Ph.

D. Research Proposal

School of Humanities

French Studies

Quitterie M. Graciet

20105398

A. PROJECT TITLE & SUMMARY.


Multiplicity and Well-Being of Franco-Australian Bicultural Individuals :
A Qualitative Study of Transnational and Translingual Oral Narratives
/=/
Multiplicit et bien-tre dindividus biculturels Franco-Australiens :
une tude qualitative de rcits oraux transnationaux et translingues

This project intends to explore the ways in which bicultural French individuals living in Australia
experience multiplicity and well-being. The projects methodology will consist of eliciting oral narratives,
first in French and subsequently in English. The narratives will be examined for the choices behind, and
effects of, living with French and Australian English cultures and languages, the conceptualisation of
multiple homes, and the multiplicity of identities. This project will analyse findings in the light of
sociological theories of multiplicity of subjectivities and theories of intersubjectivity along with an
interlingual sociolinguistic analysis of living within two cultures and languages. The present project aims
to explore the perceived benefits and challenges to the well-being of Franco-Australian bicultural
individuals.

Countering monolingual and monocultural perspectives on bilingualism and biculturalism research, there
is an ever increasing number of publications by bilingual and/or bicultural researchers. So far scholarship
has primarily come out of North America and Europe, and has only recently started to emerge in Australia,
albeit mostly with a focus on bilingualism rather than biculturalism. The point of studying French settling
in Australia is due to a recent demographic change in migration. Following tensed Franco-Australian
relationships (Piquet 2008), the Australian Bureau of Statics data shows that the number of French-born
Australian residents increased by 50% from 2006 and 2010. Despite the increased popularity of settling
in Australia, making French individuals in Australia the subject of enquiry remains the focus of few
researchers, especially with regards to biculturalism. Building on the literature, the overarching aims of
the present project involve furthering scholarship about French people who adopt Australia as their
home, and the affective and socio-psychological implications in doing so.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007. Migration, Government of Australia, p. 50

<http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/
$File/34120_2005-06.pdf> [14 May 2013]
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011. Migration, Australia 2009-10, Government of Australia
<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/52F24D6A97BC0A67CA2578B0001197B8?opend
ocument> [14 May 2013]
Piquet, M. 2008. Australia, France and the South Pacific: A Cold War in Warm Waters (mid 1960s mid
1990s) in France and Australia Face to Face /=/ Australie/France: regards croiss, eds. S. Ryan-Fazilleau
and S. Links. Paris: Les Indes Savantes, pp 25-41

Research Proposal Ph. D. Humanities Miss Quitterie M. Graciet 20105398 June 2013 2
B. RESEARCH PROJECT

The topic and design of this project originated from reading Emotions and Multilingualism (2005) by
Aneta Pavlenko, a leading researcher in the area of languages and emotions (see also Knickerboker &
Altarriba 2011). Pavlenko (2005) implies that biculturalism is an angle touched upon through
bilingualism (see Grosjean 2008, 2010) but not addressed in its own right and writes of outing the
ethnocentric bias of monolingual analysis in multilingual research, indicating that there is also a need for
multicultural analysis to include multicultural research. Multicultural research has sprouted from a
number of directions by renowned researchers including Clifford Geertz in sociocultural anthropology,
Pierre Bourdieu in sociology of culture, Steven Pinker in linguistics, James W Neuliep in intercultural
communication studies, and John W. Berry in social and cognitive psychology. The interdisciplinary aspect
of the topic will make for a wide-ranging literature review straddling a number of disciplines. Moreover,
the nature of the topic means that the terminology and definitions need to be carefully identified and
clarified. For instance, there are a number of definitions for bilingualism, biculturalism, emotions and
home, as well as interchangeable concepts like acculturation and hybridisation, to name but a few.
Words like immigrant and culture are culture-bound terms and this has consequences for the
researcher and the presentation of the findings in French and/or in English. The first aim of the project is
therefore to bring some clarification in a field that is in need of more rigour.

