Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Z. Aliyazicioglu
y ( n) = 0.7 y ( n 1) 0.1 y ( n 2) + 2 x ( n) x ( n 2)
to the input x ( n ) = 4 n u ( n)
The homogenous solution is
y ( n) 0.7 y ( n 1) + 0.1 y ( n 2) = 0
n 0.7 n 1 + 0.1 n 2 = 0
n + 2 ( 2 0.7 + 0.1) = 0 1 = 0.5 and 2 = 0.2
1
Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference
Equations
Particular Solution:
y p ( n) = K 4 n u ( n )
K 4n u (n) 0.7 K 4 n 1 u (n 1) + 0.1K 4n 2 u (n 2) = (2)4n u (n) 4n 2 u (n 2)
n=2
K 42 0.7 K 41 + 0.1K 40 = 2(4)2 40
16 K 2.8K + 0.1K = 32 1
31
y p (n) = 2.33(4) n u (n) K= = 2.33
13.3
ECE 308-9 3
=
Solution of Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference
Equations
To find c1 and c2 From difference equation,
For n=0: y (0) = 0.7 y (0 1) 0.1 y (0 2) + 2 x(0) x (0 2)
y (0) = 2
From the total solution, y (0) = c1 + c2 + 2.33
,
For n=1: From difference equation,
y (1) = 0.7 y (1 1) 0.1 y (1 2) + 2 x (1) x (1 2)
y (1) = 1.4 + 8 = 9.4
From difference equation, y (1) = 0.5c1 + 0.2c2 + 9.32
2
The Impulse Response of a LTI recursive system
In general case
n
y zs (n) = h(k ) x(n k ), n 0
k =0
ECE 308-9 5
y ( n) 3 y (n 1) 4 y (n 2) = x (n) + 2 x( n 1)
The homogenous solution is
yh (n) = C1 (1) n + C2 4n
The particular solution is zero when x ( n) = ( n )
1 6
The impulse response is h(n) = (1) n + 4n u ( n)
5 5 ECE 308-9 6
3
Implementation of Discrete-Time Systems
z-1
-a1 b1
w(n-1)
4
Implementation of Discrete-Time Systems
In general form, The difference equation is given by
N N
y (n) = ak y (n k ) + bk x(n k )
k =1 k =0
N
The nonrecursive system is y (n) = bk w(n k )
k =0
ECE 308-9 9
z-1
z-1 z-1 -aN-1 bM
bM -aN +
z-1
-aN
w(n-N)
Step-1 Step-3
ECE 308-9 10
5
Implementation of Discrete-Time Systems
A special case of general case
N
ak = 0, k = 1,2,..., N y ( n) = bk x( n k )
k =0
b 0 k M
h( k ) = k
0 otherwise
The second part, set M=0 to obtain the general case difference
equation
N
y (n) = ak y (n k ) + b0 x(n)
k =1
ECE 308-9 11
rxy (l ) = ry x ( l )
ECE 308-9 12
6
Crosscorrelation and Autocorrelation Sequence
Example:
x ( n ) = {...0,0, 2, 1,3,7,1, 2, 3,0,0,...}
y ( n ) = {...0,0,1, 1, 2, 2, 4,1, 2,5,0,0,...}
rxy (0) = x(n) y (n) = 0 + 0 + 2 + 6 14 + 4 + 2 + 6 + 0 + 0 = 7
n=
rxy (1) = x(n) y(n 1) = 0 + 0 + 1 3 + 14 2 + 8 3 + 0 + 0 = 13
n =
Problem Solutions
Problem 43.a Determine the direct form II realization for the
following LTI system
+ -1/2
z-1
z-1
z-1
z-1 3/2
ECE 308-9 14
7
Problem Solutions
Problem 44.a Compute the first samples of its impulse response
x(n) y(n)
+ +
z-1
1/2
x( n) = ( n) 1 3
y (1) = y (0) + x(1) + x(0) =
2 2
x( n) = {1, 0, 0,...}
1 3
y (2) = y (1) + x(2) + x(1) =
2 4
1 1 3
y ( n) = y (n 1) + x(n) + x(n 1) y (3) = y(2) + x(3) + x(2) =
2 2 8
y (0) = x(0) = 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
y (n) = 1, , , , , , ,...
2 4 8 1`6 32 64
ECE 308-9 15
Problem Solutions
Problem 44.b Find the input output relation
1
y ( n) = y (n 1) + x(n) + x(n 1)
2
ECE 308-9 16
8
Problem Solutions
Problem 44.d Use convolution
n
y (n) = u (n0* h(n) = u (k )h(n k ) = h(n k )
k =0 k =0
y (0) = h(0) = 1
5
y (1) = h(0) + h(1) =
2
13
y (2) = h(0) + h(1) + h(2) =
4
29
y (3) = h(0) + h(1) + h(2) + h(3) =
8
ECE 308-9 17
Problem Solutions
Problem 54 Find the y(n) for the following equation
2 4 + 4 = 0 1 = 2, 2 = 2
The homogenous solution is yh (n) = c1 2n + c2 n2n
For n=2
k + 4k + 4k = 1 + 1 2
k=
9
ECE 308-9 18
9
Problem Solutions
The total solution is
2
y ( n ) = yh (n ) + y p (n ) = c1 2n + c2n 2n + ( 1) n u(n )
9
Problem Solutions
Problem 55 Find the impulse response h(n) for the following
equation
y(n) 4 y(n 1) + 4 y(n 2) = x(n) x(n 1)
The homogenous solution is
y h ( n ) = c1 2 n + c2 n 2 n
10