CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Water for human consumption comes from one of two basic
sources:
Water from a well to supply an individual residence, well water
for farmstead properties, and well water for small public sector properties
that include schools, public buildings, and small commercial enterprises.
Municipal water systems that provide potable water to a wide
array of commercial property and domestic use buildings including
apartments, condominium, duplex housing and single family dwellings.
Understanding the fundamentals of a municipal water supply
delivery system is essential to closely examining the many features of a
water system and the many options in designing a water delivery system.
Chapter 1 provides a basic overview of:
1) The Anatomy of a Water System
2) The Need for a Continuously Available Water Supply
3) Considerations for Establishing Municipal Water Supply Systems
4) Classification of Water Supply Sources
5) The Classification of Water Supply Systems
The purpose of municipal water delivery systems is to transport
potable water from a water treatment facility to residential consumers, for
use as drinking water, water for cooking, water for sanitary conditions, and
other water use in a domestic environment. Water supply also is essential
for business and industry to operate in a municipal environment. Of no less
importance is the need to supply water to properly located fire hydrants to
provide the public with an effective level of fire protection. Municipal
water systems also may need to provide water for special services that
include street cleaning, the selling of water to contractors for erecting
buildings, parks and recreation, and miscellaneous uses.
A water system has two primary requirements: First, it needs to
deliver adequate amounts of water to meet consumer consumption
requirements plus needed fire flow requirements. Second, the water system
needs to be reliable; the required amount of water needs to be available 24
hours a day, 365 days a year.

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Figure 1-1 illustrates a progressive view of the water system. Two holding
reservoirs supply water to a treatment plant that processes the water to
remove impurities and adds chemicals to bring the water into compliance
with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations on clean
water for drinking and commercial cooking. The actual water treatment
process is discussed. The purified water, or finished water, then is pumped
to several different storage tanks and storage basins around the city for
release into the distribution system piping network on demand for
consumer use or in the case of a working fire. Depending on the different
elevations points throughout the city, additional pumping stations are
provided to maintain adequate pressure in the water system during varying
periods of consumer use or emergency waster supply demand
requirements.
Water flows from the storage locations through the primary,
secondary, and distributor mains to supply service lines to individual water
consumers and lateral lines to supply fire hydrants.
Figure 1-1: Features of a Small Community Water Distribution System

2
Figure 1-1: Features of a Small Community Water Distribution System

Water Distribution System

Water distribution systems are designed to adequately satisfy
the water requirements for a combinations of the following demands:
1) Domestic
2) Commercial
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 3) Industrial
4) Fire-fighting
The system should be capable of meeting the demands at all
times and at satisfactory pressure
The main elements of the distribution system are:

i) Pipe systems
ii) Pumping stations
iii) Storage facilities
iv) Fire hydrants
v) House service connections
vi) Meters
vii) Other appurtenances

Components of Water Supply System

Figure 1-2:components of water supply system.

To manage and control WDS we need to create Geo database and
knowledge-base in order to store water background data layers with
features in ArcGIS and manage WDS Therefore, GIS is comprehensive and
multifunctional computer-based software being used in water transmission
and distribution systems in modern and systematic water supply. However,
it is the best application to manage, manipulate and maintain geospatial
data and to develop and sustain asset management for today's water utilities
in worldwide. Though for the targeted area there was no previous data
available on water supply, no distribution lines, and service connection
information as well as with no service population and sewerage system
network the entire situation is unmapped.
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 We have produced three hierarchical Geo-databases separately.
The Geo-database structures indicate main, geometric network and
topology Geo-databases consisted of feature data sets. Water supply
background data (vector data and raster data) collected from various source
that working for shoulder to shoulder for vanasthalipuram zone of
hydeabad city water supply extension. We designed a proper WDS created
in GIS then imported to EPANET to be analysed and simulated in order to
approach the objectives and successful consequences. The commonly
network has been contained of physical and non-physical components and
features such as pipes, nodes and reservoir and nonphysical describes the
behavior and operational aspects of a distribution system. Since, GIS
project scenarios imported to EPANET in (.inp) format in order to carry out
simulation and find various WDSs parameters state.

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 CHAPTER 2
STUDY AREA
2.1 LOCATION
The study area, Vanasthalipuram is a part of Hyderabad
city which is situated on southern part of India is a part of Hyderabad city.
Vanasthalipuram zone occurs in the south-east zone of Hyderabad. It lies
between latitudes 171949"N & 1719'57"N and longitudes 783419"E
& 7830.43"E.

Figure 2.1 : Location of Hyderabad City in India (Source : http://www.luventicus.org)

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Figure 2.2: project study area in google map
source(https://www.google.co.in/maps@17.3311099,78.5705656,17.29z)

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY
The study area under consideration is on an average elevation of
542 m above the mean sea level. On the whole it has an undulating
topography with the ground elevations generally vary between 537 m and
548 m.

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 CHAPTER 3
POPULATION FORECASTING AND WATER
QUANTITY ESTIMATION
3.1 Water Quantity Estimation
The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the
water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data:
1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
2. Population to be served.
Quantity= Per capita demand x Population
3.2 Water Consumption Rate
It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water
demanded by the public, since there are many variable factors affecting
water consumption. The various types of water demands, which a city may
have, may be broken into following classes:
Water Consumption for Various Purposes:

Sl. Types of Normal Range Average %

no Consumption (lit/capita/day)
1 Domestic 65-300 160 35
consumption
2 Industrial and 45-450 135 30
Commercial
Demand
3 Public Uses 20-90 40 10
Including Fire
Demand

4 Losses and 45-150 62 25

Waste
3.2.1 Fire Fighting Demand:
It is usual to provide for fire fighting demand as a
coincident draft on the distribution system along with the normal
supply to the consumers as assumed. A provision in kiloliters per day
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based on the formula of 100p where, p = population in thousands may
be adopted for communities larger than 50,000. It is desirable that one
third of the fire fighting requirements from part of the service storage.
The balance requirement may be distributed in several static tanks at
strategic points. These tanks may be filled from the nearby ponds,
streams or canals by water tankers wherever feasible. The high rise
buildings should be provided with adequate fire storage from the
protected water supply distribution
3.2.2 Factors affecting per capita demand:
1) Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as
compared to that for smaller towns as big cities have sewered
houses.
2) Presence of industries.
3) Climatic conditions.
4) Habits of people and their economic status.
5) Quality of water: If water is aesthetically & medically safe, the
consumption will increase as people will not resort to private wells,
etc.
6) Pressure in the distribution system.
7) Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and
services; and unauthorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by
surveys.
8) Cost of water.
9) Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two
different ways: on the basis of meter reading and on the basis of
certain fixed monthly rate.
3.3 Design Periods & Population Forecast
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the
estimated requirements of the future. The future period for which a
provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as the design
period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
1) Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear,
etc.
2) Expandability aspect.
3) Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial,
commercial developments & migration-immigration.

