.

: .
.1

.
( )010000.0-010000.0
( )010000.2 .
( Ductile
.)Failure
.
.2 :

:Durability

: Rigidity .
.

.3
( )


.
.
.
.
.4
Building Frame .
Moment Resistance Frame .
Bearing Wall .
.5
:Slab

:Beams
.
:Columns .
:Walls .
:Stairs .
:Footings
.
.6 :
Cement
Aggregate 5 %55
: Water
.
: .

2
 .
.

Admixtures .
Steel Reinforcement
.7
Slump Test .
Compression Test : ( )
: %.5-8
. Split Cylinder
Test Modulus of Rapture

.8
:Tension Test .
Bend Test

.9 :
:





.11 :
Plain Concrete


Reinforced Concrete


.

0
 .
.

Pre-stressed Concrete
.
.
.. Pre-.
Tension Concrete
.2
Post-Tension.
.
Precast Concrete

.
.11 Design Vs. Analysis
:Design
.
: Analysis .
..2 : Limit States ).
Ultimate Limit State
.

: .
Service Limit State
. .

: .
Special Limit State :
.
..0 ( codes) :

.
Shrinkage Cracks
.
.
.14 ( )Codes:
: Structure Codes

.ACI 318-08
ACI = The American Concrete Institute 318 = Reinforced Concrete Design 08 = 2008
:Building Codes
:
Uniform Building Code UBC
Standard Building Code SBC
Basic Building Code BBC
International Building Code: 2000

4
 .
.

.15 :
: Working Stress Method
( ) Allowable
( stresses ( Ultimate Stresses .)fc' & fy
.
.

.
:
..
.
.2
.
.0 .
.4
.
.5
.
:Ultimate Stress Method Strength
.Design Method
.

.
.
:
.. .
.2
.
.16 :
.
.
.
:
:Dead load .1
.
.
:Live Load .2
.
.
... .

.
KLLAT 05

5
 .
.

L KLL :
AT 4
L0 0

2
.
%50 %40 . :
.. 500/ 2
.%20
.2 .%20
.0 500/ 2 .
.4 AT .15 .
ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE 7-05

.95/2 200/2
480/2 480/2
085/2


480/2 480/2
060/2 240/2
600/2 080/2
480/2
200/2 ( )
600/2
480/2 .200/ 2
:Wind Load .2
.
.

.
): Earthquake Load (Seismic Load .3
.
.
ACI
.
.
.17 :Safety Provision
.
.

.
.
.
.

6
 .
.

ACI
:Load Factors .1

.
ASCE 7-05

D F E L
H Lr S R
W T
:
04 5 500/ 2 015
.
6 5 H .
24 5 S .
4 6 .10 .16
.
5 0 .14 ..

.
( 5)
.
Reduction Factor .2
= x
:
.
.
.
.


019
0155 .. 0155
0165 .2 0165 ()Bearing
01000

.01005

( 01002
.)4200

01005 01002
.

5
 .
.

.18 :
:
W Dead = 5 t/m W live = 2 t/m
..
Wu(Eq1) = 1.4 W Dead = 1.4 * 5 = 7 t/m
Wu(Eq2) = 1.2 W Dead + 1.6 W Live = 1.2 *5 + 1.6*2= 9.2 t/m
Wu = max Wu = 9.2 t/m

.
P Dead = 100 t P live =40 t P Wind = 20 ton P Roof live = 30 ton P snow = 20 ton
)Pu = 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R) + ( L or 0.8 W
Pu1 = 1.2 * 100+1.6*30+40 = 208 ton
Pu2 = 1.2 * 100+1.6*20+40 = 192 ton
Pu3 = 1.2 * 100+1.6*30+0.8*20 = 184 ton
Pu4 = 1.2 * 100+1.6*20+0.8*20 = 168 ton
Pu = MAX(Pu) = 208 ton

.
W Dead 1st floor = 10 t/m W Dead 2ed floor = 6 t/m W live =5 t/m
P Wind = 20 ton P Dead = 50 ton W H = 5 t/m
U = 0.9D + 1.6 W + 1.6 H
Pu (Dead) = 0.9*50 = 45 ton Pu(Wind) = 1.6*20 = 32 ton
W u H Right = 1.6*5 t/m = 8 ton/m W u H Right = Zero
W u Dead 1st floor = 10*0.9 = 9 t/m W u Dead 2ed floor = 6*0.9=5.4 t/m

8
 .
.

:Columns .
.0

.1 :
:Sway Sway .Non-Sway
:Slenderness
.
Buckling . P- analysis
:

( )
:
:Tied Column
.
:Spiral Column
.

.
:Composite Column W-Shape .

.1 1775
.2 1765
Pu = Pn

Pu Pn Nominal

: .
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D+1.6L
.
.2 : 28
:
Pn = Pnc + Pns >>> While P = A >>> Pn = fc' (Ag-As) + As fy

9
 .
.

%.5 Pn = 0.85fc' (Ag-As) + As fy

() ))' = As/ Ag >>> Pn = Ag (0.85 fc' + (fy - 0.85 fc
%.5 %20 :
.
.
.
.
Pu = ' Ag (0.85 fc' + (fy - 0.85 fc')) >>> ' = 0.52 for ties & 0.6375 for Spiral
Pu = ' (0.85fc' (Ag-As) + As fy( >>> ' = 0.52 for ties & 0.6375 for Spiral
.3 :
ro
% . .
%8 .


