Title One Q: Is it necessary under this mode that the

CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE
LAW OF NATIONS
Section One. Treason and espionage
Article 114. Treason
Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit
treason
Article 116. Misprision of treason
Article 117. Espionage
purpose of levying war is to deliver the country
in whole or in part to the enemy?
A: Yes, if the uprising is committed without
enemy collaboration, the crime would be
rebellion not treason.
2nd mode: Adhering to the enemies,
giving them aid or comfort

Section Two. Provoking war and disloyalty in case of
war
Article 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for
reprisals
Article 119. Violation of neutrality
Article 120. Correspondence with hostile country
Article 121. Flight to enemys country
Adherence to the enemy means intent to
betray. There is adherence to the enemy
when a citizen intellectually or emotionally
favors the enemy and harbors sympathies or
convictions disloyal to his countrys policy or
interest.

Section Three. Piracy and mutiny on the high seas in
Philippine waters
Article 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the
high seas or in Philippine waters
Article 123. Qualified piracy
Aid or comfort means an act which
strengthens or tends to strengthen the enemy
in the conduct of war against the traitors
country and an act which weakens or tends to
weaken the power of the traitors country to
resist or to attack the enemy.

Article 114. Treason Adherence alone, without giving aid or comfort,

does NOT constitute treason.
Elements:
The aid and comfort must be a deed or
1. Offender is a Filipino citizen or an alien physical activity. To be treasonous, the extent
residing in the Philippines; of aid and comfort must be to render
2. There is a war in which the Philippines assistance to them as enemies and not merely
is involved; as individuals, and be directly in furtherance of
3. The offender either the enemies hostile designs. However, the act
a. Levies war against the need not actually strengthen the enemy.
Government; or
b. Adheres to the enemies, giving The aid or comfort under this mode must be
them aid or comfort. after the declaration of war. The enemies must
be subject of a foreign power.
Treason cannot be committed in time of
peace. When killings and other common crimes are
charged as overt acts of treason, they cannot
1st mode: Levying war against the be regarded as separate crimes or complexed
Government with treason.

There must be an actual assembling of men.
Thus, the actual enlistment of men to serve
against the government doesnt amount to
levying war.
Under this mode, it is not necessary that there
be a formal declaration of the existence of a
state of war. Actual hostilities may determine
the date of the commencement of war.
The war must be directed against the
government, not merely to resist a particular
statute or to repel a particular officer. However,
it is NOT necessary that those attempting to
overthrow the govt succeed in their designs.
Example: Where the accused served as
secret agent for the Japanese, and in
the performance of such service, he
participated in the Japanese
expeditions against guerillas and
committed mass murders, arson and
robberies, and those deeds were
charged an element of treason, they
become identified with the crime of
treason and cannot be the subject of a
separate punishment.
But this rule will not preclude the punishment
of common crimes as such, IF the prosecution
should elect to prosecute the culprit specifically
for those crimes, instead of relying on them as
an element of treason.

