Advanced Heat Transfer

Chap. 3 Laminar external boundary layers

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3-1 laminar forced convection over a flat plate

1.The Governing Eqs & BCs
Assumptions: constant property incompressible fluid2D ignoring the
viscous dissipation without inner heat source without volume force
uT= const

y
u
mainstream

d Boundary layer x
0
x
l

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u v
0
x y

u u du 2u
u v ) u 2
x y dx y
t t 2t
u v a
x y y 2
7 BC
x 0 : u u , T T
y 0 : u 0, v 0, T Tw
y (d ) : u u , T T

Similarity Solution (laminar flow, isothermal plate)
For steady, two-dimensional, incompressible , laminar flow with constant fluid
properties and negligible viscous dissipation, if dp/dx = 0, satisfied:

u v
Continuity: 0
x y velocity fields,
u(x,y) and v(x,y)
u u 2u
Momentum: u v 2
x y y temperature
fields, T(x,y)
T T 2T
Energy: u v 2
x y y

in 1908, Blasius developed a

similarity solution, based on
observation that the velocity profiles
at different values of x have similar
shapes

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2.The flow solution
If u and y are suitably scaled, then the
velocity profile may be expressed by a single
function for all values of x:
Magnitude analysis of momentum
equation with the boundary layer
approximation:

u y
u*
u d
This choice is not very useful because (x)
is not known. However, in accordance x
with the boundary layer approximation: d x
u x x
2 u
Rex
Therefore,
d
x
dx x / u
Re
As a result,
u y
u
*
y u / x (similarity variable)
u dx

 Similarity Solution (cont.)
To facilitate solving equations, define stream function x, y :

u ; v
y x
Since the continuity equation is satisfied automatically, we just need to solve
one equation for velocity.

Recasting momentum equation using x, y and y u / x , we can get

d3 f d2 f
2 3f 0
d d 2

where f
u x / u
and u *

u / u df / d

Correspondingly, the boundary condition is changed to :

df / d 0 u / u y=0 =0
df / d u / u y= =1

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Introduce the stream function

u ,v
y x
u 1 1 1

u u y u y u x
u f

u u x

If there is a similar solutionthen

f u
f th e q u atio n o f f ~
u

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u
f , y
u x x
f f
u f ' u
y f y f y

1 u f
v
x

x
f
u x
2 x
f u x
x

1 u
f ' f
2 x

u 1 1 u
y x y
x x x 2 x

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u
f ' u

f ' u
x

1 u
f ''
x x 2 x

u
y

y
f ' u



f ' u
y
u
u
x
f ''

2u u u 2
u f '' f '''
y 2
y x x

u u u 2
substitute u v
x y y 2

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inertial force
viscous force 1
f ''' ff '' 0 Blasius Eq.
2
u 1 u
BC : y 0( 0) : f ' 0, v f ' f 0 f 0
u 2 x
y ( ) : f ' 1
non-dimensional tangential velocity

Infinite series1908BlasiusNumerical
integral solutions (Runge-Kutta)

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Blasius solution in flat plate laminar boundary layer
u u x
y f f f v
x u u

Flat plate laminar boundary layer functions

- with u / u 0.99 at 5.0,

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u d 5 .0
d 5.0
x x Re x

u f '
u u
, y
w, x x
y y 0, x
u
3 3
u u 2 2
u
w, x f '' 0.332
y y 0, x x x
0
w, x
1
c fx 0.664 Re 2
u 2 2
x

1
1 L
c f c fx dx 2 c f , L 1.328 Re L 2
L 0
The above values agreed well with experimental data and proved
the Prandtl boundary layer theory

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3.The heat transfer solution
Introduction
T Tw u T T
y or :
T Tw x Tw T

1 1 u 1
' x y
'
x x 2 x 2 x

u f ' u
u
'
y y x

2 1 u

u
'' v f ' f
y 2
y y x 2 x

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2 1
u v '' Pr f ' 0 Pohlhausen Eq.
x y y 2 2
BC : 0 : 0
: 1

