The Establishment and Functioning of Un Peacekeeping Operations

UNIT2: THEESTABLISHMENTANDFUNCTIONINGOF
UN PEACEKEEPINGOPERATIONS
TableofContents
PreparatoryNotesforInstructors.................................................................................................. 1
Unit2Part1:EstablishmentandOperationalizationofSecurityCouncilMandatesin
PeacekeepingOperations.......................................................................................................... 7
SessionNotes.............................................................................................................................. 7
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7
TheDecisiontoDeployaUNPeacekeepingOperation ........................................................ 10
ImplementationofMandates,TransitionandWithdrawal ...................................................... 16
LearningActivity:FamiliarizationwithMandates ......................................................................... 20
TranslatingSecurityCouncilMandatesIntoanOperationalFramework................................ 24
Unit2Part1:LearningAssessment......................................................................................... 31
Unit2Part2:HowUnitedNationsPeacekeepingOperationsFunction ................................... 33
SessionNotes............................................................................................................................ 33
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 33
ComponentsofaUNPeacekeepingOperation........................................................................... 35
Authority,CommandandControlinUnitedNationsPeacekeeping ............................................. 38
StrategicLevelAuthority ...................................................................................................... 39
HeadofMission ................................................................................................................... 41
OtherPositionsofAuthority.................................................................................................. 42
ManagementStructuresinUNPeacekeepingOperations........................................................... 44
UnderstandingtheImportanceofOtherComponentsWork........................................................ 46
TheMilitaryComponent ....................................................................................................... 47
ThePoliceComponent......................................................................................................... 51
TheCivilianComponents ..................................................................................................... 54
Unit2Part2:LearningAssessment.......................................................................................... 61
CommonQuestionsfromParticipants......................................................................................... 62
OptionalLearningActivity........................................................................................................... 66
UNPeacekeepingPDTStandards,CorePreDeploymentTrainingMaterials,1st ed.(2009)
UNPeacekeepingPDTStandards,CorePreDeploymentTrainingMaterials,1sted.(2009)
UNIT2 PART1: Establishment&OperationalizationofSecurityCouncilMandatesinPKOs 1
PreparatoryNotesforInstructors
Aim
TheaimofUnit2istoinformpeacekeepingpersonnelabouthowUN
peacekeepingmissionsareestablishedanddeployedbytheSecurityCouncil
andtheUNSecretariat.
Specifically,thisunitfamiliarizespeacekeepingpersonnelwith:
TheSecurityCouncilprocesstoestablishandmonitortheworkofUN
peacekeepingoperations
ThedocumentsusedbyUnitedNationsSecretariattotransform
SecurityCouncilmandatesintooperationalframeworksfor
peacekeepingoperations
Authority,commandandcontrolinUNpeacekeepingoperations
Missionmanagementstructures
TherolesofdifferentcomponentsinaUNpeacekeepingoperation
LearningOutcomes
OncompletionofUnit2Part1,participantswillbeableto:
1. DescribehowtheSecurityCouncilestablishesamandateforaUN
peacekeepingoperationandmonitorsitsimplementation
2. Explainwhyallpeacekeepersmustbefamiliarwiththemandateoftheir
peacekeepingoperation
3. NameatleastthreekeydocumentswhichoperationalizeSecurityCouncil
mandates
OncompletionofUnit2Part2,participantswillbeableto:
1. Explaintherelationshipbetweenthesupportandsubstantivecomponents
ofapeacekeepingoperationandmandatebeneficiaries.
2. ListatleastfourmainpositionsofauthorityinaUNpeacekeeping
operation
3. Explainthemainroleofthemilitary,policeandciviliancomponentsinUN
peacekeepingoperations.
2 UNIT2 PART1: Establishment&OperationalizationofSecurityCouncilMandatesinPKOs
TrainingSequence
ThesessionsinUnit2shouldbedeliveredafterUnit1andbeforealltheother
sessionsinUnit3.SectionsinUnit4maybeplacedbeforethissession.
Duration
Thetimesshownbelowaretheminimumrecommendedtimeperiods.
Additionalactivitiesanddiscussionscanbeaddedastimepermits.
MinimumSessionTime Lecture/Presentation Questions/Assessment SessionActivities
120minutes 45min. 15min. 60min.
AdditionalOptions MissionSpecific OptionalFilm OptionalActivity