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 4) Available resources.
5) Performance of the system during initial period.
3.3.1 Population Forecasting Methods
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are
given below. The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or
for a particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the
methods, and the selection is left to the discrection and intelligence of the
designer.
i) Arithmetic Increase Method
ii) Geometric Increase Method
iii) Incremental Increase Method
iv) Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
v) Simple Graphical Method
vi) Comparative Graphical Method
vii) Ratio Method
viii) Logistic Curve Method
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for
1. Arithmetical increase method:
This method is based on the assumptions that the increase in
population is constant. the average increase per decade is calculated from
the past records and in added to the present population to get the population
in next decade.
this method gives a low valves, as such is applied for old and large cities.
The population at the end of n years or decade is calculated by
the equation.

= P + ni

Where,

P n = population at the end of n years or decades.

P = present population.

I = Average increase per year or decade

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2. Geometrical increase method:

This is based on the assumption that the percentage increase in

population is constant from decade to decade. Thus the population at the
end of n years or decades is given as.

Pn=

Where,

r = Average percentage increase per year or decade

This method gives high values and is applied to young and rapidly
growing cities.

3. Incremental increase method:

In this method the average increase is found as per arithmetical method and
to that is added the average of the net incremental increase once for each
future year or decal graph is plotted between time and population from
available data the curve is smoothly extended for getting future value. The
extension of the curve should be done carefully and requires experience
and judgment.

4. Graphical method:

A graph is plot between time and population from available data

and the curve is smoothly extended for getting future value, the extension
of the curve should be done carefully and requires experience and
judgment.

While planning a public water system of a colony, the per capita

requirement may be taken as a minimum of 135LPCD.

Details of 135 LPCD (Domestic) are as below :

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 Table 3.1: details of liter per capita demand
Bathing 55liters

Washing cloths 20liters

Drinking 5liters
Cooking 5liters

Washing utensils 10liters

Washing house 10liters
Flushing W C 30liters

TOTAL 135liters

The above demands are the average consumption. It is subjected

to the following variation.

I. Seasonal (up to 150%) more in summer than in winter.

II. Die- urinal up to 150% due to climate, location and nature of people.

For design purpose peak hour is taken as 3.0 time the average
hourly demand.

3.3.2 POPULATION CALCULATION:

The colony in which we are designing the water supply. To get
the total population of the colony.

Total population = Area x population Density

Area of colony = 444982.10 sq. meter

= 44.498210 ha (1ha = 10,000)

Population Density = 500 / ha

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Total population = 44.498210 X 500

= 22249 capita

Therefore the total no. of people in the colony = 22,249 capita

3.4 DEMAND OF WATER:

The water tank which is designed by us has to serve the purpose for
the design period of 30 years.

Average demand Lit /day = population x Average consume of water in

lpcd

Population = 22249 capita

Average consume of water in lpcd = 190liters

Average demand Lit /day = 22249 x 190

= 4227310 l/day (l/day = 1/24x60x60 l/sec)

= 48.92719907 l/

Total demand of water (or) Peak demand/base demand = avg demand

x peak demand

Peak demand =3

Peak demand = 48.92719907 x 3

= 146.7815972 l/sec

Therefore the total demand of water = 146.7815

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 CHAPTER 4

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Distribution system is a network of pipelines that distribute
water to the consumers. They are designed to adequately satisfy the water
requirement for a combination of
1 Domestic
2 Commercial
3 Industrial
4 Firefighting purposes.
A good distribution system should satisfy the followings:
i) Adequate water pressure at the consumer's taps for a specific rate
of flow (i.e., pressures should be great enough to adequately meet
consumer needs).
ii) Pressures should be great enough to adequately meet firefighting
needs.
iii) At the same time, pressures should not be excessive because
development of the pressure head brings important cost
consideration and as pressure increases leakages increases too.
Note: In tower buildings, it is often necessary to provide booster pumps to
elevate the water to upper floors.
iv) Purity of distributed water should be maintained. This requires
distribution system to be completely water-tight.
v) Maintenance of the distribution system should be easy and
economical.
vi) Water should remain available during breakdown periods of
pipeline. System of distribution should not such that if one pipe
bursts, it puts a large area without water. If a particular pipe
length is under repair and has been shut down, the water to the
population living in the down-stream side of this pipeline should
be available from other pipeline.
vii) During repairs, it should not cause any obstruction to traffic. In
other words, the pipelines should not be laid under highways,
carriage ways but below foot paths.

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4.1 Water Distribution Systems
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to
consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Distribution
system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water
from its source to the point of usage.
4.1.2 Requirements of Good Distribution System
1) Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
2) It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places
with sufficient pressure head.
3) It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water
during firefighting.
4) The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water
supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
5) All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away
or above the sewer lines.
6) It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to the
minimum.
4.2 Layouts of Distribution Network
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and
as such their layouts generally follow the layouts of roads. There are, in
general, four different types of pipe networks; any one of which either
singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. They are:
i) Dead End System
ii) Grid Iron System
iii) Ring System
iv) Radial System
I. DEAD END OR TREE SYSTEM:
This system comprise of a supply main starting from the
service reservoir along the main road. The sub-mains are connected to the
main in the directions along roads, joining main road. The services
connections are taken from these branches and minor distribution to the
individual houses.
This system is suitable for towns and cities with irregular and unplanned
development.

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 Figure 4.1: Dead end or tree system
(source:http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/images/dead%20end.jpg)

Branching Pattern with Dead End

Reservoir

Sub-main

Sub- main

Branches

Main (trunk)

1) Similar to the branching of a tree.

