33kV Bhadra T/L

4. Determination of maximum working tension and parameter

4.1 Summary
Determination of maximum working tension (Tmax) is directly related to the height of the steel
tower and directly associated with the construction cost. Also, the strength of insulator and
hardware, reasonable span of the line are determined by it. In determining the most appropriate
(Tmax), the influence of weather conditions, especially wind acts most significantly and
temperature, span, difference of elevation, safety in transmission line route shall be considered.
This line route was to select maximum working tension considering the safety factor of the
conductor and availability of using the same conductor in long span because being existed some
of long span in the route passing through the flatlands.

4.2 Determination of maximum working tension (Tmax)

4.2.1 Introduction
Overhead line conductors constantly moving in response to weather conditions. These weather
related movements vary in visibility and intensity from low-frequency, high-amplitude movement.
Lower-amplitude movement, known as Aeolian vibration, to induced conductor fatigue so
protecting such damage we have to adopt appropriate tension and using the damper we can
control the vibration in order to meet variety span of line with safety.

Yield of tension for conductor

A. Average span of line : 185m
B. Average temperature in low temperature season : 5C
C. Kind of conductor : HAWK
Equation of single conductor
1. <2780/(LD/M)0.12
2. LD/M(m3/kg)<15
Equation 1.

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

2780/(185X21.78/0.977/1000)0.12
= 2345
Equation 2.
185X21.78/1000/0.977
= 4.12
As a result of calculate, it is showing the appropriate parameter and maximum span to adopt in
this conductor but it would be changed according to using the damper

4.2.2 Calculation of tension according to weather condition

Calculating the maximum working tension, using the cigre [2002] formula for ruling spans
as follow
[Table 4-1] PARAMETER and TENSION for SPAN
Unit: kg
SPAN 5C 5C 25C 5C
PARA
(m) Wind, Sleet wind EDS No wind
100 2525 2940 1930 1734 2467
150 2405 2850 2163 1758 2350
185 2345 2809 2311 1790 2291
200 2324 2795 2370 1804 2270
220 2297 2778 2441 1820 2244
528 2068 2595 2994 1908 2020

Above calculation are showing that the more span is short the greater tension is increasing
in low temperature but high temperature is the other way, wind mainly blow in high season and
as vibration of conductor cause by wind, tension, in bid to reducing the fatigue of conductor,
we selected maximum working tension of 2500kg and in river crossing section selected
3000kg as calculated value, adding damper instead of decreasing the tension because of
avoiding to raise the height of tower.

4.2.3 Selection Criteria

The standard span get limited by using steel tower that is being narrowed to the lag distance and
increasing sag may higher the height of tower therefor it is necessary to choose appropriate tension
because in the case of tension tower, foundation repulsive force, the weight of tower increases due
to increased tension. Therefore, in reference to the details reviewed in domestic and foreign T/L,
the condition similar with this Line route, we selected span of Badrah transmission lines as follows:

Suspension type: 200m

Tension type: 200m

River crossing section

The value based on the survey results was applied because the river crossing section is
determined depending on the conditions of the terrain.
Ruling span: 528m
4.2.4 Selection of Tmax (maximum working tension)

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

Tension of the line becomes the maximum when tension of high temperature or tension of low
temperature was applied and this is called as maximum working tension and the condition at that
time is referred to as the worst condition. And allowable maximum working tension of the conductor
refers to the value of dividing breaking tension by the safety factor. The details were checked by
using the program and as a result, maximum working tension and safety factor depending on
changes in Tmax are shown as follows in standard span or maximum span 150m, 200m, 250m.
Span being applied is ruling span and to be applied value of tension at each span place in one
section is the same though length of spans are different. However, if it is other section is different
and has the difference in ruling span, dip and tension values are different even if span are same.

Tension to be applied to the conductor in EDS condition can minimizes the fatigue of the conductor
that is the range of 17%~22% of breaking tension of conductor and therefore, it is desirable to
review maximum working tension based on the E.D.S conditions but working tension gets lager in
long span and it may be slightly exceeding the above range.

Selection of Tmax of river crossing section

Generally, it is usual to make the conductor safety factor of long span places lager than that of
standard span so that we can consider the fatigue of the conductor but this section would be
selected 3000kg as the maximum working tension which is within the safety factor of ordinary 240
and the surrounding environment is not quite unusual condition.