Timetobedetermined
bynecessarycontent
Methodology
Thefollowingpointsoutlineasuggestedmethodology.Experiencedinstructors
maychoosetousealternativemethodsandactivitiestopresentthematerial
andkeymessagesinthisunit.
PresentationsusingtheprovidedPowerPointSlides
Acorelearningactivityonmissionmandates
Informalquestionandanswerperiods(asdeterminedbyinstructor)
Learningassessmentquestionsattheendofparts1and2*
*PleaseNote:Itisuptothelearninginstitutiontodecidewhetherthelearning
assessmentquestionsareusedinformallyinagroupquestionandanswer
session,oriftheyareprovidedtotheparticipantsasawrittenquiz.Ineither
case,itisrecommendedthatthecorrectanswersareprovidedattheendof
theassessmentinordertoensureparticipantsareclearonthekeymessages.
Instructorsareencouragedtoaddexamplesandmissionspecificinformation
relatedtothespecificdeploymentofparticipants,ifknown.
InstructorProfile
Unit2isbestpresentedbyatrainerwhohasageneralknowledgeofthehow
theUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandSecretariatworkandalsohas
personalexperienceinthemissionheadquartersofaUNpeacekeeping
operation.
InstructorPreparations
RequiredReadings
CharteroftheUnitedNations
UnitedNationsPeacekeepingOperationsPrinciplesandGuidelines
(alsoknownastheCapstoneDoctrine)
DPKO/DFSPolicyonAuthority,CommandandControl,2008
Reviewofpeacekeepingmissionmandatesusedinthelearningactivity
(Pleaseseethemissionspecificpreparationsbelow.)
GeneralPreparations
Equipment
1. Computerandsessionslides
2. Projectorandscreenforslides
MissionSpecificPreparationsfortheLearningActivityon
Mandates
Materials
1. Copiesofpeacekeepingmandatesarerequiredforcomparativepurposes
inthelearningactivity.
2. Wherepossible,instructorsshoulddownloadthemandatesofmissionsto
whichparticipantsaredeploying.Seethelearningactivityonpages20for
completeinstructionsandnumbersofcopiesneeded.
3. DownloadthemissionmandatesfromtheDPKOwebsiteat
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp(ClickonCurrentOperations
andonthelinkforeachmissionyouwillfindalinktothemission
mandate).
4. ParticipantsoftenappreciatecopiesofthePowerPointpresentations.If
printingofthePowerPointpresentationsispossible,itissuggestedthat
theyareprintedinhandoutformat,with3slidestoapagesoparticipants
haveroomtomakenotes.
Note:Theremayalreadybecopiesofappropriatemandatesfromthelearning
activityinUnit1.
ParticipantPreparations
1. Ifpossible,itisstronglyrecommendedthatparticipantsreviewthe
followingdocumentsbeforethissession:
Mandatesprovidedbytheinstructor(orprovideclassroomtimefor
review)
MaterialsReferencedinthisUnit
CharteroftheUnitedNations
DPKO/DFSPolicyonAuthority,CommandandControl,2008
DPKOGuidelinesforUnitedNationsPoliceOfficersonAssignmentwith
PeacekeepingOperations,2007
DPKOPolicyonFunctionsandOrganisationofFormedPoliceUnitsin
UNPeaceOperations,2006
DPKOGuidelinesfortheDevelopmentofRulesofEngagement(RoE)
forUnitedNationsPeacekeepingOperations,2000
UnitedNationsIntegratedMissionsPlanningProcess(IMPP)
GuidelinesEndorsedbytheSecretaryGeneralin2006.
DPKOPolicyonJOCandJMAC,2006
DPKO/DFSMissionStartUpFieldGuideforSeniorMissionManagers
ofUnitedNationsPeacekeepingOperations,2008(version1.0)
AdditionalResources
ModelMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)betweentheUnited
NationsandTroopContributingCountries(A/C.5/60/26)and
subsequentamendments(A/61/19PartIII)
UnitedNationsIntegratedMissionsPlanningProcess(IMPP)
GuidelinesEndorsedbytheSecretaryGeneralin2006.
ModelStatusofForcesAgreementforUnitedNationsPeacekeeping
Operations(A/45/592)
SymbolsLegend
F NotetotheInstructor(Somebackgroundinformationforconsideration)
[ SpeakingPoints(Themainpointstocoveronthetopic.Ideallythe
speakingpointsarepresentedintheinstructorsownwordsversusbeing
readtoparticipants.Pleasenote,textintheslidesishighlightedinbold,
bluefontsintheassociatedspeakingpoints.)
MissionSpecific(Apointwherethesessionwillbenefitfrommission
specificinformation)
Example(Storiesthatillustrateapointorkeymessage)
Samplequestions(Alistofpotentialquestionstoposetoparticipants)
Handout(Indicatesahandoutisprovidedtoparticipantsatthispoint)
Film(Afilmthatissuggestedaseitheracoreoroptionalactivity)
CoreLearningActivity(Anactivitythatisstronglyrecommendedfor
inclusion)
OptionalLearningActivity(Anactivitythatcanbeusedifthereistimeand
itisappropriatefortheparticipantgroup.Guidelinesfortheseactivitiesare
providedattheendoftheunitorpartasindicatedinthetext)
Keysummarypoints(Keymessagesthatareworthrepeatingattheendof
thesession.Alternatively,theinstructorcanaskparticipantswhatarethe
mainmessagestheyaretakingfromthesession.Instructorscanthenfillin
anypointsthathavebeenmissed.)
Note: Questionscommonlyaskedbyparticipantsduringthissessionare
listedattheendoftheunit.
UNIT2 PART1:
ESTABLISHMENTANDOPERATIONALIZATIONOF
SECURITYCOUNCILM ANDATESINPEACEKEEPING
OPERATIONS
SessionNotes
Introduction
Slide1
Definition
Operationalize:tomakesomethingoperational,inthiscasethroughthe
writtenplansanddirectiveswhichexplainhowpeacekeeping
operationsshouldcarryoutmandatedtasksandwhat
resourcestheyareabletouse.
FNotetoInstructor:Asanintroduction,instructorsshouldhelpparticipants
understandwhytheyneedtounderstandtheprocessfortheestablishment
andoperationalizationofSecurityCouncilmandatesforpeacekeeping
operations.Instructorscanexplainthisdirectly,followingthespeakingpoints
below,orbrainstormwithparticipantshowtheworkoftheSecurityCouncilin
NewYorkaffectstheirdaytodaytasksinthemission.
Slide2
Slide3
FNotetoInstructor:Askparticipantswhythistopicisimportantto
peacekeepingpersonnel.Acknowledgeanswersgivenandemphasizethe
followingpoints:
[ Thewrittenguidanceyoureceiveinthemissionaboutyourtasksand
objectivesisdirectlylinkedtotheSecurityCouncilmandateforthe
peacekeepingoperation.
[ SecurityCouncilmandatescanoftenbevagueoropentointerpretation,
therefore,theUNSecretariatandtheleadershipofthepeacekeeping
operationalsoprovidemoredetailedplans.Theseplansinterpretthemandate
anddescribetherolesandresponsibilitiesofeachcomponentofthemission
inimplementingthemandatedtasks.
[ TheSecurityCouncilmonitorstheprogressthatpeacekeepingoperations
makeinimplementingtheirmandates.Reportsthatyouwillwritewhilein
missionfeedintotheoverallreportthattheSecretaryGeneralprovidestothe
SecurityCouncilaspartofthismonitoringprocess.
[ Allpeacekeepingpersonnelshouldbefamiliarwiththemandateandthe
relevantguidancedocumentsoutliningtheirresponsibilities.
[ TheSecurityCouncilmandateprovidestheinternationallegitimacyforthe
presenceofapeacekeepingoperationinaparticularcountry.
Peacekeepingpersonnelmaybeaskedbylocalsaboutwhattheyaredoing
there.Youshouldbeabletoexplainclearlywhyapeacekeepingoperationis
inaparticularcountryandwhatitsmandateandfunctionsare.
Slide4
FNotetoInstructor:Letparticipantsknowtheintendedlearningoutcomesof
thissection,asshownintheslideabove.Theintentionforthesessionisthat
participantswillbeabletoanswereachoftheabovepoints.
TheDecisiontoDeployaUNPeacekeepingOperation
Slide5
[ AsexplainedinUnit1,itistheSecurityCouncilwhichdetermineswhenand
whereaUnitedNationspeacekeepingoperationshouldbedeployed.The
SecurityCouncilwillalwaysaddresseachcrisisonacasebycasebasisin
ordertofindthemostsuitableresponseforthatparticularcase.
FNotetoInstructor:Thepeaceandsecurityactivitiesslidehasbeenincluded
heretoremindparticipantsofthepossibleresponses.
[ Whenthereisacrisisoradisputebetweencountries,eitheraMemberofthe
SecurityCouncilortheSecretaryGeneralcanasktheSecurityCouncilto
consideranddebatethatparticularsituation.IftheSecurityCouncilconsiders
thatthesituationposesarisktointernationalpeaceandsecurity,itmayask
theSecretaryGeneraltoinitiateconflictpreventionorpeacemaking
measuresbytheUN,oritmaychoosetomonitorsuchmeasuresthatregional
powersarealreadyundertaking.
[ Dependingonhowthesituationevolves,theSecurityCouncilmayconsider
whethertheUnitedNationsshoulddeployapeacekeepingoperation.
Slide6
[ HowdoestheSecurityCouncildecidewhetheritisappropriatetoauthorizea
UNpeacekeepingoperationforaparticularcountry?
[ TheSecurityCouncilaskstheSecretaryGeneralforadvice,intheformofa
writtenreportwhetherapeacekeepingoperationshouldbedeployedand
whatapotentialpeacekeepingoperationshouldbemandatedtodo.Inthis
report,theSecretaryGeneraladvisesonwhether:
Thesituationisathreattointernationalpeaceandsecurity
Aceasefireexistsandpartiesarecommittedtoapeaceprocess
Aprecisemandatewithanachievablepoliticalgoalcanbeestablished
forapeacekeepingoperation
SafetyandsecurityofUNpersonnelcanreasonablybeguaranteed
[ InpracticethismeansthattheSecretaryGeneralconsidersthestrategiclevel
issuesexplainedinUnit1,suchaswhetherthemainpartiestotheconflictwill
consenttothedeploymentofapeacekeepingoperation.Iftheywillnot
consenttothepeacekeepingoperation,theSecretaryGeneralwillnot
recommendthedeploymentofapeacekeepingoperation.
[ IftheSecretaryGeneralrecommendsthedeploymentofapeacekeeping
operation,heorshewillalsomakespecificrecommendations,basedona
strategicassessmentofthesituation,aboutthepotentialmandate,functions
andtasksofapotentialUNpeacekeepingoperation.
[ InformationandanalysisofthepossiblemandateandcapabilitiesofaUN
peacekeepingoperationinvolvesnotonlyDPKOandDFS,butalsothewider
UNsystem,includingUNactorsalreadyinthecountry,aswellasMember
Stateswhocontributetroops,policeandmoney.UNpeacekeepingoperations
relyonfunds,troopsandpolicecontributedbyMemberStatesandtherefore
theymustalsobeinvolvedintheplanningprocess.
[ AswillbeexplainedinUnit3Part2,UNpeacekeepingoperationsdonothave
alltheresourcesorexpertiserequiredtofulfileveryaspectoftheirmandate,
(forinstanceinareassuchasDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration
(DDR),SecuritySectorReform(SSR)orRuleofLaw).Thepeacekeeping
operationwillhavetorelyontheassistanceofotherUNagencies,fundsand
programmestoensurelongtermsustainablepeace,andthereforetheyare
alsoinvolvedintheplanningprocess.
FNotetoInstructor:Forcourseswithseniorlevelcommanders,staffofficers,
orcivilians,instructorsmaywanttoaddsomeinformationontheprocessby
whichtheSecretaryGeneralcompilesthisinformationfromacrosstheUN
system,asdescribedbelow.
InordertoensurethattheSecretaryGeneralpresentsonecommon
strategicvisionoftheUnitedNations,theSecretariatusesan
IntegratedMissionPlanningProcess(IMPP).TheIMPPbrings
togetheralltherelevantdepartmentsandagenciesoftheUnited
Nations,andalsoworkswiththeUNCountryTeamalreadypresentin
thatcountrytoprovideastrategicassessmentofthesituation.
Amongotherthings,theyassessthecommitmentofthewarringparties
totheceasefireorpeaceagreementandwhetherthereisan
achievablepoliticalgoalforaUNpeacekeepingoperationinthecountry
towhichaprecisemandatecanbetailored.Theyalsoassessthe
extenttowhichthesafetyandsecurityofUNpersonnelcanreasonably
beguaranteed.
TheIMPPdevelopsandproposesthepossibletasksthataUN
peacekeepingoperationshouldundertake,andtheseareincludedin
theSGsreporttotheSecurityCouncil.TheDepartmentsof
PeacekeepingOperationsandFieldSupportalsoliaisecloselywith
TroopContributingCountries(TCCs),PoliceContributingCountries
(PCCs)anddonorcountriestomakesurethattherewillberesources
availableforapeacekeepingmissiontocarryoutthetasks
recommendedforinclusioninthemandate.
Slide7
[ ThemembersoftheSecurityCouncildiscusstheSecretaryGeneralsreport.
TheSecurityCouncilthentakesaformaldecisiononwhethertoauthorizethe
deploymentofaUNpeacekeepingoperationandwhattasksthe
peacekeepingoperationshouldbemandatedtoaccomplish.IftheCouncil
decidestodeployapeacekeepingmission,thedecisionandthe
mandateareissuedinaSecurityCouncilResolution.
Slide8
[ Thetasksapeacekeepingoperationisrequiredtoimplementarecontained
intheSecurityCouncilmandateresolution.Insomecases,theSecurity
Councilmayamend(change)oraddtotheoriginalmandateinadditional
resolutionsrelatedtothepeacekeepingoperation.
[ Themandatewillvaryfromsituationtosituation,dependingonthenatureof
theconflictandthetypeofpeacekeepingoperationtheSecurityCouncilhas
agreedtoauthorize(traditional,multidimensionalortransitionalauthority).
[ SinceUNpeacekeepingoperationsarenormallydeployedtosupportthe
implementationofaceasefireorpeaceagreement,SecurityCouncil
mandatestakeintoconsiderationthenatureandcontentofthoseagreements.
Inthisway,everymandateforaUNpeacekeepingoperationisadaptedtoa
particularconflictsituationandexistingpeaceagreements.
[ SecurityCouncilmandatesforpeacekeepingoperationsalsoreflectthe
concernsoftheinternationalcommunityonspecificissuesorthemes.With
respecttoUNpeacekeepingoperations,theSecurityCouncilisparticularly
concernedabout:
Women,peaceandsecurity(theSecurityCouncilhasissuedtwo
resolutionsonthistopicnumbered1325and1820intheyears2000
and2008respectively)
Childrenandarmedconflict(theSecurityCouncilissuedresolution
number1612intheyear2005onthistopic)
Protectionofciviliansinarmedconflict(SecurityCouncilissued
resolutionnumber1674intheyear2006onthistopic).
[ Themandatesformostmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationswill
includespecifictasksrelatedtotheprotectionofwomen,childrenandcivilians
forthisreason.
FNotetoInstructor:Unit3Part1willfamiliarizepeacekeepingpersonnel
withthekeyaspectsoftheseresolutionsandhowtheyshouldimplementthem
whenworkinginthefield.Copiesoftheseresolutionsandtheotherrelated
referencematerialsincludedinthosesessionscanbedownloadedfrom
http://peacekeepingresourcehub.unlb.org.
Slide9
[ Allpeacekeepingpersonnelshouldhaveathoroughunderstandingof
themandateofthepeacekeepingoperationinwhichtheyareworking.
Theyshouldalsobeawareofanychangestothemandateauthorizedbythe
SecurityCouncilduringtheirdeployment.TheSecurityCouncilmandate
provideslegitimacyforyourpresenceinthecountry.Itisapublicdocument
whichcanbesharedwiththelocalpopulation.Youshouldbeabletoexplain
clearlytoanyoneinthecountry,whythepeacekeepingoperationisthereand
whatitdoes.
[ Aswillbeexplainedlaterinthissession,thereareadditionaldocumentswhich
willtranslatetheSecurityCouncilmandateintomorespecifictasksforthe
differentcomponentsofthepeacekeepingoperation.Thesedocuments,along
withtheSecurityCouncilmandate,willguideyourworkinthepeacekeeping
operation.ThesedocumentsarebasedontheSecurityCouncilmandate,but
theyaredocumentsforinternalusewithinthemission.
ImplementationofMandates,TransitionandWithdrawal
Slide10
[ Afterauthorizingapeacekeepingoperation,theSecurityCouncil
continuouslymonitorshowtheSecretariatandthepeacekeeping
operationareimplementingthemandate.Theydothisbyrequiringthe