1 second-order linear ordinary

'' Pr f ' 0 differential equations
2
1 third-order nonlinear ordinary
f ''' ff '' 0 differential equations
2
u T Tw
Pr 1
u T Tw

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Direct integral solution
Pr
C1 exp( fd )d C 2
0 2 0

1
C1
C 2 0 (from B C : T w ) Pr
0 exp( 2 0 fd )d
(from BC: T )

Pr
0 exp( 2 0 fd )d
F ( , P r)
Pr
0 exp( 2 0 fd )d

 Advanced Heat Transfer
Wall heat flux
T
hx
Tw , x T y y 0, x

hx d u

y y 0, x
d 0
x
d
C1
d 0

hx x Re1x 2
Nu x f Re x , Pr
Pr
0 exp( 2 0 fd )d

 Advanced Heat Transfer
Piecewise fitting
0.564 R e 1x 2 P r 1 2 , P r 0.05
Nu x 0.332 R e 1x 2 P r 1 3 , P r 0.6 10
0.339 R e 1x 2 P r 1 3 , P r 10

1 L
hm
L 0
hx dx 2 hL

Num 2 NuL

h x x 1 2 , x , h x

 Advanced Heat Transfer
3-2 laminar forced convection with pressure gradients
1.The Governing Eqs & BCs
Research objectconstant property2DLow speed
laminar flow
u v
0
x y
u u du x 2u
u v ) u x 2
x y dx y
t t 2t
u v a
x y y 2
y 0 : u 0, v 0, T Tw
y (d ) : u u x , T T
x 0 : u u x , T T

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u x cx m
Similarity solutions exist
m
2
dp du x m
u x cx m mcx m 1 u 2
dx dx x

flow along the pressure gradient

adverse pressure gradient flow

over the plate flow

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2.Flow solutions
m 1 u ( x )
y
2 x
f u 1 1 m 1

u u y u y 2 u x

f 2 df m 1 u ( x )
u u x cx m f '
y f y m 1 d 2 x
u df ' m 1 m 1 c 3 x 3 m 1
u f ' u u
u ( x )
f '' f ''
y y d y 2 x 2
2u m 1 c 2 x 2 m 1 u m 1
y 2

2
f '''
x

x
cx m f ' cx m 1 mf '
2
f ''

2
v cx f
m 1

x x m 1
m 1
m 1 2 m 1
c x 2
f f '
2 m 1 2

 Advanced Heat Transfer
substituted in momentum equation
f ''' ff '' 1 f '2 0 Falkner-Skan Eq.
Third-order nonlinear ordinary
differential equations

0 f ''' ff '' 0
1
f ''' ff '' 0 ? y
u
2 x
Caused by leading different m 1 u ( x )
y
similar arguments 2 x

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Three special cases of the solution
0, m0, u const, over the plate flow

1 u d 5.0
d d 3.6
2 x x Re x

1, m 1, 2-D stagnation flow,

u
0.1988, 0, separation of boundary layer
y y0

0.1988, the flow boundary layer break away from the

wall surface and produce back flow in the
near-wall region

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u
u 0

1 u ( x )
y
2 x

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After get the velocity distribution

u m 1 c 3 x 3m
w, x f '' 0
y y 0, x
2 x

m 1 c 3 x 3m
2 f '' 0
2 w , x x
c f ,x 2 2 m 1 Re 1 2
f '' 0
u2
u
2 x

u x cx m

0, m 0, f ''(0 ) 0 .4 6 9 6

c f ,x 2 m 1 Re x 1 2 f '' 0 0.664 Re x 1 2

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3.Heat transfer solutions

m 1 u ( x ) T Tw
y
2 x T Tw

t t 2t
u v a 2
2
u v 2
x y y x y y
m 1
'
x x 2 x

m 1 cx m 1
'
y 2

2 m 1 cx m 1
''
y 2
2

 Advanced Heat Transfer
Substitute in boundary layer energy equation
'' P r f ' 0 Second order homogeneous
linear differential equations
BC : 0 : 0
: 1
d ' d '
Pr f ' 0 Pr fd
d '