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Ways of proving treason
A person may be convicted of treason on the
following evidence ONLY:
1. [Two-witness rule] Testimony of two
witnesses, at least, to the same overt
act; or
2. Confession of the accused in open
court.
The two-witness rule
The testimony of two witnesses is required to
prove the overt act of giving aid or comfort. It
is not necessary to prove adherence.
Q: A testified that he saw X on guard duty in
the Japanese garrison on Monday. B testified
that he also saw X on guard duty in the
garrison on Wednesday. Can X be convicted of
treason on the basis of A & Bs testimony?
A: No. Both overt acts, although of the same
nature and character, are two distinct acts.
Either one, to serve as a ground for conviction,
must be proved by two witnesses. That one
witness should testify as to one, and another
as to the other, was held not enough.
Laurel v. Misa
Petition for habeas corpus by Laurel based on the theory
that a Filipino citizen who adhered to the enemy giving the
latter aid and comfort during the Japanese occupation
cannot be prosecuted for the crime of treason because (1)
of the suspension of the sovereignty of the legitimate
government in the Philippines resulting in the suspension of
the correlative allegiance of Filipinos thereto, and (2) of
the changes of sovereignty upon the proclamation of the
Philippine Republic.
HELD: Citizen owes absolute/permanent allegiance to his
government/sovereign, which should not be confused with
the qualified/temporary allegiance which a foreigner owes
to the government of his current residence. This absolute
allegiance is not abrogated by enemy occupation because
the sovereignty of the government de jure is not
transferred thereby to the occupier, remaining vested in
the legitimate government. What may be suspended is the
exercise of the rights of sovereignty passing temporarily to
the occupant, and not the allegiance which subsists with
the subsistence of the sovereignty of the legitimate
government.
The change in government from commonwealth does not
affect the crime of treason. It holds applicable to the
present government being an offense against the same
government and sovereign people.
People vs. Perez
Perez was convicted of treason and sentenced to death
where 5 of the 7 counts against him alleged his abduction
of girls for the purpose of using them to satisfy the sexual
desires of Japanese officials.
HELD: For an act to be treasonous, it should be one that
renders assistance to the occupants to further their hostile
designs. Sexual relations between the women and the
Japanese officials cannot be said to aid in the furtherance
of the objectives of the enemies.
Dissent by Pablo: Entertainment tones up the nerves of the
soldiers. Services or favors that should have been
performed by Japanese women were done by Filipino
women. This helped improve the phases of their military
activities.
People vs. Prieto
Prieto, a Makapili who aided the Japanese in apprehending
Filipino guerillas (who were tortured and executed after
being apprehended) was convicted of 4 counts of treason.
HELD: Murder and physical injuries are identified as an
element of treason and they cannot be the subject of a
separate punishment, or make a complex crime with
treason. They are averred as a constitutive ingredient of
treason. But where the State prosecutes them for such acts
not as an overt act for treason, then the accused can be
punished for such acts if found guilty.
People vs. Manayao
Manayao et al were charged and found guilty of treason
with multiple murders. They were sentenced to death and
to pay the fine with indemnity to heirs of the victims of the
town they massacred with the Japanese troops. The
massacre was witnessed by the two children spared from
the killing.
HELD: The Makapili is not part of the Japanese Army in the
Philippines being an organization of traitors, pure and
simple. This doesnt divest the Peoples Court of
jurisdiction. They have not lost their citizenship when no
evidence that he has subscribed to an oath of allegiance to
support the laws of Japan and that he showed his
acceptance of a commission in the Armed Forces of Japan
were presented. They are still subject of the law on
treason in the Philippines.
People vs. Adriano
Adriano was found guilty of treason by virtue of his being a
Makapili. The prosecution however did not introduce any
other evidence except for his membership. Furthermore,
the alleged acts committed by the accused were not
established or concurred by testimonies from 2 witnesses.
HELD: The two-witness requirement in the crime of treason
should be applied restrictively the lawmakers having
intended for it to be applied with the same rigidity and
inflexibility due to the seriousness of the crime and the
abnormality of the times from American origin.
Hilado dissenting: Being a Makapili was one single
continuous and indivisible overt act of giving aid to the
Japanese invaders. There is no need for at least 2 witnesses
to have testified on one same act.
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 1. Offender enters a warship, fort or naval or
military establishment or reservation
2. He has no authority therefore
3. His purpose is to obtain information, plans,
Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to photographs or other data of a confidential
commit treason nature relative to the defense of the
Philippines
Elements (Conspiracy):
It is not necessary that information be
1. In time of war actually obtained.
2. Two or more persons come to an
agreement to levy war against the govt or (Mode 2) Elements:
to adhere to the enemies and to give them
aid or comfort; and 1. Offender is a public officer
3. They decide to commit it. 2. He has in his possession (by reason of the
public office he holds) any information,
Elements (Proposal): plans, photographs or other data of a
confidential nature relative to the defense
1. In time of war of the Philippines
2. A person who has decided to levy war 3. He discloses their contents to a
against the govt or to adhere to the representative of a foreign nation
enemies and to give them aid or comfort,
3. Proposes its execution to some other Espionage Treason
person or persons. Both not conditioned by the citizenship of the
offender
The two-witness rule does not apply to May be committed in Committed only in time
time of peace or war of war
conspiracy or proposal to commit treason.
Many ways of Only two ways of
committing espionage, committing treason
taking RPC117 and
Article 116. Misprision of treason CA616 together

