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Math Syllabus
Revision 16
 Table of Contents

BASIC MATH OPERATION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

I. Addition-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Examples for Addition-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Homework Problems for Addition -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

II. Subtraction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

Examples for Subtraction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Homework Problems for Subtraction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

III. Multiplication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

Examples for Multiplication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Homework Problems for Multiplication-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

IV. Division --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

Example Division Remainders -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

V. Fractions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1) Understanding fractions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2) Fraction math--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Example Adding Fractions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Example Subtracting Fractions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Example Multiplying Fractions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Example Dividing Fractions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3) Working with decimals ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10
4) Working with percentages --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

VI. Exponential ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

Visualizing Square Numbers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

VII. Finding Square Roots------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

Example Find the square root.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
Example of Finding a Square Root--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

VIII. Order of Mathematical Operations-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Homework Problems Division ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Homework Problems Fraction Math----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15

CONVERSIONS, UNITS, & CONSTANTS-------------------------------------------------------- 16

BASIC GEOMETRY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17

I. Properties of a Rectangle ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17

II. Properties of a Triangle-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

III. Properties of a Circle ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

Example Applied Geometric Problems-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

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USING FORMULAS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
Example of Using Formulas ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Example of Using Formulas ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

CONSTRUCTION MATH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23

I. Stationing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
Example Stationing Calculations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

II. Slope Calculations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Example Calculation of Slope ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
Example - Calculation of Grades----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

III. Calculating Earthwork Quantities --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Cut Sheet Drawing --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
Cut Sheet Calculations----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

IV. Using Engineering Plans and Scales ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

DOSING PROBLEMS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

I. Contact Dosing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28
Example Dosing Problem ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

II. Feed Rate Problems ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29

Example: Feed Rate Problem --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

III. Detention Time--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30

Example Detention Time Calculation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Example Required Feed Rate for Achieve a Specific DT----------------------------------------------------------- 30

WATER PRESSURE AND CONVERSIONS ----------------------------------------------------- 31

Example --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

ELECTRICITY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Example Deriving Electrical Equation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

WORK CALCULATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
Example Horsepower Conversions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
Example Work vs. Horsepower ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Example Pump Horsepower -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36

HOMEWORK MATH QUESTIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 37

I. SEWER: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

II. WATER:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

III. METER: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49

Answers: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

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HISTORY OF UPDATES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53

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 Basic Math Operation
I. Addition
Addition involves the process of summing up numbers.
The order by which numbers are added have no impact on the final answer.
All numbers must be in the same units (i.e. gpm, feet, inches, etc.)

Examples for Addition

23.25 12 12.000
12 25.32 4.36 2.3 -> 2.300
+ 54 + 23.06 + 102.63 + 3.142 + 3.142
66 48.38 130.24 ???? 17.442

Homework Problems for Addition

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
23.5 23.35 123.45
15 23.2 14.5 12.30 67.89
+ 13 + 12.6 + 12.3 + 39.00 + 10.12

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
14.236 3.333 0.32597 0.036 11.25
3.259 3.333 2.684 0.026 6.25
+ 8.333 + 6.334 + 18.364 + 0.051 + 9.50

II. Subtraction
Subtraction involves finding a difference.
The order by which numbers are subtracted does have an impact on the final
answer.
All numbers must be in the same units (i.e. gpm, feet, inches, etc.)

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Examples for Subtraction
72 25.32 334.36 12.3 -> 12.300
- 54 - 23.06 - 102.63 - 3.142 - 3.142
18 2.26 231.73 ??? 9.158

Homework Problems for Subtraction

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
15 23.2 14.5 12.30 67.89
- 13 - 12.6 - 12.3 - 39.00 - 10.12

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
3.259 3.333 2.684 0.026 6.25
- 8.333 - 6.334 - 18.364 - 0.051 - 9.50

III. Multiplication
Like addition, the order by which numbers are multiplied have no impact on
the final answer.
To multiply decimal numbers, the answer must contain the total number of
decimal places to the right of the decimal as the sum of the decimal places of
the two numbers being multiplied.
Unlike units (feet vs. inches, days vs. weeks, etc), all numbers must be in
same units. This is achieved by converting values to the desired units.

Examples for Multiplication

72 5.32 34.36 12.3 > 12.300
x 54 x 3.06 x 2.63 x 3.142 x 3.142
288 .3192 1.0308 .024600
+ 360_ 0.000_ 20.616_ .492000
3888 + 15.96__ + 68.72__ 1.230000
16.2792 90.3668 36.900000
38.646600

NOTE In multiplication, a number with three decimal places times a number with three
decimal places yields a final answer that will have six decimal places.

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Homework Problems for Multiplication
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
15 23.2 14.5 12.30 67.89
x 13 x 12.6 x 12.3 x 39.00 x 10.12

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
3.259 3.333 2.684 0.026 6.25
x 8.333 x 6.334 x 18.364 x 0.051 x 9.50

IV. Division
The order by which numbers are divided does have an impact on the final
answer.
Know the parts of a division equation!
The following chart illustrates the different forms of writing fractions.
Again, Unlike units (feet vs. inches, days vs. weeks, etc), all numbers must be
in same units. This is achieved by converting values to the desired units.
As shown below, there are different ways of representing the same thing in
division. In each case, we are looking at 311 divided by 12 is equal to 25.92.