.
:
4 6
.
.
:
.15 4 .
.
:

..
.2 .
.0 .
5
.9 4.
:
:
..
.2 Confine .
.0
.4 : .
: .0 8 .
.. :
48
.6

.2 .
5
.0 .05
.4 .
.5 .5 .

.0
 .
.

:
.. .0
.2 215 515
.
.0 :
41.
f=4.1f2 >>> f1=fc'+4.1f2
& f2 = f1


= 0.85fc'(Ag-Ac) = 4.1f2Ac >>> Ac

C = T >> 2asfsy = DcSf2

S as =Dc
fsy
)f2=(2asfsy)/(DcS) >> 0.85fc'(Ag-Ac) = (4.1Ac*2asfsy)/(DcS
s = Steel Volume/Concrete Volume in the core
>> s =(asDc)/( Dc2S/4) = 4as/DcS
)s =0.41 fc'/fsy * ((Ag/Ac)-1
s =0.45 fc'/fsy * ((Ag/Ac)-1) ACI

( () )

Bundled
( 4)
.

: :
515 . 6 :
.

.15 ( . :
).
.
515 .
515 515
.

..
 .
.

:

. .
515
.

.

.
.4 : :
:

.
.
:
.
.
:

.
.5 :
: .
.fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fy=3600 kg/cm2
..
As = 10*/4*1.42 = 15.39
= As/bh = 15.39/30/50 = 0.0102 >1% < 8% OK
.2 Pu
( Pu = ' (0.85fc' (Ag-As) + As fy
Pu = 0.65*0.8*(0.85*250*(1500-15.39)+3600*15.39)/1000 = 192.8 ton
.0
Sc1 = (30-2*4-2*1-3*1.4)/(3-1) = 7.9 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
Sc2 = (50-2*4-2*1-4*1.4)/(4-1) = 11.4 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
Smax = min(48*1;16*1.4;30) = 22.4 > 20 OK
:
.
fc'= 300 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm PD service = 100 ton PL service = 50 ton
2 2

..
As = 7*/4*1.6 = 14.07 cm
2 2

= As/bh = 14.07 /( /4*402) = 0.0112 >1% < 8% OK

.2 Pu
( Pu = ' (0.85fc' (Ag-As) + As fy
Pu = 0.65*0.8*(0.85*300*(1256.6-14.07)+4200*14.07)/1000 = 195.49 ton
.0
d' = (40-4-1-1.6/2) = 34.2 cm = 360/7 =51.43

.2
 .
.

S' = 34.2 sin(51.43/2)= 14.84

Sc = 14.84-1.6=13.2 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
Smax = min(48*1;16*1.6;40) = 25.6 > 20 OK
.5
Pu = max(1.4*100; 1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton >> Not Safe
: .
.fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fy=3600 kg/cm2
..
As = 7*/4*1.6 = 14.07 cm
2 2

= As/bh = 14.07 /( /4*402) = 0.0112 >1% < 8% OK

.2 Pu
( Pu = ' (0.85fc' (Ag-As) + As fy
Pu = 0.75*0.85*(0.85*300*(1256.6-14.07)+4200*14.07)/1000 = 239.66 ton
.0
d' = (40-4-1-1.6/2) = 34.2 cm = 360/7 =51.43
S' = 34.2 sin(51.43/2)= 14.84 >> Sc = 14.84-1.6=13.2 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
= Smin = >5cm OK
( () ) ( () )

: PD service = 100 ton :

PL service = 50
=1% fc'= 250 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm2
2

..
Pu = max(1.4*100;1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton
.2 Ag
())' Ag = Pu/( ' (0.85fc' + (fy-0.85fc
Ag = 200*103/(0.65*0.8*(0.85*250+0.01*(4200-0.85*250)))=1524
Ag = /4*d2 = 1524 >> d = 44.05 use d = 45 cm
As = 0.01*1524 = 15.24 cm2 >> use 1014
.0
L = d'' sin(90/2) = (45-4)*sin(90/2) = 29 cm
Sc1 = (29 - 2 -4*1.4)/(4-1) = 7.13 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
Sc2 = (29 - 2 -3*1.4)/(3-1) = 11.4 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
Smax = min(48*1;16*1.4;45) = 22.4 >> use 10@20 OK
: PD service = 100 ton :
PL service = 50
=1% fc'= 250 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm2
2

..
Pu = max(1.4*100;1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton
.2 Ag
())' Ag = Pu/( ' (0.85fc' + (fy-0.85fc
Ag = 200*103/(0.75*0.85*(0.85*250+0.01*(4200-0.85*250)))=1244

.0
 .
.