Elements:
1. Offender must be owing allegiance to the
Government, and not a foreigner
2. He has knowledge of any conspiracy (to
commit treason) against the Government
3. He conceals or doesnt disclose and make
known the same as soon as possible to the
governor or fiscal of the province or the
mayor or fiscal of the city in which he
resides.
A116 will not apply when the crime of
treason has already been committed by
someone and the accused doesnt report its
commission to the proper authority. The law
says knowledge of any conspiracy against
not knowledge of treason actually committed.
The offender in misprision is punished as an
accessory to the crime of treason. Hence, the
penalty for misprision is two degrees lower
than that provided for treason.
Article 118. Inciting to war or giving
motives for reprisals.
Elements:
1. Offender performs unlawful or
unauthorized acts
2. Such acts provoke or give occasion for a
war involving or liable to involve the
Philippines or expose Filipino citizens to
reprisals on their persons or property
Illustration: The public destruction of the flag or
seal of a foreign state or the public
manifestations of hostility to the head or
ambassador of another state.
Article 119. Violation of neutrality
Elements:

1. There is a war in which the Philippines is no

Article 117. Espionage involved
2. There is a regulation issued by competent
Two ways of committing espionage authority for the purpose of enforcing
neutrality
(Mode 1) Elements: 3. The offender violates such regulation

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 1. Attacking or seizing a vessel on the
Article 120. Correspondence with hostile high seas or in Philippine waters;
country 2. Seizing in the vessel while on the high
seas or in Philippine waters the whole or
Elements: part of its cargo, its equipment or personal
belongings of its complement or
1. In time of war in which the Philippines is passengers.
involved
2. The offender makes correspondence with Elements of piracy
an enemy country or territory occupied by
enemy troops 1. The vessel is on the high seas or
3. The correspondence is either Philippine waters;
a. Prohibited by the Government, 2. Offenders are neither members of its
or complement nor passengers of the vessel;
b. Carried on in ciphers or 3. Offenders either -
conventional signs, or a. attack or seize a vessel on the high
c. Containing notice or seas or in Philippine waters; or
information which might be useful to b. seize in the vessel while on the high
the enemy. seas or in Philippine waters the whole
or part of its cargo, its equipment or
Correspondence means communications by personal belongings of its complement
means of letters. or passengers;
4. There is intent to gain.
Even if the correspondence contains
innocent matters, if the correspondence has Piracy is robbery or forcible depredation on
been prohibited by the Government, it is the high seas, without lawful authority and
punishable. done with animo furandi and in the spirit and
Prohibition by the Government is not intention of universal hostility.
essential in paragraphs 2 & 3 of Article 120.
Piracy Robbery on the high
Circumstances qualifying the offense: seas
Offender is an outsider The offender is a
1. Notice or information might be useful
member of the
to the enemy; AND complement or a
2. Offender intended to aid to enemy passenger of the vessel
These acts amount to treason. Hence, the Manner of committing the crime is the same
penalty is the same as that for treason. There is intent to gain

Piracy Mutiny
Article 121. Flight to Enemy's Country Persons who attack a Offenders are members
vessel or seize its cargo of the crew of
Elements: are strangers to said passengers
vessels
Intent to gain essential Intent to gain not
1. There is a war in which the Philippines
essential, offenders may
is involved; only intend to ignore the
2. Offender must be owing allegiance to ships officers
the government;
3. Offender attempts to flee or go to
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 532
enemy country;
ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY
4. Going to the enemy country is LAW OF 1974
prohibited by competent authority. Definition of Terms

Mere attempt to flee or go to enemy country

consummates the crime.
Article 122. Piracy in general and Mutiny
on the High Seas or in Philippine Waters
Acts punished as piracy
a. Philippine Waters. It shall refer to all bodies of
water, such as but not limited to, seas, gulfs, bays
around, between and connecting each of the Islands
of the Philippine Archipelago, irrespective of its
depth, breadth, length or dimension, and all other
waters belonging to the Philippines by historic or
legal title, including territorial sea, the sea-bed, the
insular shelves, and other submarine areas over
which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction.