SecretaryGeneraltosubmitregularreportstotheSecurityCouncil
regardingthecountryssituation.TheSecurityCouncilspecifieshowoften
thosereportsmustbesubmitted.
[ TheUnderSecretaryGeneralofPeacekeepingOperationswillcompilethe
reportsonbehalfoftheSecretaryGeneralusingtheinformationprovidedto
himbythepeacekeepingoperation,includingfromitsdaily,weeklyand
monthlyreportstoheadquarters.
[ Basedontheinformationinthesereportsandonchangesinthesituation,the
SecurityCouncilcanadjustorchangethemandateofthepeacekeeping
operation.AnychangestothemandatewillbeissuedinaSecurityCouncil
resolution.
[ Peacekeepersshouldkeepthemselvesinformedofanychangesoradditions
totheoriginalmandateresolution.
Slide11
[ AswiththedeploymentofUNpeacekeepingoperations,theSecurity
CouncilmakesdecisionsonwithdrawalortransitionsofUN
peacekeepingoperationsbasedontheadviceandrecommendationsofthe
SecretariatpresentedinreportsoftheSecretaryGeneral.
[ Forsomecases,liketraditionalmissions,theindicatorforsuccessofa
missionisclearatraditionalmissionhassuccessfullycompleteditsmandate
oncethestateshaveagreedtoapeacefulresolutionoftheirconflict.
[ Forcomplexmultidimensionalmissionsitisoftenmuchhardertodefinewhen
thepeacekeepingoperationhassuccessfullycompleteditsmandate.Through
SecretaryGeneralsreportsandSecurityCouncilresolutions,theUnited
Nationstriestosetcertainbenchmarksorindicatorsforsuccessforindividual
peacekeepingoperations,butthisisoftendifficult.
Slide12
[ Thereisnostandardchecklistofbenchmarksapplicabletoallsituations.The
appropriatebenchmarksareadaptedtoeachsituation.Thechoicedepends
ontheunderlyingcausesofconflictanditsdynamics.Benchmarksmayalso
beamendedovertimeasthesituationevolves.
[ Examplesofkeybenchmarksinclude,butarenotlimitedto:
Theabsenceofviolentconflictandlargescalehumanrights
abuses,andrespectforwomensandminorityrights
Theabilityofnationalarmedforcesandnationalpolicetoprovide
securityandmaintainpublicorderwithcivilianoversightand
respectforhumanrights
Legitimatepoliticalinstitutions,suchasalegislature,havebeensetup
andstartedfunctioningaftertheholdingoffreeandfairelections
wherewomenandmenhaveequalrightstovoteandseekpolitical
office.
[ Allpeacekeepersshouldbefamiliarwithanyconditionsorbenchmarksfor
withdrawaloftheirrespectivepeacekeepingoperationagreeduponbythe
SecurityCouncil.
Example:WhilenoteveryUNpeacekeepingoperationhasclearlydefined
conditionsorbenchmarksforwithdrawal,theUnitedNationsMissioninLiberia
(UNMIL)isoneclearexampleofhowtheSecurityCouncilcanusedetailed
benchmarkstomeasureprogressandassesswhenthepeacekeeping
operationhassuccessfullycompleteditsmandate.
OntheadviceoftheSecretaryGeneral,someofthebenchmarksmonitored
bytheSecurityCouncilincluded,amongotherthings:
progressonsecurity,illustratedbytheLiberianGovernments
developmentofanationalsecuritystrategyandtheoperationalization
ofitsarmedforcesandpoliceunitsacrossthecountry
Reintegrationofexcombatants
Economicrevitalizationofthecountryandthereestablishmentofstate
authorityovernaturalresources
Progressongovernanceandruleoflaw,includingjusticesectorreform,
thepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsandtheestablishmentof
anAntiCorruptionCommission
Establishmentofinfrastructureandbasicservices,includingthe
renovationof39schoolsandconstructionof41newschools.
Formoreinformationonthesebenchmarks,instructorsshoulddownloadthe
SecretaryGeneralsreportsof8August2007(paragraphs66and67of
S/2007/479)andof19March2008(AnnexIofS/2008/183)usingtherelevant
linksathttp://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmil/docs.html.Itisimportant
tonotethatthebenchmarkshavebecomemoredetailedbetweenthe
SecretaryGeneralsreportsof2007and2008,andin2008theyencompass
allareasofthepeacekeepingoperationsmandatebeyondjustthesecurity
relatedtasks.
Example:Similarly,ontheadviceoftheSecretaryGeneral,theSecurity
CouncilsetcertainbenchmarkstomonitorthewithdrawaloftheUnited
NationsAssistanceMissioninSierraLeone(UNAMSIL),whichcompletedits
mandatein2005.ThebenchmarkssetbytheSecurityCouncilincluded:
Buildingthecapacityofthearmyandpolice
Reintegrationofexcombatants
RestorationofGovernmentcontroloverdiamondmining
Consolidationofstateauthoritythroughoutthecountry
EnsuringprogresstoendtheconflictinneighbouringLiberia.
Formoreinformationonthesebenchmarks,instructorscandownloadthe
reportoftheSecretaryGeneralof5September2002(S/2002/987)from
www.un.org.
LearningActivity:FamiliarizationwithMandates
ThepurposeofthisactivityistofamiliarizeparticipantswithSecurityCouncil
mandates,specificallykeyelementsofthetextandhowtoreadthem.Itbuilds
ontheexerciseinUnit1inwhichparticipantsreviewedmandatesofUN
peacekeepingoperationsinordertodeterminewhetherapeacekeeping
operationwastraditional,multidimensionaloratransitionalauthority.
Intrainingswhereitisalreadyknowntowhichmissionpeacekeeperswillbe
deployed,thisexerciseisalsointendedtostartfamiliarizingparticipantswith
themandateoftheirrespectivepeacekeepingoperations.
Participantswillbedividedintosmallgroupswithcopiesofdifferentmandates
ofUNpeacekeepingoperationsandaskedtofindandcomparespecific
languagerelatedtoaseriesofissuesproposedbytheinstructor.
Instructorsmaywishtoprovideparticipantswithcopiesofthemandatethe
daybeforethissessionsotheycanhavemoretimetoreadit.Ifthisisnot
possible,provideadditionaltimeinthesessionforparticipantstoreadoverthe
mandates.
TimeRequired: 5minutesforactivityintroductionandinstructions
20minutesforsmallgroupdiscussions
25*minutestoreportback(allowing5minutespergroup)
10minutestodebriefandcloseactivity
Totaltime: 60minutes*mayrequiremoretimetoreportbackif
therearemanysmallgroups
FPreparations:
1. Printout34differentmandatesforeachgroup,includingtheirmission
mandateofdeployment,ifknown.Instructorscanfindmandatesforthe
differentUNpeacekeepingoperationsat
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.aspbyclickingonthelinkfor
CurrentOperations,thenthenameoftheparticularmissionandthenthe
linkforMandate.
Fortrainingcourseswhereparticipantsdonotyetknowtowhich
peacekeepingoperationtheywillbedeployed,instructorsareencouraged
toselectawidevarietyofmandatesforbothmultidimensionaland
traditionalpeacekeepingoperations.Forexample,instructorsmayconsider
usingthemandatesfromthefollowingmissions:MINURSO,UNMIL,
MONUC,UNOCI,UNMIS,UNOMIG,UNMIT,MINUSTAH.
2. Instructorsmaychoosesomeorallofthequestionsbelowforparticipants
todiscussinrelationtothemandatestheyhavereceivedfortheactivity.
Eachgroupshouldhaveadifferentsetofquestionstoanswerinorderto
avoidrepetitionduringthereportback.Printoutacopyofthedifferentset
ofquestionsforeachgroup.
Fourorfivequestionswilltakeapproximately20minutes.Beawarethat
someofthequestionsmaytakelongertoanswerthanothersandtakethis
intoaccountinthetimeprovidedforthisactivity.
a. Whichmandateshaveaspecificreferencetoapeaceagreementor
ceasefire?
b. Whichsentence,ifany,indicatesthattheUNpeacekeeping
operationmayuseforcetoprotectUNpersonnelorproperty?Does
theSecurityCouncilusethesamelanguageineachmandatewhere
thisismentioned?
c. IsthereasentencewhichshowsthattheUNpeacekeeping
operationmayuseforcetoprotectcivilians?Isthislanguagethe
sameforallmandateswhereitismentioned?
d. Whichmandatesmakeareferencetohumanitarianassistanceor
internationalhumanitarianlaw?
e. Howmanyreferencescanbefoundineachmandatetowomenand
children?Isthereanymandatethatdoesnotincludeareferenceto
womenorchildren?
f. Isthereamandatethatdoesnotincludeareferencetointernational
humanrights?
g. Whichmandateshaveareferencetothedisarmament,
demobilizationandreintegration(DDR)ofcombatants?
h. Whichmandateshaveareferencetoelections?Inwhichofthose
casesistheUNpeacekeepingoperationmandatedtoconductthe
electionsitself?InhowmanyofthosecasesistheUN
peacekeepingoperationmandatedtosupportthenational
governmentinconductingtheelections?
FActivityGuidelines:
1. Dividetheparticipantsintosmallgroups.Ifyouareworkingwithasmall
numberofparticipants,youcandividethemeitherintopairsorgroupsof3
4.Forthisexerciseitisadvisedthatgroupshaveamaximumof8people.
Fortrainingcourseswhereparticipantsknowwhichmissiontheyare
deployingto,dividethemupintomissionspecificgroups.
2. Explainthattheywillbeworkingtogetherforapproximately20minutesto
comparethemandatestheyhavereceivedofdifferentUNpeacekeeping
operationsanddiscusstheanswerstothequestions.
3. Provideeachgroupwithhandoutsofthe34mandates(includingtheir
missionofdeployment)andthedifferentsetsofquestions.Participantscan
doubleupandreadthehandoutsinpairsifnecessary.Makesurethat
everyoneinthegrouphasthesamehandouts.
4. Letthegroupsknowtheywillbereportingbacktheiranswerstothelarge
group.
5. Askifeveryoneisclearonthetaskandanswerquestionsasneededto
clarify.
6. Bringthegroupsbacktogetherafter20minutesandhaveeachgroup
reportback.Ifyouhavesomegroupsthathavethesamemandates,ask
themtoanswerdifferentquestionsratherthanhavingthesameanswers
repeated.Asktheothergroupswhethertheyagreewiththeanswers
providedbythegroupreportingback.
7. Summarizepointsraisedandreinforcethissectionskeymessages,
includingthediversityofthewaymandatesarepresented.
FNotetoInstructor:Withrespecttothequestionsprovidedabove,bringout
thefollowingpointsduringthedebrief:
a. Mandatesofmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsallmentionthe
nameofaspecificpeaceagreement,becausethemandateofthemission
istosupporttheimplementationofthatpeaceagreement.Mandatesfor
traditionalpeacekeepingoperationsoftendonotmentionapeace
agreementbecauseitdoesnotyetexist.Aceasefiremayexist,however,
andmaybementionedinthemandate.
b. Languageontheuseofforceisoftendifferentbetweenmandates.Thereis
nostandardlanguage,ithasevolvedovertime.Languagemayalsobe
vagueforpoliticalreasons.Itisusefulforinstructorstohighlightthelackof
claritythatmayexistatthepoliticallevel,whichiswhyadditional
documentsexplainedinsubsequentslidesarenecessarytooperationalize
themandate.
c. Aswithquestionb)thelanguageisoftendifferentorvaguewithrespectto
theprotectionofcivilians.EvenacrosstheUnitedNationssystem,thereis
noagreedupondefinitionofthetermprotectionofcivilians.Aswiththe
useofforce,languageusedbytheSecurityCouncilhasevolved.Recently,
theSecurityCouncilhasindicatedthatwithoutprejudicetothe
responsibilityoftheGovernment,UNpeacekeepingoperationsshould
protectciviliansunderimminentthreat(seeforexample,themandateof
UNAMID).
d. Multidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsareoftenmandatedtofacilitate
humanitarianassistance.Usuallytheroleofthemissionistoprovide
securityorsupporttohumanitarianactorsoutsideofthepeacekeeping
operationwhoareprovidingthehumanitarianassistance.Peacekeeping
operationsgenerallydonotprovidehumanitarianassistancedirectly.
e. Particularlythemandatesformultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperations
willhaveoneormorereferencestowomenandchildrenbecausethe
SecurityCouncilrecognizesthattheyoftensuffermostduringaconflict.
Sections2.4and2.5willtalkmoreaboutthoseissues.
f. Themandatesofallmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsinclude
specifictasksforthemissiontopromoteandprotecthumanrights.
g. Mostmandatesformultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsincludea
referencetoDDR.
h. Manymultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsaremandatedtoassist
Governmentstoorganizenationalorlocalelections.Insomecasesthey
mayalsobemandatedtoobservetheelections.Itislesscommonforthe
UNpeacekeepingoperationtobemandatedtocarryouttheelections
itself.Differenttaskscanbeassignedtodifferentcomponentsofthe
missionandUNCountryteam.Forinstance,militaryandpolice
componentsmayhelpensuresecuritywhileciviliancomponentsin
cooperationwiththeUNDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)mayassistthe
Governmentinregisteringvotersororganizingtheelections.Integrated
SupportServicesinmissionsmayprovidelogisticalsupportincooperation
with,orinsupportofcivilianelectoralpersonnelinmissionsandinUN
agencies.Insomecases,themissionmaybemandatedtoprovide
logisticalsupporttotheGovernmentcarryingouttheelections.Mandated
tasksrelatedtoelectionsoftencutacrossseveraldifferentcomponents
andillustratewhydifferentcomponentsofthepeacekeepingoperationand
UNCountryTeamshouldworktogether.
TranslatingSecurityCouncilMandatesIntoanOperational
Framework
Slide13
[ Asillustratedintheprecedingexercise,SecurityCouncilmandatesare
relativelyvague.Theyareonlymeanttoprovidehighlevelstrategicdirection
tothepeacekeepingoperation.Additionalframeworksmustbeputinplaceto
operationalizetheSecurityCouncilmandate.Theframeworksprovideclarity
onhowtointerpretthemandateandtherolesandresponsibilitiesofdifferent
componentsinimplementingthemandatedtasks.
[ AsexplainedinUnit1,theSecurityCouncildelegatestheoperationalauthority
forthedirectionofpeacekeepingoperationstotheSecretaryGeneral,whoin
turndelegatesthatauthoritytotheUnderSecretaryGeneralsofDPKOand
DFSandtheHeadoftheMission.OncetheSecurityCouncilissuesa
mandate,thosepartsoftheSecretariatusethemandatetoestablishthe
operationalframeworkforthepeacekeepingoperation.
[ Keyaspectsofthisoperationalframeworkinclude:
Afieldlevelstrategicplan(thisdocumentmayhavedifferentnames
dependingonthemission,suchastheMandateImplementation
Plan,ortheIntegratedStrategicFramework(ISF)
ConceptofOperations(CONOPs)
RulesofEngagement(RoE)
DirectiveontheUseofForce(DUF)
[ Thefollowingslideswillprovidebriefdefinitionsofeachoftheseterms.
FNotetoInstructor:Forcourseswhichincludecivilianparticipants,orsenior
levelormilitarypersonnel(includingstaffofficers),instructorsmaywishto
includeareferencetotheStatusofMissionorStatusofForcesAgreement
(SOMAorSOFA),theMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)betweenthe
UnitedNationsandTroopContributingCountries,andthemissionsResults
BasedBudget(RBB).Theseareotherkeydocumentsoperationalizingthe
mandateofthepeacekeepingoperation.
FAnadditionalslidewithinformationonthesedocumentshasbeenincludedat
theveryendofthePowerPointslidepresentationandcanbemovedforwardif
needed.Theslideanditsassociatedinformationcanbefoundafterthe
SummaryofKeyMessageforUnit2Part1onpage37.
Slide14
[ InordertoprovidegreaterclarityabouttheUNstrategytoimplementthe
SecurityCouncilmandateandspecifictasksrequiredaspartofthisstrategy,
UNpeacekeepingoperationsgenerallyhaveastrategicplanningdocument
focusedonthefieldlevel.Ithasdifferentnamesindifferentmissions,usuallyit
iscalledeithertheMandateImplementationPlanortheIntegrated