[Table 4-2] Comparison by span Tmax (General section)

Tmax () is
2000(22.54%) 2500(28.18%) 3000(33.82%)
the
% for Maximu Maximu Maximu
Safety Safety Safety
UTS m Sag m Sag m Sag
factor factor factor
Span tension tension tension
150 2000 3.33 4.43 2500 3.20 3.54 3000 2.83 2.95

200 2000 4.87 4.43 2500 4.62 3.54 3000 4.12 2.95

250 2000 7.01 4.43 2500 6.26 3.54 3000 5.49 2.95

As shown in [Table 3-1], looking at maximum load, sag and safety factor applied to the conductor at
High Tem, Low Tem wind while changing Tmax to 2000~3000kgf, Tmax=2000kgf at standard span
150m is excluded because tension is small but sag is large so the height of the tower is increased.
Compared to Tmax=2500, 3000kgf, as discussed above, it is economically favorable to minimize the
safety factor but if tubular is used, the width between lag distance is narrower than that of the steel
tower so perpendicular reaction load becomes large and weight of towers is increased and
therefore, 2500kgf was selected as the maximum working tension.
[Table 4-3] Comparison by span Tmax (Long span)
Tmax () is
2500(28.18%) 3000(33.82%) 3500(39.45%)
the
percentage Maximu Sag Maximu Sag Maximu Sag
safety safety safety
for UTS m (85C m (85C m (85C
factor factor factor
Span tension ) tension ) tension )
400 2500 14.73 3.54 3000 12.47 2.95 3500 10.77 2.53

500 2500 22.32 3.54 3000 18.83 2.95 3500 16.25 2.53

550 2500 26.74 3.54 3000 22.52 2.95 3500 19.43 2.53

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

As shown in [Table 3-2], tension of river crossing section was reviewed by applying maximum
tension of 2500kg~3500kg and if determining the safety factor of the conductor as the first priority
selection criteria, considering long span places, 3000kg was selected as the maximum tension
because the safety factor of 2500kg is somewhat large and that of 3500kg is relatively small and if
sag is large at the swing of conductor, the size of the steel tower is large so the maximum tension
3000kg was conclused to be appropriate.

4.3 Review of sagging PARAMETER

4.3.1 Determination Method
Apply at intervals of 50m for the span of 150~250m and then obtain PARAMETER coincided with
Maximum working tension using PROGRAM.
Obtain PARAMETER and then, conform the condition of being yielded maximum tension and weather
it is the range of 17~22% under the condition of EDS at initial condition 90.
By using PARAMETER of the conductor for Tmax of ground wire, define the maximum tension can be
applied to the ground wire as Tmax

A. Ground wire tension shall be the same condition as -5 no wind conductor sag.

In consideration of OPGWs safety factor, the river crossing section shall be determined.

4.3.2 Sagging PARAMETER by equivalent span

Parameter was implemented by using program and as a result, it would be
Appropriate to apply as fellow for safety factor, fatigue reduction on Conductor.
A. Conductor
[Table 4-4] Sagging PARAMETER by span
Equivalent span PARAMETER Tmax(kg) EDS TEDS(kg)

150m 840 2500 17.0(%) 1514

General 25 No
200m 1024 2500 18.1(%) 1607
section Wind
250m 1173 2500 19.5(%) 1730

400m 1584 3000 22.3(%) 1980

Long 500m 1644 3000 25 No 21.4(%) 1902

span 550m 1667 3000 Wind 21.2(%) 1878

600m 1685 3000 20.9(%) 1859

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

B. Review of GROUND WIRE Tmax

Get the Sag by span according to PARAMETER for the span of line using PROGRAM
At -5 no wind, define the sag of ground wire at the same value as conductor sag. Usually,
about 80% of conductor sag is selected but because of the nature of OPGW, if applying sag
for maintaining sag with the conductor to 80% ,excessive tension is generated at the
temperature below a certain range when the temperature changes so it is difficult to apply
this and the height of tower from the placement of conductor to that of ground wire for
maintaining shielding angle 30 of ground wire is more than 2m and hence, sufficient
clearance with the conductor can be maintained, even if applying rate of sag the same as
conductor sag. Also, there will be no problem in maintaining clearance because this is not
the Gelloping generating area.
After Obtain tension and support point tension by using the tension conversion formula and
then, define the greatest tension as Tmax.
Determining that the height of the tower will not exceed 60m, installation of aircraft warning
sphere was not reflected.
[Table 4-5] OPGW 68 (1/4.0SSLT +6/4.0AS) [General section]
Classification
-5 -5
Worst case Maximum tension Parameter
conductor sag X 0.9 OPGW sag
span
150 1.06 1.07 Low Tem 1200 1097

200 1.96 2.00 Low Tem 1200 1268

250 3.12 3.09 High Tem 1254 1450

C. Review of No.52~54 sections OPGW Parameter

The difference between conductor sag and sag of OPGW in the long span place is relatively
larger than that of short span and if we are trying to match the ratio of sag with the
conductor in the span of diversity within one section it will causes the result of being reduced
sag in short span while in the opposite case, sag of long span are to be hang down so we
are needed to select appropriate parameters.
[Table 4-6] OPGW 68 (1/4.0SSLT +6/4.0AS) [River crossing section]
-5 -5 -5
Classification -5
conductor OPGW OPGW
Para Para OPGW Para
sag X 0.9 sag sag
span sag (m)
(m) (m) (m)
198 2.01 2000 1.95 2500 1.44 2600 1.37

641 21.93 2000 20.4 2500 15.16 2600 14.37

145 1.12 2000 1.04 2500 0.77 2600 0.73

D. River crossing section was reviewed and as a result, 2000 para was the most appropriate as
parameter consistent with 90% sag of the power line so para 2000 is adopted as para in the
section and maximum tension is defined as 1630kg.

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