The scope of the project is to explore multiplicity and well-being for Franco-Australian bicultural
individuals. In a similar academic project, Marie-Claire Patron, a Franco-Mauritian professor currently at
Bond University in Australia, published a book on the experiences of French individuals in Australia.
Culture and Identity in Study Abroad Contexts : After Australia, French without France (2007) is Patrons
published thesis that examines issues of culture shock, reverse culture shock and the negotiation and re-
adjustment of the sojourners identity. Even though the present project seeks to focus on individuals that
have already been through culture shock and attained the level of familiarity that is implied in defining
oneself as a bicultural individual, this text presents a first stage in the development of bicultural
identities of the French born experience in Australia. In a comparable qualitative analysis titled
Translating Ones Self (2002), Mary Besemeres explores the notion of different emotions in different
languages (2004) through autobiographical literature. Written narratives as a means of research present
the benefit of making the research feasible within the confines of a thesis. Narratives of French people
settling in Australia are but a few, for instance Une Grenouille dans le Billabong (2004), by Marie-Paul
Leroux. The present project will thus require to find, select, and interview participants, then transcribe the
interviews, have these transcriptions reviewed by a third party and the participants themselves, to create
the material on which to base a large part of the corpus to be analysed. None the less, there are a number
of collections of short autobiographic narratives on the perceptions of well-being, home and identity from
multilingual and often multicultural individuals, which will complement primary research as reference
material (see Besemeres and Wierzbicka 2007; De Courtivron 2003; Kellman 2003; Lesser 2004 and
Ogulnik 2000).

Research Proposal Ph. D. Humanities Miss Quitterie M. Graciet 20105398 June 2013 3
Multilingual Living (2005) by Charlotte Burck is a qualitative exploration of oral narrative for family
relationships in living with multiple languages and subjectivities. There remain some controversies
surrounding oral narrative elicitation and analysis. Whereas Burck (2005) situates her methodology
within a Grounded Theory Approach (Strauss and Corbin 1990), it is an exploratory approach that
involves data collection first, and theorising second. Though it allows for unexpected categorising, one
limitation is a possible lack of depth and efficiency. Pavlenko (2007) argues that if the researcher does not
know what they are looking for, the findings result in a primarily thematic analysis of the content, which
could fail to capture the interconnectedness of the themes. Instead, with an ethnomethodological focus
that originated with Harold Garfinkel (2002) which proposes to investigate how people construct the
systems in which they are actors, the interviews need to be semi-structured around a protocol designed to
answer specific questions about the subjective worlds of bicultural individuals. This will allow subsequent
context and form analysis (cf. Norton 2000; Pavlenko and Lantolf 2000) through cognitive (Bruner 1987;
Linde 1993), textual (Bakhtin 1981) and discursive (Edwards 1996) approaches, as well as conversation
and interaction analysis (Edwards 1996).

To do the primary research, a qualitative rather than a quantitative methodology will be preferable, with a
target of 30 participants, male and female, above the age of 18. The 24 research participants that Burck
(2005) recruited were of mixed origins, but all immigrated to Great Britain. Burck herself is bilingual and
bicultural but in different languages than that of the participants. Instead, the purpose of the present
project is to interview bilingual biculturals on their biculturalism. It differs also in that the research
participants to be selected will share the same languages, French and English, and cultures, French and
Australian, as the interviewer / researcher in this project. This will allow the participants to feel free to
code-switch, allowing them the liberty to access both their linguistic and emotional repertoires (Pavlenko
2005, 2012; Dewaele & Nakano 2012). Burck (2005) discusses her own positioning as a researcher, the
co-constructed aspects of oral interviews and her interviewing techniques with multilingual participants,
as she is in fact a systemic psychotherapist and so describes how she utilized her skills as a psychologist in
the interview process. Pavlenko (2005) encourages researchers to divulge their own histories when
writing research, emphasising the importance of fully disclosing the researchers motivations for initiating
research and their impact on the analysis of the findings. The second aim of this project consists therefore
in discussing the social constructionist paradigm (Lincoln and Guba 1994; Weber, E . U. & Morris, M. W.
2010) in semi-structured elicited oral interviews, the methodology for interviewing and analysing the
data, as well as discussing the researchers own positioning and background within the research
framework.