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b. Vessel. Any vessel or watercraft used for transport
of passengers and cargo from one place to another
through Philippine Waters. It shall include all kinds
and types of vessels or boats used in fishing.
c. Philippine Highway. It shall refer to any road,
street, passage, highway and bridges or other parts
thereof, or railway or railroad within the Philippines
used by persons, or vehicles, or locomotives or trains
for the movement or circulation of persons or
transportation of goods, articles, or property or both.
d. Piracy. Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or
the taking away of the whole or part thereof or its
cargo, equipment, or the personal belongings of its
complement or passengers, irrespective of the value
thereof, by means of violence against or intimidation
of persons or force upon things, committed by any
person, including a passenger or member of the
complement of said vessel, in Philippine waters, shall
be considered as piracy. The offenders shall be
considered as pirates and punished as hereinafter
provided.
e. Highway Robbery/Brigandage. The seizure of any
person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful
purposes, or the taking away of the property of
another by means of violence against or intimidation
of person or force upon things of other unlawful
means, committed by any person on any Philippine
Highway.
Punishable Acts under the Crime of Piracy
1. Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel
2. The taking of the whole or part thereof or its cargo,
equipment, or the personal belongings of its
complement or passengers, irrespective of the value
therefore
3. That the above acts were done by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons or force
upon things.
Punishable Acts under the Crime of Highway
Robbery/Brigandage
1. Any attack upon or seizure on any highway
2. The taking of the whole or part thereof or its cargo,
equipment, or the personal belongings of its
complement or passengers, irrespective of the value
therefore
3. That the above acts were done by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons or force
upon things.
Acts Punishable:
AIDING OR ABETTING PIRACY REQUISITES:
1. Knowingly aids or protects pirates;
2. Acquires or receives property taken by such
pirates, or in any manner derives any benefit;
3. Directly or indirectly abets the commission of
piracy
BAR QUESTIONS
Piracy in the High Seas & Qualified Piracy
Nagoya Maru was negotiating the sea route from
Hongkong towards Manila, and while still 300 miles
from Aparri, Cagayan, its engines malfunctioned. The
Captain ordered the ship to stop for emergency
repairs lasting for almost 15 hours. Due to
exhaustion, the officers and crew fell asleep. While
the ship was anchored, a motorboat manned by
renegade Ybanags from Claveria, Cagayan, passed
by and took advantage of the situation. They cut the
ship's engines and took away several heavy crates of
electrical equipment and loaded them in their
motorboat. Then they left hurriedly towards Aparri. At
daybreak, the crew found that a robbery took place.
They radioed the Aparri Port Authorities resulting in
the apprehension of the culprits.
What crime was committed? Explain. (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Piracy in the high seas was committed by the
renegade
Ybanags. The culprits, who are neither members of
the
complement nor passengers of the ship, seized part
of the equipment of the vessel while it was three
hundred miles away from Aparri, Cagayan (Art. 122,
Revised Penal Code).
Supposing that while the robbery was taking
place, the culprits stabbed a member of the
crew while sleeping. What crime was
committed? Explain. (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The crime committed is qualified piracy, because it
was accompanied by physical injuries/homicide. The
culprits stabbed a member of the crew while sleeping
(Art. 123, Revised Penal Code).
Highway Robbery (2001)
Police Sgt. Diego Chan, being a member of the Theft
and Robbery Division of the Western Police District
and assigned to the South Harbor, Manila, was privy
to and more or less familiar with the schedules,
routes and hours of the movements of container
vans, as well as the mobile police patrols, from the
pier area to the different export processing zones
outside Metro Manila. From time to time, he gave
valuable and detailed information on these matters
to a group interested in those shipments in said
container vans. On several instances, using the said
information as their basis, the gang hijacked and
pilfered the contents of the vans. Prior to their sale to
"fences" in Banawe, Quezon City and Bangkal, Makati
City, the gang Informs Sgt, Chan who then inspects
the pilfered goods, makes his choice of the valuable
items and disposes of them through his own sources
or "fences". When the highjackers were traced on
one occasion and arrested,
upon custodial investigation, they implicated Sgt.
Chan and the fiscal charged them all, including Sgt.
Chan as co-principals. Sgt. Chan, in his defense,
claimed that he should not be charged as a principal
