Traversable

Acausal
Retrograde
Domains
In
Spacetime
Ben Tippett, UBCO
CCGRRA 2016
 Time Travel
Closed Timelike Curves
Timelike curves which are closed

The Time Machine

HG Wells 1895
 Popular Geometries with
Closed Timelike Curves
Gdel 1949
angular momentum cosmology

Tipler 1974
infinite rotating cylinder

Tomimatsu Sato 1973

weird rotating kerr thing

Friedman, Morris et al. 1990

wormholes + twin paradox
 Piecemeal Refutation of
Closed Timelike Curves
Gdel 1949
angular momentum cosmology
Asymptotically
Tipler 1974 weird
infinite rotating cylinder

Tomimatsu Sato 1973

weird rotating kerr thing

Friedman, Morris et al. 1990

wormholes + twin paradox
 Piecemeal Refutation of
Closed Timelike Curves
Gdel 1949
angular momentum cosmology
Asymptotically
Tipler 1974 weird
infinite rotating cylinder

Tomimatsu Sato 1973 How do we even

weird rotating kerr thing make this thing?
Friedman, Morris et al. 1990
wormholes + twin paradox
 Piecemeal Refutation of
Closed Timelike Curves
Gdel 1949
angular momentum cosmology
Asymptotically
Tipler 1974 weird
infinite rotating cylinder

Tomimatsu Sato 1973 How do we even

weird rotating kerr thing make this thing?
Friedman, Morris et al. 1990
wormholes + twin paradox
Unphysicality of Morris-Thorne Wormhole

Violates Topological
Censorship
Friedman, Schleich, Witt 1993
Exotic Matter Required

Compactly Generated
Cauchy Horizon
Unstable to perturbations

Morris, Thorne, Yutsever 1988

General Refutations of CTC
Manifold is not time Orientable
Convenient assumption
ad hoc

Chronology Protection Conjecture

Hawking 1991
Compactly Generated Cauchy Horizons are unstable
Some CTC are CGCH free

Spacetimes with CTC and no CGCH

violate energy conditions or are
geodesically incomplete
Maeda, Ishibashi, Narita 1998
 Alcubierre Warp drive
t=3

t=2
v>1
t=0

Vacuum inside and outside

Bubble geometry
observer inside, comoving with walls has
same time coord as an external observer
Violates Classical Energy conditions
 2 Warp bubbles=CTC

t=2 T1
V2
V1 T2

time coordinate cant be retrograde

 Causal structure of a
Time Machine bubble 10

t
t
x
x
x
t

B
A
t
x

Figure 9: This spacetime diagram illustrates how lightcones will be oriented around the TARDIS geometry. Outside
of the TARDIS, time is aligned in the vertical direction. Inside of the bubble, lightcones tip along a circular loop, and

Toroidal Traversable Acausal

massive objects can travel backwards in time.

Part 2: Explaining the TARDIS

Retrograde Domain In Spacetime

Tuesday, October 22, 2013

THE TARDIS GEOMETRY

Our TARDIS geometry can be described as a bubble of spacetime geometry which carries its contents

(T.A.R.D.I.S)
backwards and forwards through space and time as it endlessly tours a large circular path in spacetime9 .
The inside and outside of the bubble are a flat vacuum, and the two regions are separated with a boundary
of spacetime curvature.
 Bubble Geometry
2t2 4xt
ds = 1
2
h(x )
a
( dt + dx ) + h(x )
2 2 a
dxdt + dy 2 + dz 2
x2 + t2 x2 + t2

Outside Bubble: Minkowski Vacuum

h(x)=0

ds =2
dt + dx + dy + dz
2 2 2 2

t
Inside Bubble: Rindler Vacuum h(x)=1

x2 t2 4xt
ds =
2
( dt + dx ) +
2 2
dxdt + dy 2 + dz 2
x2 + t2 x2 + t2

t = R sin( ) , x = R cos( ) ds2 = R2 d 2

+ dR2 + dy 2 + dz 2
 Bubble Geometry
2t2 4xt
ds = 1
2
h(x )
a
( dt + dx ) + h(x )
2 2 a
dxdt + dy 2 + dz 2
x2 + t2 x2 + t2

