.

, Volterra Fredholm Hilbert

, .

Riesz-Schauder Hilbert

22

X ( X ) X

( X ) . ( X )

A, B B ( X ),

1
 AB( x) = A( B( x)) , x X .

A( BC ) = ( AB)C
A( B + C ) = AB + AC
( A + B)C = AC + BC
k ( AB) = (kA) B = A(kB) k .
I AI = IA = A . || || ( X )

|| AB|| ||A|| || B || A, B B( X ),
( X ) ( X )

, I . ( X ) , Banach

Banach . ,

, Banach .

A
1 1
A A . ( X )

.
1
1 A ( X ) A A

1 X Banach A ( X )

(1) A .
1
(2) B ( X ) AB = BA = I . B A .

(3) A > 0 || Ax || || x || , x X .
(4) A .
1
(1) (2). A A

2
A 1 ( X ) B = A 1 , AB = BA = I .
(2) (3). x X , y = Ax . BA = I

By = BAx = x ,
|| x || = || By || || B || || y || = || B || || Ax ||
1 =|| I || || A || || B || || B || 0 . || B ||
1
= ,
1
|| Ax || || x ||= || x || , x X .
|| B ||

AB = I A .

(3) (4). Ax = 0 x = 0 , N ( A) = {0} .

1
(4) (1). N ( A) = {0} A , A , A
1
, A ( X ) .
2 A, B ( X ) .
1 1 1
(1) A , A ( A ) = A.
(2) A, B AB

( AB) 1 = B 1 A 1 .
* 1
(3) A , A ( A )
*
= ( A 1 ) * .
1 A A 1 ( X ) AA 1 = A 1 A = I .

A ( X ) 1(2) A 1 A = ( A 1 ) 1 .
1 1
2 A , B ( X )
AA 1 = A 1 A = I BB 1 = B 1 B = I

( B 1 A 1 )( AB) = B 1 ( A 1 A) B = B 1 B = I .

( AB)( B 1 A 1 ) = A( BB 1 ) A 1 = AA 1 = I .
1
AB ( AB ) = B 1 A 1 .
1
3 A ( X ) ( A 1 ) * ( A 1 ) * ( X * ) .

3
 1
AA = A 1 A = I X
A* ( A 1 ) * = ( A 1 ) * A* = I X* = I X * .
* 1
(A ) = ( A 1 ) * .
.

( X ) , A

a0 I + a1 A + + an An
. ( ) .

a A
n=0
n
n
( Ao = I ) f ( A)

.

An
A2 n +1
eA = , sin A = (1) n
n=0 n! n =0 (2n + 1)!
( X ) .
.

3(von Neumann) X Banach A ( X ) , C ,

|| A || < | | I A .
n
Ai || A ||
Bn =
i =0
i +1

||
= 0 < 1

i
n
|| A || n
|| A ||i 1 1
|| Bn || = .
i =0 | |
i +1
i =0 | |
i +1
| | (1 ) | | || A ||
Bn ( X ) . x X m > n
m
Ai n +1
|| Bm x Bn x ||||
i = n +1
i +1
x ||
| | || A ||
|| x || 0, (m, n )

{Bn x} Cauchy lim Bn x . Banach-Steinhaus

n

B ( X )

4
 lim Bn x = Bx , x X . (5-1-1)
n

A ( X ) I A ( X ) . x X

(I A) Bx = lim(I A) Bn x
n

n
Ai
= lim(I A)( )x
n
i =0 i +1
n
Ai n
A i +1
= lim( )x
n
i =0 i i =0 i +1
A n +1
= lim( I ) x = Ix
n n +1
(I A) B = I .

(5-1-1) (I A) x x
n
Ai
B (I A) x = lim( )(I A) x
n
i =0 i +1
n
Ai n
A i +1
= lim( )x
n
i =0 i i =0 i +1
A n +1
= lim( I ) x = Ix
n n +1
B (I A) = I .

1(2) I A B = (I A) .
1

( )

An
(I A) 1 = (5-1-2)
n =0 n +1

Banach-Steinhaus
1
|| (I A) 1 ||=|| B || lim || Bn ||
n | | || A ||

3 I A

2 X AX X C .

(1) I A A A

( A) ( A) A .
(2) I A A A

( A) ( A) A .

(3) , I A ( I A )

A A p ( A) .
(4) I A R( I A) X

A c ( A)

(5) I A R( I A) X

A r ( A) .

p ( A) , c ( A) , r ( A) A , .
, (I A) R ( , A) = (I A) A .
1 1

, p ( A) x 0 (I A) x = 0

x A . N (I A) A

C = ( A) ( A) ( A) ( A) = .
p ( A) c ( A), r ( A),

( A) = p ( A) c ( A) r ( A) .
.

6
 4 X Banach A ( X ) .

(1) ( A)
( I A) x = y (5-1-3)

y X . c > 0

|| x || c || y || x y (5-1-3).
(2) p ( A)
(I A) x = 0 (5-1-4)

0 .

(3) c ( A) r ( A) (5-1-4) 0
(5-1-3) y X .