Stacked Form 311

= 25.92
12
Operator Form 311 12 = 25.92

Long-Hand Form 25.92

12 311.00

Figure 1 - Division Forms

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 In order to correctly divide, using a standard calculator, the numbers must be
keyed in this order:
311 -12- = 25.92 Texas Instruments Style

311 ENTER -12- 25.92 Hewlett Packard Style

Parts of a Division Equation

Visualize how many times 12 can be divided into 311. The answer is 25.92.
Dividend The dividend is what is being divided up. In the cases above, the
dividend is 311.
Divisor The divisor is the size of the parts the dividend is being broken into.
The divisor in the equations above is 12.
Quotient The number of parts the dividend is being broken into. The
quotient, in this case, 25.92
Remainder Sometimes we dont express the answer as a decimal. We want
to know how many whole times a number goes into another and how many
are left over.

Example Division Remainders

A man has 25 one-dollar bills to distribute evenly to 3 children. How many dollars
will the man have after making his gifts?

Answer:
25 3 = 8 , With a remainder of 1.

V. Fractions
1) Understanding fractions
Fractions represent partial numbers or part of a whole.
Fractions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided just like whole
numbers.

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 Fractions can be expressed in different forms such as the fractional form, the
decimal form, and the percent form.
The top portion of a fraction is the numerator.
The bottom portion of a fraction is the denominator.
Fractions must have the same denominator before they can be added or
subtracted.
The denominator can never be 0.
The numerator and denominator can be multiplied by a number, top and
bottom, which will not change the value of the fraction, but, will put it into a
form that allows it to be added or subtracted as the case may be.

2) Fraction math
Example Adding Fractions
3 1 4 Since the denominators are the same, the fractions can be added by
+ =
8 8 8 simply carrying over the denominator and adding together the two
numerators.
1 3 ? In this case the denominators are different and therefor can not be
+ =
2 8 ? added. A Least Common Denominator (LCD) must be found. The LCD
is the smallest whole number that both denominators will divide evenly
1 4 3 ?
+ =
2 4 8 ?
into. In this case, it is 8. By multiplying the fraction on the left by
4
the fraction , the fraction is converted to an equivalent fraction
4 3 7 4
+ = that can now be added.
8 8 8
2 1 ? A Least Common Denominator (LCD) must be found. By multiplying
+ =
3 5 ? the fractions as shown the fractions are converted to equivalent
fractions that can now be added.
2 5 1 3 ?
+ =
3 5 5 3 ?

10 3 13
+ =
15 15 15

Example Subtracting Fractions

The same rules for finding the LCD applies to subtracting fractions
1 1 1 1
The order of subtracting is important as well, is not the same as .
2 3 3 2

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Example Multiplying Fractions
Fractions are multiplied by multiplying the numerators to get a new
numerator and then the denominators to get new denominators.
The answer can be reduced to get a simplified fraction. To reduce a fraction,
2 4
it is divided by another fraction equivalent to 1, (i.e. , ).
2 4
2 5 10 Example of multiplication and reduction of the fraction.
=
3 6 18
10 2 5
=
18 2 9
3 3 9 Example of fraction multiplication where no reduction is possible
=
5 7 35

Example Dividing Fractions

The problem of dividing fractions can be simplified by converting it into a
multiplication problem.
To divide fractions, inverse (flip) the divisor and then multiply as usual.
Reduce the fraction to a simpler form, if possible.
3 1 Divide the fraction as shown. The divisor is the . Inverse the divisor
=?
5 4 as shown and multiply.

3 4 12
=
5 1 5

3) Working with decimals

3 To convert a fraction to a decimal, simply divide the numerator by the
= 8 3 = 0.375
8 denominator.
0.125 To change any decimal to a fraction, multiply by an equivalent

1000 125 fractional 1 (e.g. 10/10, 100/100, 1000,1000) based on the

0.125 =
1000 1000 number of decimal places to get a fraction.

125 125 1 Reduce the fraction, if possible.

=
1000 125 8 See the example on the left for this technique.

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 4) Working with percentages
5 To change a fraction to a percent, multiply numerator by 100%
%
8 and then divide by the denominator.
5 (100% )500%
= = 62.5%
8 8
75% decimal To change a percent to a fraction, divide by 100%.

75% Note that the two % signs will cancel out.

= 0.75
100%

VI. Exponential
Exponential means to raise a number to some power.
Typically it looks like a number with a smaller number (exponent) located
to the upper right.
The exponent indicates how many times a number should be multiplied by
itself to get the answer.
Only numbers raised to a whole number are suitable to do by hand.
Written Means Commentary

52 5 5 = 25 5 squared means multiply 5 by itself, 2 times.

63 6 6 6 = 216 6 cubed means multiply 6 by itself, 3 times.

DD D squared means multiply D by itself, 2 times.

D2
2
2
22 4 Means multiply the numerator by itself, 2 times & then
=
3 33 9 multiply the denominator by itself, 2 times.