Ag = /4*d2 = 1244 >> d = 39.8 use d = 40 cm

As = 0.01*1244 = 12.44 cm2 >> use 914
.0
d' = (40-4-1-1.4/2) = 34.3 cm = 360/9 =40
S' = 34.3*sin(40/2)= 11.73
Sc = 11.73-1.4=10.33 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
= Smin = Use 6.5cm
( () ) ( () )

: PD service = 100 ton PL :

service = 50
=1% fc'= 250 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm2
2

..
Pu = max(1.4*100;1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton
.2 Ag
())' Ag = Pu/( ' (0.85fc' + (fy-0.85fc
Ag = 200*103/(0.75*0.85*(0.85*250+0.01*(4200-0.85*250)))=1244
Ag = /4*d2 = 1244 >> L = 35.27 use d = 35 cm
.0
))' Pu = ' Ag (0.85 fc' + (fy - 0.85 fc
)) 200*1000=0.75*0.85*35*35*(0.85*250+ (4200-0.85*250
= 0.011
As = 0.011*1244 = 13.68 cm2 >> use 914
.4
d' = (35-4-1-1.4/2) = 29.3 cm = 360/9 =40
S' = 29.3*sin(40/2)= 10.02
Sc = 10.02-1.4=8.62 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.5
= Smin = Use 3.5cm
( () ) ( () )

: PD service = 100 ton PL :

service = 50
h/b=0.5 =1.5% fc'= 250 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm2
2

..
Pu = max(1.4*100;1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton
.2 Ag
())' Ag = Pu/( ' (0.85fc' + (fy-0.85fc
Ag = 200*103/(0.65*0.8*(0.85*250+0.01*(4200-0.85*250)))=1524
Ag = bH = H (0.5H) = 1524 >> 0.5H2 = 1524 >> H = 55.2
Use 55*30 cm
As = 0.01*1524 = 15.24 cm2 >> use 1014
.0
Sc1 = (30-2*4-2*1-3*1.4)/(3-1) = 7.9 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
Sc2 = (55-2*4-2*1-4*1.4)/(4-1) = 13.13 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK

.4
 .
.

.4
Smax = min(48*1;16*1.4;30) = 22.4 >> use 10@20 OK
: PD service = 100 ton PL :
service = 50
=1% b=25 cm fc'= 250 kg/cm fy=4200 kg/cm2
2

..
Pu = max(1.4*100;1.2*100+1.6*50) = 200 ton
.2 Ag
())' Ag = Pu/( ' (0.85fc' + (fy-0.85fc
Ag = 200*103/(0.65*0.8*(0.85*250+0.01*(4200-0.85*250)))=1524
Ag = /4*d2 = 1524 >> 25H = 1524 >> H = 60.96
Use 65*25 cm
As = 0.01*1524 = 15.24 cm2 >> use 1014
.0
Sc1 = (25-2*4-2*1-3*1.4)/(3-1) = 5.4 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
Sc2 = (60-2*4-2*1-4*1.4)/(4-1) = 14.8 <4 < 1.5*1.4 >15 OK
.4
Smax = min(48*1;16*1.4;25) = 22.4 >> use 10@20 OK
:

PD service = 120 ton PL service = 80 =1% fc'= 200 kg/cm2 fy=3600 kg/cm2

.5
 .
.

:Beams .

.1 :
:Shallow Beam .
.
.Deep Beams
.2
.Neutral Axis
.
01000
.
:
Elastic Region >> fs = E s fy
Plastic Region >> fs = fy

.
.3 :

:
.
.
:
.
.
:
.
.
:
.
.

.6
 .
.

01000

.01005

( 01002 .)4200 .

01005
.

Balanced
.
0.1fc'Ag s .01004
.4
.
0185 1x:
1 = 0.85 170<fc'<280
1 = 0.85- 0.05 (fc'-280)/70 fc'>280
.5

01005
d1 :

>> )x=0.005/d1=0.003/(0.003+0.005
x =0.005 = 0.375 d1
C =0.005 = Stress Volume = 0.85 fc' a =0.005 b
T =0.005= As,=0.005 fy
C = T >> 0.85 fc' a=0.005 b = As,=0.005 fy )(Knowing a =0.004 = 1x =0.005

.5
 .
.

As, =0.005 = 0.85 fc' 1x =0.005 b/fy >> As, =0.005 = 0.85 fc' 1(0.375 d1) b/fy
As =0.005= 0.31875 fc' 1 b d1/fy >> = As/bd
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1 d1/dfy

) =0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1 d1/(fyd

17114
0.1fc'Ag
) =0.004 = 0.36428 f c' 1 d1/(fyd
:
=0.005 .170 =
=0.005 =0.004 .
=0.004 .
.6 :
:
.

= min

.

515 5
.9 4.
:
215
. .
215.
:
Deflection
..
.2

.
4200 0.4+(fy/7000):
.7 :
:

) C = T >>> 0.85 fc' a b = As fy >>> a = (As fy)/( 0.85 fc' b


)) Mn = As fy (d-a/2) = As fy (d-(As fy)/( 1.7 fc' b
))Md = As fy (d-(As fy)/( 1.7 fc' b

.8
 .
.

:
Mn Mu

000/ 2 250/ 2 (
0185-018 )
4200/ 2 0600/ 2
2800/ 2 .
: b d
.


.

.

.