StrategicFramework(ISF).TheMandateImplementationPlanorIntegrated
StrategicFrameworkisadetailedandcomprehensiveoperationalstrategy
forimplementingtheSecurityCouncilmandate.Theyoutlinetimelinesand
rolesandresponsibilitiesofdifferentcomponentsofthemission(andinsome
casestheUNagenciesworkinginthecountry).Generally,theseplanning
documentsareinitiatedbytheTechnicalorStrategicAssessmentteamand
finalizedbytheseniormanagementgroupofthemissionincollaborationwith
UNHeadquartersinNY.
[ TheMandateImplementationPlanorISFprovidesanoverviewofthepriority
taskstobecarriedoutbyeachcomponentofthepeacekeepingoperationto
fulfilltherelatedaspectsofthemandateandoptimizetheuseofresources.
WhereamissionisintegratedwiththeUNCountryTeam,theuseof
IntegratedStrategicFrameworksarebeingusedtodefinetimelines,outputs,
androlesandresponsibilitiesforalltaskscriticaltoconsolidatingpeacebythe
entireUNsystem.Inthiscontext,theentireUNsystemmeanstheUN
peacekeepingoperationandtheUNCountryTeam.
[ BoththemilitaryandpolicecomponentswillhavetheirownseparateConcept
ofOperations(CONOPS).TheCONOPSisastrategicplanningdocument
whichoutlinesthekeysecurityobjectives,requirementsandtasksforthe
militaryandpolicecomponentstofulfiltheirresponsibilitiesintheSecurity
Councilmandate.
[ TheMilitaryCONOPSispreparedbytheMilitaryPlanningServiceofDPKO
andisaninternalUNdocument.Inmostmissions,theHeadoftheMilitary
Component(HoMC)mayalsoissueaMilitaryOperationsPlan(oftenknown
asthemilitaryOperationOrder)tosupplementtheCONOPs.Thisisthe
HOMCsformalwrittendirectiontotheMilitaryComponentandisdevelopedto
directlysupportthestrategyandprioritiesofCONOPS.
[ ThestandardPoliceCONOPSispreparedbyPoliceDivisionofDPKOand
includesthelatestsituationupdate,therequirementsofthePolice
componentsofthemissionmandate,strategicdirectivesfromtheUNPolice
Adviser,andprogrammesfordeliveryandtheexpectedoutcomesofPolice
operationsandactivitiesinthemission.TheCONOPSalsoprovidesbroad
guidelinesonthecommand,coordination,administrationandlogistics,
includingthemandatedstrengthofthePolicecomponent.
Slide15
[ TheRulesofEngagement(ROE)outlinetheauthorityofarmedUNmilitary
personneltouseforceinimplementingthemandate.Theyalsoclearlystate
whenforcemaynotbeusedbyarmedUNmilitarypersonnel.TheRulesof
Engagementapplytoallarmedmilitarypersonnelandunitsinthemissionand
theyaretailoredtotheparticularmandateofthatmission.Theyarelegally
bindingandaredocumentsinternaltotheUnitedNations.
[ TheDirectiveontheUseofForce(DUF)appliestoallarmedpolice
personnelandunitsinthemission.ItindicateswhetherUNPolicearearmed
andwhentheyhavethelegalauthoritytouseforceinimplementingtheir
mandate.EachDirectiveontheUseofForceappliestoaparticularmission
anditisspecifictothatparticularmandate.
[ AllarmedUNpeacekeepingpersonnelmustbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththe
relevantRoEorDUF.UNMilitaryorpolicepersonnelinacommandingrole
havearesponsibilitytoensurethatthepersonnelundertheircommandare
thoroughlyfamiliarwiththerelevantRoEorDUF.
FNotetoInstructor:Ifyouaretrainingmilitaryorpolicepersonnelwhowillbe
armedwhentheyaredeployedtoaUNpeacekeepingmission,indicatethat
indepthtrainingontheirspecificRoEorDUFwillbeincludedinthemission
specificelementsofpredeploymentandinductiontraining.Itisimportantthat
instructorsandcontingentandFPUcommandersdevoteappropriatetimeto
suchtrainingandprovidedetailedtrainingonallelementsofthemission
specificRoEorDUF.
TheDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperationsbriefsPermanentMissions(the
diplomaticrepresentationofacountrytotheUnitedNations)inNewYorkand
providescopiesofkeydocumentsincludingCONOPS,ROEandDUF..Ifan
updatedcopyoftheRoEorDUFforaparticularmissionisrequiredinorderto
carryoutsuchtraining,peacekeepingtraininginstitutionsshouldcontacttheir
PermanentMissiontotheUnitedNationsinNewYork.Forfurthertechnical
adviceontrainingonRoEorDUF,theymaycontactDPKOsIntegrated
TrainingService(ITS)at:peacekeepingtraining@un.org.
FForamoregeneraloverviewofRoE,instructorsmayalsodownloadacopyof
theGuidelinesfortheDevelopmentofRulesofEngagement(RoE)forUnited
NationsPeacekeepingOperationsfrom
http://peacekeepingresourcehub.unlb.orgorcontactpeacekeeping
training@un.orgforacopy.
SummaryofKeyMessages
FNotetoInstructor:Outlinethemainpointsthathavebeencoveredduringthe
session.
TheSecurityCouncilestablishesmandatesforUNpeacekeeping
operationsinresolutions,whichmaybeamendedovertime.
TheUNSecretariatoperationalizesSecurityCouncilmandatesthrough
theMandateImplementationPlanorIntegratedStrategicFramework,
theConceptofOperations(CONOPS),RulesofEngagement(RoE)
andDirectiveontheUseofForce(DUF).
TheSecurityCouncilmonitorsprogressintheimplementationofthe
mandatebyrequestingregularreportsfromtheUNSecretaryGeneral.
TheSecurityCouncilusesthesereportstoassesswhena
peacekeepingoperationhascompleteditsmandateandtodecide
whenaUNpeacekeepingoperationshouldtransitionorwithdraw.
Allpeacekeepersshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththemandatefor
theirpeacekeepingoperationandtheyshouldalsobefamiliarwithany
establishedbenchmarksorconditionsbywhichtheirprogressis
measured.
FFortrainingcourseswithmilitaryorpolicepersonnel,instructorsshouldalso
stressthat:MilitarypersonnelshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththeRulesof
Engagement,andUNPoliceshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththeDirective
ontheUseofForce.
OptionalSlide
Optional
Slide1
FNotetoInstructor:Forcourseswhichincludecivilianparticipants,orsenior
levelormilitarypersonnel(includingstaffofficers)instructorsarestrongly
encouragedtoincludethisslide.Forcourseswhichincludeonlyjuniorlevel
UNPoliceormilitarypersonnelinstructorsmaychoosetoskipthisslide.
[ Therearethreeotherdocumentswhichmayseemobscure,butplaykeyroles
inallowingaUNpeacekeepingoperationtofulfiltheSecurityCouncil
mandate.Middleandseniorlevelpeacekeepingpersonnel(civilian,military
andpolice)shouldbeawareofthesedocuments.Thesearethe:
StatusofForcesAgreement(SOFA)(orinmissionswithoutarmed
personnelitistheStatusofMissionAgreement(SOMA))
MemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)betweenTroop
ContributingCountriesandtheUnitedNations
AnnualResultsBasedBudget(RBB)ofthemission
[ InUNpeacekeepingoperationswitharmedpersonnel,theUnitedNations
concludesaStatusofForcesAgreement(SOFA)withthehostcountry,
whichappliestoallmissionpersonnel(military,civilianandpolice).ForUN
peacekeepingoperations(orSpecialPoliticalMissions)withonlyunarmed
personnel,theUnitedNationsconcludesaStatusofMissionAgreement
(SOMA),whichalsoappliestoallmissionpersonnel.
[ Theseagreementsarelegalagreementswhichensurethatallpeacekeeping
personnel,includingmilitaryandpolicewhoarenotUNstaff,areprovided
functionalimmunityundertheinternationalConventiononPrivilegesand
ImmunitiesjustlikeUNcivilianstaff.Theagreementsdefinethelegalstatus
andarrangements,amongotherthings,fortheUNsuseoffacilities,
transportationandotherequipment,communications,itsfreedomof
movementinthecountry,andsetsoutamechanismbywhichdisagreements
ontheseissuesshouldberesolvedbytheUNandthehostcountry.
[ TheMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)isalegalagreementoutlining
howtheUNwillreimbursethegovernmentsforthetroops,formedpoliceunits
orequipmentthattheyareloaningtothepeacekeepingoperation.TheMOU
alsodetailstheobligationsofthecontributinggovernmentforensuringthe
appropriatequalityofthosepersonnelandequipment.(Aswillbeexplainedin
Unit4Part1,since2007,theMOUalsospellsoutthedetailedobligationsof
TroopContributingCountries,contingentcommandersandthetroopsin
relationtopreventionofsexualexploitationandabuseinUNpeacekeeping
operations).
[ TheResultsBasedBudget(RBB)isthebudgetmechanismbywhichthe
peacekeepingoperationseeksandreceivesfundingfromtheUNGeneral
Assemblytocarryoutitsfunctions.Itincludesfundsforactivities,personnel,
equipment,supplies,andfacilities.Itisimportantforallpeacekeeping
personnelwhosupervisepersonnelorrequirefacilitiesandequipmentto
ensurethattheirneedsarecoveredintheannualResultsBasedBudget,
otherwisetherewillnotbefundingforthosepersonnel,facilitiesorequipment.
Unit2Part1:LearningAssessment
Questions
1. WhatdoestheSecurityCouncilrequestinordertomonitortheprogressofaUN
peacekeepingoperation?
2. NamethreekeydocumentsthattheUNSecretariatusestooperationalizethe
SecurityCouncilmandateforaUNpeacekeepingoperation.
3. WhichtwodocumentsdefinehowandwhenUNmilitaryandpolicemayjustifiably
useforcetocarryouttheirmandate?
4. NameoneconditiontypicallyusedtoindicatewhenamultidimensionalUN
peacekeepingoperationhassuccessfullycompleteditsmandate.
Answers
1. TheSecurityCouncilrequestsregularwrittenreportsfromtheSecretaryGeneral
ontheprogressinimplementingthemandateofeachUNpeacekeeping
operation.
2. Anythreeofthefollowing:MandateImplementationPlan(orIntegratedStrategic
Framework),RulesofEngagement(RoE),DirectiveontheUseofForce(DUF),
orConceptofOperations(CONOPs),
(orinacivilianorseniorlevelmilitaryorpolicecourse,participantsmayalsolist
theStatusofForcesorMissionAgreement(SOFA/SOMA),theMOUbetweenthe
UNandTroopContributingCountries,orResultsBasedBudget(RBB)).
3. TheRulesofEngagementoutlinethejustifiableuseofforcebyUNmilitary
personnel.TheDirectiveontheUseofForceoutlinesthejustifiableuseofforce
byUNPolice.
4. Anyoneofthefollowing:
Absenceofviolentconflictandlargescalehumanrightsabuses
Completionofdisarmament,demobilizationandreintegration(DDR)offormer
combatants
Nationalarmedforcesandnationalpoliceareabletoprovidesecurityand
maintainpublicorderwithcivilianoversightandrespectforhumanrights
Legitimatepoliticalinstitutions,suchasalegislature,havebeensetupand
startedfunctioningaftertheholdingoffreeandfairelectionswherewomen
andmenhaveequalrightstovoteandseekpoliticaloffice.
UNIT2 PART2: HowUNPeacekeepingOperationsFunction 33
UNIT2 PART2:
HOWUNITEDNATIONSPEACEKEEPINGOPERATIONS
FUNCTION
SessionNotes
Introduction
Slide1
Slide2
34 Unit2Part2:HowUNPeacekeepingOperationsFunction
Slide3
[ AsUNpeacekeepingpersonnel,youarepartofapeacekeepingoperation
madeupofhundredsandoftenthousandsofpersonnel.
[ Everyindividualhasanimportantcontributiontomake,buttheonlywayfor
thepeacekeepingoperationtohaveanimpactisifallpersonnelareworking
efficientlyandcoherentlytowardsthesamegoal.
[ Forthisreason,allpeacekeepingpersonnelneedtounderstandtheirown
work,butalsohowitaffects,andisaffectedbytheworkofother
componentsinthemission.Allpeacekeepingpersonnelalsoneedto
understandauthority,commandandcontrolstructuresandthe
coordinationandmanagementstructureswhichdirectandguidetheir
work.
Slide4
FNotetoInstructor:Introducethesessionbylettingparticipantsknowthe
intendedlearningoutcomesforPart2(asshownintheslideabove).Youmay
wanttoalsopresentanoutlineofPart2.
ComponentsofaUNPeacekeepingOperation
Slide5
[ AsexplainedinUnit1,therearethreemaintypesofUnitedNations
peacekeepingoperations:traditional,multidimensionaloperationsand,inrare
cases,transitionalauthorities.However,therecanbedifferencesinthe
structuresofthoseoperations.(i.e.notalltraditionalpeacekeepingoperations
willbestructuredinthesameway.Thisisalsotrueformultidimensionaland
transitionalauthorityoperations.)
[ Thesedifferencesarebecausethestructureoftheoperationiscreatedtosuit
eachmandatethathasbeenauthorizedbytheSecurityCouncil.Themandate
itselfisgearedtotheuniquesituationoftheconflictofthecountryinquestion.
[ Therefore,thereisnostandardstructureofaUNpeacekeepingoperation,nor
isthereastandardorganizationalchartforatraditionalormultidimensional
peacekeepingoperation.Eachpeacekeepingmissionisdifferent.
Handout:Thehandoutonpage37showsadditionaldetailsbeyondwhatare
shownontheslideabove.
[ Regardlessoftheexactstructureofapeacekeepingoperation,allmissions
haveasupportandsubstantivecomponentwhichmustworktogetherfor
themandatebeneficiaries(thosepersonsorgroupswhomthemissionis
mandatedtoassist).Asshownintheslideaboveandthehandout(onthenext
page),themissionsupportcomponentsprovideservicestothesubstantive
components(military,civilian,police).Thosesubstantivecomponentsinturn
provideservicestothelocalbeneficiarieslistedinthemandate.
[ Thehandoutshowsthattherearealargenumberofunitsorofficeswithinthe
supportandsubstantivecomponents.Particularlyonthesubstantiveside,not
allofthesedifferentunitswillexistineverymissionitdependsonwhetherit
isamultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationoratraditionalone,and
whetherthosetasksareincludedinthemandate.Forexample,landminesare
notaprobleminTimorLestesoUNMITwhileitisamultidimensional
missionhasnodeminingmandateandthereforenoMineActionUnitinthe
mission.UNMITis,however,mandatedtoprovidesupporttotheGovernment
inholdingelections,thereforeithasanElectoralAffairsUnit.
[ ForallUNpeacekeepingoperations,itcanbedifficulttoensurethatall
componentsandunitsworktogetherinacoherentandeffectivemanner.For
thatreason,peacekeepingoperationsrequireclearcommandandcontrol
structurestoensurethatdecisionsareeffectivelytransmittedfromtheheadof
themissiondowntotherelevantcomponents.Italsomeansthat
peacekeepingoperationsrequirestrongmanagementstructuresacrossthe
variouscomponentstoensurethatdifferentcomponentsareusingresources
efficiently.Andacrossthemission,italsorequiresthatallpeacekeeping
personnelunderstandthecontributionofothercomponentsandsectionsto
thesuccessofthemission,andtheimportanceofcollaborationacrossthe
mission.Unit2Part2,therefore,focusesoncommandandcontrol,
managementstructuresandtheimportanceofunderstandingtheworkofother
components.
UnitedNationsFieldMissionServiceProvision
DirectorofMissionSupport/ SpecialRepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneral
ChiefofMissionSupport orHeadofMission
(DMS/CMS) (SRSG/HOM)
Integrated Administrati ChiefofStaff DeputySRSG/ DeputySRSG/
Support veServices (COS) DeputyHOM Res.Coordinator
Services (RC)
Finance
HumanRights CivilAffairs Officeofthe
Movement Office
Spokesperson
Control MedicalUnit Mission
Transport Procurement Mandate
Engineering General Military Police LegalAffairsOffice Beneficiaries
JointLogistics ServicesUnit
Operations
Centre(JLOC)
Communication JointMilitary PoliticalAffairs LiaisonOffice
CommitteeOffice
andInformation
Technology
Service RuleofLaw Gender Returns,
(CITS) Reintegration&
AviationSection Recovery
SupplySection Safetyand
Disarmament, HIV/AIDS Protection
Security Demobilization&
Reintegration
MineAction ElectoralAffairs PublicInformation