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 Visualizing Square Numbers
Original Number Times Value of Square Alternative Pictorial
Number Itself Form Image
3 3x3 9 32

3 by 3
4 4x4 16 42

4 by 4

VII. Finding Square Roots

The square of a number is simply the product of multiplying a number times itself. For
example the square of 5 is 25. (e.g. 5 x 5 = 25). Finding the square root of a number
can be somewhat more difficult, especially if the number for which the square root
desired is not a perfect square. Perfect squares are the result of multiplying whole
numbers (e.g. 1,2,3,4,) by themselves to get the square (e.g. 1,2,9,16.). Memorizing
these perfect squares, up to the square of say 12, is not uncommon.

Occasionally we will have to find the square root of a number that is not a perfect
square. This number may either be a whole number (12, 34, 56, 102) or a fractional
number (34.2, , 40.5). Unless we have a scientific calculator on hand, finding the
square roots for these numbers may be difficult.

Fortunately, there is a method called the binary search method that will help you
find the square root of any number N. You do not need a calculator to use this method,
however, having a basic 4 function calculator helps.
Example Find the square root.

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Find the square root of 70. The first step is to pick a value you know to be too small
the be the square root of 70. Call this value S (for small guess). The next step is to
pick a value you know to be too large to be the square root of 70. Call this value L
(for large value).

a. Then well working with 70, we'll say S = 8, and L = 9.

b. Then find S2 and L2 (S and L squared):

S2 = 82 = 64

L2 = 92 = 81

c. Which of these values is farther away from 70? 81 is farther away from 70 than 64, so
replace L with the average of S and L. Now we have S = 8, and L = 8.5. Continue
cycling through the process (b&c) until an answer with sufficient accuracy is arrived
at.

d. The answer will converge on 8.37. Check by squaring the answer 8.372 = 70.06 .

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Example of Finding a Square Root

70.0000

S L
8.0000 9.0000 Bracket the value with perfect squares
64.0000 81.0000 Square the initial values and check for bracketing
8.0000 8.5000 Revise "S" or "L"
64.0000 72.2500 Take squares and check differences
8.2500 8.5000
68.0625 72.2500
8.2500 8.3750
68.0625 70.1406
8.3125 8.3750
69.0977 70.1406
8.3438 8.3750
69.6182 70.1406
8.3594 8.3750
69.8792 70.1406
8.3594 8.3672
69.8792 70.0098
8.3633 8.3672
69.9445 70.0098
8.3652 8.3672

VIII. Order of Mathematical Operations

To correctly solve a math equation, the following order must be used:

Parenthesis
Exponential
Multiplication
Division
Addition
Subtraction

A mnemonic is a phrase or device to help us remember something hard by

learning something easy. To remember the correct order of math operation,

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 memorize the catchy phrase, Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally. In addition,
math problems should always be worked from the left to the right.

Homework Problems Division

Convert the following fractions into their decimal and percent equivalents.
Convert the percentages into their decimal and fractional equivalents
Convert the decimals into their fractional and percent equivalents.

Set 1 125 33 21.5 21.567 50

6 5 4 3.14 3.14

Set 2 33 200 25 666 21 80.5 11.2 56.215 50

Set 3 3 7 2 5 23
8 15 7 8 45

Set 4 25% 45% 50% 150% 333%

Set 5 0.25 0.75 1.33 2.50 .0625

Homework Problems Fraction Math

Perform the following operations and reduce if possible
Set 1 1 3 2 1 2 7 5 2 12 12
+ + + + +
4 8 3 5 3 11 7 5 15 16

Set 2 1 1 1 1 3 5 2 1 1 1

2 8 4 16 13 12 7 21 4 5

Set 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 12 5 12 13

7 2 3 4 7 3 15 4 13 12

Set 4 1 1 3 2 3 5 3 1
15 5
2 3 4 5 16 8 7 8
2 3 2
Set 5 1 2 3
1
5 22
4 3 5 2

6

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 Conversions, Units, & Constants

Conversions enable us to quickly change between different systems of units or units of

measure. The figure below shows an example of each. Units tell us what quantity we are
working with. An example of units is gallons, square feet, etc. In Distribution and
Collection math there are several constants that we must know. These constants are
physical quantity facts that do not change. An example would be that a cubic foot of
water weighs 62.4 pounds.

Convert 6 yards into inches Convert 2000 gpm into mgd

36 in = 1yd 1mgd = 694.4 gpm

36in 2000 gpm = 2.88mgd

6 yd = 216in gpm
694.4 mgd
yd

How much does 15 ft3 of water weigh? What is the conversion factor for cubic
feet per sec to gallons per minute?

62.4pounds ft3 60 sec 7.481gal gal

15ft3 = 936pounds = 448.9
ft3 sec min ft 3
min
we say then that:
ft3
1 = 448.9 gpm
sec

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 Basic Geometry

Rectangles
A square is a special kind of rectangle where all sides
are of equal length

Height
AreaRe c tangle = Width Height
PerimeterRe c tangle = ( 2 Width) + ( 2 Height )
AreaSquare = ( Width)
2

Width PerimeterSquare = 4 Width

Triangles
A Right Triangle is a special kind of Triangle where one
of the angles forms a 90 degree angle. The example
shown is a right triangle
Height

1
A re a Tria n g le = B a s e H e ig h t
2

Base

Circles
The diameter is the distance across a circle from edge
to edge through the center.
The radius is the distance from the center of a circle to
its edge. The radius is 1/2 the diameter.
The circumference is the distance around the circle as
measured along its edge.
An important number in circles is the circumference di-
vided by the diameter. It is a constant and it is called
Pi. Pi is represented by the greek letter . It is nu-
merically equal to 3.142

Diameter 17
 Basic Trigonometry

D2
AreaCircle = = 0.785 D2
4
AreaCircle = r 2

Circumference = D = 2 r

= 3.14
D = Diameter

Diameter r = radius = (1/2)(D)

Example of Calculating the Properties of a Circle

Calculate the area and the circumference of the circle

shown to the left. Give your answer in units of feet.