2) It consists of
i) Main (trunk) line
ii) Sub-mains
iii) Branches
Main line is the main source of water supply. There is no
water distribution to consumers from trunk line.
Sub-mains are connected to the main line and they are along
the main roads.
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 Branches are connected to the sub-mains and they are along
the streets.
Lastly service connections are given to the consumers from
branches.
Advantages:
i) It is a very simple method of water distribution. Calculations are
easy and simple to do.
ii) The required dimensions of the pipes are economical.
iii) This method requires comparatively less number of cut-off
valves.
iv) However, it is not usually favoured in modern water works
practice for the following disadvantages.
Disadvantages:
i) The area receiving water from a pipe under repair is without
water until the work is completed.
ii) In this system, there are large number of dead ends where water
does not circulate but remains static. Sediments accumulate due
to stagnation of the dead end and bacterial growth may occur at
these points. To overcome this problem drain valves are provided
at dead ends and stagnant water is drained out by periodically
opening these valves but a large amount of water is wasted.
iii) It is difficult to maintain chlorine residual at the dead ends of the
pipe.
iv) Water available for fire-fighting will be limited since it is being
supplied by only one water main.

v) The pressure at the end of the line may become undesirably low
as additional areas are connected to the water supply system. This
problem is common in many less-developed countries.
ii. GRID IRON SYSTEM:
This system also known as Interlaced or Reticulation
system and is improvement over the dead end system. In this system, the
mains, sub mains and branches are interred connected with each other as
shown in below figure. The water circulates freely throughout the system.
This system is suitable for well planned towns and cities with a regular grid
of main roads and cross roads.

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Figure 4.2: Grid iron system (source:
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/images/Grid%20iron.jpg)
Grid Pattern
Reservoir

Main line

In grid pattern, all the pipes are interconnected with no dead-ends.

In such a system, water can reach any point from more than one direction.
Advantages:
i) Since water in the supply system is free to flow in more than one
direction, stagnation does not occur as readily as in the branching
pattern.
ii) In case of repair or break down in a pipe, the area connected to
that pipe will continue to receive water, as water will flow to that
area from the other side.
iii) Water reaches all points with minimum head loss.

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 iv) At the time of fires, by manipulating the cut-off valves, plenty of
water supply may be diverted and concentrated for fire-fighting.
Disadvantages:
i) Cost of pipe laying is more because relatively more length of
pipes is required.
ii) More number of valves are required.
iii) The calculation of pipe sizes are more complicated.
Grid Pattern with Loops
Loops are provided in a grid pattern to improve water pressure
in portions of a city (industrial, business and commercial areas). Loops
should be strategically located so that as the city develops the water
pressure should be sustained. The advantages and disadvantages of this
pattern are the same as those of the grid pattern
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
i) Diameter 80 mm.
For pipes with fire hydrants 100 mm.
ii) Velocity > 0.6 m/sec.
Common range is 1.0 - 1.5 m/sec.
iii) If velocity < 0.6 m/sec (due to minimum diameter limit) then
drain valve is used on that pipe.
iv) Minimum pressure at the top of the highest floor of a building is
about 5m.
iii. CIRCULAR OR RING SYSTEM:
In this system, the entire locality is divided into either rectangular or
circular blocks. The water mains are laid along the peripheral roads with
sub mains branching out from the mains and running on the inner roads.
Thus, every point can receive the supply from two directions. This system
is best suited for well plan towns and obvious, the most ideal system. The
layout is shown in above figure.

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Figure 4.3: Ring system
source(https://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/b342017d/b342017d-8353-4ffd-
8009-b3d347cee57d/ringsystem.jpg )
ADVANTAGES:
i) During breakdown or repairs water can be drawn from other
lines.
ii) For fore fighting, large quantities of water can be drawn from all
directions.
iii) Design calculations are easy.
iv) This system possesses the advantages of both dead end system
and grid iron system.
DISADVANTAGES:
i) Large numbers of valves are required.
ii) A pipe length requirement is also more.
iii) Overall cost is high.
iv. RADIAL SYSTEM:
This system is the reverse or ring system i.e. water radially
from one point to the outer periphery. The entire city is divided into
number of zones and distribution reservoir is placed in the center of each
zone. The water supply lines are laid radically from it as in figure. This
suitable where the roads are laid radially in the city.

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Figure 4.4: Radial system
(source:https://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/86a35446/86a35446-a123-4656-8a48-
226905fdfe17/radialsystem.jpg)
ADVANTAGES:
i) Advantageously used for Direct-Indirect system.
ii) Ensures high pressure and efficient water distribution.
iii) Design calculations are easy.
DISADVANTAGES:
i) Suitable for town only with radial layout of roads and cannot be
adopted for other patterns.
ii) Numbers of elevated reservoirs are more.
iii) Overall cost is more.
The suitability of any one of the above methods depends on the
layouts of roads, as the pipelines are generally run below the street
pavements.
4.3 System of distributions:
Depending upon the method of distribution, how the required
pressure is maintained in the distribution system, it is classified in to three
types.
1) Gravity system
2) Direct pumping system
3) Combine system or dual system
One of the above systems is selected for distribution based on.

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 i) The level of source of water and that of the city.
ii) Topography of the area.
iii) Other local conditions and considerations.
GRAVITY SYSTEM:
In this system, water is distributed by the gravity only, to the
consumers points. It is suitable for situation where the source of water is
located at a sufficiently higher level than town. Such a situation can be
advantageously utilized to develop the required pressure in the distribution
system by gravity. This system is economical and reliable but not suitable
for storage.
DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM:
In this system, the treated water is directly pumped into
distribution of pipe by means of height lift pumps without a storing
anywhere. The disadvantages of this system are,
1) Continues skilled supervision is required to operate the pumps at
variable speed.
2) In case of failure or repairs to pumps supply of water cannot be
made.
3) The only advantage is that during fire accidents large quantities of
water at high pressure can be pumped to put off the fire.
COMBINED OR DUAL SYSTEM:
This is also called pumping with storage system and direct
indirect system. In this system the storage the portable water is pumped at
constant rate into an elevated reservoir as well as directly into the
distribution system. During the minimum demand pumping rate is more
than the demand. This excess water is pumped into the storage elevated
reservoir and used during maximum demand by gravity system and direct
pumping system. This is most widely adopted system in water supply
scheme for its obvious advantages such as.
1) Pumps can be operated with uniform speed at their rated capacities.
2) It is reliable system as there is always some reservoir water in
elevated tanks to supply during peak demand, power failure and
break down.
3) In case fire accidents large quantity of water can be draw directly
from the elevated reservoir and also by pumping.
4) It is an economic and efficient system.

