
The equation of the resulting MULTI-RATE TYPE CURVE, for the flow
period # n, is:
n-1

qi - qi-1 n-1 n-1
p (tj) - p (tj+t) + p (t)
pD = qn-1 - qn D D D D D{ D}
j=1 j=1
i=1
When the radial flow configuration is established, a semilog analysis can be

performed with a plot of the pressure versus the superposition time
function:
Pressure Data 105
n-1
(
n-1
p (t) versus qi - qi-1 log tj+t + (qn - qn-1) log (t)
)
j=1
i=1
Pressure Derivative Data
The shape of buildup type curves is a function not only of well and
reservoir behavior, but also of the previous flow history.
Pressure type curves for buildups start to flatten at times dependent upon
the previous production duration.
By taking the derivative with respect to Horner (or Superposition) time the
problem is alleviated, because during infinite acting radial flow this
derivative has the same value as for drawdowns i.e. 0.5 in dimensionless
terms.
10 2
10
t /CD p D'
D
10 -1
10 -1 1 10 102 10 3 104
t D/CD
Pressure Derivative Data 107
If infinite acting radial flow is attained during the drawdown period, the
derivative type curve for the following buildup has almost the same shape
as the drawdown type curve.
Buildup data matches on drawdown type curves. Analysis is simplified.
If infinite acting radial flow is not attained during the drawdown period,
superposition will affect transition periods on the type curve.
The shape of the hump denoting wellbore storage is modified, as is the dip
during heterogeneous transition periods. To obtain a refined match a
computer generated curve is required.
6. CHECKING PROCEDURES
CONSISTENCY OF RESULTS
PRESSURE HISTORY SIMULATION

Consistency of Results
When the interpretation is correct, the different analysis methods must

yield the same numerical value for a given reservoir parameter.
In fact, because the real reservoir is much more complex than the
theoretical model used to represent it, some difference, (up to 10% for kh) is
acceptable.
Pressure History Simulation 111
Pressure History Simulation
Regression analysis is valid at this stage of interpretation, because the

model has been selected (by type-curve matching).
Interpretation based solely on PRESSURE HISTORY MATCHING is not a

correct general approach, because a model has to be assumed a priori.
Once the model has been selected, and the reservoir parameters computed,
these can be used to recalculate the pressure history of the test, from the
actual rate history.
A REGRESSION ANALYSIS can then be used to adjust the computed

reservoir parameters and any missing rate data.
simulated pressure history

PRESSURE actual pressure history
TIME
7. INTERPRETATION METHODOLOGY
114 INTERPRETATION METHODOLOGY
Interpretation Methodology
MODEL IDENTIFICATION is performed by plotting real data as pressure

change and pressure derivative versus elapsed time on log-log scale.
QUALITATIVE as well as QUANTITATIVE information on the reservoir is
obtained.
QUALITATIVE INFORMATION:
Comparing the shapes of real and theoretical curves is essential for the
selection of the most appropriate THEORETICAL MODEL, and for
identifying the DOMINATING FLOW REGIMES, for which specialized
analysis methods can be used.
QUALITATIVE INFORMATION:
is obtained by MATCHING the log-log plot of the test data against a type
curve derived from a THEORETICAL MODEL that includes the various
features identified in the actual data.
The model not only allows the pertinent parameters to be calculated but
also specifies their significance. For example, kh and s have a different
significance in a homogeneous system than in a double porosity system.
SPECIALIZED ANALYSIS is performed on the relevant data as defined

from log-log diagnosis.
If an inconsistency is found in the CHECKING PROCEDURES, the whole

process must be restarted.
115
RAW DATA
MODEL
IDENTIFICATION
log-log analysis
specialized
analysis
WELL & RESERVOIR

PARAMETERS
checking
procedures
FINAL
RESULTS
8. GAS WELLS
GAS PROPERTIES
PSEUDOPRESSURE AND PSEUDOTIME
PSEUDOSKIN
118 GAS WELLS
Gas Properties
The interpretation methodology for gas wells is the same as for oil wells.
Log-log, semilog and cartesian techniques may all be used.
The equations used for calculating reservoir parameters are modified to

account for gas properties.
In the theory for analysis of oil wells, certain assumptions are made.
Some of them are not applicable to gas.