Area Circumference

(72 in)
2
C = 72 in
= 4071.5in2
4 C = 226.2 in
or
226.2 in
0.785 ( 72 in) = 4069in2
2 = 18.8 ft
12 inft

4071.5in2
in2
= 28.3 ft2
72 inches 144 ft2

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 Basic Trigonometry

Volume & Surface Area Calculations

EXAMPLE of RECTANGULAR VOLUMES

Volume = Width Length Height

1.405 Volume = 0.323 units 1.405 units 0.875 units
Volume = 0.397 units3
.875

.323

EXAMPLE of TANKS and PIPE VOLUMES

V = Areaend Height
2.000 22
V= 1.33
4
V = 4.19 units3

1.333

(TOP or BOTTOM) (SIDE)

D2 Surface areas of tanks and simi-

Surface Area = + (D Height ) larly shaped objects must occa-
4 sionally be calculated. Using the
equation to the left, the area can
be calculated. If the bottom area
needs calculating as well, double
the first term.

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Example Applied Geometric Problems
A. An interior of an elevated water tank requires repainting. The tank is a
cylindrically shaped tank 125 feet in diameter and 45 feet tall. Calculate the area
( ft 2 ).

1. Calculate the area of the top and bottom

D2 1252
Area = = = 12, 271.8 ft 2
4 4

2. Calculate the area of the tank side

Area = base length = ( D ) H

Area = 125 45 = 17,671.5ft 2

3. Total interior area equals:

(2)(12,271.8) + 17,671.5 = 42215.1 square feet

B. Calculate the weight of an 8 section of concrete pipe. The interior diameter of

the pipe is 48 and the pipe is 4 thick. Assume the weight of concrete to be 150
pcf.

1. Calculate the area of the outside of the pipe and subtract the area of the inside
diameter of the pipe.

OD = ID + ( 2 )( Thickness ) ID = 48 ", or 4 '

OD = 48 + ( 2 )( 4 ) IDarea =
42
= 12.57 ft 2
OD = 56 ", or 4.67 ' 4
4.672
ODarea = = 17.10 ft 2
4

Net Area = (17.10 12.57) = 4.53 sft.

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2. Multiply the resulting area by the length to determine the volume of concrete in the
pipe.

Volume = 4.53 ft 2 8 ft = 36.2 ft 3

3. Multiply the volume of concrete by the unit weight of concrete to determine the
weight of the concrete (pipe).

Weight = 36.2 cft x 150 pcf = 5,430 lb

Using formulas
Formulas are used to solve problems
Formula always involves a set of variables with one of the variables being an
unknown quantity.
The idea is to rearrange the equation such that the known items are on the right
side of the equal sign and the unknown is on the left side.
By completing the math, the equation is solved for the unknown.
There are several equations you should know. These are:
Equation for Flow Q = A V , Quantity (Flow) is equal to Area times Velocity.
Equation for Distance

Example of Using Formulas

A 16 force main carries a flow of 5000 gallons per minute. What is the velocity of the flow in the
force main?

Step 1
Select the right equation to use, in this case Q=VA

Step 2
Rearrange the equation such that the unknown is on the left and the knowns are on the right.

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 Q = VA
Q
=V
A
Q
V=
A
Step 3
Convert the 5000 gpm flow rate into an equivalent flow rate expressed in cubic feet per second.
5000 gal 1min 1cft
Qcfs = i i
min 60 sec 7.48 gal
Qcfs = 11.14 cfs

Step 4
Find the area of a 16 pipe in units of square feet.

16 16
Area16 " = 0.785 = 1.40 ft2
12 12
Step 5
Rearrange and solve the Q=VxA equation for velocity

Q 11.14 cfs
V= = = 7.96 fps
A 1.40 sft

Example of Using Formulas

Convert 98F into degrees Celsius.
Step 1
5
Select the right equation: C = (F 32 )
9
Step 2
5
Solve the equation: C = ( 98 32 ) = 36.7
9
Step 3
The answer is 36.7 degrees Celsius.

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 Construction Math

I. Stationing
Construction plans usually indicate the distance along lengthy projects in stations.
Stations are simply distances along a utility expressed in a special format.
The special format uses plus stations to indicate measuring units of 100 each.
In plus stations, 200 would be written as 2+00. A distance of 5,280 feet would be
written as 52+80. The number of hundreds of feet goes on the left of the plus sign.
The feet in excess of the last full station go to the right of the plus sign.

Example Stationing Calculations

A portion of a sewer construction plan looks like the following. How long is the
section of pipe between Manhole 2+56 and Manhole 5+67?