' c1e
Pr 0 fd

c1 e
Pr 0 fd
d c 2
0

Pr 0 fd

c 2 0 c1
1

0
e d
F Pr,
Pr 0 fd
0

fd
d
Pr
0
e
0
e d

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'' P r f ' 0

f ''' ff '' 1 f '2 0

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Wall heat flux
T
hx
Tw , x T y y 0, x

hx d m 1 u ( x )

y y 0, x
d 0
2 x
d 1
c1
d 0

Pr 0 fd
0
e d

hx x m 1 Re1x 2
Nu x
f m , Re x , Pr

2
0
exp( Pr fd )d
0
1

m 1 0, m 0, hx x 2
u x cx m
hx x 2

1, m 1, h x const

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Nu
Nu p Pr

1
0.2 0 1.6

Caused by the mainstream acceleration outside boundary layer

Caused by the mainstream deceleration outside boundary layer

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Points:

(1) The above mentioned boundary layer concept

and analysis are based on the flow over a flat plate
and unbounded external flowthe boundary layer
of internal flow is quite different.

(2) For the case of either the separation of boundary

layer or back flow occursthe boundary layer
characteristics will also change.

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By introducing appropriate similarity variables transform boundary
layer momentum equationenergy equation and boundary conditions
eliminate the dependence of x convert the partial differential equations
into ordinary differential equations
However, Similarity solutions exist under certain conditions
Solve non-similar laminar boundary layer problem
Numerical solution, make the partial differential equations discretized
into algebraic equations.
Local similarity solutions and Local non-similar solutions.
Boundary layer integral equation.
For practical situation, complex wall, complex BC, variable stream
velocity, depends on the approximate solution; But the integral equations
contain less information on momentum, heat and mass transfer than
boundary differential equations, and has been largely replaced by high-
precision numerical solution

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3-3 Integral Equation

Boundary integral equations
1.Basic thought
The differential equation of boundary
layer :each infinitesimal control volume
in the boundary layer is required to
satisfy the conservation law
The integral equation of boundary layer :
the finite control volume which contains
the solid boundary and the outer
boundary of boundary layer needs to
satisfy the conservation law Fig. 5-7 The derive of boundary integral equation

 Advanced Heat Transfer
2.Note:
(1)When using finite control volume method to derive the integral equations,
it only requires an area to meet the conservation equations, rather than
the differential equations which require every point in the region to meet
the conservation equations.
(2)From a mathematical point of view, For the integral equations obtained
by the differential equation, the solutions which satisfy the original
differential equation must satisfy the integral equation, but its not vice-
versa (weak solution).
(3)The momentum and energy variations of v-direction are neglected
hence the flow and temperature field information contained in the
integral equations is less than that in the differential equations.
(4)The velocity and temperature distributions solved by integral equation
method aren't the accurate results.

 Advanced Heat Transfer
3. Basic steps for solving convection problem using integral
equation method :
(1) Establish boundary integral equation on the finite control volume
including solid boundary and the outer boundary of the boundary layer
(establish momentum and energy equilibrium equations on the control
volume or use direct integration method on the boundary differential
equations)
(2) Make assumptions about the velocity and temperature distributions in
the boundary layer, the commonly used function form is polynomial.
(3) Determine the constants in the velocity and temperature distributions
according to the boundary conditions, then substitute the velocity and
temperature distribution into the integral equations and solve the
expressions of d and dt.
(4)Solve the parameters of solid boundary using the velocity and
temperature distribution
u t
and c f and Nu
y y 0
y y 0

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d dt t
Energy integral equation
dx 0
(t t )udy a
y y 0

d d u
Momentum integral equation (u u )udy
dx 0 y y 0

2 equations4 unknowns u, t, d, dt It
must supply two additional equations about the 4
unknowns in order to make the equation set closed
This is the distribution equations about u and t .
u a1 b1 y c1 y d1 y
2 3

t a2 b2 y c2 y d2 y
2 3

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4. Solution of the momentum integral equation

3
u 3 y 1 y
d d u
(u u )udy u 2 d 2 d
dx 0 y y 0
140
2 3 d dd dx
u y y y 13 u
a b c d
u d d d d 4.64