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4.3.1 System Configurations
Branching vs. grid systems:
1) A grid system is usually preferred over a branching system, since it
can furnish a supply to any point from at least two directions
2) The branching system has dead ends, therefore, does not permit
supply from more than one direction. Should be avoided where
possible.
3) In locations where sharp changes in topography occur (hilly or
mountainous areas), it is common practice to divide the distribution
system into two or more service areas.
4.3.2 Basic System Requirements
Pressure:
i) Pressure should be great enough to adequately meet consumer
and fire-fighting needs.
ii) Pressure should not be excessive:
a) Cost consideration
b) Leakage and maintenance increase
Capacity:
i) The capacity is determined on the bases of local water needs plus
fire-fighting demand.
ii) Pipe sizes should be selected to avoid high velocities:
a) Pipe sizes should selected based on flow velocity of 3-5 fps
b) Where fire-fighting is required, minimum pipe diameter is 6 in.

4.3.3 Hydraulic Design

The design flowrate is based on the maximum of the
following two rates:
i) Maximum day demand plus fire deman.
ii) Maximum hourly rate
Analysis of distribution system:
i) Distribution system have series of pipes of different diameters. In
order to simplify the analysis, skeletonizing is used .
ii) Skeletonizing is the replacement of a series of pipes of varying
diameters with one equivalent pipe or replacing a system of pipes
with one equivalent
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4.4 Distribution Reservoirs
Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are the
storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying water during
emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in
absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
4.4.1 Functions of Distribution Reservoirs:
to absorb the hourly variations in demand.
to maintain constant pressure in the distribution mains.

water stored can be supplied during emergencies.

4.4.2 Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs:

should be located as close as possible to the center of demand.

water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient elevation to
permit gravity flow at an adequate pressure.

4.4.3 Types of Reservoirs

1. Underground reservoirs.
2. Small ground level reservoirs.
3. Large ground level reservoirs.
4. Overhead tanks.

Design of Reservoirs:

When a barrier is constructed across some river in the form of

dam, water gets stored on the upstream side of the barrier, forming a pool
of water, generally called a River Reservoir.

The quality of water stored in such a reservoirs is not much

different from that of a natural lake. The water so stored in a given
reservoirs during rainy season can be easily used almost throughout the
year, till time of arrival of the next rainy season, to refill the emptying
reservoirs again.

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4.4.4 Storage Capacity of Distribution Reservoirs

The total storage capacity of a distribution reservoir is the summation

of:

1. Balancing Storage: The quantity of water required to be stored

in the reservoir for equalising or balancing fluctuating demand
against constant supply is known as the balancing storage (or
equalising or operating storage). The balance storage can be
worked out by mass curve method.
2. Breakdown Storage: The breakdown storage or often called
emergency storage is the storage preserved in order to tide over
the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps, electricity, or any
other mechanism driving the pumps. A value of about 25% of the
total storage capacity of reservoirs, or 1.5 to 2 times of the
average hourly supply, may be considered as enough provision
for accounting this storage.
3. Fire Storage: The third component of the total reservoir storage
is the fire storage. This provision takes care of the requirements
of water for extinguishing fires. A provision of 1 to 4 per person
per day is sufficient to meet the requirement.

The total reservoir storage can finally be worked out by adding all the
three storages.

Figure 4.4.1:Surface reservoir

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 Surface Reservoir

Figure 4.4.2:Elevated reservoir

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 Elevated tanks

Distribution Reservoirs
Location
i) Distribution reservoirs should be located strategically for
maximum benefits.
ii) Normally the reservoir should be near the center of use.
iii) For large areas, a number of reservoirs may be located at key
locations
iv) A central location decreases the friction losses by reducing the
distance to the serviced area.
Storage function
i) To provide head required head.
ii) To provide excess demand such as:
a) fire-fighting: should be sufficient to provide flow for 10-12
hours.
b) emergency demands: to sustain the demand during failure of
the supply system and times of maintenance.
iii) To provide equalization storage.
Depending upon the purpose served by a given reservoirs, the
reservoirs may be broadly divided into the following three types.
1) Storage reservoirs.
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 2) Flood control reservoirs.
3) Multipurpose reservoirs.
4) Distributions reservoirs.

Figure 4.4.3: construction of ground level elevated level storage reservoirs

Reservoirs is a simple storage tank constructed within a city

water supply system, and is called a Distribution Reservoirs; and such
reservoirs is evidently not a river reservoirs, but is a simple storage tank.
A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoirs constructed
within a city water supply system. such reservoirs can be filled by pumping
water at a certain rate and can be to supply water even at rate higher than
the inflow rate during periods of maximum demands (called critical periods
of demand). such reservoirs are, therefore, helpful in permitting the pumps
or the water treatment plants to work at a uniform rate, and they store water

SITS-CIVIL Page 27
during the hours of no demand or less demand, and supply water from their
storage during the critical periods of maximum demand.
Figure 4.4.4: construction of ground level storage reservoir

4.4.5 Selection of site for Distribution Reservoir system:

i) Provide maximum benefits of head and pressure (elevation high
enough to develop adequate pressures in system)
ii) Near center of use (decreases friction losses and therefore loss of
head by reducing distances to use)
iii) Great enough elevation to develop adequate pressures in system.
iv) May require more than one in large metropolitan area.32
v) Area of the Reservoir should be far away from the earth-quake
epicenter.
vi) Reservoir bed should be impermeable and should not allow quick
percolation of stored water.

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 vii) The reservoir basin should be wide above the dam site to
facilitate more storage of water.
viii) Reservoir site must have adequate capacity.
ix) The reservoir occupation should not submerge valuable land and
other properties.

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 CHAPTER 5
GEO GRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
5.1 Introduction
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-
based tool for mapping and analysing spatial data. GIS technology
integrates common database operations such as query and statistical
analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits
offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information
systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private
enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning
strategies. GIS is considered to be one of the most important new
technologies, with the potential to revolutionize many aspects of society
through increased ability to make decisions and solve problems.

Figure 5.1:GIS data

The major challenges that we face in the world today --

overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, natural disasters all have a

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critical geographic dimension. Local problems also have a geographic
component that can be visualized using GIS technology, whether finding
the best soil for growing crops, determining the home range for an
endangered species, or discovering the best way to dispose of hazardous
waste. Careful analysis of spatial data using GIS can give insight into these
problems and suggest ways in which they can be addressed.

Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS
performs these tasks better and faster than do the old manual methods.
And, before GIS technology, only a few people had the skills necessary to
use geographic information to help with decision making and problem
solving. Today, GIS is a multi-billion-dollar industry employing hundreds
of thousands of people worldwide. GIS is taught in high schools, colleges,
and universities throughout the world. Professionals in every field are
increasingly aware of the advantages of thinking and working
geographically.
5.2 Components of Geographic Information System
A working Geographic Information System seamlessly
integrates five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and
methods.

GIS components
(Source:http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/GIS/GIS_primer/images/pic061.gif)

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5.2.1 Hardware
Hardware includes the computer on which a GIS operates, the
monitor on which results are displayed, and a printer for making hard
copies of the results. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of
hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers
used in stand-alone or networked configurations. The data files used in
GIS are relatively large, so the computer must have a fast processing speed
and a large hard drive capable of saving many files. Because a GIS outputs
visual results, a large, high-resolution monitor and a high-quality printer
are recommended.
5.2.2 Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store,
analyse, and display geographic information. Key software components
include tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information, a
database management system (DBMS), tools that support geographic
query, analysis, and visualization, and a graphical user interface (GUI) for
easy access to tools. The industry leader is ARC/INFO, produced by
Environmental Systems Research, Inc. The same company produces a
more accessible product, ArcView, that is similar to ARCINFO in many
ways.
5.2.3 Data
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data.
A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use
a database management system, used by most organizations to organize and
maintain their data, to manage spatial data. There are three ways to obtain
the data to be used in a GIS. Geographic data and related tabular data can
be collected in-house or produced by digitizing images from aerial
photographs or published maps. Data can also be purchased from
commercial data provider. Finally, data can be obtained from the federal
government at no cost.
5.2.4 People
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and
maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their
everyday work. The basic techniques of GIS are simple enough to master
that even students in elementary schools are learning to use GIS.

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 Because the technology is used in so many ways, experienced GIS
users have a tremendous advantage in todays job market.
5.2.5 Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan
and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to
each organization.
5.3 How a GIS work
A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of
thematic layers that can be linked together by geography. This simple but
extremely powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving
many real-world problems from modelling global atmospheric circulation,
to predicting rural land use, and monitoring changes in rainforest
ecosystems.
5.3.1 Geo Graphic references
Geographic information contains either an explicit
geographic reference such as a latitude and longitude or national grid
coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an address, postal code, census
tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name. An automated process
called geocoding is used to create explicit geographic references (multiple
locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses). These
geographic references can then be used to locate features, such as a
business or forest stand, and events, such as an earthquake, on the Earth's
surface for analysis.
Vector and Raster Models:

Figure 5.3.1:vector and rastar models (source:http://docs.irenees.net/ppgis/Picture1_b.png)

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 Geographic information systems work with two
fundamentally different types of geographic models--the "vector model"
and the "raster model."
In the vector model, information about points, lines, and
polygons is encoded and stored as a collection of x, y coordinates. The
location of a point feature, such as a bore hole, can be described by a single
x,y coordinate. Linear features, such as roads and rivers, can be stored as a
collection of point coordinates. Polygonal features, such as sales territories
and river catchments, can be stored as a closed loop of coordinates. The
vector model is extremely useful for describing discrete features, but less
useful for describing continuously varying features such as soil type or
accessibility costs for hospitals.
The raster model has evolved to model such continuous
features. A raster image comprises a collection of grid cells rather like a
scanned map or picture. Both the vector and raster models for storing
geographic data have unique advantages and disadvantages. Modern GISs
are able to handle both models.
5.3.2 GIS Tasks
General purpose GISs perform seven tasks.
1) Input of data
2) Map making
3) Manipulation of data
4) File management
5) Query and analysis
6) Visualization of results
5.3.2.1 Input of Data
Before geographic data can be used in a GIS, the data must be
converted into a suitable digital format. The process of converting data
from paper maps or aerial photographs into computer files is called
digitizing. Modern GIS technology can automate this process fully for
large projects using scanning technology; smaller jobs may require some
manual digitizing which requires the use of a digitizing table. 39
Today many types of geographic data already exist in GIS-
compatible formats. These data can be loaded directly into a GIS.
5.3.2.2 Map Making

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 Maps have a special place in GIS. The process of making
maps with GIS is much more flexible than are traditional manual or
automated cartography approaches. It begins with database creation.
Existing paper maps can be digitized and computer-compatible information
can be translated into the GIS. The GIS-based cartographic database can
be both continuous and scale free. Map products can then be created
centered on any location, at any scale, and showing selected information
symbolized effectively to highlight specific characteristics.
The characteristics of atlases and map series can be
encoded in computer programs and compared with the database at final
production time. Digital products for use in other GISs can also be
derived by simply copying data from the database. In a large organization,
topographic databases can be used as reference frameworks by other
departments.
5.3.2.3 Manipulation of Data
It is likely that data types required for a particular GIS
project will need to be transformed or manipulated in some way to make
them compatible with your system. For example, geographic information
is 40 available at different scales (street center line files might be available
at a scale of 1:100,000; census boundaries at 1:50,000; and postal codes at
1:10,000). Before this information can be integrated, it must be
transformed to the same scale. This could be a temporary transformation
for display purposes or a permanent one required for analysis. GIS
technology offers many tools for manipulating spatial data and for weeding
out unnecessary data.
5.3.2.4 File Management
For small GIS projects it may be sufficient to store
geographic information as simple files. There comes a point, however,
when data volumes become large and the number of data users becomes
more than a few, that it is best to use a database management system
(DBMS) to help store, organize, and manage data. A DBMS is nothing
more than computer software for managing a database--an integrated
collection of data.
There are many different designs of DBMSs, but in GIS the relational
design has been the most useful. In the relational design, data are stored
conceptually as a collection of tables. Common fields in different tables
are used to link them together. This simple design has been widely used,

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primarily because of its flexibility and very wide deployment in
applications both within and without GIS.
GIS provides both simple point-and-click query capabilities
and sophisticated analysis tools to provide timely information to managers
and analysts alike. GIS technology really comes into its own when used to
analyse geographic data to look for patterns and trends, and to undertake
"what if" scenarios. Modern GISs have many powerful analytical tools, but
two are especially important.
Proximity Analysis is used to examine spatial relationships
by determining the proximate relationship between features.
Overlay Analysis integrates different data layers to look for
patterns and relationships. At its simplest, this could be a visual operation,
but analytical operations require one or more data layers to be joined
physically. For example, to analyse the impact of urbanization on
ecological characteristics of an area, an overlay could integrate data on
soils, hydrology, slope, vegetation, and land use. Queries could be used to
identify sources of pollution, to delineate potentially sensitive areas, or to
plan for increased population growth in the area.