)) = As/bd >> Take Mu = Md = bd fy (d-( bd fy)/( 1.7 fc' b
))' Md = bd2 fy (1-( fy)/( 1.7 fc
:

[ ]

.8 T

. T L .
: Effective Flange Width

. .
be T :
.
bWeb .6 .
.
be L :
6 .
.2/. .
.
T T
.
.
T :
at

As =0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1 be d1/fy As =0.004 = 0.36428 f c' 1 be d1 /fy

.9
 .
.

a>t

C1 = 0.85 fc' a =0.005 bw

) C2 = 0.85 fc' t (be - bw
T = C1+C2 >> A =0.005 =0.85fc' { 0.375 1d bweb + (be - bw ) t}/fy
[ ] [ ]
= As =0.005 = As =0.004

:T

= As,min

:

= As,min

2 .
T
a t
T = As fy & C = 0.85 fc' a be
>> C = T >> As fy = 0.85 fc' a be
)a = (As fy)/( 0.85 fc' be
)Mn = As fy(d-a/2
)Mu = As fy(d-a/2

a > t
)T = As fy & C1 = 0.85 fc' a bw & C2 = 0.85 fc' t (be - bw
C1+C2 = T >> = 0.85 fc' a bw + 0.85 fc' t (be - bw) = As fy
)Find a>> a = (As fy-0.85 fc' t (be - bw))/( 0.85 fc' bw
)Mn = C1(d-a/2) + C2(d-t/2
])Mu = [C1(d-a/2) + C2(d-t/2

T
Mn Mu
.
.
:
t .. : .
be .2 : .

20
 .
.

bw .0 : .
d .4 : .
As .5 : .
:
.. .
.2 a t a Mu .
.
a Mu .a > t
.0 .As .
.4 .
.0 :
: :
: .
.fc'= 300 kg/cm2 fy=3600 kg/cm2
.. d ( )
d = h-st-bar/2
d = 50-4-1-1.6/2 = 44.2 cm
.2
As = 5*/4*1.6 = 10.05 cm
2 2

= 10.05 /(30*41.95) = 0.00758

.0
min = max(14/3600,0.8x220 /3600) = 0.00390.5

fc' = 300 >> 1 = 0.85-0.05(300-280)/70=0.8357

=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1d1/d fy
=0.005 = 0.31875x 300x 0.8357*44.2/(44.2* 3600_ = 0.02219
< =0.005 >> = 0.9
.4 Md
)) Md = As fy (d-(As fy)/( 1.7 fc' b
Md = 0.9x10.05x3600x(44.2-10.05x3600/(1.7x300x30))/105=13.62 t.m
.5
) Sc = (h-2C-2 st-n bar)/(n-1) = 3 cm > (2.5 cm& bar
: .
.fc'= 220 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
.. .
5/16 = 0.31 < 50 OK
.2 d ( )
d = h-st-bar-dcl/2
d = 50-4-1-1.6-2.5/2 = 42.15 cm
.0
As = 10*/4*1.6 = 20.1 cm 2 2

= 20.1 /(30*42.15) = 0.0159

.4
min = max(14/4200,0.8x220 /4200) = 0.00330.5

fc' = 220 >> 1 = 0.85

2.
 .
.

=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1d1/d fy

=0.005 = 0.31875x 220x 0.85*44.2/ (42.15 *4200) = 0.0148
=0.004 = 0.31875 fc' 1d1/d fy
=0.004 = 0.36428* 220* 0.85 *44.2/ (42.15 *4200) = 0.017
=0.005 < < =0.004
.5
)T = C >> As fy = 0.85 fc' a b >> a = (As fy)/( 0.85 fc' b
a= 20.1*4200/(0.85*220*30) = 15.05 >> x = a/ 1= 17.7
d1/x = (s+ c)/ c >> 44.2/17.7 = (s+ 0.003)/ 0.003
s = 0.004492
s = 0.002 > = 0.65 & s = 0.005 > = 0.9
= 0.9 - (0.9-.65)*( 0.005- s )/(0.005-0.002) = 0.8576
.6 Md
)Md = As fy (d-a/2
Md =0.8576x 20.1x4200 x(42.15-17.7/2) /105 = 24.1 t.m
.5 ( )
)Sc = (h-2C-2 st-n bar)/(n-1) = 3 cm > (2.5 cm& bar
.8 Mu=WL2/8
Mu=WL2/8 =23.29 >>W=24.1*8/52 =7.712 ton/m
: .
.fc'= 220 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
.. d ( )
d = h-st-bar-dcl/2
d = 50-4-1-1.8-2.5/2 = 41.95 cm
.2
2
As = 10*/4*1.8 = 25.44 cm 2

= 25.44 /(30*41.95) = 0.02

.0
0.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x220 /4200) = 0.0033
fc' = 220 >> 1 = 0.85
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1d1/d fy
=0.005 = 0.31875x 220x 0.85*44.2/ (42.15 *4200) = 0.0148
=0.004 = 0.31875 fc' 1d1/d fy
=0.004 = 0.36428* 220* 0.85 *44.2/ (42.15 *4200) = 0.017
=0.005 < < =0.004
>> > =0.004
: L .
WL=1t/m WD = 3 t/m .fc'= 280 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
.. d ( )
d = h-st-bar/2
d = 60-4-1-1.8/2 = 54.1 cm
.2
2
As = 4*/4*1.8 = 10.18 cm 2

= 10.18 /(25*54.1) = 0.00752

22
 .
.

