DESIGN BRIEF

SECURITY PAPERS LIMITED

Construction of Residential Apartments at Jinnah Avenue, Karachi

STRUCTURAL DESIGN BRIEF

1.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

1.1 CODES OF PRACTICE

The design and specifications of work shall be in accordance with all applicable
laws and regulations of the local Regulatory Authority, and the applicable Codes
and Standards. A summary of the Codes and Industry Standards to be used in the
design and construction is as under:

Specifications for materials will generally follow the standard

specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or
the relevant British Standards.
Field and laboratory testing procedures for materials will follow standard
ASTM/BS specifications.
Design and placement of structural concrete will follow the recommended
practices of the 2005 or later version of the Code by American Concrete
Institute (ACI); the International Conference of Building Officials Uniform
Building Code 1997 Edition (UBC 1997).
Other recognized standards will be used where required to serve as
guidelines for the design, fabrication, and construction.

1.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

a) Cylinder strength of concrete, fc'

Columns, Structural Walls 4.0 ksi
Beams, Slabs & other RC members 4.0 ksi

b) Density of reinforced concrete, wc 150 pcf

c) Steel Reinforcement, fy 60 ksi

1.3 WIND LOADS

1.3.1 The design wind speed will be 90 miles per hour for a 50-year recurrence interval.
This design wind speed will be used to determine wind loads for all structures.

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1.3.2 Exposure Type As per Section 1616 UBC-97

1.4 SEISMIC LOADS AS PER UBC-97

1.4.1 Seismic Design Parameters

Seismic Zone = 2B
Seismic Zone Factor, Z =0.2 Table 16I
Soil Profile Type As per Geo-Tech Investigation
Occupancy Category Table 16K
Importance Factor, I Table 16-K
Over-strength Factor Table 16N
Seismic Coefficient, Ca Table 16Q
Seismic Coefficient, Cv Table 16R

1.5 CRACKED-SECTION PROPERTIES ASSUMED FOR DESIGN

1.5.1 Modulus of Elasticity: Ec = wc1.5 33fc (psi)

(UBC-97 Section 1908.5.1)

1.5.2 Cracked Moments of Inertia: (UBC-97 Section 1910.11.1)

Beams 0.35 Ig
Columns 0.70 Ig
Walls 0.35/0.70 Ig
Slabs 0.25 Ig

1.5.3 Area 1.0 Ag

The above values may be modified as per design conditions.

1.6 DEFLECTION CRITERIA

As per UBC-97 (Table 19-C-2): Control of immediate and long-term deflections to

prevent immediate and long-term damage to non-structural elements attached to
the structure.

1.7 DURABILITY

Minimum concrete cover to the nearest reinforcement (including links) shall be as

follows:
RC Slabs 1 in
RC Beams 1 in

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Columns 1 in
Walls (other than basement retaining walls): 1 in
Raft Foundation 2 in

2.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

2.1 FOUNDATION SYSTEM

Type of foundation shall be selected based on the recommendation s of

Geotechnical Investigation Report.

An efficient foundation system will be analyzed using the finite element computer
software SAFE.

2.2 FLOOR SYSTEM

Technical & cost evaluations of various alternative structural schemes will be

considered before the optimum structural system appropriate to the project is
finally arrived at.
The criteria to arrive at these optimum structural systems are as follows.
1) Economical but technically efficient system
2) Buildability to minimize construction cost and time
3) Compliances with Codes of Practices
4) Aesthetically acceptable to the architectural requirements.

The preferable options of the floor system may include but not limited to the
following could possibly be adopted:

a) RC Flat Plate
b) RC Flat Slab with drop panels
c) Beam and slab

Traditional Beam & Slab construction, though resulting in thinner slabs in the
small panels between the grillage of beams, was not considered feasible due to
poor build ability (increased construction time), and providing insufficient room
to accommodate M&E overhead services (due to limited floor to floor height).

In the RC Flat Plate system, the slab soffit is a uniform flat surface without any
interruptions. Formwork is very simple and fast to assemble. This scheme
provides maximum headroom, maximum services flexibility and has least
architectural impact. However, due to limited thickness at the columns, it has less

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resistance to the combined gravity and seismic shears needing increase in

thickness. On the other hand, the increased thickness (weight) would attract more
seismic forces and would also increase gravity loads on the columns and
foundations.

RC Flat Slab system is quite similar to the Flat Plate system except for the drop
panel over the columns. The additional thickness of the slab over columns helps in
providing increased resistance to shear forces (gravity and seismic).

2.3 LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

Karachi lies in (upper) moderate seismic zone corresponding to UBC Zone 2B.
Preliminary analysis shows that the sway due to seismic forces controls the
structural configuration and design of the building. For providing adequate lateral
force resisting system, two systems will be considered:
1) Dual System based on frame-shear wall interaction and having the following
three essential features:
i. An essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity
loads,
ii. Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls and moment-
resisting frames. The moment-resisting frames shall be capable to
independently resist at least 25% of the design base shear, and
iii. The two systems (moment frames and shear walls) are designed to
resist the design base shear in proportion to their relative rigidities
considering the interaction of the dual system at all levels.

2) Moment Resisting Frame System is a frame in which members and joints are
capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
At each floor level, the slab diaphragms transfer the lateral loads to the
frames. In Seismic Zone 2B, the moment frames resisting lateral loads must
be Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frames (IMRF).

3.0 Computer Modeling

A 3-dimensional computer model, using the finite element computer program

ETABS will be generated to simulate the buildings gravity and lateral force
resisting system. Separate computer models will be created to monitor the
buildings performance at different stages of construction. Several analyses will be
conducted using different member properties to study the sensitivity of the axial
load distribution to assumptions on member properties. In all cases, cracked
flexural properties will be assumed for the beams, columns and slabs.

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