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 Answer: 5 + 67 ; Manholes are 311 feet apart.
2 + 56
3 + 11

II. Slope Calculations

The term slope in utility construction work is defined as the rise (or fall) of a line
divided by the distance and expressed as a percentage.
Rise
The formula is: Slope =
Run

Example Calculation of Slope

The difference in elevation between the invert in and invert out of a recently laid
sewer line is 1.75. The length of the sewer line segment is 487. What slope was
the sewer line installed at?

Rise Invert Out Invert In

Slope = =
Run Length of Sewer
1.75 '
Slope = = 0.0036
487 '
Slope = 0.0036 100% = 0.36%

RUN

Sanit a
RISE

ry Sew e
r@X
X%

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Example - Calculation of Grades
The invert elevation at Station 3+50 is 748.25. The line must be laid at a slope
of 1.4%. The next manhole will be located downstream at Station 6+83. What
should the invert elevation be, coming into the manhole located at 6+83?

Rearrange the slope formula:

Rise
Slope =
Run
Rise = Slope Run
Calculate the amount of required fall:
Rise(Fall) = (1.4% ) ( 683 ' 350 ' )

Rise(Fall) = ( 0.014 ) ( 333 ) = 4.66 '

Calculate the invert in elevation:
748.25 ' 4.66 ' = 743.59 '

III. Calculating Earthwork Quantities

Earthwork is usually calculated in cubic yards
Earth, in place, occupies less volume than when it is excavated and placed on
the ground (expansion)
To fill a hole of a given size, more earth than calculated based on the size of
the hole must be obtained. (compaction)
Cuts and fills for trenches are usually calculated using the average end area.
The average end area is a method of estimating volumes by slicing up a prism
area, averaging the cross-sectional areas and multiplying the averaged areas
by the distance between the sections.

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IV. Cut Sheet Calculations

Sewer Cut Sheets are used for various reasons including calculating earthwork quantities for
construction cost estimates.

The sewer invert is determined from the reference elevation and the cut amount.

Sewer Invert = Reference Elevation Amount of Cut

The invert elevation is determined depending on the point that the elevation is taken from and
the amount of cut. The following example illustrates this from two reference points. (See
attached example sheet)

Example
Sta. 4+00, Nail Elevation = Reference Elevation = 744.25
Hub Cut = Amount of Cut from Nail = 10.36
Sta. 4+00, Sewer Invert = 744.25 - 10.36 = 733.89

Likewise
Sta. 4+00, Center Line Elevation = Reference Elevation = 742.04
Center Line Cut = Amt. of Cut from CL = 8.15
Station 4+00, Sewer Invert = 742.04 - 8.15 = 733.89

Same Elevation obtained from each point of reference.

Once the invert elevations are established, the slope of the sewer line can be calculated based on
the cut sheet. (See attached example sheet)

Invert @ 4+00 = 733.89

Invert @ 8+00 = 739.91

Slope = (739.91 733.89) / (8+00 4+00) = (6.02/400) x 100% = 1.505%

27
V. Using Engineering Plans and Scales
SCALE Use For:
1 : 10 1 = 10 1 = 100
1 : 20 1 = 20 1 = 200
1 : 30 1 = 30 1 = 300
1 : 40 1 = 40 1 = 400
1 : 50 1 = 50 1 = 500
1 : 60 1 = 60 1 = 600

Dosing Problems
I. Contact Dosing
Dosing problems are mainly weight problems
ppm = parts per million
l = liter
ml = milliliter
1 ppm = 1 ml/l = 1/1,000,000 (As in one inch per 15.8 miles)
Often the dosing chemical isnt in pure form. To determine the amount of
dosing chemical required, divide the material weight by the purity (%).

Example Dosing Problem

A 24 water main is 7,500 lf long and requires chlorination. The chlorination
chemical available is High Test Hypochlorite, 65% available chlorine. Calculate
the amount of HTH required to bring the level of chlorine in the line up to 50
ppm. Assume 0 ppm for initial conditions.

Calculate the weight of water to be treated

2
24 in 3
0.785 7,500 = 23,562 ft
12 ft
in

7.48 gal
23,562 ft3 = 176,243 gal
ft3

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 Calculate the weight of free chlorine required
lb
176,243 gal 8.34 50ppm = 73.5lb
gal
note that 50 ppm = (50/1,000,000)
Calculate the weight of HTH required
73.5lb
= 113lb
0.65

II. Feed Rate Problems

Feed rate calculations are used to calculate the amount of chemical that must be added
to a process per unit of time. To calculate feed rates, use the following formula.

Qgpm 8.34 mg l
Feed Rate( lb
min )=
Purity(%)

Where: Q = Flow rate (gpm)

8.34 = Weight of 1 gallon of water (lb)
mg/l = Concentration of chemical needed

Example: Feed Rate Problem

A water main supplies 1500 gpm to a community. Due to the distance from the
main system, chlorine residue on the line tends to be low or non-existent. It is
desired to install a local chlorination station and the desired chlorine residual
leaving the station needed to be 2 mg/l. Tablets are specified to be used and they
yield 65% of free chlorine by weight. How many 50 lb. pails of tablets should be
on-site to insure a supply for one week?