.0
0.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x280 /4200) = 0.0033
fc' = 280 >> 1 = 0.85
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1/fy = 0.31875x 280x 0.85*54.1 /(54.1*4200)= 0.018
< =0.005 >> = 0.9
.4 Md
))Md = As fy (d-(As fy)/( 1.7 fc' b
Md = 0.9x10.18x4200x(54.1-10.18x4200/(1.7x280x25))/105=19.43 t.m
.5
)Sc = (h-2C-2 st-n bar)/(n-1) = 2.6 cm > (2.5 cm& bar
.6 L Mu=WL2/2
W = max(1.4x3, 1.2x3+1.6x1)=5.2
Mu=WL2/2=19.43 >> L2 = 19.43x2/5.2=7.47 >> L = 2.73 m
L/8 = 2.73/8 =0.34 m < h (60cm) OK
: .
fc'= 220 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
WL=1t/m WD = 3 t/m
.. .
hmin = 5/16 = 0.31 take h = 35 cm
.2 = 05 * 00
OW = 0.35*0.3*2.5=0.2625 t/m
Wu = max(1.4(0.2625+3),1.2*(0.2625+3)+1.6*(1)) = 5.515 t/m
Mu = 5.515*52/8 = 17.24
.0 d ( )
d = h-st-bar-dcl/2
d = 35-4-1-1.6/2 = 29.2 cm
.4
min = max(14/4200,0.8x2200.5/4200) = 0.0033
fc' = 220 >> 1 = 0.85
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1/fy = 0.31875x 220x 0.85*29.2 /(29.2*4200) = 0.0142
use = 0.5 =0.005 = 0.0071 >> use = 0.9
))'Md = bd2 fy (1-( fy)/( 1.7 fc
17.24*105 = 0.9*0.0071*b*29.22*4200*(1-(0.0071*4200/(1.7*220))) = 81.8 cm
Take b = 85 cm
.5
OW = 0.35*0.85*2.5=0.75 t/m
Wu = max(1.4(0.75+3),1.2*(0.75+3)+1.6*(1)) = 6.1 t/m
Mu = 6.1*52/8 = 19.1 t.m
.6
[ ] [ ]

As = 0.00762 * 29.2 * 85 = 18.91 cm2

No = 18.91/(/4*1.62) = 9.5 use 1016

20
 .
.

.5
Sc = (85 2*4 2*1 10*1.6)/(10 1) = 6.5 > 1.6 > 2.5 OK
.8
2
= 10*/4*1.6 /(85*29.2) = 0.0081
min < < =0.005 >> OK
.9
: .
fc'= 280 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
WL=0.8t/m WD = 2 t/m
..
hmin = Max(3/8 = 0.375 >>h = 80 cm is OK
.2
Wu = max(1.4*(2);1.2*(2)+1.6*(0.8)) = 3.68 t/m
Mu = WL2/2 = 3.68 * 32/2= 16.56 t.m
.0 d
d = 80 -4 -1 -2/2 = 74 cm
.4
[ ] [ ]

.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x2200.5/4200) = 0.0033
fc' = 220 >> 1 = 0.85
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1/fy = 0.31875x 220x 0.85*74/)74*4200) = 0.0142
< =0.005 >> use = 0.9
< min >> use min
As = 0.0033 * 30 * 74 = 7.33 cm2
No = 7.33/(/4*22) = 2.33 use 320
.6
Sc = (30 2*4 2*1 3*2)/(3 1) = 7 > 1.6 > 2.5 OK
.5
2
= 3*/4*2 /(74*30) = 0.0042
min < < =0.005 >> OK
.8
: :T
:

:
)be = min (L/4, bw+16t, Center to center spacing

24
 .
.

be = min (1000/4, 30+16*12, 500)= 222 cm

:
)be = min (bw +L/12, bw+6t, bw + 0.5 clear distance to next span
be = min (20+1000/12, 20+6*12, 20+0.5(500-20/2-30/2))= 92 cm
: t = 5 cm
fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
.. d
d = 50-4-0.8-2.2-2.5/2 = 41.75
.2
2
As = /4*2.2 * 8 = 30.40
.0
min = max(14/4200,0.8x2500.5/4200) = 0.0033
As min = 0.0033*25*41.75=3.44 cm2
x =0.005 = 0.375*41.75 = 15.6
1 = 0.85 >> a = 0.85 * 15.6 = 13.26 > t
d1 = 50-4-0.8-2.2/2 = 44.1
[ ]
= As =0.005 =36.7 > As = 0.9
.4 a < t
C = 0.85fc'ba T = Asfy >> a= 30.4*4200/(0.85*100*250) = 6 cm
.5 a>t
C1+C2 = T >> = 0.85 fc' a bw + 0.85 fc' t (be - bw) = As fy
0.85*250a*25+0.85*250*5*(100-25)=4200*30.40
a = 9.033
C1 = 0.85*250*9.033*25 = 47988 kg
C2 = 0.85*250*5*(100-25) = 79688 kg
])Mu = [C1(d-a/2) + C2(d-t/2
Mu= 0.9 * (47988*(41.75-9.033/2)+ 79688*(41.75-5/2))/105
Mu = 44.23 t.m
.6
Sc = (25 2*4 2*0.8 4*2.2)/(4 1) = 2.2 < 2.5 Not OK

: t = 8 cm
fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
.. d
d = 50-4-0.8-2.2-2.5/2 = 41.75
.2
2
As = /4*2.2 * 8 = 30.40
.0
0.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x250 /4200) = 0.0033
As min = 0.0033*25*41.75=3.44 cm2
x =0.005 = 0.375*41.75 = 15.6
1 = 0.85 >> a = 0.85 * 15.6 = 13.26 > t
[ ]
= As =0.005 =36.75 > As = 0.9

25
 .
.