1 ( A) , (I A) 1 ( X )
(I A) 1 (I A) = I
x = ( I A) 1 ( I A) x = ( I A) 1 y

|| x || = || ( I A) 1 y || || ( I A) 1 || || y ||
y = 0 x = 0 .

y=0 x=0

(I A) x = 0 0 N (I A) x = {0} . I A
(I A) 1 ( I A) x = y y I A
1(4) I A ( A) .

2 p ( A) I A ( ),
x1 , x 2 X x1 x 2 (I A) x1 = (I A) x 2

(I A)( x1 x 2 ) = 0 x1 x 2 0 . 0 .

x X x 0 (I A) x = 0 (I A)0 = 0 I A

7
 p ( A) .

3 0 I A .

y X I A . (3).

5 X Banach A ( X ) .

(1) ( A) ,
(2) ( A) .
1 0 ( A) 0 I A .
1
| 0 |< I A ( A) .
|| (0 I A) 1 ||
( A) .
=|| (0 I A) || | 0 | 0 < 1
1
,
n
Bn = (1) i (0 I A) ( i +1) ( 0 ) i
i =0

(0 I A) = [(0 I A) 1 ]i +1 . m > n
( i +1)

m
|| Bm Bn || = || (1) ( I A)
i = n +1
i
0
( i +1)
( 0 )i ||

m
|| ( I A)
i = n +1
0
1
||i +1 | ( 0 ) i |

m
= || (0 I A) 1 ||
i = n +1
i
0 (m, n )

{Bn } ( X ) Cauchy . ( X ) Banach

B ( X ) lim Bn = B
n

B = (1) i (0 I A) (i +1) ( 0 ) i (5-1-5)
i =0

|| (I A) B (I A) Bn || | | I A || || Bn B ||

8
 (I A) B = lim(I A) Bn
n

n
= lim(I A)( (1) i (0 I A) ( i +1) ( 0 ) i )
n
i =0

= lim[( 0 ) I + (0 I A)]
n

n
( (1) i (0 I A) (i +1) ( 0 ) i )
i =0

= lim[ I (1) n +1 (0 I A) ( n +1) ( 0 ) n +1 ] = I .

n

B (I A) = lim Bn (I A) = I .
n

1(2) I A ( A) .

2 von Neumann || A || < | | I A

( A) C ( A) = C \ ( A) . ( A)

C .

6( Gelfand-Mazur) X Banach A ( X )

( A) .

( A) f ( X ) F ( ) = f ((I A) )
* 1

. 5 f

F ( ) = f ( B) = (1) i f ((0 I A) (i +1) )( 0 ) i (5-1-6)
i =0

1
| 0 |< .
|| (0 I A) 1 ||

F ( ) ( A) ( A) = F ( )

9
 C . von Neumann | | > || A ||
1
|| (I A) 1 ||< .
| | || A ||

|| f ||
| f ((I A) 1 ) |< 0 ( ) (5-1-7)
| | || A ||

F ( ) C Liouville F ( ) . (5-1-7)
F ( ) = 0 , C F (0) = 0 .

f ( X ) * .
X 0 ( X ) Banach ( A) =

0 ( A) , A 1 ( X ) . Hahn-Banish ,
f ( X ) * f ( A 1 ) =|| A 1 || 0 . F f
= 0 F ( ) 0 F (0) = f ( A 1 ) 0
F ( ) 0 . ( A) .

3 r ( A) = max | | A .
( A )

r ( A) ( A)

7(Gelfand) X Banach

r ( A) = lim n || A n || (5-1-8)
n

1 inf n
|| A n || .
n 1

a = inf n
|| A n || .
n 1

lim n || An || inf n || An || = a . (5-1-9)

n n 1

10
 , > 0 , n0
n0
|| A n0 || < a + . n n0
n = kn0 + s 0 s < n0 .
|| An || = || Akn0 + s || || Akn0 || || A s || || An0 ||k || A ||s .

k s kn0 s
n
|| A n || || A n0 || n || A || n < (a + ) n
|| A || n
s kn
n 0 0 1
n n

lim n || A n || a + .
n

lim n || A n || a .
n

lim n || A || = a = inf
n n
|| A n || .
n n 1

2 C | |> a n0 > 0 n n0
n
|| An || < a + < | |

An

n =0
n +1
,

An 1
|| An || 1 a + n
||
n = n0 n +1
||
| | n = n0 | |n
(
| | n = n0 | |
) <

B ( X )

An
B= (5-1-10)
n =0 n +1
5 (I A) B = B (I A) = I

B = (I A) 1 ( A) . r ( A) lim n || A n || ,
n

An
(I A) 1 = (5-1-11)
n =0 n +1

11
 (5-1-11) | |> a f ( X )
*
3

f ( An )
f ((I A) 1 ) = (5-1-12)
n =0 n +1

f ((I A) ) {
| |> a} . 2
1

{
| |> a} {
| |> r ( A)} ( A)
Laurent (5-1-12) f ((I A) )
1

{
| |> r ( A)} Laurent Laurent > 0

| f ( An ) |

n = 0 ( r ( A) + )
n +1
< (5-1-13)

An
Bn = B n ( X ) . (5-1-13)
(r ( A) + ) n
f ( X ) * | f ( Bn ) | . M || Bn || M < .
|| A || ( r ( A) + ) M
n n

lim n || A n || r ( A) + .
n

> 0 lim n || A n || r ( A) .
n

lim n || A || = r ( A) .
n
n

A A ( a ij ) nn .
n n
1

C
det(I A) 0
( I A) x = y y ( A) .
n

det(I A) = 0
(I A) x = 0 0 .