Support Office
JointMission FieldOffice JointOperations

AnalysisCentre Centre
(JMAC) (JOPC)
Substantive
ProvideServicesTo ProvideServicesTo
Source:UNDPKO/DFSMissionStartupFieldGuideforSeniorMission
ManagersofUNPeacekeepingOperations,February2008
Authority,CommandandControlinUnitedNations
Peacekeeping
Slide6
[ Thethreelevelsofauthority,commandandcontrolinUNpeacekeeping
operationsareoutlinedontheslide.
[ Thestrategiclevelisthehighestlevelofauthorityandfocusesonthe
authorityandresponsibilitiesoftheSecurityCouncil,SecretaryGeneraland
UNSecretariat.ItalsoincludestheHeadofMission.Theoperationallevelis
focusedprimarilyatthemissionlevel,andoverlapsbothwiththestrategic
levelandthetacticallevel.
[ Asyoucansee,thedifferentlevelsofauthorityarenotasclearcutasinmost
militaryorganizations,andthereforewillbeexplainedinmoredetailin
subsequentslides.
StrategicLevelAuthority
Slide7
[ AsexplainedinUnit1,theSecurityCouncilprovidesthelegalauthorityforall
UNpeacekeepingoperationsandauthorizestheUNSecretaryGeneralto
establishapeacekeepingmission.InUnit2,wediscussedhowtheSecurity
CouncildelegatesresponsibilitytotheSecretaryGeneralandtheUN
Secretariattoestablishandconductthepeacekeepingoperationwith
responsibilityforimplementingthemissionsmandate.
[ Specifically,theSecretaryGeneraldelegatesprimaryresponsibilityforthe
strategiclevelmanagementanddirectionofallUNpeacekeepingoperations
totheUnderSecretaryGeneraloftheDepartmentofPeacekeeping
Operations(USGDPKO).ThecurrentUSGDPKO(shownintheslidephoto)
isAlainLeRoy.
[ InexercisingthisresponsibilitytheUSGissupportedbyotherUN
Departmentsresponsibleforstrategiclevelfinancialmanagement,safetyand
securityoversight,andlogisticsandadministrativesupport.
[ Aspartofthisresponsibilitytoestablish,directandmanagepeacekeeping
operations,theUnitedNationshasOperationalAuthorityoverallmilitaryand
policepersonnelparticipatinginUNpeacekeepingoperations.Operational
authorityisdefinedas:
theauthoritytransferredbyMemberStatestotheUnitedNationsto
usetheoperationalcapabilitiesoftheirnationalmilitarycontingents,
units,FormedPoliceUnitsand/ormilitaryandpolicepersonnelto
undertakemandatedmissionsandtasks.Operationalauthorityover
suchforcesisvestedintheSecretaryGeneral,undertheauthorityof
theSecurityCouncil.1
[ Whatthismeansis:
MemberStatesalwaysretainnationalresponsibilitiesfortheirmilitary
andpolice,suchaspay,allowancesandpromotions.
However,theGovernmentsornationalmilitaryandpoliceauthoritiesof
thoseMemberStatesarenotpermittedtoadjustorinfluenceany
tacticalplans,decisionsoroperationssupervisedbytheHeadsofthe
MilitaryandPoliceComponentsinthemissionarea.
[ Thispreventsconfusioninthemissionarea.MemberStatesareableto
representanyconcernsorintereststheymayhaveinregardtotactical
operationstotheDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations(DPKO)atUN
HeadquartersinNewYork.
[ Nationalrulesandregulationsgoverningtheconductanddisciplineofmilitary
andpoliceunitscontinuetoapplywhendeployedtoaUNpeacekeeping
mission.UNrulesandregulationswillalsoapply.Theserulesareexplainedin
moredetailinUnit4ofthispredeploymenttrainingandmissioninduction
trainingsessions.
FNotetoInstructor:OperationalAuthorityisanallencompassingtermandis
notintendedtobeequivalenttoanyparticularcommandstatusincommon
usebymilitaryforcesaroundtheworld.Seethefootnoteforthesourceofthe
definitionprovided.Instructorsshouldalsobeawarethatwhilethedefinitionof
OperationalAuthorityindicatesthatdisciplinarymattersremainanational
responsibility,theUnitedNationsmaytakeadministrativestepsfor
misconduct,includingrepatriationofmilitarycontingentmembersandstaff
officersinaccordancewiththerevisedmodelMemorandumofUnderstanding,
(A/61/19partIII)ordisciplinaryactionforthosemilitaryorpolicedeployedas
ExpertsonMissioninaccordancewiththeUNDirectivesforDisciplinary
MattersInvolvingCivilianPoliceOfficersandMilitaryObservers.Pleasesee
Unit4,Part1formoreinformationonconductanddiscipline.
1
UNDPKO/DFSPolicyAuthority,CommandandControlinUNPeacekeepingOperations,15
February2008,sectionD,p.3
HeadofMission
Slide8
[ TheHeadofaUNpeacekeepingMission(HOM)appointedbytheSecretary
General.TheHOMexercisesoperationalauthorityoverallcivilian,
militaryandpolicepersonnelemployedwithintheUNpeacekeeping
mission.ThisauthorityhasbeengiventotheHOMbytheSecretaryGeneral
andUSGDPKOuponappointment.Itmeansheorshehastheultimate
authorityatfieldleveltodirecthowthecapabilitiesofallcomponentsinthe
missionareusedtocarryoutthemandate.
[ Inamultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperation,theHeadofMissionisalways
acivilian.HeorshegenerallyholdsthetitleSpecialRepresentativesofthe
SecretaryGeneralorSRSGforshort.TheSRSGisthehighestUNofficialin
thecountry.
[ TheHeadofMissioninatraditionalpeacekeepingoperationisoftenbutnot
alwaysaseniormilitaryofficerwhoperformsthedualroleofHeadof
MissionandHeadoftheMilitaryComponent(HOMC).
Example:TheHeadsofMissioninUNMOGIP(ChiefMilitaryObserver),
UNTSO(ChiefofStaff),UNDOFandUNIFIL(bothareknownasForce
Commanders)areallseniormilitaryofficerswhohavetheadditionalroleof
HeadoftheMilitaryComponent.
TheHeadofMissioninMINURSO,atraditionalmission,isacivilianSpecial
RepresentativeoftheSecretaryGeneral(SRSG),assistedbyaHeadof
MilitaryComponentwhoisknownastheForceCommander.
FNotetoInstructor:Ensurethatyouverifythecontinuedaccuracyofthe
informationonthemissionsandseniormanagementpostsgiveninthe
examples.ThisinformationisavailablethroughtheUNDPKOinternet
website:http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp.Tofindthenamesand
titles,andoftenpicturesoftheMissionLeadership,clickonthemissionname
underCurrentOperations,andthenclickonFactsandFiguresontheleftside
ofthepage.
OtherPositionsofAuthority
Slide9
[ Tomaintaintheintegrityofthemilitaryandpolicechainsofcommandchains,
theHOMcanonlyexerciseauthorityovermilitaryandpolicepersonnel
throughtherespectiveheadsofthemilitaryandpolicecomponents.
[ TheHeadoftheMilitary(HOMC)reportstotheHOMandexercisesUN
OperationalControloverallmilitarypersonnelandunitsassignedtothe
mission.ThisauthorityallowstheHOMCtodeployanddirectforcesto
accomplishspecifictasksthatarelimitedbytime,functionand/orlocation.
[ TheHOMCmayalsodelegatemilitarypersonnelandunitsunderUN
TacticalControlofasubordinatemilitarycommander.Thisassistsin
tacticalmissionsortasksbyallowingpersonneltobedirectedlocally.
[ TheHeadofthePolice(HOPC)reportstoHOMandexercisesUN
OperationalControloverallUNPolice(UNPOL)inthepeacekeeping
operation,boththeindividualUNPoliceorFormedPoliceUnits(FPU).
[ ThisauthorityallowstheHOPCtoassignseparatetaskswithinthemission
areatoindividualofficersandFormedPoliceUnits(FPU),asrequired.The
HOPCmaydelegatethisauthoritytosubordinatepoliceofficersfor
specificpurposes.
[ TheHeadoftheMilitaryComponentistheprincipaladvisertotheHeadof
Missiononmilitaryissues,andtheHeadofthePoliceComponentisthe
principaladvisertotheHeadofMissiononpoliceissues.
[ TheHOMCandHOPCeachmaintainatechnicalreportinglinktoUN
headquarters,totheUNMilitaryAdviserandUNPoliceAdviser,respectively.
[ Thisreportinglinkensuresthatthetechnicalaspectsofmilitaryandpolicefield
operationsareconductedinaccordancewithoverarchingUNpoliciesand
standards.ItalsoassistsUNHeadquartersastheyareresponsibleforall
officialinteractionswithMemberStatesregardingtheoperationalemployment
ofmilitaryandpoliceinthefield.
FNotetoInstructor:ForafulldescriptionoftheUNcommandterms,seethe
UNDPKO/DFSPolicyAuthority,CommandandControlinUNPeacekeeping
Operations,15February2008insectionDonpages3and4.
Slide10
[ TheDirectororChiefofMissionSupport(DMS/CMS)isthemostsenior
UNofficialwithinthemissionthatisauthorizedtoexpendUNfunds
associatedwiththemissionsallocatedbudget.Therefore,thisisacritical
functioninallpeacekeepingmissions.
[ TheDMS/CMSmayalsobesupportedbytwociviliansubordinateofficials:a
ChiefAdministrativeServices(CAS)andaChiefIntegratedSupportServices
(CISS).
[ UNpeacekeepingoperationsalsohaveaChiefofStaffforthemissionwho
workscloselywiththeHOM.TheChiefofStaffperformsaseniorlevelstaff
andadvisoryfunctionfortheHOMandtheseniormanagementofthe
mission.Whiletheirrolewillvaryfrommissiontomission,theyaregenerally
responsiblefortheeffectiveandintegratedmanagementofallthemission's
activitiesinlinewiththestrategicvisionandguidancefromtheHOM.
[ TheChiefofStaffalsocoordinatesmissionpolicyandplanningactivities
amongthevariouscomponentsofthemission,includingtheMandate
ImplementationPlanorIntegratedStrategicFrameworkandtheRBB
framework.
[ TheHeadoftheMilitaryComponent,andoftentheHeadofPolice
Component,oftenalsohaveamilitaryorpoliceChiefofStafftoaddress
similarissueswithintheirowncomponent.
FNotetoInstructor:ThetitlesofDirectororChiefofMissionSupport(DMSor
CMS)havereplacedthetermsDirectorofAdministration(DOA)orChief
AdministrativeOfficer(CAO).
ManagementStructuresinUNPeacekeeping
Operations
Slide11
[ DifferentmanagementstructuresexistinordertoallowtheHeadofMission
tomanagetheworkofthesedifferentfunctionsandensureprogressin
implementingtheMandateImplementationPlanorIntegratedStrategic
Framework.Thesestructuresexistatthemissionheadquarterslevel.Inlarger
missionstheremayalsoberegionalmanagementstructurestocoordinatethe
workofdifferentpartsofthepeacekeepingoperationinthatparticularregion.
[ Thetopprincipalsofthevariouscomponentsofthepeacekeepingoperation
arebroughttogetherintheMissionLeadershipTeam(MLT),aseniorlevel
decisionmakingforum.TheMissionLeadershipTeamisthemission'sprimary
executivedecisionmakingforumwhichsupportsintegrateddecisionmaking
betweendifferentcomponents,andin"integratedmissions"withrespecttothe
UNCountryTeam.
[ TheMissionLeadershipTeam alsoestablishesandcommunicatestheshared
strategicvisionforachievingthemandate.TheMLTgenerallycomprisesone
ormoreoftheDeputySpecialRepresentativesoftheSecretaryGeneral
(DSRSGs)representingusuallymultipleciviliancomponents,andinintegrated
missionstheUNCountryTeam.TheDMSorCMS,HoMCandHoPCarealso
partoftheMissionLeadershipTeam.
[ Inaddition,mostpeacekeepingoperations,particularlylargerones,willhavea
SeniorManagementGroup(SMG),whichisawidermanagement,planning
andcoordinationforum.TheSMGtendstoincludethemembersofthe
MissionLeadershipTeamaswellastheheadsofvariousciviliancomponents
inthemission.Thediagrammeontheslideshowssomeexamplesofthese
components,suchaspoliticalaffairs,humanrights,andpublicinformation,to
nameafew.Manyofthesemaynotexistinatraditionalpeacekeeping
operation,thereforetheSMGwillbeconsiderablysmallerthaninamulti
dimensionalpeacekeepingoperationwithabroadrangeofcivilian
components.
FNotetoInstructor:MissionLeadershipTeamandSeniorManagementGroup
arenewtermsarisingfromthe2008PolicyonAuthority,Commandand
Control.Onadaytodaybasis,somemissionsmaystillbeusingprevious
terminologyinformally.
FInthediagramme,theDSRSG/RC/HCstandsfortheDeputySRSG/Resident
Coordinator/HumanitarianCoordinator.TheResidentCoordinatorrepresents
andcoordinatestheworkofalltheUNagencies,fundsandprogrammesinthe
UNCountryTeam.ThepostofDSRSG/RCexistsinintegratedmissionsand
isthemeansbywhichthemissionandtheUNCountryTeamareintegrated.
Inintegratedmissionswherethereisalsoahumanitarianemergency,theUN
mayappointaHumanitarianCoordinatoraswell.TheHumanitarian
CoordinatorisoftenalsotheDSRSG/RC.Unit3Part2explainsmoreabout
howmissionsworktogetherwiththeUNCountryTeamandthehumanitarian
community.
UnderstandingtheImportanceofOtherComponents
Work
Slide12
[ Allpeacekeepingpersonnelmusthaveabasicunderstandingofthe
importantcontributionofeachcomponentandfunctionwithinamission.
Everyoneinamissionhasanimportantcontributiontomakeinachievingthe
mandateandtheMissionPlan.
[ Understandingtheimportanceofeachotherscontributionsisparticularlyvital
inmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperations.Thesemissionshavecomplex
mandatesandoperateindifficultenvironments.Theworkofeachcomponent
affectsandinfluencesthetasksofothercomponents.
[ InorderforanyUNpeacekeepingoperationtoachieveitsmandate,itmust
strategicallyusethecapabilitiesofthemilitary,policeandciviliancomponents
attherightmoment.ThestrategyonhowtodothisisoutlinedintheMandate
ImplementationPlanorIntegratedStrategicFramework.
[ Puttingthisintopracticerequiresthateveryoneinthepeacekeepingoperation
hasabasicunderstandingofthemaintasksandfunctionsofthedifferent
componentsinamission.Italsomeansthatpeacekeepingpersonnel
mustknowhowandwhentohelpeachotherinachievingthemandate.
[ AllpartsofaUnitedNationspeacekeepingoperationfunctionunderthesame
mandate,reporttothesameHeadofMission,shareasinglebudget,and
dependonthesameintegratedsupportservices.However,thereare
significantculturaldifferences.Theseincludenational,institutionaland
professionaldifferences.Thesedifferencesarebothwithinthecomponents
andbetweenthem.
[ Manycivilianorganizationsandgovernmentdepartmentsroutinelyfunction
withahighdegreeoftoleranceforambiguity(vaguenessanduncertainty).
Theymayalsohavehighlyflexiblemanagementmodels.Militaryandpolice