As Xavier Pons (2002), a professor specialized in Australian multiculturalism indicates, the process of
becoming bicultural involves a departure, a reinvention of oneself, and a pseudo arrival. In this context,
the third aim of the present project is to explore whether becoming bicultural is a choice or an unplanned
consequence of a dependent settlement. In the fields of social and cognitive psychology, John W. Berry
(1989) developed scales of acculturative attitudes and outcomes. These outcomes refer to the preference
by individuals to either assimilate in the adopted society, to separate from the adopted society, to

Research Proposal Ph. D. Humanities Miss Quitterie M. Graciet 20105398 June 2013 4
marginalize from both the adopted and native societies, or on the contrary to integrate with both and
effectively become bicultural. Veronica Benet-Martinez, also a researcher in psychology in the area of
biculturalism, worked a number of years, with colleagues, on developing a further typology of bicultural
individuals. Her work culminated in designing scales (BIIS-1, cf. Benet-Martinez & Haristatos 2005) to
further break down Berrys bicultural outcome into individuals who feel their bicultural identity (BII) as
being compatible and complementary (high BII), versus oppositional and contradictory (low BII). These
scales have been tested for psychological factors like neuroticism (Chen, Benet-Martinez & Bond 2008)
and show that the typologies are dynamic (Mok & Morris 2012), that they can be influenced by positive
versus negative environments (Cheng, Lee, Benet-Martinez 2006) and private versus social spaces (Berry
& Sabatier 2011). Such typologies influence self-perceived well-being (Berry & Sabatier 2011) and also
influence the ability to switch from one cultural lens to the other to communicate effectively (Benet-
Martinez, Leu, Lee & Morris 2002). Understanding the social and cognitive background of biculturalism is
essential in the selection of participants, and in trying to answer questions regarding who qualifies as a
bicultural, why people live their biculturalism differently and how it affects their lives. The scales by
Benet-Martinez and Haristatos (2005) demonstrate a multiplicity of subjectivities and highlight that
within Berrys typology of integrated biculturals, there are different levels of well-being. To take the
research further, the fourth aim of this project is to determine whether the French individuals who chose
to live in Australia demonstrate high BII, and whether those that followed demonstrate low BII. This high
BII versus low BII factor is important to the rest of the project in analyzing the narratives, as well as how
the subjects became bicultural individuals to eventually feel more or less at ease with their situation and
their multiplicity.

The analysis of well-being, and choice versus consequence of becoming bicultural leads the present
project to question the conceptualization of home, within the Franco-Australian bicultural framework of
fluidity of the boundaries of here and there, home and away, that is inherent of globalization in the 21st
century. The excerpts in Patron (2007) attest to the difficulty of defining where home is for French
sojourners for whom Australia has been life changing and experience a reverse-culture shock in
repatriation to France. More than where, in Home, Mobility and the Encounter with Otherness (2011),
Vince Marotta questions what home is by exploring the anti-essentialist view that in a context of
modernity and mobility, migrants encounter the de-territorialisation of culture (Papastergiadis 2000) and
of the constitution of home. Marotta (2011) adopts a nuanced conception of home illustrating it as a
place that can be multiple, transposed and rebuilt in different contexts, and where territorialisation
remains a significant aspect of homemaking. He argues that for the migrant, the subjective other can be
inter-cultural as well as intra-cultural, meaning that the transnational notion of home relies to some
extent on both what is different and the same. The aim of the present project in this context is to further
explore the physical and affective home situation of Franco-Australian biculturals, and to explore the
narratives in the light of the mobility paradigm (Urry 2012) and theories of intersubjectivity. The
multiplicity of living transnationally leads to the fifth aim of this project, which is to question what the
conceptualizations of the other, the same, and home are for Franco-Australian bicultural individuals,
and to test whether there is a correlation between low BII and self-reports of existential homelessness

Research Proposal Ph. D. Humanities Miss Quitterie M. Graciet 20105398 June 2013 5
(Berger et al. 1973). As such, some of the questions to ask will relate to the frequency of returns to France,
whether the participants keep a home in each country, participate in the French community in Australia,
as well as how they relate to co-nationals and co-biculturals, and how they conceptualise their homes.