Gas Properties 119
Compressibility of oil is practically constant whereas the compressibility of

gas is a function of pressure.
VISCOSITY COMPRESSIBILITY
Oil
Gas
Oil
Gas
PRESSURE
Viscosity of oil is practically constant whereas the viscosity of gas changes

with pressure.
PRESSURE
120 GAS WELLS
Pseudopressure and Pseudotime
A function called the REAL GAS POTENTIAL, m(p), is introduced to

adjust for pressure dependent gas properties. This function, also called the
GAS PSEUDOPRESSURE is defined as:
p
2p
m(p) = dp = Area under graph
(p) z(p)
po
2p/z
po p
PRESSURE
For gas analysis, the oil equations are modified by replacing the pressure
terms by the gas pseudo-pressure.
Pseudopressure and Pseudotime 121
There is a similar correction for time, since viscosity and compressibility

appear in the expression for dimensionless time. GAS PSEUDOTIME is
defined as
t,p
dt
t(p,t) = (p) c (p)
t
to,po
1/c t
(t, p)
(t o , po )
PRESSURE
When pressure drawdowns are large, pseudotime must be used. For small
pressure variations, the effect of changing gas properties is minimal, and
real times may be used.
122 GAS WELLS
Analysis based on gas pseudopressure can be used for all ranges of

pressures.
However, there are certain limits for which simplifications can be made.
These limits are approximate, applicable to certain temperature ranges, and

depend on gas properties.
tn
ta
ns
co
=
/p
z
z
z = constant
2,000 3,000
PRESSURE, psia
Pseudopressure and Pseudotime 123
For pressures LESS THAN 2,000 psi, z is constant. The pseudopressure,

m(p), is proportional to the pressure squared, p2. Analysis can be
performed using pressure squared instead of m(p).
For pressures BETWEEN 2,000 AND 3,000 psi no simplification exists for
m(p).
For pressures OVER 3,000 psi, z/p is constant. The pseudopressure, m(p),
is proportional to the pressure, p. Analysis can be performed using
pressure instead of m(p).
A plot of m(p) versus either p2 or p should be linear over the test pressure
range for the simplification to be valid.
The equations for evaluating gas reservoir parameters are different,

depending on which pressure function is used.
- z- pD
kh = 711 q T
p p match
pD

kh = 1422 q T ( z ) 2
- -
p match
124 GAS WELLS
p
D
kh = 1422 q T m(p)
match
For convenience, the pressure function may be normalized, and given the
dimensions of pressure.
This function is called NORMALIZED PSEUDOPRESSURE.
p
i zi p
ppn = pi + pi (p) z(p) dp

pi
Pseudotime is treated in the same way, giving NORMALIZED

PSEUDOTIME.
t
dt
tpn = i cti (p) c (p)
t
0
Pseudo functions are normalized with reference to conditions at static

reservoir pressure, pi. The equations for oil solutions may then be used.
Pseudoskin 125
Pseudoskin
Gas flowing in and around the wellbore may reach velocities at which non-
Darcy flow regimes (i.e. turbulence) occur. The result is a flow rate-
dependent pressure drop in addition to the pressure drop associated with
wellbore damage (skin effect). This total skin effect is called pseudoskin.
When there is non-Darcy flow, this equation applies:
s' = s + Dq
s' is the skin measured in the test. D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient and
is indicative of the amount of turbulence near the wellbore.
The well is flowed at several different rates. A graph is made s' versus flow
rate q.
MEASURED SKIN, s'
Slope = D
0
FLOW RATE, q
9. IMPULSE TESTING
128 IMPULSE TESTING
IMPULSE* testing consists of a short injection or production period,

followed by a falloff or a buildup period.
It requires accurate measurements of:
the pressure variations with time
the total quantity of the fluid injected or produced
The pressure response to an ideal rate impulse (i.e., to an instantaneous

source of strength unity) is given by the derivative of the pressure response
to a conventional step rate change.
It follows that if we subject a formation to an ideal rate impulse, the

subsequent pressure variations (not their derivative) will match directly on
the appropriate pressure derivative type curve.
Impulse testing is particularly useful for wells that do not flow to surface
and for wells where extended flow may not be desirable (because of sand
problems, for example).
Applied in conjunction with underbalanced perforating, this method

provides a low cost evaluation of the reservoir and wellbore condition.
* Mark of Schlumberger
129
Conventional Testing Impulse Testing
Production or Injection
Step Rate Change Instantaneous Change