29
 Qgpm 8.34 ppm
Feed Rate =
Purity(%)
1500 8.34 2
Feed Rate = 1,000,000
= 0.04 lb min
0.65
Feed Rate = 388 lb week = 8 pails

III. Detention Time

Detention time is also known as contact time. It refers to the average amount of
time, which a flow, passing through a holding structure, spends. The detention
time is an average time and some portions of the flow make take a somewhat
shorter or longer path through the structure. Short-circuiting refers to a flow that
passes through the structure in a time less than the intended duration. The
degree of differences in detention times can be sometimes improved by the
addition of baffles.

Volume
The formula for detention time can is: D t =
Rate

Example Detention Time Calculation

A flow of 1000 gpm is sent to a 3 mg reservoir at which point it is chlorinated

and discharged. Calculate the detention time in minutes.

Answer

3, 000, 000 gallons

Dt = = 3000 minutes
1 , 000 gallons
minutes

Example Required Feed Rate for Achieve a Specific DT

30
A line contains highly chlorinated water, which must be neutralized prior to
discharge. The appropriate method requires adding a dechlorinator chemical and
holding it in a contact chamber for 3 minutes. The available tank is a 7,000
gallon tractor-trailer tanker. What is the maximum rate at which water can be
fed to the tank in order to maintain a contact time of at least 3 minutes?

V
Dt
Q
V
Q
Dt
7, 000 gallons
Q 2, 333 gpm
3 minutes

Water Pressure and Conversions

A good visual aid to understanding the relationship between pressure and pressure
conversions is to imagine a cube of water measuring 1 x 1 x 1 and resting on a
surface. The illustration belows depicts such a cube.
1 Foot

o t
Fo
1
1 Foot

The weight of the cube is the same as the weight of 1 cubic foot of water or 62.4
lbs. We say that water weighs 62.4 lbs/cft.

31
 When we discuss pressure, we are generally talking about a given amout of force
or weight spread out over a particular area.

In the case above the 62.4 lbs is spread out over a 1 sft area. The pressure the cube
exerts on the surface is therefor equal to (62.4 lbs / 1 sft) or 62.4 psf.

Pressure is usually expressed in units of pounds per square inch or psi. We can
calculate the pressure in the figure shown in psi by using a few facts.

1. The cube still weighs 62.4 pounds

2. The bearing area is 1 x 1 or 1 sft. Since we are looking for units of
square inches, we want to convert the 1 sft into square inches. There are
144 square inches in 1 square foot.
62.4 lbs
3. The pressure in psi is therefor: = 0.433 lb in2 .
144 in2

One term frequently encountered is water pressure head. Head simply refers to
the amount of pressure exerted by a 1 high column of water. As seen above, a 1
column of water exerts 62.4 psf or 0.433 psi of pressure. Therefor, the conversion
factors are:

1 foot of head (water) = 0.433 psi

1
1 psi (pounds per square inch) = ft or 2.31 of head (water)
0.433

Example
1. A pressure gauge is calibrated in units of feet of water. A reading is taken and the
pressure is found to be 83 feet of water. What is the pressure is psi?

Answer
psi
83feet 0.433 = 35.9psi
foot of head

2. A pressure gauge is attached to an elevated tank and a reading of 50 psi is obtained.

How high above the gauge is the surface of water?

Answer
ft
50psi 2.31 = 115.5feet
psi

32
 Electricity
Basic electricity problems involves finding solutions to problems involving current
flow (amps), current resistance (Ohms), current force (volts), and current power
(watts)

Use the chart below as an aid for finding the right equation:

Volts Amps Power Re sis tan ce

Volts Amps VI V
I
Volts Watts P V2 P = power (watts)
V P
Volts Re sis tan ce V V2 R = resis tan ce (ohms)
R R
Amps Watts P P
I I2 i = current (amps)
Amps Re sis tan ce IR 2
I R
Re sis tan ce Watts PR P
R

Figure 2 - Basic Electrical Relationships

SPECIAL NOTE By memorizing that V=IxR and P=IxV, you can always derive the other
equations by substitution without having to memorize them.

Example Deriving Electrical Equation

A 60 watt lamp is plugged into a 120V circuit and turned on. How much
resistance does the lamp add to the circuit.

Solution: Given P=60 and V=120, we want to know R. We cant remember

the formula, but, we know that V=IxR and P=IxE. What can we do?

E = IR P = IE
R=E I=P
I E Set up basic equations
E Rearrange equations
R=
PE Substitute variables and solve
2 2
R =E = 120 = 240 Ohms
P 60

33
 Work Calculations
Work and power are not the same thing. Work refers to an amount of force
exerted along a particular distance. Work is in units of force x distance (i.e. ft-
lbs, in-lbs, etc.) Power refers to an amount of work over a given amount of time.
Horsepower and watts (kW) are measures of power.

550 ft lb
1Horsepower = and, 1Horsepower = 746 watts
sec

Example Horsepower Conversions

a. Convert 120 horsepower to kilowatts.

746 watts 1kW
120hP = 89.52kW
hP 1000 watts

b. Convert 150kW to horsepower.

1000 watts
150 kW
kW = 201hP
746 watts
hP

Example Work vs. Horsepower

A 500 pound sled is moved over a distance of 1000 ft twice. The first time, it took 15
seconds to cover the distance and the second time it took 8 seconds. Calculate the
amount of work done each time and the horsepower required.