BC : x Re x
2u u u 3 2
y 0 : u 0, 2 0 w, x 0.323
y y 0 y x
y 0, x

u
y d : u u , 0 2 w , x
1
y c fx 0.646 Re x 2
y d
u 2

 Advanced Heat Transfer
5. Solution of the energy integral equation d x
d dt t dt x
dx 0
(t t )udy a u , T
y y 0
BC : T Tw

t , x x0 Discrete electronic
y 0:t heating module
tw , x x0
y d t : t t
d dt
dx 0
( )udy a
y y 0
T Tw
, x x0
y 0 :
0, x x0
y d t :

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2 3
y y y
a b c d
dt dt dt
3
2 t tW 3 y 1 y
y 0 : 0, 2 0
y t tW 2 d t 2 dt
y 0

y d t : , 0
y y d t

How to use the velocity distribution

Assume the liquid has a Pr>1then >tthe whole
temperature boundary layer locates into the velocity
boundary layer

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dt y y
assume : , , t
d d dt
u
1 , U ,
t u
d 1 a
d t (1 )Udt

dx 0 u d
t t 0
t

Substitute the expression of U , into the above equation

d 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 a
d t (1 t t ) dt
dx 0 2 2 2 2 2 ud t

d 3 3 2 3 a
d ( )
2 ud t
t
dx 20 280

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d 10a
d
2

dx ud
Separation of variables, integrate x respectively

d dd 10a linear ordinary differential

2 2d 3d equation of first order about 3
dx dx u
d 4.64 4 d 3
13
x
3

x Re x 3 dx 14 Pr

13
3 cx 3 4 13 3 4
14 Pr c x0
x x0 , 0 14 Pr
3 4 13
d t 13
13
x0
Pr 1
1 3

d 14 x

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Heat transfer
d 4.64
13 34 13

13
T 3 3 Pr 1
1 3 x0

qw x Re x
14 x
y y 0
2 d t 2 d
1 3

0.332
t w t 1 3 x0
1
34

12
qw Pr Re x
x x
1 3
qw 13 x0 34

hx 0.332 Pr Re x 1
12

t w t x x
1 3
hx x x0 34

Nu x 0.332 Pr Re
13 12
1
x
x

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Note:
if x0=0, there exists heat transfer along the whole plate
13
d 13 13
13

t Pr 1 3 d t Pr 1 3 4.64 x
Pr 1, d t d
d 14 14 Re x

d t x1 2 , x , d t

hx x
Nu x 0.332 Pr1 3 Re x1 2

1 L
Nu 0 L Nux dx 0.664 Pr1 3 Re L1 2
L 0

 Advanced Heat Transfer
d t d , namely Pr>1but for gasPr~1holds true.

If Pr<1there are two steps for boundary layer momentum

integral
0 y d : the velocity distribution of boundary layer holds true
d y dtu u
Pr1 2 Re x1 2
Nu x
1.55Pr1 2 3.09 0.372 0.15Pr
12

If Pr<<1 Nu x 0.531Pr1 2 Re x1 2

Apply to liquid metal (Pr=0.005~0.15)

Uniform wall temperature

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6. Uniform heat flux
t t , x x0

BC : y 0 : t t qw
y , x x0
y 0
y d t : t t

t t
Set TW , to solve , hx
y t w , x t y y 0
qw
Set qw , to solve Tw , hx
t w , x t
Train of thought: solve the temperature distribution

 Advanced Heat Transfer
dt
introduce : t t w ; , 1
d
d d

u ( )dy a
t

dx 0 y y 0

The left side of integral equation

d dt u
d dt u (1 ) dy
dx 0
u ( )dy
u
dx 0

d 3 2 3 4 d 3 2
ud ud
dx 20 280 dx 20
3
The right sidea a 2 qw
y y 0
2 d d
3
qw
a
substitute in integral equation

