Industrial attachment Report.

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

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1.1 Introduction:
Natural dyes
The word `natural dye covers all the dyes derived from the natural sources like plants,
animal and minerals. Natural dyes are mostly non-substantive and must be applied on
textiles by the help of mordants, usually a metallic salt, having an affinity for both the
coloring matter and the fiber. Transition metal ions usually have strong coordinating
power and/or capable of forming week to medium attraction/interaction forces and thus
can act as bridging material to create substantively of natural dyes/colorants when a
textile material being impregnated with such metallic salt (i.e. mordant) is subjected to
dyeing with different natural dyes, usually having some mordant able groups faclitating
fixation of such dye/colorant. These metallic mordants after combining with dye in the
fiber, it forms an insoluble precipitate or lake and thus both the dye and mordant get
fixed to become wash fast to a reasonable level.

1.2 History of natural dyes

The ability of natural dyes to color textiles has been known since ancient times. The
earliest written record of the use of natural dyes was found in China dated 2600BC.
Chemical tests of red fabrics found in the tomb of king Tutankhamen in Egypt show the
presence of alizarin, a pigment extracted from madder. In more modern times,
Alexander the Great mentions having found purple robes dating to 541BC in the royal
treasury when he conquered Susa, the persian capital. Kermes (from the Kermes insect)
is identified in the bible book of exodus, where references are made to scarlet colored
linen. By the 4th century AD, dyes such as wood, madder, weld, Brazil wood and indigo
and a dark reddish-purple were known. Brazil was named for the wood found there.
Purple was made from a mollusk and clothing made from it was so expensive only the
royal family could afford it. It was extracted from a small gastropod mollusk found in
all seas or from a crustacean called a Trumpet Shell or Purple Fish, found near Tyre on
the Mediterranean coast. Their body secreted a deep purple fluid which was harvested
by cracking the shell and digging out a vein located near the shellfish head with a small
pointed utensil. The mucus-like contents of the veins were then mixed together and
spread on silk or linen. Estimates are that it took 8,500 Shellfish to produce one gram of

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the dye, hence the fact this dye was worth more than its weight in gold. This expensive
dye was also mentioned in the bible, in Acts, where Lydia is a seller of purple.
By the 15th century, dyeing cloth ``in the wood was introduced in England: logwood,
fustic, etc. In the 18th century a method of bleaching linen with kelp was introduced in
Scotland, a Swedish chemist discovered chlorine destroys vegetable colors and the
French began to recommend chlorine water for commercial bleaching. Indigo began to
be grown in England, and
Cudbear, a nutural dye prepared from a variety of lichens, is patented. Another natural
dye, Quercitron, from the inner bark of the North American oak, is patented in 1775. By
the 1800s, Prussian blue and Sulphuric acid are available commercially. Prussian blue
was formed from pursuit of potash and iron salt, making it one of the earliest known
chemical dyes. In 1856, William Henry Perkin, while experimenting with coal tar in
hopes of finding an artificial quinine as a cure for malaria, discovered the first synthetic
dye stuff which he called ``Mauve. The color quickly became a favorite of the royal
family, and a new industry was begum.

1.3 Sources of natural dyes

Natural dyes can be sorted into three categories:
1. Natural dyes obtained from plants.
i. Catechu or Cutch tree (brown)
ii. Gamboges tree resin (dark mustard yellow)
iii. Himalayan rubhada root (yellow)
iv. Indigo era plant (blue)
v. Kamala tree (red)
vi. Madder root (red, pink, orange)
2. Natural dyes obtained from animals.
i. Cochineal insect (red)
ii. Cow urine (Indian (yellow)
iii. Lac insect (red, violet)
iv. Murex snail (purple)
v. Octopus/Cuttlefish (sepia brown)

3. Natural dyes obtained from minerals.

i. Hematite (red)
ii. Limonite (yellow)
Classification of natural dyes
1. Based of color
2. Based on chemical structure

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1.4 Mordant
A mordant is a chemical binding agent that adheres well to both the fibers and the dye.
A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex
with the dyes which then attaches to the fabric. A mordant is always is a polyvalent
metal ion. The resulting coordination complex of dye and ion is colloidal and can be
either acidic alkaline. Mordant`s can be added before, during or after dyeing porcess.
Most recipes use mordanting before dying. The type of mordant used can change the
color of both the dye-plus-mordant solution and influence the shade of the final product.
Some mordant`s (FeSO4) darken the color, some (SnC12) brighten the color. They
improve light and wash fastness properties.