34
Case 1 Case 2

Work = Force Dis tan ce Work = Force Dis tan ce

Work = 500 lb 1000 ft Work = 500 lb 1000 ft
Work = 500, 000 ftilb Work = 500, 000 ftilb
Power = Work Time Power = Work Time
500, 000 ftilb 500, 000 ftilb
Power = 15 sec Power = 8 sec
Power = 33, 333 fti lb sec = 60.6 hp Power = 62, 500 fti lb sec = 113.6 hp

A pump performs work when it operates. There are three equations relating to the
amount of work performed in a hydraulic system. The following definitions are needed:

Water Horsepower (WHP) the amount of power delivered by a pump in performance

of its duties.

Brake Horsepower (BHP) the amount of power that that must be delivered to the pump
shaft in order to get the desired amount of performance out of the pump. More power
must be delivered to the shaft than what the pump ultimately outputs due to the need to
overcome friction in the bearings and inefficiencies inherent to the pump.

Motor Horsepower (MHP) The amount of power consumed by the driver (electrical or
otherwise) required to operate the pump.

Pump Efficiency (p ) - ratio between the water horsepower and brake horsepower and is
always less than 1 (100%).

Motor Efficiency (m ) - ratio between the brake horsepower and motor horsepower and is
always less than 1 (100%), usually ~94% in practice.

35
The formulas needed are:

Q GPM HFEET
WHP =
3960

BHP = WHP
p

MHP = BHP
m
WHP
Overall Efficiency =
MHP

Where does the 3960 constant come from?

gal ft ft3 min lb HP 1
1 1 62.4 3 = , so it is said 3,960.
min 7.48 gal 60 sec ft 550 ftilb sec 3956

Example Pump Horsepower

A pump delivers 1500 gpm against a total head of 245 feet. The pump efficiency at this
operating point is 82% and the motor efficiency is 94%. Calculate the water, brake, and
motor horsepower. Calculate the overall efficiency.

Q GPM HFEET 1500 245

WHP = = = 92.80
3960 3960
92.80
BHP = WHP
p = 0.82 = 113.17

113.17
MHP = BHP
m = 0.94 = 120.40
WHP 92.80
Overall Efficiency = = = 77%
MHP 120.40

The overall efficiency is also known as the wire to water efficiency.

36
 Homework Math Questions

I. SEWER:

1) If a jetting crew cleans 1,800 feet of line in six (6) hours, how many feet are they averaging per
hour?

A. 300 ft./hr.
B. 600 ft./hr.
C. 3000 ft./hr.
D. 60 ft./hr.

2) How many cubic yards of dirt would be required to fill a hole 10 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 6 feet
deep?

A. 180 yd.3

B 6.67 yd.3

C. 66.7 yd.3

D. 18.0 yd.3

3) How many square yards of pavement are required to replace a cut 6 feet wide and 9 feet long?

A. 54.0 yd.2

B. 60.0 yd.2

C. 5.4 yd.2

D. 6.0 yd.2

37
4) A manhole is 96 inches deep, how many feet is this?

A. 8.0 ft.
B. 80.0 ft.
C. 12.0 ft.
D. 9.0 ft.

5) If a wet well will hold 500 gallons, and the flow into the wet well is 10 gal./min.; How long will it
take, in minutes to fill up?

A. 100 min.
B 5 min.
C. 50 min.
D. 10 min.

6) If the TV camera travels down the sewer line at a rate of 2 ft./sec.; How many minutes will it take
to travel through 600 feet. of line?

A. 50 min
B. 5 min
C. 30 min.
D. 3 min

7) If manhole #1 is at station 0+30 and manhole #2 is at station 2+50, what is the distance between
manholes?

A. 220 ft.
B. 2200 ft.
C. 22 ft.
D. 50 ft.

38
8) If the sewer line in problem #7 is laid on a 2.0% grade, what is the difference in elevation between
the invert in manhole #1 and #2?

A. 0.44 ft.
B. 44.0 ft.
C. 2.2 ft.
D. 4.4 ft.

9) What is the slope in percent of an 8 inch sewer line that is 400 feet long, if the invert elevation of
the upstream manhole is 836.00, and the invert elevation of the downstream manhole is 832.50?

A. 1.2 %
B. 8.8 %
C. 0.88 %
D. 10.0 %

10) What is the grade in percent (%) of a sewer line which falls 6 feet between station 10+30 and
4+10?

A. 2.0 %
B. 1.2 %
C. 0.97 %
D. 4.0 %

11) Estimate the total cost of a sanitary sewer construction project. The project consists of 459 feet of
10 inch sewer, and one manhole. Costs are estimated as follows:

Excavation and backfill ...........................$16.00 per linear foot

Furnish and install 10" pipe ....................$8.00 per linear foot
Furnish and install 4' manhole ................$950.00 each

A. $ 974
B. $ 1,190
C. $ 11,966
D. $ 21,200

39
12) A trench 1.5 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and 100 feet long is to be filled with select backfill. How many
cubic yards of backfill are required?

A. 1,200 Yds.3

B 44.4 Yds.3

C. 52.0 Yds.3

D. 133.3 Yds.3

13) Using a labor cost of $ 6.50 per man hour, what is the labor cost of a job that requires 2 people 10
hours to complete?