.4 a < t
C = 0.85fc'ba T = Asfy >> a= 30.4*4200/(0.85*100*250) = 6 cm >> Ok
.5 <<
Mu = As fy(d-a/2) = 0.9 *30.40*4200*( 41.75-6/2)/105 =44.52 t.m
.6
Sc = (25 2*4 2*0.8 4*2.2)/(4 1) = 2.2 < 2.5 Not OK
: .6 .0 :
MD = 9 t.m ML = 14 t.m fc'= 280 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2
..
d = 70-4-1-1.6/2 = 64.2
.2
Mu = max(1.4*9;1.2*9+1.6*14) = 33.2 t.m
.0 a < t = 0.9
Mu = C (d-a/2) = 0.9 (0.85*280*a*120)(64.2-a/2)=33.2*105
a = 2.04 It's OK OR a = 126.3 cm rejected
a < 10
.4 As
T = C = 0.9 (0.85*280*2.04*120) = 52436.16 Kg
As = T/fy = 52436.16/4200 = 12.48 cm2
No = 12.48 / (/4*1.62) = 6.2 use 7 16
.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x280 /4200) = 0.0033
0.5

As min = 0.0033*35*64.2=7.4 cm2

x =0.005 = 0.375*64.2= 24.1
1 = 0.85 >> a = 0.85 * 24.1 = 20.48 > t
[ ]
= As =0.005 =88.75 > As = 0.9 OK
.6
Sc = (35-8-2-1.6*7)/(7-1) = 2.3
.5
d = 70-4-1-1.6-2.5/2 = 62.15
.8 a < t = 0.9
Mu = C (d-a/2) = 0.9 (0.85*280*a*120)(62.15-a/2)=33.2*105
a = 2.115 It's OK OR a = 122.18 cm rejected
a < 10
.9 As
T = C = 0.9 (0.85*280*2.115*120) = 54363.96 Kg
As = T/fy = 54363.96/4200 = 12.95 cm2
No = 12.95 / (/4*1.62) = 6.44 use 7 16
..0 :
4 0
d
d = 70-4-1-1.6/2-(1.6+2.5)*(3/(3+4)) = 62.44
d .
a < t

26
 .
.

C = 0.85fc'ba T = Asfy >> a= 14.1*4200/(0.85*120*280) = 2.0735 cm >> Ok

<<
Mu = As fy(d-a/2) = 0.9 *14.1*4200*( 64.2-2.0735 /2)/105 =33.66 t.m
...
0.5
min = max(14/4200,0.8x280 /4200) = 0.0033
As min = 0.0033*35*62.15=7.18 cm2
x =0.005 = 0.375*64.2= 24.1
1 = 0.85 >> a = 0.85 * 24.1 = 20.48 > t
[ ]
= As =0.005 =88.75 > As = 0.9 OK
..2
Sc = (35-8-2-1.6*4)/(4-1) = 6.2 cm >1.6 > 2.5 OK

25
 .
.

.
.
.
.1 .
f = Mxy/Ix
f Mx y X
Ix x
) = (VxQx)/(Ixb
Vx b
Ix x
Qx
.
:
:.
ft = f , = 0

:2
45 .
principal stresses
ft > > fc

:0 45

ft = fc 45

: 4 45
.
ft < < fc

.
.2 :
:Flexural Shear Cracks

.
:Web Shear Cracks

28
 .
.

.3 :


2 0 . .
ACI
)v = V/(bwd
v V bw d
.4
: ( )
.
ACI :
.
.
.
Vn Vu Vc + Vs =Vn
0155 =
.5
:




Vc = 0.53 bwd


( = Vc )bwd >> Note That 1 and Vc 0.93 bwd

:
( Vc = 0.53 ) bwd
:

( = Vc )bwd & Vc 0.93 (bwd )

( Mm = Mu Nu ) >> Mm 0
Mm .
:
( Vc = 0.53 ) bwd 0
d = 0.8 Diameter
:

Vc = 0.53 bwd
.6
.
fy=4200 kg/cm2

29
 .
.

.




.
45

Vs = Tsin
n
T = n Av fyt
Av S
n = S1/S
n = d(cot()+cot(45))/S = d(cot()+1)/S
= Vs =
= Vs 90 ( )

Vs = Av fy sin 0.8 bwd
.7
.

) (Vu0.5Vc:

( T L ) H 60 215
.
H 25 215 .

AV,min = 0.2 =not less than AV,min
Avmin
= Smax
= Not more than Smax
AV,min S

.8


:
: bwd Vs Smax d/2 60
.
: bwd Vs Smax 4d/ 00
.
:
: bwd Vs 45 ()d/2
.

00
 .
.

: bwd Vs 45 ()d/2
.
.0
ACI

( ).
Vs 2.2 bwd
.11

( d )
.
d
:
.
d .
.
( ) .
.
.11
SFD .
.Vc
:

Vu<0.5 Vc


= Smax
VuVc 0.5 Vc <Vu< Vc

= Smax

=S

= Smax
Vs bwd
= Smax
d/2
Vu>Vc 60 cm

= Vs =S

= Smax
bwd <Vs bwd

= Smax
d/4
30 cm
>Vs bwd

0.
 .
.