staffsoftenminimizeambiguitybymakinginformedassumptionswithina
strongplanningculture.
[ Peacekeepingpersonnelmustworktobridgethesedifferinginstitutional
cultures.Atthesametime,itisimportanttonottostifletheculturaland
institutionaldiversitythatisoneoftheUnitedNationsmainstrengths.
FNotetoInstructor:Culturaldifferencesofallkindswillbeexploredmorefully
inUnit4inthesessiononRespectforDiversity.
[ Thefollowingslidesoutlinethemainfunctionsofthecivilian,militaryand
policecomponents.Wewillalsoexploretheintegratedstructuresinwhich
police,civilianandmilitaryworktogether.
TheMilitaryComponent
Slide13
[ MilitarycomponentsplayaninstrumentalroleinUNpeacekeeping.In
traditionalpeacekeepingoperations,themilitarycomponentisgenerally
madeupofunarmedmilitaryobserversorlightlyarmedcontingents
carryingoutmonitoringorobservationtasks.Themilitarycomponent
carriesoutthemandatedtaskstomonitororsuperviseanymilitary
arrangementsthatpartiestoaconflicthaveagreeduponwhilethepeace
processcontinues.
[ Overtime,thetasksofUNmilitarycomponentshavebecomeincreasingly
complex.Theconflictsinwhichtheyintervenenolongerinvolveonlynational
armies,butmayalsonowincludeirregularforces,guerrillafactions,andeven
armedcriminalgangs.
[ Consequently,themilitarycapabilityunderUNcommandhaschangedandis
nolongerthelightlyarmedinterventionaimedatseparatingnationalarmed
forcesthatwastypicalduringthefirst40yearsofUNpeacekeeping.
[ Inmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperations,theprimaryfunctionofthe
militarycomponentistocreateasecureandstableenvironmentforother
elementsofthepeaceprocesstobeimplemented.Forexample,human
rightsmonitoring,nationalreconciliationanddistributionof
humanitarianassistance.Dependingonthemandate,theremayalsobe
tasksassociatedwithmonitoringofaceasefireorcertainboundaries.Insuch
cases,themilitarycomponentmaycarryoutthesetasksincollaborationwith
othercomponents,suchascivilianpoliticalaffairsofficers.
[ Inmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperations,itisparticularlyimportantfor
themilitarycomponenttoworkincloseconsultationwithallmission
components.Thisisbecausethesuccessofthosemissionsismeasuredby
morethanjusttheabsenceofconflict.Thereestablishmentanddevelopment
ofstronginstitutionsandrespectfortheruleoflawarealsoimportant
conditionsforsuccess,andthesecannotbeachievedthroughthethreat,or
use,ofmilitaryforcealone.Forthosereasons,themilitarycomponentmust
workwithallotherpartnersinthiswidercontexttoconsolidatepeaceand
security.
Slide14
[ TherearethreemaincategoriesofmilitarypersonnelinUN
peacekeepingoperations.
[ ThebiggestnumberofUNmilitarypersonnelaredeployedasformedmilitary
unitsorcontingents.Thesearefullyfunctioningunitsofarmedsoldierswith
theirowncommandstructurewhichcorrespondtotraditionalmilitary
formations,e.g.companies(about120150soldiers),battalions(5001,000
soldiers)orbrigades(4,00010,000soldiers).
[ Bothtraditionalandmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsalsohave
someformofMilitaryExpertsonMission.Theseareunarmedmilitary
personnelwhocarryoutspecificobserveroradvisoryfunctionsoutlinedinthe
mandate,andcarryvarioustitles,includingUnitedNationsMilitaryObservers
(UNMO),MilitaryLiaisonOfficers(MLO),MilitaryAdvisers(MilAd)and
ArmsMonitors(AM)dependingonthemandateofthemission.
FNotetoInstructor:Youmaywanttoaskparticipantsiftheyknowthe
acronymsforthedifferentmilitaryexperts.Ifyouhaveprovidedhandoutsof
theslide,suggestthatparticipantswritedownanyacronymsthatcomeupin
thesessions.
[ Allpeacekeepingoperationsalsohavestaffofficerswhoaremilitaryofficers
deployedinanindividualcapacitytoperform specializedfunctionsatthe
missionsforceheadquartersorinjointmissionstructures.
[ Allcategoriesofmilitarypersonnelinapeacekeepingoperationreporttothe
HeadofMilitaryComponent(HOMC).Inlargepeacekeepingmissionswith
armedmilitaryunits,theHeadoftheMilitaryComponent(HOMC)isaserving
militaryofficerusuallyappointedinthefunctionaltitleofForceCommander
(FC)ateitherthetwostarorthreestarGeneralofficerrank(MajorGeneral
orLieutenantGeneralequivalent).
[ Insmallermissions,comprisingonlyunarmedmilitarypersonnel,theHOMC
mayholdthefunctionaltitleofChiefMilitaryObserver(CMO),orChiefMilitary
LiaisonOfficer(CMLO)ataColonelequivalentrankbutalsouptotwostar
Generalofficerrank(MajorGeneral).
Examplesofbestpracticesincollaborationbetweenmilitarycomponentsand
otherpartsofUNpeacekeepingoperationsinclude:
Duringthe2006electionsintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo,the
militarycomponentofMONUCcontributedtothesuccessofthe
electionsbyprovidingescortsforthedistributionandcollectionof
electoralmaterialsto12,000votercentresbyUNcivilianelectoral
personnelandnationalauthorities.
In2006,UNMILandtheGovernmentofLiberiasetupaRubber
PlantationTaskForcetonormalizethesituationinunstableor
informallyexploited(occupied)plantations,andinthelongrun,to
increaseGovernmentrevenuefromrubberproductionandtrade.From
UNMIL,theTaskForceinvolvedthemilitaryandpolicecomponents,
theDDR,civilaffairs,judicial,humanrightsandenvironmentunitstodo
jointplanning,analysisandaction.Thefirstorderofbusinessforthe
TaskForcewastoaddressaplantationbeingoperatedbyagroupof
formercombatants,whohadtakencontroloftheplantationduringthe
war.ItwasajointoperationwiththeUNMILForceworkinginsupportof
thesubstantiveciviliansectionswithinUNMIL,ledbytheDDRsection.
TheUNMILForcealsoinsistedthatitwouldnotdeploytroopsuntilthe
UNPoliceandLiberianNationalPolicewerealsoreadytodeployanda
seriesofQuickImpactProjectswereinplacetoinstantlyimprove
conditionsfortheinhabitantsoftheplantation.
Betweenabout2004and2006,armedgroupscontrolledareasofthe
capitalcity(suchastheareaknownasCiteSoleil)inHaiti,thatneither
MINUSTAHnornationalpoliceorauthoritieswereabletoenterand
safelyassistthepopulation.Inlate2006,themilitarycontingentsof
MINUSTAHusedurbancombatoperationstoovercometheaggressive
andorganizedresistanceofthearmedgroups,withUNPoliceplayinga
supportingrolebyprovidingastandbyforcecapacityandtheuseof
nonlethalmeanstoarrestgangsters.AstheUNmilitarycomponent
gainedcontrolofthesecuritysituationintheseneighbourhoods,UN
PolicewereabletoenterandworkwiththeHaitianNationalPoliceto
reestablishlawandorder,andcivilians(civilaffairsofficersfromthe
mission,aswellasUNandNGOhumanitariananddevelopment
agencies)wereabletoworkwithlocalauthoritiesandcommunity
groupstoreestablishpublicservices.(Instructorsusingthisexample
mayalsowishtoshowthevideoPonteFortewhichiscontainedinthe
ToolboxonthePeacekeepingResourceHubat
http://peacekeepingresourcehub.unlb.org orbycontacting
peacekeepingtraining@un.org).
InMONUC,UNMilitaryObservers(UNMOs)havebeensecondedto
theDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration(DDR)section.The
UNMOshaveprovidedexcellentliaisonbetweentheDDRunitandthe
restofthemilitarycomponentofthemission,whichhasallowedthe
DDRunitduring2008toeffectivelytakeadvantageofthesecuritycover
providedbythemilitarycomponentandaccessareasandlocalarmed
groups,whichwouldotherwisehavebeenimpossible.
ThePoliceComponent
Slide15
[ GenerallyUnitedNationsPolice(UNPOL)aredeployedtomultidimensional
peacekeepingoperationsbecausetheyplayacriticalroleinestablishing
publicsafetyandpreventingcrimesandfacilitatingtheruleoflaw.In
doingso,theyworkwiththehostcountrypoliceandinclosecollaboration
withciviliancomponentssuchashumanrights,judicialandcivilaffairs
andcorrections.UNPolicearealsosometimesusedintraditionalmissions
toassistwithobserverfunctionssuchasmonitoringthebufferzoneinCyprus.
[ UNPoliceareusuallypoliceofficersandotherlawenforcementpersonnelon
activedutyintheirhomecountrieswhoaretemporarilysecondedtoa
peacekeepingoperation.Thesecondmentisusuallyforaboutsixmonthsto
oneyear.
[ Increasingly,therearetwocategoriesofUNPolice.Firstaretheindividually
deployedUNPoliceofficers,andsecondareFormedPoliceUnits(FPUs).
[ AnFPUisastandaloneunitofpoliceofficersthatisdeployedfromthesame
country.TheFPUsgenerallyconsistofabout140officers.Theirrolesareto
providepublicordersupporttothepeacekeepingoperation.
[ AllcategoriesofUNPolicereporttotheHeadofthePoliceComponent
(HOPC).TheHeadofthePoliceComponentisaservingseniorpoliceofficer.
HeorsheisnormallyappointedasthemissionPoliceCommissioner.
[ TheroleofthePoliceComponentdiffersbetweenpeacekeepingmissionsand
sothePoliceCommissionerischosenforthespecificskillsrequiredforthe
missionsmandate.Examplesoftheseskillsinclude:nationalpolicecapacity
building,mentoringandmonitoringofnationalpolice,orexercisingexecutive
policingauthorityduringaperiodoftransitionfrominternationalsupervisionto
theinstallationofanewnationalgovernment.
PotentialSourcesforMisunderstandings
[ Policeofficerscomefromdifferentcountrieswithdifferentlegalsystemsand
differentstructuresinwhichpoliceoperate.CountrieswithanAngloSaxon
legaltraditiontendtofollowacommonlawsystem,whileothercountrieswith
acontinentalorNapoleoniclegaltraditiontendtofollowcivillaw.Thiscan
resultindifferentapproachestothesameissues.Sometimesthesedifferent
approachescanleadtomisunderstandingsoverthelocallegalsystems.
[ ThekeyforUNPoliceandthoseworkingwiththemistoquicklydevelopa
basicunderstandingofthelocallaws,especiallyastheyrelatetoarrest,
detention,search,seizureandconstitutionalrights.
[ Anothercommonsourceofmisunderstandingisrelatedtotheroleofthe
police.
Insomecountries,particularlyfromcivillawjurisdictions,policearepart
ofthejudiciarywhileincommonlawjurisdictions,policearepartofthe
executivebranchofthestate.
Insomecountries,policearesubservienttomilitaryauthoritywhile,in
others,theyareseparate.Thiscanresultinchallengesinpolicemilitary
relationsbetweenindividualswhodonothavethesameexperiencesor
traditions.
ExamplesofhowUNPolicefacilitatestheworkofothermissioncomponents
include:
IntheUnitedNationsOperationinBurundi(ONUB)whichexistedfrom
2004to2006,theUnitresponsibleforDDRandSecuritySectorReform
(SSR)receivedsupportfromtheUNPoliceinseekingdonorfundingfor
trainingandtheprovisionofequipmentfortheBurundianNational
Police(PNB).WorkingtogethertheUNPoliceandtheDDR/SSRunit
wereabletoconvincedonorstopayfor34vehicles(4X4HILUX)and
35trucks,communicationequipment,andhousingblockstoserveas
trainingcentres.TheONUBPoliceprovidedmaterialandtechnical
assistancefortheuseofthisequipment,therebycontributingtothe
overallobjectiveoftheDDR/SSRunitandthemissionsoverall
mandate.(Pleasenotethatin2006theUnitedNationsOperationin
Burundi(ONUB)wasreplacedbytheUnitedNationsIntegratedOffice
inBurundi(BINUB).)
DuringthefirstroundofPresidentialelectionsinTimorLestein2007,
UNPoliceplayedaleadroleinensuringsecurityduringtheelections,
forexamplebyprovidingescortswhenballotpapersweretransported
tothedistrictsbynationalauthoritiesincollaborationwiththecivilian
ElectoralAssistanceSection,andthroughtheprovisionofavisible
presenceatallpollingcentres.Duringthepresidentialcampaignsome
131campaigneventstookplaceandminorsecurityincidentswere
recordedinonly18ofthecampaignevents.Twelveoftheseevents
involvedallegedintimidation,andafterinvestigationnonewere
consideredtohavehadanytangibleeffectonvoters).
TheCivilianComponents
Slide16
[ ThereareawidevarietyofciviliancomponentsandfunctionsinUN
peacekeepingoperationsonboththesubstantiveandsupportsidesofaUN
peacekeepingoperation.
[ Thetypeofsubstantiveciviliancomponentsthatareinapeacekeeping
operationdependsonthemandateofthemission.Traditionalpeacekeeping
operationsareprimarilymilitaryoperationsandthereforehavealimited
numberofsubstantiveciviliancomponents.Inmultidimensional
peacekeepingoperations,therearemanydifferentciviliansubstantive
components.
[ Ingeneral,someorallofthefollowingsubstantiveciviliancomponentsexistin
mostmultidimensionalpeacekeepingoperations:politicalaffairs,civil
affairs,humanrights,gender,publicinformationetc.Thehandout
providesanoverviewofsomeofthemaintasksofsubstantivecivilian
componentsthataretypicalinmultidimensionalUNpeacekeepingoperations.
[ Therearenouniformorcollectivereportinglinesforthesesubstantivecivilian
components,althoughultimatelytheyallreporttotheHeadofMission.
[ Asexplainedearlier,theDirectorofChiefofMissionSupportisacivilian
responsibleforensuringtheprovisionofnecessarylogisticsand
administrativesupporttothemission.Civilianstaffprovideadministrative
services,suchasensuringpaymentofmissionpersonnel,aswellasother
servicessuchashealthandsafetypersonnelorITandtelecommunications
services,allofwhicharecrucialforthefunctioningofanypeacekeeping
operation.
[ Whileunitsresponsibleforlogisticalsupportareheadedbycivilians,these
servicesareinfactprovidedbyintegratedorjointstructures(theIntegrated
SupportServicesorJointLogisticsOperationsCentre)whichcombinemilitary,
policeandcivilianpersonnel.Theseintegratedstructuresalsoreporttothe
DMS/CMS.Thenextslideprovidesabriefdefinitionofthekeyintegratedor
jointstructurescommoninUNpeacekeepingoperations.
FNotetoInstructor:AswillbeexplainedinUnit3Part2,UNpeacekeeping
operationsareveryrarely,ifever,taskedtoprovidehumanitarianassistance.
