Rhoxette Nazi P.

Pedroza

Review of Related Literature

All around the world, there is a worsening problem regarding solutions and actions done for

proper waste management. To contribute to the effort of solving this problem, this paper will

discuss the following: the arising concerns and issues of garbage and wastes, how it affects

human development, the waste management system of developing countries and how theyve

dealt with the issues regarding garbages,to assess the waste management system of

Philippines and the laws and ordinances implemented whether continued until in the present

and also, to evaluate the waste management system of Cebu city down Mandaue City.

Merriam Dictionary defined waste as [a] damaged, defective by a manufacturing process: such

as -- material rejected during a textile manufacturing process; fragments of discarded or leftover

food; an unwanted by-product of a manufacturing process, chemical laboratory, or nuclear

reactor. It is a refuse from places of human or animal habitation. Wastes can be classified into

two: biodegradable wastes -- wastes that can be decomposed by the natural processes and

converted into the elemental form such as kitchen garbage, animal dung, etc; non-

biodegradable wastes -- wastes that cannot be decomposed and remain as such in the

environment, which are persistent and cause various problems such as plastics, nuclear

wastes, glass, etc.

The amount of solid waste produced globally is high and it is continuing to grow. According to a

recent study by Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata (2012), approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of solid

waste is generated every year by 3 billion urban residents (1.2 kilogrammes per capita per day).

The study also expects that as urban population increases to an estimate of 4.3 billion residents
by 2025, the global solid waste generation rate will also increase to about 2.2 billion tonnes

every year (1.42 kilogrammes per capita per day). The issues of waste management of

developed and developing worlds are different. Eventhough the developed countries produce

larger amount of wastes, they have developed adequate facilities, competent government

institutions and establishments to manage their wastes. According to Phillips (1998), across the

United States, modern, well-designed landfills and waste-to-energy plants have replaced open

dumps and polluting incinerators. He added that recycling has become an integral part of solid

waste management in communities and the nation as a whole is committed to safer, more

environmentally responsible management of solid waste. On the other hand, developing

countries are still in the transition towards better waste management but they currently have

insufficient collection and improper disposal of wastes. There are arising trends in waste

generation. According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), cities are facing an

increasing growth in population, and shares in GDP growth, resulting in and among other things

-- increasing quantities of waste being generated. In addition to this, UNEP said that due to

changing lifestyle and consumption patterns, the quantity of waste being generated with quality

and composition of waste becoming more varied and changing. This trend will be continued

because as Soubbotina(2004) said that countries consumption were seen as overconsumption

as meeting peoples competitive wants rather than that their real needs. Industrialization and

economic growth has produced more amount of waste, including hazardous and toxic wastes.

According to Schumacher (1973), the most striking about modern industry is that it requires so

much and accomplishes so little (p.78). In industrialization, it requires so much resources and

the wastes produced are as many resources it requires and such wastes are non-recyclable

which leads to a dead end.Diaz (2011) mentioned key issues of solid waste are lack of

legislation and policies for realistic and long-term planning, inadequate storage and limited

collection, lack of proper disposal, use of inappropriate technology and equipment and mostly,

the insufficient knowledge of basic principles. Diaz also discussed further of these -- a) the lack
of legislation and policies: developing countries lack of trainings and methods in collecting

reliable data, and existing plans were inappropriate such that plans written by people unfamiliar

with area, plans with unrealistic in terms of infrastructure, equipment, financial and human

resources; b) inadequate storage and limited collection: developing countries have inappropriate

storage of waste, the urban poor receive minimal, if any, waste collection service; c) lack of

proper disposal: such countries are using uncontrolled dump sites and developing countries

have only few sanitary landfills such that there are only limited access to properly operated

landfills. From Bartone (as cited in Ogawa 1996), there are proposals and projects concerning

solid waste management projects that have been carried out in developing countries in the last

20 years with the help of external support agencies. Some projects were successful in

producing lasting impacts on the improvement of the waste management system however many

projects could not support themselves when the support from the external agencies were cut off.

There are a lot of aspects that contribute to the failure to sustain and for the maintenance or

different projects such as in technical, financial, institutional, economic and social.

Such problems are also present in Philippines. To remedy these urgent issues, in 2000, the

Philippine government signed Republic Act 9003 into law. RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act was enacted to provide a framework for managing the growing

problem of solid waste in the country. Furthermore, Republic Act 9003 gives prime importance

to the roles of LGUS in managing their respective solid wastes. This most recent Republic Act

serves as the legal framework for the nation's betterment of ecological aspect specifically for

solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of well-being of the public.

This RA 9003 empowers local government units to actively pursue their own SWM systems

through making a realistic and long term Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP); creation of a

Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) that will be able to monitor the implementation of the

SWMP in cooperation with the private sectors and NGOs; adopts revenue generating measures

to promote the viability of SWMP; recommends measures for the preservation of the ecosystem
and safeguards against pollution and also those that will suggest ways, such as franchises for

the collection,transfer,storage, processing,recycling or disposal of solid wastes; setting up a

Material Recovery Facilities in Barangay and City Levels; promoting the establishment of

multipurpose environmental cooperatives and associations responsible for undertaking SWM

activities or projects; encouragement of LGUs to impose fees to be used for the realizations of

the proposed SWM plans.