.12
: .
V dead = 2 ton V live = 0.5 ton fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

Vu = max(1.4*2; 1.2*2+1.6*0.5) = 3.2 ton

d = 50-4-1-1.6/2 = 44.2 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *30*44.2/1000=8.33 ton
Vu < Vc >> there is no Vs >> ductile failure

Vc/2 = 4.16 ton >> Vc/2<Vu< Vc
: .
V dead = 5 ton V live = 1 ton fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

Vu = max(1.4*5; 1.2*5+1.6*1) = 7.6 ton

d = 80-4-0.8-2/2 = 74.2 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *30*74/1000=13.99 ton
Vu < Vc >> there is no Vs >> ductile failure

Vc/2 = 6.99 ton >> Vc/2<Vu< Vc
Use minimum reinforcement
S 8 Av = 2*/4*0.82 =1 cm2
= Smax =44.2 cm

= Smax = =40 cm Use 10@40 cm

: .
V dead = 20 ton V live = 10 ton fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

Vu = max(1.4*20, 1.2*20+1.6*10) = 40 ton

d = 70-4-1-1.6-2.5/2 = 62.15 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *35*62.15/1000=13.67 ton
Vu > Vc >> find Vs
Vs = (40-13.67)/0.75 = 35.1 ton

bwd = 2.2 *35*62.15/1000 = 75.66 > 34.5
= bwd *35*62.15/1000=37.83 >Vs
S .0 Av = 2*/4*1 =1.57
2

02
 .
.

d/2=62.15/2=31.075 cm
=S = =11.87 cm

= Smax =59 cm 60 cm

= Smax = =53.8 cm Use 10@10 cm

: .
V dead = 30 ton V live = 20 ton fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

Vu = max(1.4*30; 1.2*30+1.6*20) = 68 ton

d = 35-4-1-1.6/2 = 29.2 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *85*29.2/1000=15.6 ton
Vu > Vc >> find Vs
Vs = (68-15.6)/0.75 = 69.87 ton

bwd = 2.2 *85*29.2/1000 = 86.33 > 69.87
= bwd *85*29.2/1000=43.12 <Vs
bwd <Vs bwd
S .0 Av = 4*/4*1 =3.14
2

d/4=29.2/2=7.3 cm
=S = =5.51 cm

= Smax =49 cm 30 cm

= Smax = =44.3 cm Use 210@5 cm

= Vs = < =77 ton >> bwd
: .
V dead = 40 ton V live = 20 ton fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

Vu = max(1.4*40; 1.2*40+1.6*20) = 80 ton

d = 50-4-1-1.6-2.5/2 = 42.15 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *30*42.15/1000=7.94 ton
Vu > Vc >> find Vs
Vs = (80-7.94)/0.75 = 96.08 ton

bwd = 2.2 *30*42.15/1000 = 43.9 < 85.87

: .
fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

00
 .
.

d = 35-4-1-1.6/2 = 29.2 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *85*29.2/1000=15.6 ton

2
Av = 4*/4*1 = 3.14
= Vs = =19.25 ton
= bwd *85*29.2/1000=43.12 >Vs
Vs bwd >> find S max
d/2=29.2/2=14.6 cm
= Smax =49 cm

= Smax = =44.3 cm 60 cm

Vu = Vc + Vs = 15.6 +0.75*19.25 = 30.03 ton

d/2
: .
fc'= 250 kg/cm2 fyt=4200 kg/cm2

d = 35-4-1-1.6/2 = 29.2 cm

Vc = 0.53 bwd = 0.75*0.53 *85*29.2/1000=15.6 ton

2
Av = 4*/4*1 = 3.14
= Vs = =38.5 ton
= bwd *85*29.2/1000=43.12 >Vs
Vs bwd >> find S max
d/2=29.2/2=14.6 cm
= Smax =49 cm

= Smax = =44.3 cm 60 cm

Vu = Vc + Vs = 15.6 +0.75*38.5 = 44.475 ton
: ( .
5 00*00)
fc'= 250 kg/cm fyt=4200 kg/cm WD = 3.75 t/m WL = 1 t/m
2 2

SFD
Wu = max(1.4(0.75+3),1.2*(0.75+3)+1.6*(1)) = 6.1 t/m
d = 40-4-1-1.6/2 = 34.2 cm
Vu = 15.25*(2.5-.15-.342)/2.5 = 12.25 ton

Vc = 0.53 = bwd
Vc = 0.75*0.53 *25*34.2/1000=5.37 ton
A

04
 .
.

Vu< Vc/2 = 5.37/2=2.685

2.5/15.25 = x/2.685
x= 0.44 m

B
Vc/2<Vu< Vc
2.5/15.25 = y/5.37
y= 0.88 m

.0
Av = 2*/4*12 = 1.57
= Smax =83.4 cm

= Smax = =75.36 cm Use 10@30 cm

C
Vu > Vc >> find Vs
Vs = (12.25-5.37)/0.75 =9.18 ton

bwd = 2.2 *25*34.2/1000 = 29.74
bwd > 9.18
= bwd *25*34.2/1000=14.85 >Vs
bwd >Vs >> Find S
S .0 Av = 2*/4*12 =1.57
d/2=34.2/2=17.1 cm
=S = =24.56 cm

= Smax =83.4 cm 60 cm

= Smax = =75.36 cm Use 10@15 cm

D
C

05
 .
.

.1
: .
()Excessive Settlement
( )Differential Settlement
.
:



.
:
: .
: .
.
.2 :
:



.