Similarly to the conceptualisation of home, the conceptualisation of identities in biculturalism are
subjected to intra-cultural processes as well as inter-cultural ones through a process of self-identification
(Ward et al. 2001). Franco-Australian individuals may, for example, reject or even romanticise their native
French co-nationals based on intersubjective reflections of who they are in context of what they perceive
as being French, and do the same within the Australian context. Living with multiple cultures and
languages leads to living between distinctive and multiple emotional worlds and identities that suit
different contexts (Liddicoat 2002), sometimes resulting in a feeling of homelessness. Anthony Liddicoat
is a leading researcher in the areas of interculturalism and third spaces. The third space refers to an
additional dynamic and negotiable emotional space from which individuals can interact with either
culture without compromising their values and self-perceived identity (Liddicoat et al. 1999). This space
is referred to by Bhabha (1990, 1994, 1996) as a hybrid space, concept that is at the basis of identity
theories such as that by Tajfel (1981) and where identification is an intersubjective process with and
through otherness. It supposedly provides a vantage point from which it can become possible to apply
objectivity and a distanced appraisal on ones native and adopted cultures or habitus. Habitus is a notion
coined by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1980, 1994) which acts as the cultural lens of a person,
but is more than a way of reading and valuing the world, for it embodies a way of being that is part of
ones identity. Reasonably, having embodied the habitus of distinct cultures, the multiplicity of bicultural
identities raises issues of socio-psychological well-being. In that, a founding question that remains
unanswered is whether in biculturalism, the two sets of habitus blend (1 x 1 = 1) and are therefore unable
to deactivate one in a specific context, whether they are additive (1 + 1 = 2) (Bennegadi 1986), or a
combination of both. This problematic is synonymous with that of defining the conceptualisations of
biculturalism and hybridisation, when both have been used interchangeably in the literature. The sixth
aim of the present project is therefore to explore whether the participants report a third space of being
and belonging, how they negotiate their multiple identities, and how they range their well-being in living
with this multiplicity in light of social identity theories.

Ultimately, the aim of conducting research interviews with shared bilingualism between the researcher
and the research participant is to bring a richer dimension to the analysis (cf. Koven 1998, 2001, 2002,
2004; Rintell 1990). It allows a sociolinguistic perspective into subjectivities and language by analyzing
the additions and omissions, the code-switching, and the changes in voice and emotions (Davies & Harr
1990; Pavlenko 2006). Narratives should be treated as discursive constructions, and as such be subject to
analysis that considers their linguistic, rhetorical, and interactional properties, as well as the cultural,
historic, political, and social contexts in which they were produced and that shape both the tellings and
the omissions (Pavlenko 2007, 181). In fact, Pavlenko (2007) recommends this type of interviewing in a
bid to triangulate the interview data with linguistic and observational data, along with sociohistoric and
sociopolitical information. Ultimately, as Pavlenko (2007) points out, having the participants review the

Research Proposal Ph. D. Humanities Miss Quitterie M. Graciet 20105398 June 2013 6
transcripts also allows them to comment on their own answers, providing reflective insights and further
triangulation of the data. This enables an analysis of the discourses of language and identity, the belief
systems in the narration of stories, taking into account the interpretive nature of the storytelling
(Vitanova 2004; Pavlenko 2007), as well as contextualising the social voices (Bakhtin 1981) and
highlighting the multiplicity of subjectivities of living with two cultures and languages.

An extensive bibliographical research and theses databases searches have confirmed that the proposed
project does not reproduce previous research or research being currently undertaken. These include the
UWA Research Repository, the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (PQDT), Trove, Electronic Theses
Online Service (EThOS), and SUDOC for French Theses.

References

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