HumanitarianassistanceisgenerallydeliveredbyotherUNagencies,or
internationalorlocalnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)butnotthe
peacekeepingoperationitself.Therefore,mostUNpeacekeepingoperations
donothaveacivilianunitresponsibleforhumanitarianassistance.Insome
cases,theremaybehumanitarianpersonnelworkinginthemissionwiththe
DSRSG/RC/HCtoassistinthecoordinationofhumanitarianassistanceand
actasaliaisonbetweenthehumanitariancommunityandthepeacekeeping
operation.
Examplesofhowvariousciviliancomponentscanfacilitatetheworkofothers
inaUNpeacekeepingoperationinclude:
Duringthe2007Presidentialelections,UNMITwasmandatedtoassist
theGovernmentincludingthroughlogisticalsupport.Thisinvolved
strongcollaborationbetweentheElectoralAssistanceDivision,the
IntegratedSupportServices,UNPoliceandtheInternationalSecurity
Forces(regionalmilitarypeacekeepingforcesnotundertheUN
peacekeepingoperation).Frequentbriefingstoshareinformationand
jointplanningallowedformaximumflexibility,whichallowedUNMITto
reactpromptlywhenitbecameclearthataninadequatenumberof
ballotshadbeendistributed.UNMITprovidedcruciallogisticalsupport
tomovereserveballotpapersbyhelicopterandcarfromthecapitalto
sevenofthe13districtsandtheInternationalSecurityForcesdelivered
ballotstoafurtherfourdistrictswithoutwhichtheelectionswould
havefailed.
InMONUCin2008,theDisarmament,DemobilizatonandReintegration
(DDR)unitworkedwiththePublicInformationOffice(PIO)toproducea
videothatreachedpasttheleadershipofforeignarmedgroupsinthe
DemocraticRepublicofCongotoplayonthehomesicknessoftherank
andfileandenticethemtoparticipateintheDDRprogramme.
AspartoftheUNMISmandatetosupporttherestructuringofnational
policetobeconsistentwithdemocraticpolicingandtodevelopapolice
trainingandevaluationprogramme,theUNPoliceReformand
RestructuringUnitsetupauserfriendlydatabaseforSouthSudan
policeservicesin2008containingallrelevantdataonnationalpolice
personnel,theirtraining,vetting,recruitment,militaryserviceand
relevantdetails. WiththehelpoftheCommunicationandInformation
TechnologySection(CITS),theUNPolicewereabletoimprovethe
originalExceltableanddevelopacomputerizedSQLdatabase,in
whichmorethan21,000nationalpolicewereregisteredandthe
informationusedforthevettingandcertificationprocess.
Handout:Instructorsmaywishtoprovideparticipantswiththefollowing
handouts.Thishandoutprovidesanoverviewofdifferentfunctionsofthe
civilian,policeandmilitarycomponentsinmultidimensionalpeacekeeping
operationsandwhotheyprovideserviceto.
FunctionsandActivitiesWithinaMultidimensionalPeacekeepingMission
Component Functionsandactivities
Civilian DevelopingDisarmament,Demobilization,andReintegration(DDR)
programswithmilitary,humanitarian,anddevelopmentpartners
Substantive Electoralassistance
Gendermainstreaming
Justiceandcorrections
Mineactionassistance
Publicrelationsandcommunications
Buildinghumanrightsandruleoflaw
Capacitybuildingofthehostcountrygovernment
Supporttoemergenceoflegitimatepoliticalinstitutionsand
participatoryprocesses
Civilian Administrativeservices
Ensuringhealthandsafetyofmissionpersonnel
MissionSupport Communications
Financialsupport:preparationandexecutionofmissionbudget,
payingstaffandvendors
Logisticalsupporttoallcomponents
Recruitment,training,andcareerdevelopment
MonitoringmissioncompliancewithlocallawsandrespectforUN
privilegesandimmunitiesandstatusofforcesorstatusofmission
agreement
Military SecuritySector
Provisionofasecureenvironment,through:
o Conductingpatrols
o Establishingandoperatingcheckpoints
o Securingmajorroutestofacilitatemobility
o Securingkeyfacilities(hospitals,powerplants,policerecruiting
stations,etc.)
Police Restorationofruleoflaw
Reformofhostcountrypoliceservices
Vetting,training,andmentoringofhostcountrypolice
Providingpublicorderandrespondingtopublicsecuritychallenges,
through:
o Staticguardandcloseprotectiondutiesfordignitaries
o Preventivepatrolsandcheckpoints
o Tacticalsupportforhighriskoperations
o Securityfordemonstrations
Provisionofexecutivepolicing(intheabsenceofanestablished
nationalpoliceframework)
Slide17
[ Inordertoensurebetterintegrationandutilizationofresourcesandassets,
UNpeacekeepingoperationsusejointorintegratedstructures.
[ AllmissionshaveIntegratedSupportServices(ISS),aJointMissionAnalysis
Centre(JMAC)andJointOperationsCentre(JOC).
[ Allofthesejointcentresareheadedbyacivilianandbringtogethercivilian,
militaryandpolicespecialiststoensurethatinformation,actionandresources
areeffectivelyusedacrossallcomponentsofthemission.
[ TheIntegratedSupportServices(ISS)areresponsibleforprovidinglogistics
supporttoallmissioncomponentsincludinginregionsorsectors.They
thereforecontrolalllogisticalresourcesinthemission(includingUNowned,
commerciallycontractedandmilitarylogisticsorenablingunitssuchas
constructionandmaintenanceengineering,medical,movementscontrol,
supplyandtransportassetsetc.).ThismeansthattheChiefoftheIntegrated
SupportServicesexercisesTaskingAuthorityoveralluniformedpersonnel
andresourcesassignedtotheIntegratedSupportServices.Thisincludes
enablingunits,transportationandmovementunits,suchasmilitarytransport
helicopters,butitdoesnotincludecombatunits,suchascombataviationunits
orcombat/fieldengineers,whicharetaskedbytheHeadoftheMilitary
Component(HOMC).
[ InUNpeacekeepingoperationswithmilitarylogisticunits,knowninUN
peacekeepingasenablingunits,aJointLogisticsOperationCentre
(JLOC)isestablishedaspartoftheIntegratedSupportServices.Theroleof
theJLOCistoprovideallmissioncomponentsandotherUNandnonUN
entitieswithasinglepointofcoordinationforallaspectsoflogisticssupportin
themissionarea.
[ Therearealsojointstructureswhichdealonthesubstantivesideofthe
mission.TheJointMissionAnalysisCentre(JMAC)assiststheHeadof
Mission(HOM)togatherandunderstandinformationavailablefromall
sourcesinamissionandcountrytoproducemediumandlongtermanalysis
ontheactualandpotentialthreatstomandateimplementation.
[ TheJointOperationsCentre(JOC)assiststheHeadofMission(HOM)to
remainawareoftheoperationalsituationinthemissionarea.TheJOCisable
toproduceregularandtimelyintegratedoperationsreportsonallaspectsof
themissionsoperations.DuringacrisiseventtheJOCbecomestheHeadof
Missionscrisismanagementcentre.
FNotetoInstructor:Particularlyforcoursesinvolvingcontingentcommanders
and/orstaffofficers,instructorsmaywishtoaddadditionalinformationonthe
taskingofmissionassets.Thisinformationiscontainedinpages15and16of
theUNDPKO/DFSPolicyAuthority,CommandandControlinUN
PeacekeepingOperations,15February2008.
Summaryofkeymessages
FNotetoInstructor:Outlinethemainpointsthathavebeencoveredduringthe
session.
Themaincomponentsinapeacekeepingmissionarethemilitary,
policeandcivilians.
Allpeacekeepingpersonnelmusthaveabasicunderstandingofthe
importantcontributionsthateachcomponentmakesinachievingthe
mandateandthemissionplan.Itisalsoimportanttoknowhowto
supporttheworkofothercomponentsinthemission.
Thereisapotentialformisunderstandingbetweenandwithinthe
differentcomponentsbecauseofthedifferentnational,institutionaland
professionalculturesthatpeoplebringwiththemtothemission.Itis
importanttotaketimetounderstandeachothersrolesandinterests.
Thereisastrategicandfieldlevelofauthorityforpeacekeeping
operations.TheHeadofMissionplaysakeyroleinlinkingthestrategic
andoperationallevels.
Eachpeacekeepingoperationisdifferentandwillhavedifferent
managementandcommandandcontrolstructures.Commontoall
missionsisthepositionofHeadofMission,HeadofMilitaryComponent
andHeadofPoliceComponent.Thosepositionsmayshareother
responsibilitiesaswell.OthercommonpositionsaretheDirectoror
ChiefofMissionSupportandtheChiefofStaff.
Unit2Part2:LearningAssessment
Thefollowingquestionscanbeinformallyaskedofthewholeparticipantgroupatthe
endofthesessionorcanbeusedinwrittenform.Attheendoftheentireunitand/or
theconclusionoftheCIT,instructorsmaywanttoagainchoosesomeofthefollowing
questionsforreview.
Questions
1. Whatisthemainroleofmilitarycomponentsintraditionalpeacekeeping
operations?
2. Whatisthemainroleofthemilitarycomponentinmultidimensional
peacekeepingoperations?
3. Whatisthemainroleofthepolicecomponent?
4. Whataresomeofthesubstantiveciviliancomponentsinamultidimensional
PKO?
5. Whohastheprimaryresponsibilityforthestrategiclevelmanagementforall
peacekeepingoperations?
6. Whatisthehighestpositionofauthoritywithinapeacekeepingmission?
Answers
1. Intraditionalpeacekeepingoperations,themilitarycomponentisgenerallymade
upofunarmedmilitaryobserverswhocarryoutthemandatedtaskstomonitoror
superviseanymilitaryarrangementsthatpartiestoaconflicthaveagreedupon
whilethepeaceprocesscontinues.
2. Toestablishasecureenvironmentinordertoallowotherelementsofthepeace
processtobeimplemented.
3. Toreestablishtheruleoflawandstrengthenlawenforcement.
4. Anyofthefollowingsubstantivecomponents:HumanRights,RuleofLaw,Civil
Affairs,PublicAffairs,Gender,PoliticalAffairs,HIV/AIDS,MineAction,Electoral
Affairs,Disarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration,LegalAffairs,Returns,
ReintegrationandRecovery,Protection,ChildProtection.Theremaybe
additionalcomponents,dependingonthemission.
5. TheUnderSecretaryGeneralfortheDepartmentofPeacekeepingOperations.
6. TheHeadofMission.
CommonQuestionsfromParticipants
PossibleQuestions PossibleResponses
1. CantheGeneralAssemblyauthorizea TheUnitedNationsChartergivesprimary
peacekeepingoperationorisitonlythe responsibilitytotheSecurityCouncilforthe
SecurityCouncil? maintenanceofinternationalpeaceand
security,andthereforealsoforthe
authorizationofapeacekeepingoperation.
However,underGeneralAssembly
Resolution377(V)of1950,anexceptionto
thisgeneralrulehasbeencreatedsothat
iftheSecurityCouncil,becauseoflack
ofunanimityofthepermanentmembers,
failstoexerciseitsprimaryresponsibilityfor
themaintenanceofinternationalpeaceand
securityinanycasewherethereappearsto
beathreattothepeace,breachofthe
peace,oractofaggression,theGeneral
Assemblyshallconsiderthematter
immediatelywithaviewtomaking
appropriaterecommendationstoMembers
forcollectivemeasures,includinginthe
caseofabreachofthepeaceoractof
aggression,theuseofarmedforcewhen
necessary,tomaintainorrestore
internationalpeaceandsecurity.
Underthisresolution,theGeneral
Assemblyhasauthorizedone
peacekeepingoperation,theFirstUnited
NationsEmergencyForce(UNEFI).AllUN
peacekeepingoperationssincethenhave
beenauthorizedbytheSecurityCouncil,
whichisthegeneralpractice,and
consequentlyUnit2focusesontheprocess
followedbytheSecurityCouncil.
2. HowdoestheUnitedNationsdecideon Thereisnostandardstructureor
thestructureofapeacekeeping organigrammeforaUnitedNations
mission? peacekeepingoperation.Thestructureof
eachpeacekeepingoperationisdeveloped
basedontheSecurityCouncilmandate.
Generally,theTechnicalAssistance
Mission(TAM)senttothecountry,which
preparestheSecretaryGeneralsreportto
theSecurityCounciladvisingonwhethera
peacekeepingoperationshouldbe
deployedwillalsomakerecommendations
onthestructureofthemission.
3. Whatmechanismisinplacesothat Formultidimensionalpeacekeeping
peacekeepingmissionsareplannedand operations,anIntegratedMissionPlanning
executedinthemostcohesiveway? Process(IMPP)isusedtoplanthemission
incooperationwiththefullUNsystemin
ordertoensurethatthereisonestrategic
visionfortheUNinthatcountryandforthe
cohesiveandefficientdeploymentand
operationalizationofthemission.
4. Howdoarmedpeacekeepersknow TheRulesofEngagement(formilitary)and
whethertheycanuseforce? DirectiveontheUseofForce(forpolice)
willindicatewhereandwhenforcecan
justifiablybeused,andthegraduatedlevels
offorcethatareappropriatefordifferent
situations.
5. WhereisitclarifiedwhetherUNPolice ThisisspecifiedintheDirectiveontheUse
arearmedornot? ofForcespecifictotheparticularmission
anditsmandate.
6. WhyaretheHeadsofMilitary ThetitleassignedtoaHeadoftheMilitary
Componentscalleddifferentnames, Componentinapeacekeepingmissionis
suchasForceCommander(FC),Chief intendedtoreflectthefunctionalrole
MilitaryObserver(CMO)andChief intendedwhenthemissionwasstarted.The
MilitaryLiaisonOfficer(CMLO)? rolemaychangeovertimebutthetitlemay
stayunchanged(e.g.ForceCommanderof
MINURSOwherethereisnolongerany
armedunits).
7. CanaUNcivilianstaffmemberdirector Yes,butonlyifthatmilitaryorpoliceperson
giveordersdirectlytoaUNmilitaryor isbeingdirectlysupervisedbythecivilian
policeperson? staffmember(e.g.aremembersofaJoint
Centre)andthedirectioncanonlybe
relatedtoroutinetasksandnottactical
operations.
8. Donationalrulesandregulations Yes.Militaryandpolicepersonnelarealso
governingtheconductanddisciplineof requiredtocomplywithUNrulesand
militaryandpolicestillapplywhen regulationsgoverningtheconductand
servinginaUNpeacekeepingmission? disciplineofpeacekeepers.
9. WhodraftstheRulesofEngagement TheRoEaredraftedbytheOfficeofMilitary
and/orDirectiveontheUseofForce? AffairsandtheDirectiveontheUseof
ForceisdraftedbyPoliceDivisioninDPKO
inNewYork,andapprovedbytheUNs
OfficeofLegalAffairs.
10. Whyistheuseofforcebymilitaryand Militaryandpoliceuseforcefordifferent