Figure 5.3.2.4.1:Relationship between features

(source:http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/courses/geob370/lectures/Intro/gis.gif)

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5.3.2.5 Visualization
For many types of geographic operations, the end result is best
visualized as a map or graph. Maps are very efficient at storing and
communicating geographic information. While cartographers have created
maps for millennia, GIS provides new and exciting tools to extend the art
and science of cartography. Map displays can be integrated with reports,
three-dimensional views, photographic images, and with multimedia.

Figure 5.3.2.5.1:Visualization of image

THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
The ability of GIS to search databases and perform geographic
queries has revolutionized many areas of science and business. It can be
invaluable during a decision-making process. The information can be
presented succinctly and clearly in the form of a map and accompanying
report, allowing decision makers to focus on the real issues rather than
trying to understand the data. Because GIS products can be produced
quickly, multiple scenarios can be evaluated efficiently and effectively.
For this reason, in todays world, the ability to use GIS is increasingly
important.

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5.4 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Figure 5.4.1:gis software

Many have characterized Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) as one of the most powerful of all information technologies because
it focuses on integrating knowledge from multiple sources and creates a 44
crosscutting environment for collaboration. GIS is a system for the
management, analysis, and display of geographic knowledge, which is
represented using a series of information sets.
In the present study, GIS will be used to organize the data
for usage in water distribution networks design, and analysis. In addition,
GIS is used as a tool for number of created applications for network
management; such as identifying valves to be closed in case of pipe break,
service area for treatment plants, and network skeletonization. Finally, GIS
is used to provide graphical display of results obtained from both hydraulic
simulation, and optimization models; linking tabular data with geographic
locations, and graphical drawing.
5.4.1 Building Geometric Networks
Geometric networks offer a way to model common networks
and infrastructures found in the real world. Water distribution, electrical
lines, gas pipelines, telephone services, and water flow in a water pipe
networks are all examples of resource flows that could be modelled and
analysed using geometric network.

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 In the present paper, geometric network is created from the
set of feature class layers presented earlier, along with connectivity rules
that are used to represent and model the behavior of a common network
infrastructure in the real world. We define the roles that various features
will play in the geometric network and rules for how resources flow
through the geometric network.
Geometric network consisted of two main elements: Edges and Junctions
i) Junctions are the features that allow two or more edges to connect
and facilitate the transfer of flow between edges. Junctions are
created from point feature classes in a feature dataset and
correspond to junction elements in the logical network. Examples
of junctions are valves, hydrants, fittings, and meters.
ii) Edges are features, which have a length through which some
commodity flows. Edges are created from line feature classes in a
iii) feature dataset and correspond to edge elements in a logical
network. Examples of edges are water lines, hydrant line layer,
and house connection layer.
There are two types of edges in a geometric network. The first is Simple
edges, which are always connected to exactly two junctions, one at each
end, and Complex edges are always connected to at least two junctions at
their endpoints but can be connected to additional junctions along their
length.
Table 1 water distribution network model edge type.
Edge layer Type of edge
Water pipes feature class Complex edge
Hydrants pipe feature class Simple edge
Streets feature class Complex edge
House connection feature class Simple
The present paper sets water pipeline networks as complex
edge feature to save the time required for hydraulic analysis, as single
water pipe network is connected to many meters through house
connections. That will be later simplified for hydraulic simulation to only
two junctions at the start and end of each pipe; Accumulating the demand
to either downstream junction, or splitting the demand in half between the
two ends junctions using custom made applications presented by the
current study.

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ARCGIS BASIC TOOLS
In this section several basic GIS tools for data visualization
and data inquiry are described

Figure 5.4.1.1:GIS tools

SQL Attributes Select
SQL is a standard computer language for accessing and
managing databases. ArcGIS uses SQL to define a subset of data on which
to perform some operation.
Figure 5.4.1.2 select by attributes file loading

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 Figure 5.4.1.3: loaded file with point, line and polygon features

The study area lies between latitudes 1719'31"N &

1719'57"N and longitudes 7834'19"E & 7834'30"E. The catchment
covers a total area of about 44.498210 ha with an average elevation of
529.62 m above the mean sea level. The ground elevations are between
537 m and 548 m.
This polygon feature class is used to clip the catchment feature
class to generate the sub catchments feature class as shown in figure
5.4.1.1. Similarly, Drainage Lines, Longest Flow Path and Drainage Point
feature classes are being clipped for the area of interest as shown in figures
5.4.1.2. and 5.4.1.3.
Figure 5.4.1.4:line features

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Thematic Maps
Thematic maps symbology are a helpful in the way to visualize
data associated with drawings, they are used to represent data with colures
and symbols, by default, all the parcels are drawn using the same symbol
when you add them. Also, can be drawn based on an attribute such as; (e.g.
Diameter in pipelines, and Type in junctions).
Thematic maps facilitate the data recognition and
identification using symbols and colors as shown in figure.
Figure 5.4.1.5:symbolizing of features

Figure 4 Thematic map symbology for WDN

Labeling
Labeling is a feature inside ArcGIS used to annotate the data
stored in a feature and visualize the data into a written form that can be
easily seen on printed map or on screen.

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 Figure 5.4.1.6:labelling

5.4.2 ARCGIS applications for water distribution system mangement

In this section, some created custom applications for water
distribution networks management are explained. The created applications
in the present study cover the fields of; identifying isolating valves in case
of pipeline break, adjusting GIS layers to equivalent hydraulic analysis
layers, service area allocator for water distribution plants, and demand
aggregation for junctions in skeletonized networks.
5.4.2.1 Custom Valve Isolation Application
The application performs a valve isolation trace based on
selected pipes and display results. By using the features of geometric
network; a network analysis, based on the upstream and downstream
connectivity for the water pipeline feature to identify the valves that isolate
selected pipe. Then, all valves are highlighted and summary report for data
is being exported in suitable format. The application is used in the
preliminary stage of design to ensure that every region for pipeline network
could be easily isolated in case of pipeline break without affecting other
regions. Also, used in post optimization, post design stage to identify the
key valves that control the network and to ensure proper isolation in case of
pipeline breakage.