but only as an accessory after the fact under P.D.
532, otherwise known as the Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Act of 1972. Is the contention of
Sgt. Chan valid and tenable? Explain, (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan is not valid or tenable
because by express provision of P.D. 532, Section 4, a
person who knowingly and in any manner, aids or
protects highway robbers/brigands, such as giving
them information about the movement of police
officers or acquires or receives property taken by
brigands, or who directly or indirectly abets the
commission of highway robbery/brigandage, shall be
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considered as accomplice of the principal offenders
and punished in accordance with the rules in the
Revised Penal Code.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan that he should be
charged only as accessory after the fact is not
tenable because he was a principal participant in the
commission of the crime and in pursuing the criminal
design. An accessory after the fact involves himself
in the commission of a crime only after the crime had
already been consummated, not before, For his
criminal participation in the execution of the
highjacking of the container vans, Sgt. Chan is a co-
principal by indispensable cooperation.
People vs. Lol-lo and Saraw
Boat carrying men, women and children on its way between
two islands in the Dutch East Indies were waylaid by six
vintas manned by 24 armed Moros. At first, they asked for
good but one on the Dutch boat, they took all of the cargo,
attacked some of the men and brutally violated two of the
women. All the people were placed back into the boat
except the two men, and holes were made with the idea of
submerging the boat. They took the women and repeatedly
violated them. Two of the raiders were Lol-lo and Saraw,
the former participating in the rape. The women eventually
escaped while Saraw and Lol-lo returned to TawiTawi where
they were apprehended and tried. They were found guilty
and sentenced to life imprisonment.
HELD: Pirates are in the law hostes humani generis. Piracy
is a crime not against any particular state but against all
mankind. It may be punished in the competent tribunal of
any country where the offender may be found or into which
he may be carried. The jurisdiction in the crime of piracy
unlike other crimes has no territorial limits, nor does it
matter that a crime was committed within the
jurisdictional 3-mile limit of a foreign state, for those
limits, through neutral to war, are not neutral to crimes.
People vs. Rodriguez
Rodriguez et al (crew members of M/V Noria 767) were
charged with the crime of piracy, found guilty and
sentenced to death. They were able to obtain 3M as total
amount and escaped through the use of pump-boats. Ten
dead bodies were seen at the wharf as victims of the sea-
jacking
HELD: Where rape, murder or homicide is committed in the
crime of piracy, the penalty imposable is mandatory death
penalty according to PD532 amending RPA 134.
People vs. Siyoh
Siyoh et al were accused of qualified piracy with triple
murder and frustrated murder, found guilty and sentenced
to death. With the use of pump-boats, they were able to
divest money and goods from de Guzman and his
companions on the way to Mataja island. The companions
were killed while de Guzman was able to escape wounded.
HELD: Although the body of de Guzman was still missing,
the number of persons killed on the occasion of piracy is
not material. PD532 considers qualified piracy (when rape,
murder, or homicide is committed as a result or on the
occasion of piracy) as a special complex crime punishable
by death regardless of the number of victims.
Article 123. Qualified Piracy
Elements:
1. The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine
waters:
2. Offenders may or may not be members of
its complement, or passengers of the
vessel;
3. Offenders either -
a. attack or seize the vessel; or
b. seize the whole or part of the cargo, its
equipment., or personal belongings of
the crew or passengers;
4. The preceding were committed under
any of the following circumstances:
a. whenever they have seized a vessel by
boarding or firing upon the same;
b. whenever the pirates have abandoned
their victims without means of saving
themselves; or
c. whenever the crime is accompanied by
murder, homicide, physical injuries or
rape.
R.A. 6235
An Act Prohibiting Certain Acts Inimical to Civil
Aviation
Who are punishable?
1. Any person who shall compel a change in the
course or destination of an aircraft of Philippine
registry, or to seize or usurp the control thereof,
while it is in flight.
An aircraft is in flight from the moment all its
external doors are closed following embarkation
until any of such doors is opened for
disembarkation. (1)
2. Any person who shall compel an aircraft of
foreign registry to land in Philippine territory or
to seize or usurp the control thereof while it is
within the said territory. (1)
The penalty shall be increased whenever the
violations above were committed under any of the
following circumstances:
Whenever he has fired upon the pilot,