1.5 Common dye mordants

Mordants are used to set the color when using natural dyes. Different mordants will give
different results.
Alum:(Aluminum Potassium Sulfate)
This is the most widely used mordant. The compound is the hydrate aluminum
potassium sulfate with the formula KA1(SO4)2 12H2O.
Copper:(Aluminum Potassium Sulfate)
This mordant is used to bring out the greens in dyes. It will also darken the dye colors.
Chrome:(Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7)
Chrome brightness dye colors and is more commonly used with wool than with any
other fiber. Extremely toxic: Chrome should not be inhaled and gloves should be worn
while working with chrome. Left over mordant water should be disposed of at a
chemical waste disposal site and treated as hazardous waste.

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Tara Powder:(CaesalpiniaSpinosa)
Tara powder is a natural tannin product. It is needed for darker colors of action, linen
and hemp.
Rartaric Acid:
A must for cochineal. This mordant wills expand the cochineal colors.
Tin:(Stannous Chloride)
Tin will give extra bright colors to reds, oranges and yellows on protein fibers. Using
too much will make wool and silk brittle. To avoid this you can add a pinch of tin at the
end of the dying time with fiber that was pre-mordanted with alum. Tin is not commonly
used with cellulose fibers.

Dyeing methods
The three methods used ofrmordantingare:
Pre-mordanting (Chrome): The substrate is treated with the mordant and then dyed.
Meta-mordanting (Meta chrome) : the dyed material is treated with a mordant.
Post-mordanting (After changes the shade obtained after dyeing and also affects the
fastness property of the dye.

Advantages and disadvantages of natural dyes

In the recent years, there has been a trend to revive the art of natural dyeing. This is
mainly because in some aspects natural colorants are advantageous against synthetic
dyes. Some of these advantages along with some limitations (disadvantages) are listed
below:

Advantages of natural dyes

i. The shades produced by natural dyes are usually soft, Iustrous and soothing to
the human eye.
iii. Natural dyestuff can produce a wide range of colors by mix and match system. A
small variation in the dyeing technique or the use of different mordants with
same dye (polygenetic type natural dye) can shift the colors to a wide range or
create totally new colors, which are not easily possible with synthetic dyestuffs.

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 iii. Natural dyestuffs produce rare color ideas and are automatically
harmonizing.
iv. Unlike non-renewable basic raw materials for synthetic dyes, the natural dyes
are usually renewable, being agro-renewable/vegetable based and at the same
time biodegradable.
v. In some cases like harda, indigo etc., the waste in the process becomes an ideal
fertilizer for use in agricultural fields. Therefore,no disposal problem of this
natural waste.
vii. This is a labor intensive industry, thereby providing job opportunities for all
those engaged in fossil fuel (petroleum) based synthetic dyes.
ix. Some of its constituents are anti-allergens, hence prove safe for skin contact and
are montly non-hazardous to human health.
x. Some of the natural dyes are enhanced with age, while synthetic dyes fade with
time.
xi. Natural dyes bleed but do not stain other fabrics, turmeric being being an
exception.
xii. Natural dyes are usually moth proof and can replace synthetic dyes in kids
garments and food-stuffs for safety.
Despite these advantages, natural dyes do carry some inherent disadvantages, which are
responsible for the decline of this ancient art of dyeing textiles.

1.6 Limitation/disadvantages of natural dyes

i. It is difficult to reproduce shades by using natural dyes/colorants, as these
agro products vary from one crop season to another crop season, place to
place and species to species, maturity period etc.
ii. It is difficult to standardize a recipe for the use of natural dyes, as the natural
dyeing process and its color development depends not only on color
component but also on materials.
iii. Natural dyeing requires skilled workmanship and is therefore expensive.
Low color yield of source natural dyes thus necessitates the use of more
dyestuffs, larger dyeing time and excess cost for mordants and mordanting.

