Standards:

In Pakistan we follow Americans made

international standard like NESPAK client want its
project on international standard.BS7671 is a
document of 2000 pages which a code of book
for standard.
Consultancy:
Consultancy is all about economics. Clients
approach consultant for best possible results in
least possible price based on standards.
Consultants save lots of money for their clients
System specification:
In residential consumers it is not much important
to study system specification because
specification and configuration by distribution
companies is studied by electrical distribution
appliance companies i.e. cable, breaker, isolator
making companies thats why appliances are on
those standards.
But for industrial consumers its very important to
study system specification and configuration to
select different appliances for electrical
distribution system.
Nationally and internationally there are three
types lines provided by distribution companies.
11 KVA HT(High tension) but internationally
MV(medium voltage)
33 KVA MV(Medium Voltage)
220 KVA EHT(extra high tension)
Maximum Current transfer: In condition when
phases are short with phases or with neutral the
maximum current that could flow
We could get this information by Ohms law V=IR
if voltage flow is greater
Thumb rule:
We need to have concern of which transformer is
attached Maximum short circuit current 10 *
capacity of transformer Largest transformer in
Karachi 40MV.
Usually in distribution system for large rating
transformer requirement distribution companies
use parallel transformer instead of big large
transformer. The reason why distribution
companies uses number of parallel transformer
and dont use large one because it could affect
wiring. In residential areas usually the
transformer used are of rating 500KVS or 250KVA
if used above and any fault comes home wiring
would burst. For industrial application high rating
transformer are not economically faceable
because it wont economical to implement
breaker and other related devices. And if in case
any future need appear for any electrical device
it would be extremely difficult to produce that
unique rating device when it is not available in
bulk. One of the reason for parallel operation of
transformer is used because it give much more
safety and backup
Cable selection:
In cable sizing the thicker the cable, more difficult
is to give bends to cable and therefore it much
difficult to maintain and implement. Usually no
more than 300 mm2 and no less than 25 mm2
cable size is implemented. In distribution
companies as well as industries the short circuit
current with a bearing capacity 25mm2 require I
sec for breaker to trip so if less than 25mm2 so it
would be out of time range for breaker so wiring
will get burned and breaker will not trip. If in case
less than 25mm2 is used it should be ensured
that breaker is efficient enough to carry its
operation. At homes no less than 1.5 mm2 to 329
mm2 cable could be used but in case of UPS less
than 1.5mm2 could be used because it have
1KVA transformer. If in case any point of time
transformer size is increased for the existing
cable network .We could use current limiter. We
could use exhaustion transformer that is of ratio
of one is to one to decrease the effect of short
circuit effect and to stop wiring getting burned
Grounding:
Equipment Grounding:
Connect one wire from body of the conductor and
the other to the ground i.e. earth with resistance
0 is known as equipment grounding
Permissible touch voltage is 0V but it very
expensive to achieve it economically for this we
increase the permissible touch voltage up to 50V
that reduce 95% cost as well as human body is
safe up to this point of voltage above it human
cant survive. Thats why usually 50V is adopted
as permissible touch voltage. But in rear cases
like hospitals and mental asylums permissible
touch voltage is kept as lower as possible
because of abnormal behaviour of its uses.
No of poles:
There are two choices for us to choose either 3
pole or 4 pole. In our residential areas we have
three phase transformer in order to have
continuous and equal supply of electricity load
should be balanced on all poles but in residential
loads three phase loads are not balanced thats
why we need another pole i.e. neutral to ground
the unbalanced circulating current.
Some industrial application balances all loads on
each pole i.e. 0, 230-0, therefore there is no need
of neutral 3 pole could be used in such
applications. If not 0 or unbalances circulating
current stars flowing.
Types of Grounding