. 1 , , k r ( A) = max | i | .
1 i k

12
 2 H Hilbert , T ( H )

(T ) {z C
| z |= 1} .
T || Tx || = || x || x H || T || = 1 .

3 (T ) { z C
| z | 1} .
| |< 1

|| (T I ) x || || Tx || | | || x ||= (1 | | ) || x ||
I T R (T I ) . T
*

(T I ) = T I ,
* *

|| (T * I ) x || || T * x || | | || x ||= (1 | |) || x || .
T I N (T I ) = {0} . 3 7
* *

I T . (T ) . (T ) {z C| z |= 1} .
Tl l
2 2
3 ( )

T ( x1 , x 2 , ) = ( x 2 , x3 , ) x = ( x1 , x 2 , ) l 2 .
|| T || = 1 (T ) {
| | 1} .
C | |< 1 x0 = (1, , 2 , ) Tx 0 = ( , 2 , ) l 2

Tx 0 = x0 (I T ) x 0 = 0 . x0 0 p (T ) .

| |< 1} p (T ) (T ) {
{ | | 1} .
(T ) (T ) = {| | 1} .
| | = 1 ,

( I T ) x = ( x1 x2 , x2 x3 , ) = 0

x2 = x1 , x3 = x2 = 2 x1 , , xn = n 1 x1 , .
x1 0 , x l , x1 = 0 x = 0 . ( I T )
2

, p (T ).

13
 y l 2 > 0 , y ' = ( y1 , , yn , ) y y ' 2 < ,
x1 = 0, x2 = y1 , , xn = ( yn 1 + yn 2 + + n 2 y1 ) ,
x = ( x1 , x2 , ) , ( I T ) x = y ', R ( I T ) l 2 ,
c (T ).

p (T ) = {;| |< 1}, c (T ) = {;| | = 1}.

4 C[a, b] a, b

T : C[a, b] C[a, b] (Tx)(t ) = tx(t ) x C[a, b]

T .

C (I T ) x = ( t ) x (I T ) x = 0 x = 0

(I T ) p (T ) = .
(t )
[ a, b] C[a, b] x(t ) = , x C[a, b] .
t

1
|| x || sup | | || || ,
a t b t

(I T ) x = ( t ) =
t
I T (T ) .

[ a , b ] I T . R ( I T )
C[a, b] , (T ) = r (T ) = [a, b].
( I T ) x(t ) = ( t ) x(t ), R ( I T )
0. y C[ a, b], y ( ) > 2 ,
1

x y x( ) y ( ) > 21 , x R ( I T )

y R ( I T ).

14
 L [a, b] L [a, b] ,
2 2

(T ) = c (T ) = [ a, b], p (T ) = r (T ) = .
, .

8 X A ( X ) , ( A)

(1) R( , A) R( , A) = ( ) R ( , A) R( , A) .
(2) B ( X ) , AB = BA , BR( , A) = R( , A) B .

(3) R( , A) R( , A) = R( , A) R( , A) .
1 ,
R( , A) R( , A) = (I A) 1 ( I A) 1
= (I A) 1 ( I A)( I A) 1
(I A) 1 (I A)( I A) 1
= (I A) 1 (( I A) (I A))( I A) 1
= ( ) R( , A) R( , A) .
2 BR( , A) = (I A) 1 (I A) B(I A) 1
= (I A) 1 B(I A)(I A) 1
= R( , A) B .
3 (I A) R( , A) = R( , A)(I A)

AR( , A) = R( , A) A 2 B R( , A) .
9 ( ) X A ( X ) . p ( )

( p( A)) = p( ( A)) (5-1-14)

p ( ) A

p ( ( A)) = { p( ) ( A)} .

15
 ( A)

p ( ) = a n n + + a1 + a 0 (a n 0)
p ( ) I p ( A) = (I A)Q( , A) Q( , A) A

. p ( ) I p ( A)

(I A)Q( , A)( p( ) I p ( A)) 1 = I

( p( ) I p( A)) 1 (I A)Q( , A) = I .
(I A) Q( , A) Q( , A) ( p ( ) I p ( A))
1

(I A)[Q( , A)( p ( ) I p( A)) 1 ] =

[Q( , A)( p( ) I p( A)) 1 ](I A) = I
A . p( ) ( p( A))
p ( ( A)) ( p( A)) .
p ( ( A))

p ( ) = a n ( 1 ) ( n ) 0 ( A) .
i (i = 1, , n) . i A .
I p( A) = a n ( 1 I A) ( n I A) 0
. ( p ( A)) ( p ( A)) p ( ( A)) .

T B ( X ) (T 1 ) = { 1 : (T )}.

16