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iv. Scientific backup of a large part of the science involved in natural dyeing is
stil need to be explored.
iv. Lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on extraction and dyeing
techniques.
v. The dyed textile may change color when exposed to the sun, sweat and air.
vi. Nearly all-natural dyes with a few exceptions require the use of mordants to
fix them on to the textile substrate. While dyeing, a substantial portion of the
mordant remains unexhausted in the residual dye bath and may pose serious
effluent disposal problem.
vii. With a few exceptions, most of the natural dyes are fugitive even when
applied in conjunction with a mordant. Therefore, sometimes their color
fastness performance ratings are inadequate for modern textile usage.

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 CHAPTER TWO
Dyeing of Cotton With Tea as
a Natural Dye

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2.1 Introduction
Textile materials are coloured for value addition, looks and fulfilling the desires of the
customers. Anciently, this purpose of colouring textile was initiated using natural
source, until synthetic dyes were invented. Almost all the synthetic dyes being
synthesized from petrochemical sources through hazardous chemical processes pose
threat towards its eco-friendliness. However, it has generated the worldwide, growing
consciousness about the organic value of eco-friendly products which renewed the
interest of consumers towards the use of textiles (preferably natural fibre product) dyed
with eco-friendly natural dyes. For successful commercial use of natural dyes for any
particular fibres, the appropriate and standardized techniques for dyeing for that
particular fibre-natural dye system need to be adopted. Therefore to obtain newer shade
with acceptable color fastness behaviour and reproducible color yield, appropriate
scientific dyeing techniques/procedures are to be derived. Thus, relevant scientific
studies and its output on standardization of dyeing methods, dyeing process variables,
dyeing kinetics and test of compatibility of selective natural dyes have become very
important [1].
Tea is a mixture of variously processed leaves of one of the variety of an evergreen
shrub, Camellia sinensis, which is the most popular non-alcoholic beverage in the
world. Flavonoids, flavonols and phenolic acids make up approximately 30% of dried
Camellia Sinensisby weight. Most of the polyphenols present are flavonols commonly
known as catechins, with epicatechin and its derivatives being the most predominant
forms. The gallic acid ester epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is present in the highest
concentration, making up over 61% of the epicatechin derivatives included in the green
tea leaves. Other green tea polyphenols include flavonoids, and their glycosides,
depsides such as chlorogenic acid and coumarylquinic acid, and a phenolic acid unique
to tea, theogallin. Caffeine makes up an additional 3%, and there are trace amounts of
the methylxanthines theophylline and theobromine, and an amino acid unique to tea,
theanin [2]. Cotton is a natural fiber that comes from the seedpod of the cotton plant and
is used to make many fabric types at every price point. Cotton fiber has been cultivated
for 7,000 years, and it seems to increase in popularity as modern technology blends it
with other fibers and gives it special performance finishes. The fiber is hollow from the
center and, under the microscope, resembles a twisted ribbon [3].

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In this study, dyeing of cotton was investigated. Green tea plants are classified as
Camellia sinensis. The different classes of compounds found in green tea include amino
acids, catechin, caffeine, carbohydrates, carotenoids, chlorophyll, lipids, minerals,
nucleotides, organic acids, saponins, polyphenols, unsaponifiable and volatile
compounds. In this study, the dyeing process was carried out with the dye extracted
from three different qualities of tea leaves using four different solvents. The dyeing
properties on cotton fabric using dye extracted from tea leaves has been evaluated and
comparative study of optical density, washing fastness, light fastness, K/S & reflectance
values have been done.

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL
A. Material and Methods
Tea leaves of three different qualities viz., Hyson (Silighuri), Kawa (Assam) and IHBT
(Palampur) were collected from M/S Sethi Tea Trading Co. Amritsar. The quantitative
estimation/analysis of the Flavanols and polyphenols content was not performed. Plain
weave cotton fabric (EPI: - 72, PPI: - 52, GSM: - 474 gm/m2) was used in this study.

B. Extraction of Dye from Tea Leaves

2 gram of tea leaves were weighed on a balance. These were boiled in 100ml of
respective solution for 1 hour. Each solution was filtered to remove the residual leaves.
The solution obtained was concentrated by boiling until the volume left was one fourth.
This solution was again filtered so as to remove any suspended particle.