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 Figure 5.4.2.1.1:custom valve application

Figure 5.4.2.1.2:creating pipe lines

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5.4.2.2 Transfer Attributes Application
This application is intended for use in case of adjusting GIS
layers to be used in hydraulic analysis models (e.g., ELGTnet, or EPAnet).
It copies attribute data from point features (e.g., pumps) to adjacent line
layer (e.g., Water line layer). As it worth mentioning that in hydraulic
analysis procedures pumps and valves (e.g., PRV, FCV PSV etc) are
modeled as pipe with zero length the model is used to transfer pump &
valves nodal data in GIS environment into adjacent Lines(edges) to be
ready for ELGTnet model, and EPANET model. Figures (8, 9) explain the
difference between GIS network representation, and hydraulic analysis
modells representation.

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 CHAPTER 6
EPANET
6.1 Introduction
EPANET is software that models water distribution piping
systems. EPANET is public domain software that may be freely copied and
distributed. It is a Windows 95/98/NT/XP program. EPANET performs
extended period simulation of the water movement and quality behavior
within pressurized pipe networks.
Pipe networks consist of pipes, nodes (junctions), pumps,
valves, and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks:
the flow of water in each pipe,
i) the pressure at each node
ii) the height of the water in each tank,
iii) the type of chemical concentration throughout the network during
a simulation period,
iv) water age,
v) source, and
vi) tracing.
Capabilities
EPANET's Windows user interface provides a visual network
editor that simplifies the process of building piping network models and
editing their properties and data. EPANET provides an integrated computer
environment for editing input data. Various data reporting and visualization
tools are used to assist in interpreting the results of a network analysis.
These include
i) color-coded network maps,
ii) data tables,
iii) energy usage,
iv) reaction,
v) calibration,
vi) time series graphs,
vii) profile plots,
viii) contour plots.
EPANET provides a fully equipped, extended-period hydraulic
analysis package that can:
1) Simulate systems of any size
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 2) Compute friction head loss using the Hazen-Williams, the Darcy
Weisbach, or the Chezy-Manning formula
3) Include minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
4) Model constant or variable speed pumps
5) Compute pumping energy and cost
6) Model various types of valves, including shutoff, check, pressure
regulating, and flow control
7) Account for any shape storage tanks (i.e., surface area can vary with
height)
8) Consider multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own
pattern of time variation
9) Model pressure-dependent flow issuing from sprinkler heads
10)Base system operation on simple tank level, timer controls or
complex rule-based controls
In addition, EPANET's water quality analyser can:
1) Model the movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the
network over time.
2) Model the movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows (e.g.,
a disinfection by-product) or decays (e.g., chlorine residual) over
time.
3) Model the age of water throughout a network.
4) Track the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes
over time.
5) Model reactions both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall.
6) Allow growth or decay reactions to proceed up to a limiting
concentration.
7) Employ global reaction rate coefficients that can be modified on a
pipe-by-pipe basis.
8) Allow for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location
in the network.
9) Model storage tanks as being complete mix, plug flow, or two-
compartment reactors.
Applications
EPANET helps water utilities maintain and improve the quality of water
delivered to consumers. It can be used to:
i) design sampling programs,
ii) study disinfectant loss and by-product formations,

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 iii) conduct consumer exposure assessments,
iv) evaluate alternative strategies for improving water quality, such
as altering source use within multi-source system
v) modify pumping and tank filling/emptying schedules to reduce
water age,
vi) use booster disinfection stations at key locations to maintain
target residuals, and
vii) plan and improve a system's hydraulic performance,
viii) assist with pipe, pump, and valve placement and sizing,
ix) energy minimization,
x) fire flow analysis,
xi) vulnerability studies, and
xii) operator training.
Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) serve many purposes in
addition to the provision of water for human consumption, which often
accounts for less than 2% of the total volume supplied. Piped water is used
for washing, sanitation, irrigation and firefighting. Networks are designed
to meet peak demands; in parts of the network this creates low-flow
conditions that can contribute to the deterioration of microbial and
chemical water quality. The purpose of a system of pipes is to supply water
at adequate pressure and flow. However, pressure is lost by the action of
friction at the pipe wall. The pressure loss is also dependent on the water
demand, pipe length, gradient and diameter. Several established empirical
equations describe the pressureflow relationship (Webber, 1971) and these
have been incorporated into network modelling software packages to
facilitate their solution and use. There is still not a convenient evaluation
for the reliability of water distribution systems. Traditionally, a water
distribution network design is based on the proposed street plan and the
topography.
Using commercial software, the modeller simulates flows and pressures in
water distribution networks play an important role in modern societies
being its proper operation directly related to the populations well-being.
However, water supply activities tend to be natural monopolies, so to
guarantee good service levels in a sustainable way the water supply
systems performance must be evaluated. The incorporation of performance
assessment methodologies in the management practices creates
competitiveness mechanisms that lead to the culture of efficiency and the
pursuit of continuous improvement.

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 The primary task for water utilities is to deliver water of the
required quantity to individual customers under sufficient pressure through
a distribution network. The distribution of drinking water in distribution
networks is technical challenge both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It
is essential that each point of the distribution network be supplied without
an invariable flow of water complying with all the qualitative and
quantitative parameters. The water supply in most Indian cities is only
available for a few hours per day, pressure is irregular, and the water is of
questionable quality. Intermittent water supply, insufficient pressure and
unpredictable service impose both financial and health costs on Indian
households. Leakage hotspots are assumed to exist at the model nodes
identified. For this study area vanasthalipuram zone of Hyderabad city
City has been identified and the network model for the area under
consideration will be prepared and studied for water losses.
6.2 Objective
To analyse the existing water distribution system using
EPANET and to suggest some measures if present network does not fulfil
the present and future demand.
6.3 Study area
Vanasthalipuram zone is a part of Hyderabad city.
Vanasthalipuram zone occurs in the south-east zone of Hyderabad.
Vanasthalipuram zone covers the following colonys under the water
distribution system:
Hasthinapuram colony
Phase I, Phase II

Huda sai nagar colony

Raitu bazar

Sachivalaya nagar

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 Figure 5.3.1 selected area

6.4 EPANET software

EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period
simulation of hydraulic and water quality behaviour within pressurized pipe
networks. A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps,
valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of water in
each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and
the concentration of a chemical species throughout the network during a
simulation period comprised of multiple time steps. In addition to chemical
species, water age and source tracing can also be simulated.
EPANET was developed by the water supply and water
resources division (formerly the drinking water research division) of the
U.S Environmental protection agency's national risk management research
laboratory. It is public domain software that may be freely copied and
distributed.