Outside Bubble: Minkowski Vacuum

h(x)=0

ds =2
dt + dx + dy + dz
2 2 2 2

t
Inside Bubble: Rindler Vacuum h(x)=1

x2 t2 4xt
ds =
2
( dt + dx ) +
2 2
dxdt + dy 2 + dz 2
x2 + t2 x2 + t2

t = R sin( ) , x = R cos( ) ds2 = R2 d 2

+ dR2 + dy 2 + dz 2
 fe
di
clo

From The Outside: A

B clo
m

cu
bl
2t2 4xt
Figure 1: A spacetime schematic of the trajectory of the
Th
ds = 1 2
h(x ) a
( dt + dx ) + h(x )
2 2 a
dxdt + dy + dz 2 2
TARDIS bubble. Arrows denote the local arrow of time.
be
x2 + t2 x +t
Observers Amy2(A) and2Barbara (B) experience the same
11
T
ha
events very dierently.
co

5. Bubbles Merge
and Dissapear

4. Bubbles accelerate
together

3. Bubbles slow
and stop
(a) TARDIS boundaries at (b) TARDIS boundaries at
T=0 T=50 ha
h(
2. Bubble splits, and
moves apart
is
h(
Backwards In Forwards In re
1. Bubble Appears Time Time
d
: An external observer will see two bubbles suddenly emerge from one another, one whose contents appear
wh
to move backwards in time.
Thursday, October 24, 2013

(c) TARDIS boundaries at (d) TARDIS boundaries at

rcle in spacetime. If a person were to be transported within the bubble, she would be moving T=75 T=100 be

ely forwards, sideways and even backwards in time! Figure 2: Evolution of the boundaries of the bubble, as
defined in section II B, as seen by an external observer. At