Cebu City is classified as a highly urbanized city and independent of the Cebu province.

The city has the power and authority to establish an organization that shall be responsible for

the efficient and effective implementation of its development plans, programs, and priorities. An

ordinance in Cebu city was approved, the Ordinance 2255 signed in 2010 An ordinance

amending sections 6, 7 and 10 of city ordinance no. 2012, otherwise known as an ordinance

creating Cebu city solid waste management board (SWMB) and appropriating funds therefore.

Like other cities, Cebu city is one of those with problems managing its wastes. The major solid

waste management problems of the city can be classified a) weak institutional and

organizational system for SWM; b) problems in the upper waste stream such that the

inefficiency in garbage collection due to lack of garbage vehicles and no waste segregation

done at the source , no waste recycling done at the point of generation, and too little revenue

from waste collection fees; 3) problems at the downstream where the major problem is the

insufficiency of the sanitary landfill operation.

These problems are also addressed. Solutions are presented to lessen the magnitude of

these dilemmas. First, the capacity building since the sustainability of a project proposal

depends on its foundation whether how strong and improved the executing body and

institutional system are. Second, the public information, education and communication. There

are different ways to reach out the public and be informed of the issues about the waste

management and environmental protection, one is that the city tapped the assistance of some

non-governmental groups such as the Lihok Filipina. This Lihok Filipina organization are having
community-based project of solid waste management in 7 city barangays. Third, the

improvement of waste separation and recycling at disposal area. The city government officials

has taken actions as little steps to the improve the waste separation and materials recovery

area at the landfill such as redesigning the Materials Recovery. This modification of the

materials recovery area will be an advantage for the betterment of the progress of such

proposals and for the health status of the waste collectors. Lastly, addressing the issue by

having medical waste treatment. Knowing that hospital and clinic wastes produced everyday

can be classified into infectious and non-infectious wastes during storage. The city is currently

collecting datas and reliable information from all hospitals in the city, needed in establishing

system of collection for infectious waste. This has a special case where there is a designated

separate area in the landfill as for the medical wastes will be thrown. And the city have also

financial budget for SWM where the Solid Waste Management earns an income and have

expenditures. From the seminar regarding the Cebu City waste management system, the total

actual revenue from garbage fees in 2000 is P7.97 million. P6.69 M is from the garbage

collection fees, P1M from the market garbage fees and P 0.28M from the penalties. On the

other hands, Cebu City also have expenses sum up of P1,207 M in 2000, P75.7 of which was

appropriated for solid waste management. This amount is about 6.3% of the total expenditure.

In relation to Mandaue City, it is an issue as well that is the government tries to establish

solutions. In addressing these, according to Sallano (2014), Mandaue City's Solid Waste and

Management Office is intensifying its information campaign on proper garbage disposal among

barangays and public elementary high schools. Added to his report, in order to completely

address garbage disposal problems, especially the rainy season, the campaign needs

sustainability, said by SWMO head Engineer Ricardo Mendoza. According to Mendoza from

Sallano's report, the city government, through the barangay captains and offcials, imposed the

practice of garbage segregation up to the sitio level. And the residents of the different

barangays are also practicing the proper disposal of garbage. Lastly, in Sallano's report in year
2014, Mayor Jonas Cortes acknowledged that the residents in Mandaue City should also do

their part to make it possible for the success of the city's clean and green program at the

barangay level.

Thus, to simplify such dilemma presented. The LGUs in Mandaue City are looking for

ways and techniques to improve their implementation of laws concerning waste. Such issue is

very common yet was not addressed for years already. But the government are continually

seeking for possible and feasible waste management plans that the public will agree with and

not hassle. Sooner or later such problem will be gradually and fully be addressed as people will

cooperate with the LGUs. Still, there is much to understand from the current environmental

situation in Mandaue City in relation with other factors The researcher expects that the

assessment of the issues arising due to the weak implementation are answered in this study.

References:

J.A Phillips (1998). Managing americas solid waste. J.A. Phillips & Associates

Greenpeace Southeast Asia. (2007, October). The state of water resources in the

Philippines. Retrieved October 2016, from Greenpeace web

site:http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/Global/seasia/report/2007/10/the-state- of

water-inthe- phil.pdf

Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste : A global review of solid waste

management. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved October 2016, from World Bank:

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/

Ogawa (1996). Sustainable solid waste management in developing countries.

Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/swm-fogawa1.htm

Seik. F. (1997). Recycling of domestic wastes: Early experiences in Singapore. Habitat

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http://www.academia.edu/9620593/Solid_waste_management

http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/128200/cebu-city-garbage-ordinances