RATE
RATE
TIME TIME
Pressure Response
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
TIME TIME
Interpretation
LOG p & LOG p' t
LOG p t
LOG t LOG t
130 IMPULSE TESTING
In practice, the impulse rate is not instantaneous.
A finite duration is necessary to produce or to inject a quantity of fluid

large enough to create a pressure disturbance measurable long enough in
time. Consequently the data will not follow the derivative response until
the impulse duration becomes small compared with the test length.
During the flow period the impulse data, (pi-p)tp, matches on the
conventional pressure type curve.
When the well is shut in the impulse data, (pi-p)t, falls from the pressure
type curve and eventually matches the pressure derivative type curve
(typically when t > 3tp).
2
10
Pressure Type Curve
Derivative Type Curve
Pressure group, psi x hours
End of Impulse
10
p multiplied by t p p multiplied by t
10 -1
-4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10 1 10
Time, hours
131
The permeability-thickness product, kh, is determined from the pressure

match as follows:
pD
kh = 3,388.8 Qt p
match
where Qt is the total volume of fluid (in reservoir barrels) produced or

injected.
Any impulse will create a signal that theoretically carries all the
information characterizing the reservoir.
In practice, however, only part of the signal can be measured because of the
limits of the pressure gauge.
10. EQUATION SUMMARY
MONOPHASIC OIL FLOW
MONOPHASIC GAS FLOW - PRESSURE
MONOPHASIC GAS FLOW - PRESSURE SQUARED
MONOPHASIC GAS FLOW - PSEUDOPRESSURE

134 EQUATION SUMMARY
Monophasic Oil Flow

___________________________________________________________________________________
Plot
____________________________________ Equation (U.S. oil field units)
____________________________________________
qB
p vs t slope = 24C
qB
p vs t slope = 4.065 h ct kxf2
4 44.11 qB
p vs t slope =
4
h ctk
kw
f
qB
p vs log (t) slope = 162.6 kh = m
p(t=1hr) k
s = 1.1513 m - log
2 + 3.2275
c tr w
tp + t
p vs log t slope = 162.6 kh
qB
= m

p1hr-p(t=0) tp+1
s = 1.1513 + log t + 3.2275
k
m - log 2
ctrw p
n-1 n-1 B
p vs (qi-qi-1)log tj+t + (qn-qn-1)logtslope = 162.6 kh = m'
i=1 j=1
p1hr - p(t=0)
s = 1.1513 m' (q + 3.2275
k
- q ) - log
n-1 n ctrw2
qB
p vs t slope = 0.234 hc A = m*
t
p1hr - pint
m m
CA = 5.456 m* 10
qB
p vs t slope = 8.133 bh k ct
135
Monophasic Gas Flow - Pressure

___________________________________________________________________________________
Plot
_____________________________________________
qT z- psc
p vs t slope = 7.421 C p- Tsc
-z- psc
723.8 qT - T
p sc
p vs t slope =
h - c- kx 2
t f
-z- psc
7856 qT - T
4 p sc
p vs t slope =
4 - -
h ctk kfw
qT -z- psc
p vs log (t) slope = 28950 kh - T = m
p sc
p(t=1hr) k
s' = 1.1513 m - log - - + 3.2275
ctrw2
tp + t qT -z- psc
p vs log t slope = 28950 kh - T = m
p sc
p1hr-pt=0 k tp+1
s' = 1.1513 m - log - - + log t + 3.2275
2 p
ctrw
n-1 n-1 T -z- psc

p vs (qi-qi-1)log tj+t + (qn-qn-1)logtslope = 28950 kh - T = m'
i=1 j=1 p sc
p1hr - pt=0 - log k + 3.2275

s' = 1.1513 m' (q
n-1 - qn) - -c r 2
tw
qTz- psc
p vs t slope = 41.67 - Ap- Tsc = m*
hc t
p1hr - pint
m m
CA = 5.456 m* 10
qT z- psc
p vs t slope = 1449 bh - k ct Tsc
p
136 EQUATION SUMMARY
Monophasic Gas Flow - Pressure Squared