C. Dyeing of Cotton
Dyeing was done by using two different ways.(1) Dyeing without mordant. (2) Dyeing
with mordant.
D. Preparation of Stock Solution of Mordant
All the apparatus were washed properly with acetone before used. 5% (owf) mordant
(Copper sulphate) was dissolved in minimum amount of water in a flask. Volume
of water was then made up to 100ml.
E. Mordanting Method
Pre-mordanting was done and was carried out at 40oC for half an hour.

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F. Procedure for Dyeing of Cotton
5gm sample of cotton was taken and weighed. Theextract was used for dyeing by
maintaining the material to liquor ratio of 1:30. The process was moved further by
using following recipe.

H. Colour Measurement
The reflectance values of the dyed samples were measured (D65 illuminant, 10o
observer) using a spectraflash 600 Spectrophotometer with specular component
excluded. The samples were folded so as to present total thickness of 3 layers of fabric
and an average of two readings of each sample was taken. The CIELAB values and also
the K/S values were calculated from the reflectance curves.
I. Washing Fastness
Colour fastness to washing was evaluated using standard ISO 105:CO3 test [4]. ECE
reference detergent and steel balls were employed during washing.
J. Light Fastness
Light fastness was determined in sunlight using blue standards.
K. Optical Density
The optical density of the dye solution was measured before dyeing and after dyeing
i.e., of exhausted solution so as to find the percentage exhaustion of the dyeing.

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2.3 Cotton fabric samples dyed with Tea using mordant and without
mordant

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 Chapter-Three
Extraction Process of Color from
Natural Dyes

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3.1 Extraction process of color component from natural dyes
Extraction of color component from source natural dye material is important step for
dyeing an textile Substrate to maximize the color yield. Moreover, standardization of
extraction process and optimizing the extraction variables both, for a particular source
natural dye material have technical and commercial importance on color yield and cost
of extraction process as well as dyeing cost. The natural dyes can be taken from various
vegetable sources like flowers, stem or wood, roots, bark, etc. as well as animal sources
and mineral sources. The color component present in these sources needs to be extracted
so that it can be applied suitably on textiles. Natural dyes of different origin can be
extraction, alcoholic/organic solvent extraction by using water for the extraction with
or without addition of salt/acid/alkali/alcohol in the extraction bath, supercritical fluid
extraction, enzyme assisted extraction, alcoholic/organic solvent extraction by using
relevant extracting equipment or soxhlet extraction method with use of alcohol and
benzene mixture and finally to filterate, evaporate and to dry using ultra filtration
equipment or centrifuge rotatory vacuum pump/or by extraction under reduced pressure.
Now a day, there has been an industrial method available for extracting color
components/purified color substances from natural dyes for their easy applications. The
collected source material is generally shadow dried in air or sun dried within a
temperature range of 370 C for the moisture content of the source natural dye material is
reduced to 10-80% and cannot be stored without drying. After drying, grinding is
carried out to break down the material into very small units or preferably powder frrm.
Extraction refers to separating the desired color component by physical or chemical
means with the aid of a solvent. Optimum conditions of extraction variables are
determined though liquor and measuring the optical density of corresponding colored
liquor by using spectrophotometer. Also, the gravimetric yield of color can be measured
by filtering the extraction liquor through standard filtration process followed by
evaporation of solvent, washing and finally dryning to get the purified natural color.
Aqueous extraction system
For optimizing the extraction method of color component in aqueous medium, dried and
finely cut source material of natural dye is grinded in powdered form and then the color
component is extracted in water employing a standard process. The aqueous extraction
of dye liquor is carried out under varying condition, such as time of extraction of dye
liquor is carried out under varying condition, such as time of extraction, temperature of
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extraction bath, pH of extraction liquor, concentration of color-source material
(powdered form of source natural dye material) and Material-to-liquor ratio (MLR). In
each case, the optical density or absorbance value at a particular (maximum) absorbance
wavelength or the aqueous extract of the natural dye material can be estimated using
UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometer. Many scientists have reported the optimized
process of extraction of natural dyes from source. Color from leaves of eucalyptus
hybrid, seeds of cassia tora and grewiaoptiva are extracted by using aqueous medium
under varying conditions. Natural dyes are extracted from biomass products namely
cutch, ratanjot, madder and from hinjal, jujube bark in aqueous medium. An attempt has
been
made to extract natural dye from the coffee-seed for its application in dyeing textiles
like cotton and silk. Grey jute fabric is dyed with extracts from deodar leaf jackfruit
wood and eucalyptus leaf by soaking it soft water and boiling it for 4 hours separately.
Extraction of natural dyes is also reported from overnight soaked wattle bark in distilled
water followed by boiled it in pressure vassel and filtered it to obtain a residual dye
powder of about 15 to 20 % (w/w) of the bark. Colors are extracted from marigold and
chrysanthemum flowers by boiling the dry petals with acidified or salt water and
reported it to be the best color extraction process has also been optimized in aqueous
media for various source natural dye materials as follows:
Pomegranate Rind: Pre-cut and dried rind is initially crushed to powder form and
then it is extracted in water using an optimized condition of extractions using
MLR-1:20, temperature-900C and time-45min and then it is filtered to obtain
approximately 40% (w/w) clear extract of colored aqueous solution of
pomegranate rind having pH 11.
Marigold (Genda): Dried petal of marigold is initially crushed to powder form
and then extracted in water using an optimized condition of extraction using
MLR 1:20 AT 800 C for 45 min at pH 11 and then it is filteref to obtain
approximately 40% (w/w) colored aqueous extract of marigold.
Babool (Babla): Sun-dried chips (pre-cut) of babool bark is initially crushed to
powder form and then it is extracted in water using an optimized condition of
extractions,byboiling in water at 1000 C for 120 min. And ujsing MLR 1:20 and
then it is filtered to oftain 40%(w/w) clear extract of colored aqueos solution of
colored aqueous solution of baboolhaving pH 11.