(a) Gzz along the slice y = 0, z = 0
(a) G xz along the slice t = 0, x = 100
(b) Gyy along the slice y = 0, z = 0
Figure 5: Nonzero terms of the stress energy tensor along the
slice y = 0, z = 0.
(b) G xy along the slice t = 0, x = 100
The violation of the classical energy conditions is unsur-
prising,
Figuresince the derivation
9: Nonzero terms ofofthe
thisstress
metric mirrored
energy thatalong
tensor
Alcubierre warp drive,slice
and xthe spacetime
= 100, t = 0.bubble is meant to
travel superluminaly.
In spite of the particle physics communitys exuberance at
generously interpreting CPT symmetry in terms of electrons
moving backwards in time, the relativity community under-
[1] M. Alcubierre. The warp drive: Hyper-fast travel within general
Stress Energy Tensor 5
7
sophically problematic and unphysical. Most theorems con-
cerning CTC do not even consider manifolds which are not
time orientable. This is a bubble spacetime, eectively gen-
erated by stitching together two geometries across a boundary
[28]. In our case, the choices we made for an internal geome-
try has rendered the overall manifold non time orientable.
(a) Gzz along the slice y = 0, t = 0 (a) Gtt along the slice z = 30, y = 0 (b) Gty along the slice z = 30, y = 0 (c) G xx along the slice z = 30, y = 0
Also note that, in light of CPT symmetry, errant time trav-
ellers who leaves the machine midway through the journey
my find themselves composed of antimatter.
(d) G xz along the slice z = 30, y = 0 (e) Gyy along the slice z = 30, y = 0 (f) Gzz along the slice z = 30, y = 0
(b) Gyy along the slice y = 0, t = 0 Figure 11: Nonzero elements of the stress energy tensor along the slice y = 0, z = 30.
Violates CEC
krasnikov tube. Phys. Rev. D, 56(4):21002108, 1997. [16] S. Krasnikov. No time machines in classical general relativity.
[8] J. Friedman, M. S. Morris, I. D. Novikov, F. Echeverria,
The singularities are, perhaps, the most glaring issue with G. Klinkhammer, K. S. Thorne, and U. Yurtsever. Cauchy prob-
Class. Quantum. Grav., 19:41094129, 2002.
[17] S. V. Krasnikov. Time machines with non-compactly generated
our geometry. Although it is not uncommon for geome- lem in spacetimes with closed timelike curves. Phys. Rev. D, cauchy horizons and handy singularities.
42(6):19151930, 1990. [18] S. V. Krasnikov. On the classical stability of a time machine.
tries with CTC and no compactly generated Cauchy horizons[9] J. Friedman, K. Schleich, and D. Witt. Topological censorship. Class. Quantum. Grav., 11:27552759, 1994.
to have singularities [22][17]: the CTC spacetime generated Phys. Rev. Lett., 71(1486), 1993. [19] S. V. Krasnikov. Hyperfast travel in general relativity. Phys.
through a sequence of accelerating warp bubbles do not pos- [10] G. W. Gibbons and S. W. Hawking. Selection rules for topology Rev. D, 57(8):47604766, 1998.
sess such singularities [6]. It seems from the causal structure change. Commun. Math. Phys., 148:345352, 1992. [20] F. S. N. Lobo. Closed timelike curves and causality violation.
of our spacetime that the singularities are necessitated by the
warp bubbles geodesically complete? Could a geodesically 21(3):447450, 1949.
Curvature
[11] K. Godel. An example of a new type of cosmological solution
topology of the system. Is the CTC spacetime generated by of einsteins field equations of gravitation. Rev. Mod. Phys.,
[12] P. F. Gonzalez-Diaz. Warp drive space-time. Phys. Rev. D,
[21] R. J. Low. Time machines without closed causal geodesics.
Class. Quantum. Grav., 12:L37L38, 1995.
[22] K. Maeda, A. Ishibashi, and M. Narita. Chronology protection
and non-naked singularity.
complete CTC geometry be derived where the acausal seg-
Singularities
of thethe ments of our geometry have been excised and replaced with 62(044005), 2000. [23] K. Maeda, A. Ishibashi, and M. Narita. Chronology protection
Alcubierre warp bubbles? [13] J. R. Gott. Closed timelike curves produced by pairs of moving and non-naked singularity. Class. Quantum. Grav., 15:1637
cosmic strings: Exact solutions. Phys. Rev. Lett., 66(9):1126 1651, 1998.
1129, 1991. [24] M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne, and U. Yurtsever. Wormholes,
(c) G xz along the slice y = 0, t = 0 [14] S. W. Hawking. Chronology protection conjecture. Phys. Rev. time machines, and the weak energy condition. Phys. Rev. Lett.,
D, 46(2):603610, 1991. 61(13):14461449, 1988.
Figure 7: Nonzero terms of the stress energy tensor along the [15] SW. Kim and K. S. Thorne. Do vacuum fluctuations prevent the [25] K. D. Olum. Superluminal travel requires negative energies.
[4] D. Deutsch. Phys. Rev. D, 44(3197), 1991.
 Causal Structure: Null Geodesics
4

Light cones tilt

Cauchy Horizons

Manifold Non-
Orientable

CH not compactly
generated

(CPC does not apply)

Figure 4: Null geodesics travelling through a cross section y = 0, z = 0. The intersection of null curves can indicate the
rientation of the light cone. The insertion of such a bubble geometry into an external spacetime renders it nonorientable. Note
hat some geodesics (green) have both endpoints in what an external observer might call the future, and other geodesics (red)
have both endpoints in the past.
 Causal Structure:
Geodesically Incomplete
Cauchy
Horizon
Ends at I Incomplete null geodesics
Ends at I +
terminate at curvature
Ends at
singularity singularities

Some of these incomplete

curves generate Cauchy
Horizon
 Conclusion: Fun!
Bubble geometry has all
Cauchy
Horizon desired properties
Ends at I Non Orientable manifold
Ends at I +
Ends at
singularity Physically Problematic:
Violates Classical EC
Curvature Singularities
Geo. Incomplete

Why arent these issues

present in the Warp Drive
CTC geometry?