___________________________________________________________________________________
Plot
____________________________________________
qTz- psc
p2 vs t slope = 14.84 C Tsc
1448 qT (-z-) psc

p2 vs t slope =
h - c- kx 2 Tsc
t f
4 15712 qT (-z-) psc

p2 vs t slope = Tsc
4 - -
h ctk kfw
qT (-z-) psc
p2 vs log (t) slope = 57900 kh Tsc = m
p2(t=1hr) - log k + 3.2275

s' = 1.1513 m - -c r 2
tw
tp + t qT (-z-) psc
p2 vs log t slope = 57900 = m
kh Tsc
p2 -p2
1hr t=0 k tp+1
s' = 1.1513 m - log - - + log t + 3.2275
2 p
ctrw
n-1 n-1 T (-z-) psc

p2 vs (qi-qi-1)log tj+t + (qn-qn-1)logtslope = 57900 kh Tsc = m'
i=1 j=1
p2 -p2
1hr t=0 k
s' = 1.1513 m' (q - q ) - log - - + 3.2275
n-1 n ctrw2

qTz- psc
p2 vs t slope = 83.35 = m*
hc- tA Tsc
2 2
p1hr - pint

m m
CA = 5.456 m* 10
qTz- - psc
p2 vs t slope = 2897 bh - Tsc
k c t
137
Monophasic Gas Flow - Pseudopressure

___________________________________________________________________________________
Plot
_____________________________________________
qT psc
m(p) vs t slope = 14.84 - Tsc
C
1448 qT psc
m(p) vs t slope = Tsc
h - c- kx 2
t f
4 15712 qT psc
m(p) vs t slope = Tsc
4 - -
h ctk kfw
qT psc
m(p) vs log (t) slope = 57900 kh T = m
sc
m(p)t=1hr
s' = 1.1513 + 3.2275
k
m - log - -
2
c t r w
tp + t qT psc
m(p) vs log t slope = 57900 kh T = m
sc
m(p)1hr-m(p)t=0 tp+1
s'=1.1513 +log t +3.2275
k
m - log - -
c r tw
2 p
n-1 n-1 T psc

m(p) vs (qi-qi-1)log tj+t+(qn-qn-1)logtslope = 57900 kh T = m'
sc
i=1 j=1
m(p)1hr-m(p)t=0
s' = 1.1513 m' (q + 3.2275
k
- log - -
n-1 - qn) c r tw
2

qT psc
m(p) vs t slope = 83.35 = m*
hc- tA- Tsc
m(p)1hr - m(p)int
m m
CA = 5.456 m* 10
qT psc
m(p) vs t slope = 2897 Tsc
bh k-c- t

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WELL TEST

2 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH

1989 BY SCHLUMBERGER. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

FIELD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

THE ECONOMIC MODEL

Price of oil and gas

THE RESERVOIR MODEL

In order to perform realistic predictions, the reservoir model should

It is built using information available from:

A reservoir model is never definitive, but must be adjusted as new

Results of INTERPRETATION of:

Electric log data

Well test data

Geophysical Log Well Test

Only WELL TESTING provides information on the DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

A WELL TEST, depending on its design may provide:

Initial or average reservoir pressure

Near wellbore conditions (damage, stimulation)

Reservoir flow behavior

Inflow performance response

Communication between wells

A WELL TEST essentially consists of recording the downhole pressure

We CREATE a disturbance in the reservoir by changing the flow rate

and MEASURE the pressure response.

The pressure response, which is a function of reservoir characteristics and

CHANGE IN PRESSURE, p, versus TIME, t

WELL TEST INTERPRETATION is the analysis of this response in order to

DRAWDOWN analysis is usually difficult due to non-stable flow rates.

Wellbore Storage Effect

This is the WELLBORE STORAGE EFFECT.

This plot gives a simplified description of the pressure distribution versus

surface flow rate

Infinite Acting Radial Flow Regime

An apparent RADIUS OF DRAINAGE, rd, can be defined beyond which no

The pressure front, defined by rd, propagates RADIALLY.

This configuration is called INFINITE ACTING RADIAL FLOW REGIME.

Presence of mud cake

Invasion of drilling fluids

Insufficient perforation density

This causes an additional pressure drop around the wellbore which is

For a DAMAGED WELL , s > 0

For a STIMULATED WELL , s < 0

In the literature, the concept of APPARENT WELLBORE RADIUS, rwa, has

Other Flow Regimes

Sometimes infinite acting radial flow is not established immediately after

This can be the case if:

The well is FRACTURED

The well PARTIALLY PENETRATES the reservoir

The reservoir is FISSURED

The reservoir is MULTILAYERED.

It may take some time before the EQUIVALENT HOMOGENEOUS

Thus two pressure profiles exist in the reservoir.

pf for the FISSURE SYSTEM.

pm for the MATRIX BLOCKS.

pressure profile in the matrix

pressure profile in the fissures

CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY

pressure profile without fault

pressure profile without fault

pressure profile without fault

During a well test it is also possible to monitor the pressure response in an

This is an INTERFERENCE TEST.

When the radius of drainage has reached the OBSERVATION WELL, a