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 Jack fruit wood: Pre-cut and dried chips of jack fruit wood is initially crushed to
powder form and then color is extracted in water using an optimized conditions
of extractions by boiling in water at1000C for 30 minutes and using ML ratio
(MLR) 1:10 and then it is filtered to obtain 40% (w/w) clear extract of colored
aqueous solution of jack fruit wood having pH 11.
Red sandal wood: Dried pre-cut chips are crushed to powder form and color is
extracted under optimized conditions by heating it in water at 800 Cfor 90
minutes at pH 4.5 and MLR 1:20.
3.2 Extraction by non-aqueous and other solvent assisted system
Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, supercritical fluid extraction
(SFE) has gained wide acceptance in recent years as an alternative to conventional
solvent extraction for separation of organic compound in many analytical and industrial
process. In recent past decade, SFE has been applied successfully to the extraction of a
variety of organic compounds from herbs, other plant material as well as natural
colorant from source natural dye material. With increasing public interest in natural
products, SFE may become a standard extraction technique for source natural dye
material and other herbs and food items. Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon
dioxide as a solvent has provided an excellent alternative to the use of chemical
solvents. Over the past three decades, supercritical CO2 has been used for the extraction
and isolation od valuable compounds from natural products.Supercritical fluids are
utilized to extract and purify natural colorant from eucalyptus bark.Extraction of dye
from food is best achieved with ethanol/oxalic acid.The comparative behavior of other
red food byes is also studied and a process is developed for the extraction of natural dye
from the leaves of teak plant is carried out using aqueous methanol. A brick red shade
from dyeing for silk/wool using the isolated dye in presence of different mordants is
achieved. Attempts has been made to standardize colorant derived from arjun bark,
babool bark and pomegranate rind. Extraction of well-grounded henna leaves, directly
in a solvent assisted dyeing process, employing organic solvent:water (1:9)as the
dyeing medium is studied and superior dyeing properties are obtained,when applied to
polyester.Natural dye is obtained from the grape skin waste by using soxhlet extractor,
and latter on distilled it under vacuum to obtain the concentrated dye solution.
Colorant/dye is extracted by using areflux condenser,source dye material is refluxed for
I hour filtered it to yield natural colorant.