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2 qw
3
d d 2

2 qw 2
d
d 3
a
qw 20
3 dx 3 dx 3u

3
d d 2
d 2
d 3

10a
dx dx u
4.64 x
substitution d
Re x

d 3 10 10
3 x 3
cx 1

dx 4.642 Pr 4.642 Pr
13
x=x0 , 0 c
10 x0 d t 10 x0
1
4.642 Pr d 4.64 Pr
2
x

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d
13
4.64 10 x
1
0

4.64 Pr x
2
2 qw x Re x
d
3 Pr1
13
qw x x0
tw, x t 2.394 Re 1 2
Pr 1 3
1
x
x
1 3
qw 13 x0
hx 0.418 Re x Pr 1
12

t w , x t x x
1 3
hx x 13 x0
Nu x 0.418 Re x Pr 1
12

x
qw x
if x0 =0, tw t 2.394 Rex1 2 Pr 1 3


 Advanced Heat Transfer

12 13 12 13
hx 0.418 Re x Pr hx 0.332 Re x Pr
x x
N u x 0.418 R e Pr
12
x
13
N u x 0.332 R e Pr
12
x
13

UHF > UWT

The wall temperature gradient of UHF is larger .

The influence of laminar thermal boundary layer

condition is larger . However the turbulent is not
obvious.

 Advanced Heat Transfer
7. Flat plate with varying surface temperature
tw1 , x x0
t t 2t
y 0:t
u v a tw 2 , x x0
x y y 2
y : t t tw 2
t w1
x 0 : t t
x0
The equation is linear and homogeneous(when the velocity and
temperature fields uncoupled ), in some certain situations, the
superposition of the acquired particular solution is still the
solution(superposition principle). Superposition method is the
basic way to study heat and mass transfer.

 Advanced Heat Transfer
Bring in t t 1 x, y 2 x, y
1 1 21 2 2 2 2
u v a u v a
x y y 2 x y y 2

y 0 : 1 tw1 t , x 0 0, 0 x x0
y 0 : 2
y : 1 0 tw 2 tw1 , x x0
x 0 : 1 0 y : 2 0
x 0 : 2 0
t w1
tw2 tw1 t
x0
Each containing a inhomogeneous BC t x0
1 x, y 2 x, y , 0 x x0

t x, y t
1 x, y 2 x, y , x x0


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qw 0.332
tw1 t 1 3
Pr Re 1 2 , 0 x x
x 0
x
13 3 4 1 3
x0
12
qw 0.332 Pr Re x tw1 t tw 2 tw1 1 , x x0
x
x

if tw1 tw2 UWT , x0 0

if tw1 t UWT , x0

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8. The problems when using the integration method
A complete mathematical description of the whole field Elliptic nonlinear
partial differential equations
Boundary layer equation The nonlinear partial differential equation of
parabolic type
Integral equation : ordinary differential equation
the solutions attained by solving the integral equation are not unique
the error of integral equation solutions
ordinary differential equation
the precision of the solution relates to the assumed velocity and
temperature distribution (The compatible boundary conditions)
the definition of boundary layer thickness relates to the assumed velocity and
temperature distributionit is meaningless to compare the absolute value of
boundary layer thickness and it is better to use dimensionless form to express
the integral equation solution

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3-4 Other circumstances

1.The properties of fluids depend on temperature
m n
T T

T T
Water(0-100): m= -6, n=0.95-0.22

T u
m
u u
u v
x y y T y

T T
n
t T
u v a
x y y T y

 Advanced Heat Transfer
Introduce:
u T Tw
T
y f
x u x T Tw T

1 m
f ''' m ' f '' ff '' 0
1

2
1
'' n ' ' Pr n f ' 0
1

2
BC : 0 : f 0, f ' 0
: f ' 1
BC : 0 : 0
: 1

Numerical integration solution by using Runge-Kutta algorithm

 Advanced Heat Transfer
The results show that
Effects of changes in physical properties relate to the
situation whether the fluid is heated or cooled
for the circumstance of constant wall temperature
Tw
Prw 1 ~ 500 0.62 ~ 0.25
T
0.25
Pr f
Nu x , f 0.33 Re 12
x, f Pr f 13

Prw
0.25
Pr f
Nu f 0.66 Re Pr f
12
f
13

Prw

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2.The effects of blowing and suction

Wall protection in high temperature Hot Environment

Heating surface Film

Coolant
Reduce resistance

vw 0