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Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
Doppler Principles
receiver receiver
source
v
c
Typical physiological flows (5-10m/sec at most) are much
slower than sound velocity in the body (~1500m/sec).
Doppler shift is doubled due to round-trip propagation.
Only parallel flows can be detected.
Flow Pattern v. Velocity Profile
ultrasound
beam
0 velocity or
Doppler shift
Flow Pattern v. Velocity Profile
ultrasound
beam
0 velocity or
Doppler shift
Flow Pattern v. Velocity Profile
ultrasound
beam
0 velocity or
Doppler shift
Doppler Spectrum Estimation
original Doppler shifted demodulated
fs fs+fd fd
time
time
velocity
CW Doppler
CW
oscillator spectral
filter estimation
CW audio
transmitter demodulator conversion signal
processing
amplifier
T R speaker display
CW Doppler
original spectrum
-f0-fd -f0 f0 f0+fd
demodulated
-2f0-fd fd
demodulated and
filtered
fd
Wall Filter (Clutter Filter)
time
velocity
CW Doppler Processing
Time-interval histogram.
32-128 pt FFT.
Model-based spectrum estimation (AR),
time-frequency analysis.
Magnitudes are converted in dB and
displayed.
Post-processing similar to B-mode.
Audio Doppler
time
PRI
Another View for PW Doppler,
Autocorrelation Processing
www.acuson.com
S(t)
Autocorrelation function:
PW System Diagram
CW
oscillator filter spectral
estimation
sample&hold
PW transmitter audio
(gated CW) demod./LPF conversion signal
processing
gating
time
PRI
Velocity Ambiguity
no aliasing aliasing
PRI
Range Ambiguity
PRI T0
OR ?
Pulse Wave (PW) Doppler
S(t)
PW Color Doppler
Single gate multiple gates.
Local flow information 2D flow
information.
Less time for velocity estimation:
quantitative qualitative.
Color Doppler Parameters
f
Use efficient time domain correlation techniques to
calculate flow characteristics.
Auto-correlation of the Doppler signal.
Commonly derived parameters are mean velocity
(including directionality), variance and energy
(power).
Color Doppler
multiple gates
multiple firings
Color Doppler
multiple gates
multiple firings
Color Doppler
f
Color Doppler