: Deep Footing
( )Piles
. .
( )caissons
.
Shallow Footing
:
.
o :


.
o .
.
o ( )
.
( )Combine Footing ( :)Strip Footing

.
( :)Mat or Raft footing
. Slab mat Slab beam Mat
.Flat Plate thickened under foundation.
.

06
 .
.

( )Strap Footing ( )

.
: .3
:
.

.

.
( )Unconsolidated .
015 .
.
2-.15.
: .4

.

.

.

.
:
.
: .5
Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil :

Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil :

.
.
= ( -215
.)0
:

.
.i
.ii
.iii .

.

.
qnet = qgroos qfooting - qsoil
: .6

05
 .
.

q = P/A
.7 :
.5 515
25 . 5.
:

)i. qall(net) = qall(gross) - c hc - soil (Df hc
) qall(net
qall(gross) c 215/0
hc soil Df

) A req = PService/qall(net

.
( )
) qu (net) = Pu factored/(LB
( ) :Punching Shear

. 2 :.

ACI d/2 .
[ ]

[ ]
bo
s ( 40 00 20 )
d
d avg = hc -7.5 -db
( ) ()Beam Shear

.
d .
.
i.
ii.
iii.

08
 .
.

.






s As
(1- s) As
s
s = 2/(1+) >> Where = L/B 1

.8 :
1.25 25 * 41
81 61.
fc'= 280 kg/cm2 fy=4200 kg/cm2 .15 qall gross = 2 kg/cm2
soil = 1.7 t/m3
q all gross = 2 kg/cm2 = 20 ton/m2
50
) q all net = q all gross hc s - soil (Df-hc
q all net = 20 0.5*2.5 1.7*(1.5-0.5) = 17.05 ton/m2

Areq = P service / q all net = (80+60) / 17.05 = 8.21 m2
h b = 8.21 = 1.25b (b) = 1.25b2 >> b = 2.56 m >> use B = 2.6 m
h = 8.21/2.6 =3.16 take h = 3.20 m
Footing >> 2.6*3.2 m
q u net
Pu = max (1.4*80;1.2*80+1.6*60) = 192 ton
q u net = 192/(3.2*2.6)=23.077 ton/m2
()
d = 50-7.5-1.4 = 41.1 cm
) bo = 2(C1+C2+2d
bo = 2(25+40+2*41.1)=294.4 cm
)) Vu = qu net (BH-(C1+d)(C2+d
)) Vu = 23.077*(3.2*2.6 (0.25+0.411)*(0.4+0.411
Vu = 179.63 ton
Vc
0
[ ]
= 40/25 = 1.6

09
 .
.

Vc = 0.75*0.53*280^0.5*(1+2/1.6)*294.4*41.1/1000 = 181.08

Vc = 0.75*280^0.5*294.4*41.1/1000 = 151.85
[ ]
s= 40
Vc = 0.75*0.27*280^0.5*(40*41.1/294.4+2)294.4*41.1/1000 = 310.9
Vc = 151.85 < Vu >> Increase the depth
Use h = 55 cm
d = 55-7.5-1.4 = 46.1 cm
bo = 2*(25+40+2*46.1)=314.4 cm
Vu = 23.077*(3.2*2.6 (0.25+0.461)*(0.4+0.461)) = 177.88 ton

Vc = 0.75*280^0.5*314.4*46.1/1000 = 181.89 > Vu >> Safe
h = 55 cm is adequate to resist Punching Shear

) ( ) (
In Short Direction
Vu = ( )=23.077*2.6*((3.2-0.45)/2-0.461) = 54.84 ton
=0.75*0.53*280^0.5*260*46.1/1000 = 79.7 > Vu OK
In long Direction
Vu = ( )=23.077*3.2*((2.6-0.25)/2-0.461) = 52.73 ton
=0.75*0.53*280^0.5*320*46.1/1000 = 98.1 > Vu OK

In Long Direction
Mu = qu net ( ) = 23.077*2.6/2*((3.2-0.45)/2)^2 = 56.72 ton.m
Assume Tension Control = 0.9
= 0.85*280/4200*(1-(1-2.353*10^5*56.72/0.9/260/46.1^2/280)^0.5) = 0.00279
As = 0.00279*260*46.1 = 33.44 cm2
As min = 0.0018*55*260= 25.74 < As OK
Use 2214
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1/fy = 0.31875*0.85*280/4200 = 0.0181 > = 0.9
Sc = (260 - 7.5*2-22*1.4)/(22-1) = 10.2 >2.5 >1.4 OK
In Short Direction
Mu = qu net ( ) = 23.077*3.2/2*((2.6-0.25)/2)^2 = 51 ton.m
Assume Tension Control = 0.9
= 0.85*280/4200*(1-(1-2.353*10^5*51/0.9/320/46.1^2/280)^0.5) = 0.00202
As = 0.00202*320*46.1 = 29.8 cm2
As min = 0.0018*55*320= 31.68 > As Use As min
Central Band Reinforcement :
s = 2/(1+320/260)=0.9
As mid = 0.9*31.68 = 28.512 use 1914

40
 .
.

Other = (1- s)As = (1-0.9)*31.68 =3.1 cm2

Use 214
=0.005 = 0.31875 fc' 1/fy = 0.31875*0.85*280/4200 = 0.0181 > = 0.9
Sc = (320 - 7.5*2-21*1.4)/(21-1) = 13.78 >2.5 >1.4 OK

4.
 .
.

42