Formula sheet Final Exam IGEE 401 / ELEC 6411

Average and rms values T T T

1 1 1 2
The instantaneous power is: p(t ) = v i PAV =
T p(t ) dt = To v i dt I = I rms =
T o
i dt
o
Sinusoidal steady-state and phasors Power, reactive power and power factor
v = 2 V sin t S = VI* = Vej0 Iej = VI ej = Sej
S = VI cos + jVI sin
i = 2 I sin (t )
S = P + jQ, S 2 = P2 + Q2
I = V Z , Z = R 2 + X 2
L
Apparent Power (VA) = S = VI
X L = L, = tan ( X L R )
1
Real Power (W) = P = Re[S] = VI cos
V Ve j 0 V j Reactive Power (VAr) = Q = Im [S] = VIsin
V = Ve j 0 and I = = j = e = Ie j PF = P = cos
Z Ze Z
S

In phase (IP) and out-of-phase (IQ) components: I P = I cos P = VI P , IQ = I sin Q = VIQ

Three-phase systems
2 2
j j j( ) j( )
j0 3 3
Va = Ve , Vb = Ve , Vc = Ve Vab = Va Vb = 3Ve 6 = VLL e 6
S 3 = 3 VL I L , P3 = S 3 cos , Q3 = S 3 sin = 3VL2C

Transformers (ideal): NpIp = NsIs Vp/Np = Vs/Ns VpIp = VsIs

Line current distortion

12
1T I I s , peak
is (t ) = is1 (t ) + ish (t ), I s = is2 (t ) dt = I sh2 , THD(%) = 100 Idis , where I dis = I s2 I s21 = I sh2 , Crest factor =
T Is
h 1 0 h =1 s1 h 1

Average power, total power factor, and displacement power for a nonlinear load:
T
1 Vs I s1 cos 1 I s1 I 1
PAV =
T 2Vs sint is dt = Vs I s1 cos 1 , S = Vs I s , PF =
Vs I s
=
Is
cos 1 = s1 DPF , PF =
Is
DPF
o 1 + THDi2

Thyristor based ac controllers I n = V0 _ n Z n where Z n = R 2 + (nL) 2

Phase controlled
2 VS 2 VS
Fundamental current for resistive load: I1 = a12 + b12 , a1 = (cos 2 1), b1 = (sin 2 + 2 2 )
2 R 2 R
Fundamental component for inductive load: VS
I L1 = (sin 2 + 2 2 ) (rms)
L

On-off or integral half-cycle control: n cycles on and m cycles off.

 Single-phase diode bridge rectifier (considering a highly inductive load):
I s1
Vd 0 = 0.9V s , I s = I d and I s1 = 0.9 I d , DPF = cos 1 = 1, PF = DPF = 0 .9
Is
Line voltage distortion:

di di di
vPCC = vs Ls1 s , is = is1 + ish , vPCC _ 1 = vs Ls1 s1 , vPCC _ dist = Ls1 sh = (I sh X Lsh )2
dt h 1 dt h 1 dt h 1
Three-phase full bridge rectifiers:
1 /6
/ 3 / 6
v d = v Pn v Nn , Vd 0 = 2V LL cos t dt , Vd 0 = 1.35V LL = 2.34V s
Input current components considering a highly inductive load:
I s1
I s = 0.816 I d I s1 = 0.78 I d I sh = DPF = 1 PF = 0.955
h
Single-phase thyristor ac-dc converters:
2 2
V d = V S cos = 0 . 9V S cos , Pdc = I dc V d

S = V s I s , S 1 = V s I s 1 , P1 = V s I s 1 cos , Q 1 = V s I s 1 sin , I S 1 = 0 . 9 I dc
Three-phase thyristor ac-dc converters considering a highly inductive load:

V d = 1.35V LL cos , I s =
S = 3V LL I s , S 1 =
SVC (TCR+FC):
Voltage regulation
2 3 I 3
I d = 0.816 I d , I s1 = 0.78 I d = I s , DPF = cos 1 = cos , PF = DPF s1 = cos
3 Is
3V LL I s 1 , P1 = 3V LL I s 1 cos , Q 1 = 3V LL I s 1 sin
V s2 V s2 2I
Q SVC = QTCR Q FC = , I Th _ rms =
X L1 _ eff ( ) XC 2
VS = jX S I + VT , VS = V S , VT = VT 0, I = I , VT = VS jX S I

Tuned harmonic filters 1

f h = h f grid =
2 C h Lh
Buck dc-dc converter:

(Vd Vo )t on = ( Vo )t off , Vo =
t on v I V
= D = ctrl , o = d =
1
Vd TS Vst I d Vo D
1 DTS TV
I LB =I L , peak = (Vd Vo ) = S o (1 D ) = I oB
2 2L 2L
2
2
Vo 1 TS (1 D) 2
fc 1
= = (1 D) , f c =
Vo 8 LC 2 fs 2 LC

Boost dc-dc converter:

Vo 1 I
(Vd )t on = (Vd Vo )t off , = , o = (1 D )
Vd 1 D I d
1 V t VT V o TS Vo DTS T
I LB = I L , peak = d on = o S D (1 D ) I oB = D (1 D ) 2 = =D S
2 2L 2L 2L Vo RC
Single-phase inverters: Vo I o V I
id (t ) = cos o o cos(2t ) = I d + i d 2
Vd Vd
SPWM (half-bridge)

Vcontrol f Vd V f h = ( j m f k ) f 1 , j integer k odd/even

ma = , m f = tri (VAo )1 = m a , m a = control 1
Vtri f control 2 Vtri h = j mf k
Square Wave (half-bridge)

4 Vd V (VAo )1
(VAo )1 = = 1.273 d (VAo ) h = , h odd integer
2 2 h

Voltage cancellation:
4V (180 )
Voh = d sin(h ), = , half of a pulse width.
h 2
3
3-phase SPWM (V LL )1 _ rms = m aVd , m a 1
2 2

3-Phase square-wave: 6 6
V LL 1 _ rms = Vd , V LL h _ rms = Vd , h = 6n 1
h

For SPWM controlled dc-ac converters it should be noted that the values in the table are peak values normalized
with respect to the voltage that appears at the output of the converter: Vd for full bridge and 0.5 Vd for half
bridge. Also, the principle of voltage cancellation

Design of a second-order LPF:

Vout _ h fh
Gain = , Gain(dB) = 20 log(Gain), fres = Gain( dB )
Vin _ h 40 dB / Dec
10
UPF diode rectifier:
V I V I cos 2t
pin (t ) = Vs sin t Is sin t = Vs I s Vs I s cos 2t , p d (t ) = Vd id (t ), id (t ) = s s s s
Vd Vd
1 I sin 2t Vd
v d ,ripple (t )
Cd ic dt = d
2 Cd
, For constant frequency control : I rip =
4 f s Ld

Switch-mode bi-directional grid interface:

V s2 Vconv1 V2 Vconv1
P = V s I s1 cos = sin , Q = V s I s1 sin = s 1 cos
Ls Vs Ls Vs
ma
[
Vconv1 = V s2 + ( Ls I s1 ) ]
2 0.5
=
2
V dc

HVDC:
V dc _ B = 1.35 V LL cos B , B = 180 o B , extinction angle, V dc _ B = 1.35 V LL cos B

PdB = 1.35 V LL I d cos B , Q dB = 1.35 V LL I d sin B