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3.3 Process flow chart of water extraction process of Tea
Take 25gm meshed tea with 200 ml water in a pot

0
Then the pot is heated at 90 for 1 hour

Lowering the temperature

Filtered the solution

H
Then collected the dye solution ( P 7 )

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3.4 Dyeing Process
1.Cotton dyeing with Tea(Pre-mordanting with 1% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Than sample fabric of Cotton is immersed into1%alum solution for 24 hours

Take 200ml dye solution into a than sample of fabric immersed into it

Then the pot is heated at 700C in 60 minute

Then lowering the temperature

Washing the sample fabric

Drying the fabric

Dyed Sample

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 Dye Sulution

Fabric
Dyeing

Temp. Raise

15 min 60 min

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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2.Cotton dyeing with tea (Pre-mordanting with 2% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Than sample fabric of cotton is immersed into2%alum solution for 24 hours

Take 200ml dye solution into a than sample of fabric immersed into it

Then the pot is heated at 700C in 60 minute

Dye Sulution
Then lowering the temperature

Fabric
Dyeing
Washing the sample fabric

Temp. Raise

Drying the fabric

15 min 60 min

Dyed Sample
Fig : Dyeing Curve

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

2.Cotton dyeing with tea (Pre-mordanting with 1% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml

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Procedure:

Than sample fabric of cotton is immersed into1%alum solution for 24 hours

Take 200ml dye solution into a pot than sample of fabric immersed into it

Then the pot is heated at 700C in 60 minute

Then lowering the temperature

Washing the sample fabric

Drying the fabric

Dyed Sample

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 Dye Sulution

Fabric
Dyeing

Temp. Raise

15 min 60 min

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise
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32

15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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5.Cotton dyeing with tea (Pre-mordanting with 1% CuSO4)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Than sample fabric of cotton is immersed into2%alum solution for 24 hours

Take 200ml dye solution into a pot than sample of fabric immersed into it

Dye Sulution 0
Then the pot is heated at 70 C in 60 minute

Fabric
Dyeing
Then lowering the temperature

Temp. Raise
Washing the sample fabric

15 min 60 min
Drying the fabric

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Dyed Sample

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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25.Cotton dyeing with tea (Post-mordanting with 1% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Taka 200 ml dye solution into a pot & immersed fabric into it

0
Then the pot is heated at 70 C in 60 minute

Dye Sulution
Then lowering the temperature

Fabric
Dyeing
Then bring out the sample from pot and immersed it into 1% Alum solution
for a whole day
Temp. Raise

Washing the sample fabric

15 min 60 min

Drying the fabric

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Dyed Sample

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

 Page |
74

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26.Cotton dyeing with tea (Post-mordanting with 2% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Take 200 ml dye solution into a pot & immersed fabric into it

0
Then the pot is heated at 70 C in 60 minute

Dye Sulution
Then lowering the temperature

Fabric
Dyeing
Then bring out the sample from pot and immersed it into 2% Alum solution
for a whole day
Temp. Raise

Washing the sample fabric

15 min 60 min

Drying the fabric

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Dyed Sample

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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27. Cotton dyeing with tea (Post-mordanting with 1% Alum)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Take 200 ml dye solution into a pot & immersed fabric into it

0
Then the pot is heated at 70 C in 60 minute

Then lowering the temperature

Then bring out the sample from pot and immersed it into 2% Alum solution
for a whole day

Washing the sample fabric

Drying the fabric

Dyed Sample

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 Dye Sulution

Fabric
Dyeing

Temp. Raise

15 min 60 min

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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27. Cotton dyeing with tea (Post-mordanting with 1% CuSO4)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Take 200 ml dye solution into a pot & immersed fabric into it

0
Then the pot is heated at 75 C in 60 minute

Dye Sulution
Then lowering the temperature

Fabric
Dyeing
Then bring out the sample from pot and immersed it into 1% Alum solution
for a whole day
Temp. Raise

Washing the sample fabric

15 min 60 min

Drying the fabric

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Dyed Sample

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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27. Cotton dyeing with tea (Post-mordanting with 2% CuSO4)
Recipe:
Fabric weight : 7 gm
Dye solution :200 ml
Procedure:

Take 200 ml dye solution into a pot & immersed fabric into it

0
Then the pot is heated at 70 C in 60 minute

Dye Sulution
Then lowering the temperature

Fabric
Dyeing
Then bring out the sample from pot and immersed it into 2% CuSO4 for a
whole day
Temp. Raise

Washing the sample fabric

15 min 60 min

Drying the fabric

Fig : Dyeing Curve

Dyed Sample

Detergent

Fabric
Washing

Temp. Raise

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15 min 30 min

Fig : Washing Curve

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Conclusion

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