EPANET is designed to be a research tool for improving our

understanding of the movement and fate of drinking water constituents
within distribution systems. It can be used for many different kinds of
applications in distribution systems analysis. Sampling program design,
hydraulic model calibration, chlorine residual analysis, and consumer
exposure assessment are some examples. EPANET can help assess

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alternative management strategies for improving water quality throughout a
system.

Figure 5.4.1: EPANET software window

Running under windows, EPANET provides an integrated environment for

editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality
simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include
color-coded network maps, data tables, time series graphs, and contour
plots.
6.5 HYDRAULIC MODELLING CAPABILITIES
Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modelling is a prerequisite for doing
effective water quality modelling. EPANET contains a state-of-the-art
hydraulic analysis engine that includes the following capabilities:
1. places no limit on the size of the network that can be analysed
2. computes friction head loss using the Hazen-William, Darcy-
Weisbach or Chezy Manning formula
3. Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
4. models constant or variable speed pumps
5. computes pumping energy and cost
6. modells various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure
regulating, and flow control valves
7. allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with
height)

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 8. considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own
pattern of time variation
9. models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler
heads)
10.Can perform system operation on both simple tank level and timer
controls and on complex rule-based controls.
EPANET's Windows user interface provides a network editor
that simplifies the process of building piping network models and editing
their properties. Various data reporting and visualization tools such as
graphical views, tabular views, and special reports, and calibration are used
to assist in interpreting the results of a network analysis (EPA, 2000).
By employing these features, EPANET can study water quality phenomena
as:
blending water from different sources
Age of water throughout a system
Loss of chlorine residuals.
Growth of disinfection by-products.
Tracking contaminant propagation events.

6.6 Model Input Data

In order to analyse the WDN using EPANET following input data files
are needed:
1. Junction Report
Junctions are points in the network where links join together
and where water enters or leaves the network. The basic input data required
for junctions are:
1. Elevation above some reference (usually mean sea level)
2. Water demand (rate of withdrawal from the network)
3. Initial water quality.
The output results computed for junctions at all time periods of a
simulation are:
1. Hydraulic head (internal energy per unit weight of fluid)
2. Pressure
3. Water quality.

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Junctions can also:
1. Have their demand vary with time
2. Have multiple categories of demands assigned to them
3. have negative demands indicating that water is entering the network
4. be water quality sources where constituents enter the network
5. Contain emitters (or sprinklers) which make the outflow rate depend
on the pressure.

Figure 5.6.1:Junction report

2. Pipe Report
Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the
network to another. EPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all times.
Flow direction is from the end at higher hydraulic head (internal energy per
weight of water) to that at lower head.
The principal hydraulic input parameters for pip
es are:
1. start and end nodes
2. diameter
3. length
4. roughness coefficient (for determining headloss)
5. Status (open, closed, or contains a check valve).
Computed outputs for pipes include:
1. flow rate

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 2. velocity
3. headloss
4. Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
5. average reaction rate (over the pipe length)
6. Average water quality (over the pipe length).
The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the
pipe walls can be computed using one of three different formulas:
1. Hazen-Williams formula
2. Darcy-Weisbach formula
3. Chezy-Manning formula
The Hazen-Williams formula is the most commonly used
headloss formula in the US. It cannot be used for liquids other than water
and was originally developed for turbulent flow only. The Darcy-Weisbach
formula is the most theoretically correct. It applies over all flow regimes
and to all liquids. The Chezy-Manning formula is more commonly used for
open channel flow.
Figure 5.6.2:pipe report

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 5.6.3 reservoir report

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 CHAPTER 7
Analysis and Results
The study area lies between latitudes 171949"N & 1719'57"N
and longitudes 7834'19"E & 7834'30"E. The catchment covers a total
area of about 44.498210 ha with an average elevation of 542 m above the
mean sea level. The ground elevations are between 537 m and 548 m
where in Northern area having a maximum elevation.
Table 7.1:elevations and base demands of junctions

Table 7.2 pipes report

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 Figure 7.3 graph of distribution of elevation

Figure 7.4 graph of distribution of base demand

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 Figure 7.5 distribution of length

Figure 7.6 distribution of flow

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Figure 7.7 : Run was successful

Figure 7.8: clear water flow

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Head loss in pipes:
Here we cross checked head loss in 195 pipes, by HAZEN-
WILLIAMS formula method.
Data:-
Diameter of pipe (D) = 0.1m
Length of the pipe (L) = 130m

Area of the pipe (A) = = 0.007854

Discharge of pipes (Q) = 0.48

Hydraulic radius (r) = = 0.025 m

Hazen Williams coefficient (C) = 130

Slope of hydraulic grade line (S) = ?
We know that
V = 0.849 C
Q=AV

V= = = 61.1153 m/s

S=( )

=( )

= 26.244
Total Head loss in the pipe ( =SXL
= 26.244 x 130
= 3411.79 m
Similarly for all the pipes and nodes

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 REFERENCES
Water supply system and evaluation methods volume1: water supply
concepts HARRYE.HICKEY,PH.D Chapter1 fundamental considerations
water distribution network CE370
What is geographical information system
Geographical information system in water demand network
geographical information system
EPANET 2.0
Chapter 8 Water distribution system
International journal of advanced computer science and application, vol.7,
no.2 (IJACSA)
Design of hydraulically balanced water distribution network based on GIS
and EPANET by RASOOLI AHMADULLAH , KANG DONGSHIK
International conference on ecological, environmental and biological
sciences (ICEEBS 2012) JAN:7-8,2012 Dubai Simulation of hydraulic
parameters in water distribution network using EPANET and GIS by
Dr.Ramesh, L.Santhosh and C.J.Jagadeesh
Mannual on water supply and treatment Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Orangation Ministry of urban development,
NEW DELHI MAY,1999 Chapter 2. 2.2.8.3 Recommendation
Rainfall -Runoff studies in URBAN are using geographic information
system and storm water management model. By SANTOSH KUMAR
SADAM -2015
Project on supplying drinking water from reservoir to Bhavani colony

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