member of the crew or passenger of the
aircraft;
Whenever he has exploded or attempted to
explode any bomb or explosive to destroy
the aircraft; or
Whenever the crime is accompanied by
murder, homicide, serious physical injuries
or rape. (2)
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3. Any person, natural or juridical, who shall ship,
load or carry in any passenger aircraft operating
as a public utility within the Philippines, any
explosive, flammable, corrosive or poisonous
substance or material. (3)
Explosive - any substance, either solid or
liquid, mixture or single compound, which by
chemical reaction liberates heat and gas at high
speed and causes tremendous pressure resulting
in explosion. The term shall include but not
limited to dynamites, firecrackers, blasting caps,
black powders, bursters, percussions, cartridges
and other explosive materials, except bullets for
firearm.
"Flammable" any substance or material that
is highly combustible and self-igniting by
chemical reaction and shall include but not
limited to acrolein, allene, aluminum dyethyl
monochloride, and other aluminum compounds,
ammonium chlorate and other ammonium
mixtures and other similar substances or
materials.
"Corrosive" any substance or material, either
liquid, solid or gaseous, which through chemical
reaction wears away, impairs or consumes any
object. It shall include but not limited to alkaline
battery fluid packed with empty storage battery,
allyl chloroformate, allytrichlorosilane,
ammonium dinitro-orthocresolate and other
similar materials and substances.
"Poisonous" any substance or materials,
except medicinal drug, either liquid, solid or
gaseous, which through chemical reactions kills,
injures or impairs a living organism or person,
and shall include but not limited to allyl
isothiocyanate, ammunition (chemical, non-
explosive but containing Class A, B or poison),
aniline oil, arsine, bromobenzyle cyanide,
bromoacetone and other similar substances or
materials.
For any death or injury to persons or damage to
property resulting from a violation of 3 above, the
person responsible therefor may be held liable in
accordance with the applicable provisions of the
Revised Penal Code.
Authority of airline companies to inspect cargo
etc.
Aircraft companies which operate as public
utilities or operators of aircraft which are for hire are
authorized to open and investigate suspicious
packages and cargoes in the presence of the owner
or shipper, or his authorized representatives if
present; in order to help the authorities in the
enforcement of the provisions of this law
If the owner, shipper or his representative
refuses to have the same opened and inspected, the
airline or air carrier is authorized to refuse the
loading thereof. (8)
Disclaimer on airline ticket
Every ticket issued to a passenger by the
airline or air carrier concerned shall contain among
others the following condition printed thereon:
"Holder hereof and his hand-carried luggage(s) are
subject to search for, and seizure of, prohibited
materials or substances. Holder refusing to be
searched shall not be allowed to board the aircraft,"
which shall constitute a part of the contract between
the passenger and the air carrier. (9)
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372
AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT
OUR PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM
Defines the crime of terrorism to be the commission
of any of the crimes of :
A. Under the Revised Penal Code.
i. Piracy in general and Mutiny in the High
Seas or in the Philippine Waters
ii. rebellion
iii. Coup detat
iv. Murder
v. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention
B. Under Special Laws
i. Arson under P.D. 1613
ii. Violation of R.A. 6969 ( Toxic Substance ad
Nuclear Waste Control)
iii. R.A. 5207 ( Atomic Energy Regulatory and
Liability Act of 1968)
iv. Hijacking
v. Piracy in Phil. Waters and Highway
Robbery
vi. P.D. 1866 ( Possession and Manufacture of
Firearms/explosives)
thereby sowing and creating a condition of
widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace, in order to coerce the government to
give in to an unlawful demand
Requirements for Terrorism
A. The accused ( maybe a single individual or a
group) must commit any of the enumerated
crimes
B. There results a condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among the populace
i. The extent and degree of fear and
panic, including the number of people
affected in order to meet the term
populace, are questions of facts to be
determined by the courts and on a case to
case basis.
ii. Is the term populace to be interpreted
as referring to the local inhabitants where
the acts were committed, or does it refer
to the national population?
C. The purpose of the accused must be to coerce
the government to give into an unlawful demand
i. The word demand is too broad as to
cover not only political, criminal or
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monetarial demands but also those which
maybe categorized as social or economic.
This however is qualified by the word
unlawful.

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