policegovernedbytwodifferentlegal purposesinpeacekeepingoperations.The
documents? militaryusesforcetodeterorremovea
securitythreatfromarmedforcesorgroups,
whilethepoliceuseforcetoarrestcivilians
andaddresscriminalbehaviour.Theuseof
forcebymilitaryandpolicearetherefore
alsogovernedbydifferentsourcesoflaw
(themilitaryisgovernedbyhumanitarian
lawandthepolicebyhumanrightsand
domesticcriminallaw).
11. Domilitaryandpolicealwayshave Yes.Althoughboththepoliceandmilitary

separateCONOPs? CONOPsaredraftedatDPKO
HeadquartersinNY,theyareseparate
documentshandedovertotheHeadofthe
PoliceComponent(HOPC)andHeadofthe
MilitaryComponent(HOMC)respectively.
12. Docontingentcommandersand/or TheCONOPSappliesonlytotheHeadof

sectorcommandersreceiveacopyof theMilitaryComponent(HOMC).The
themilitaryCONOPS,ordotheydraft HOMCusestheCONOPStodrafthis/her
theirownCONOPSfortheirareaof OperationalOrder(orPlan)whichappliesto
responsibility? contingentandsectorcommanders,who
arethenrequiredtodrafttheirownplansfor
theirareaofresponsibilitybasedonthe
HOMCsOperationsOrder(orPlan).
13. WhenUNmilitaryorUNPoliceare No.TheUnitedNationsonlyexercises

mandatedtoworkdirectlywithlocal operationalauthorityoverthosetroopsor
Governmentsecurityforces,doesthe policewhichhavebeenprovidedto
UNexerciseoperationalauthorityover participatedirectlyinaUNpeacekeeping
thelocalsecurityforces? operation.InrarecaseswheretheUnited
Nationshasexecutivepolicingauthority,
maytheUNPolicepossiblyexercise
operationalortaskingauthorityoverhost
countrypoliceofficers.Ifthisisthecase,
thelevelofauthorityandthelimitstoUN
authoritywillbespecifiedinaseparate
agreementwiththelocalGovernment.
14. Howaremilitaryandpolicepersonnel MilitaryandPolicespecialistsservinginthe

workinginjointorintegratedstructures JMAC,JOC,andJLOCareselected
selected? throughacompetitiveprocesssupervised
bytheDepartmentofPeacekeeping
Operations(DPKO)andDepartmentof
FieldSupport(DFS)inUNHeadquartersin
NewYork.
15. Canstaffofficersalsobedeployed Inafewlargermissionswithsignificant

outsidethemissionheadquarters? regionalorsectoroffices,staffofficersmay
alsobedeployedtotheregions.Generally,
staffofficersworkinthemission
headquarters.
OptionalLearningActivity
PaneldiscussiononTasksinMission
Thepurposeofthisactivityistofamiliarizeparticipantswiththerolesofsenior
leaderswithrespecttothecommandandcontrolandmanagementinaUN
peacekeepingoperationsexplainedinPart2,andhowtheyworkwiththekey
documentsoutlinedinPart1.
Instructorsshouldarrangefortwoorthreepersonswhohaverecentlyheld
varioushigherlevelpositionsinaUNpeacekeepingoperationstoparticipate
inapaneldiscussiononexpressedandimpliedleadershiptasks.Interaction
withthepanelistandtheirsharingofexperienceallowsparticipantstohear
firsthandaboutthecomplexitiesofhowUNpeacekeepingmandatesare
operationalizedandhowthemissionismanagedonadaytodaybasis.
TimeRequired: 10minutesforactivityintroduction
10minutesforpresentationsbyeachofthethree
panelists
30minutesfordiscussionandquestionsforpanelists
5minutestocloseactivity
Totaltime: 75minutes (assumingthereare3panelists,timemay
beadjustediftherearefewerormorepanelists)
FPreparations:
1. Identifyandinvitetwoorthreepersonswhohaverecentlyheldsenior
positionsindifferentareasofaUNpeacekeepingoperation(forexample,
contingentcommanders,HOMCorHOPCortheirdeputiesorChiefsof
Staff,civilianpersonnelwhohavebeenSRSG,DSRSG,ChiefofStaffor
theheadofaciviliancomponent)toparticipateinapaneldiscussion.
Wherepossibleitisusefultohaveamixofcivilian,policeand/ormilitary
personnel.
2. Askthepanelliststoprovideabriefoverview(10minutes)oftheexpressed
andimpliedtasksthattheyhadinthisposition.Intermsofexpressed
tasks,askthespeakertoidentifywhichdocumentsand/ordirectivesthey
receivedwhentheystartedintheposition.Askthemtoalsospeaktotheir
understandingoftheothertasksthatalsoneededtocarryoutinorderto
achievetheirobjectives,butwereperhapsnotexplainedtothem.Inthis
respect,askthemalsotoidentifyanylessonstheylearnedinhowbestto
collaboratewithothercomponents(e.g.military,civilianorpolice).
FActivityGuidelines:
1. Introducetheactivityandthepanelliststoparticipants.
2. Alloweachpanellist10minutesfortheirpresentationandthenencourage
participantstoaskquestionsofthepanellists.
3. Bepreparedtoaskthepanellistsquestionsthatwillhelpbringoutkey
messagesfromUnit2.

The Establishment and Functioning of Un Peacekeeping Operations

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The Establishment and Functioning of Un Peacekeeping Operations

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UNIT2: THEESTABLISHMENTANDFUNCTIONINGOF

MinimumSessionTime Lecture/Presentation Questions/Assessment SessionActivities

120minutes 45min. 15min. 60min.

AdditionalOptions MissionSpecific OptionalFilm OptionalActivity

MineAction ElectoralAffairs PublicInformation

JointMission FieldOffice JointOperations

10. Whyistheuseofforcebymilitaryand Militaryandpoliceuseforcefordifferent

11. Domilitaryandpolicealwayshave Yes.Althoughboththepoliceandmilitary

12. Docontingentcommandersand/or TheCONOPSappliesonlytotheHeadof

13. WhenUNmilitaryorUNPoliceare No.TheUnitedNationsonlyexercises

14. Howaremilitaryandpolicepersonnel MilitaryandPolicespecialistsservinginthe

15. Canstaffofficersalsobedeployed Inafewlargermissionswithsignificant

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