A. $ 13.00
B. $ 65.00
C. $ 130.00
D. $ 68.00

14) The formula for calculating the volume of a wet well is

A. V = Length x Width x Circumference

B. V = Width x Area x Perimeter
C. V = Width x Length x Heighth
D. V = Width x Heighth x Diameter

15) One cubic foot per second flow is equal to gallons per hour.

A. 2,694
B. 3,600
C. 6,000
D. 26,940

40
16) A wet well is 10 feet in diameter and 12 feet deep. The pump intake is on the bottom of the wet
well. The overflow is 3 feet down from the top. The pump is set to come on when the water level
is one foot below the overflow pipe, and cut off 2 feet from the bottom. How many gallons of water
will the pump take out before it cuts off? Assume no inflow.

A. 2,350 gals.
B. 14,100 gals.
C. 3,525 gals.
D. 6,110 gals.

17) A wet well has these dimensions: 12 feet wide x 12 feet long x 10 feet deep. A pump lowers the
water level 4 feet in 6 minutes. How many gallons per minute is the pump pumping?

A. 505 gpm
B. 718 gpm
C. 180 gpm
D. 350 gpm

18) Water is flowing into a wet well at a rate of 300 gpm. The level in the wet well is rising at a rate
of 50 gpm. What is the pump capacity under these conditions?

A. 350 gpm
B. 100 gpm
C. 200 gpm
D. 250 gpm

19) Determine the capacity of a pump, if an 8 foot diameter wet well is lowered 5 feet in 3 minutes.
Assume no inflow into the wet well. What is the pumps capacity in MGD?

A. 627 MGD
B. 205 MGD
C. 0.9 MGD
D. 0.6 MGD

41
20) Wastewater is pumped through an 8 inch force main at the rate of 448 gallons per minute (gpm).
What is the velocity of the flow in the line?

A. 2.85 ft./sec.
B. 42.95 ft./sec.
C. 66.40 ft./sec.
D. 100.00 ft./sec.

21) The overall efficiency of a pumping unit, if the current usage is 75 amperes at 220 volts, and the
pump output is 500 gpm at a head of 100 feet, is %

A. 43
B 57
C. 59
D. 76

22) A pump has a capacity of 7,000 gpm and lifts wastewater 22 feet (total head). If the pump
efficiency is 85%, what size (horsepower) motor is required?

A. 45.75 hp
B. 42.5 hp
C. 50.0 hp
D. 55.0 hp

23) Your town has been receiving complaints about odors in your sewer system. To correct the
problem, you have been instructed to use chlorine for odor control. The recommended dose is 15
mg/L, and your flow is 85 gpm. How many pounds 65% HTH chlorine a day will you use?

A. 6.7 lbs.
B. 9.9 lbs.
C. 12.6 lbs.
D. 23.6 lbs.

42
24) You have a centrifugal pump that delivers 400 gpm against a head of 200 feet, with a combined
pump and motor efficiency of 70%. What is the cost for electrical power for operating the pump 12
hours/day for three months of 31 days each? (The electrical cost is 5 cents per kilowatt hour and 1
horsepower = 0.746 kilowatt.)

A. $ 281
B. $ 842
C. $ 1,200
D. $ 1,682

25) A 10 x 10 wetwell contains 8 of water at the beginning of a pump down test. The pump down
time was determined to be 6 minutes and the fill time, after the pump was shutoff was 9 minutes.
What was the average pump rate?

A. 1,234 gpm
B. 1,459 gpm
C. 1,662 gpm
D. 1,800 gpm

26) An 8 circular wetwell containing 6 of water is equivalent to a 8 x 8 square wetwell containing

how many inches of water?

A. 41 inches
B. 51 inches
C. 57 inches
D. 64 inches

27) A 12 force main runs 3,000 uphill from a pump station. It is necessary to drain this force main to
perform maintenance on it. How many gallons of sewage must be contained?

A. 2,356 gallons
B. 17,627 gallons
C. 19,650 gallons
D. 25,684 gallons

43
28) A pump operates at 3,000 gpm at 200 of head. The pump efficiency is 75% and the motor
efficiency is 95%. The pump operates 2000 hours per year. If electricity cost 6 cents per kilowatt-
hour used, how much will the power bill be for the year?

A. $13,000
B. $15,500
C. $19,000
D. $23,000

29) A 250 diameter ground storage tank is 25 tall. The tank must be painted and the paint is known
to cover 2,500 square feet per gallon. How many gallons of paint will be required?

A. 10.5 gallons
B. 19.6 gallons
C. 27.5 gallons
D. 42.3 gallons

30) A trench for a sewer line is made in soil that requires a 1.5H : 1V side slope. The trench depth is
14 and the trench bottom width is 6. How wide must the top of the excavation be?

A. 20 feet
B. 32 feet
C. 48 feet
D. 60 feet

31) If normal body temperature is 98.6 F, what is the equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius?

A. 30 C
B. 33 C
C. 37 C
D. 50 C

44
II. WATER:

1) What is the volume of water in a 30 inch water line 550 feet long in ft3, and in gallons?

A. 26.9 ft.3 20.2 gal.

B. 269 ft.3 2,012 gal.

C. 2,699 ft.3 20,184 gal.

D, 26.9 ft.3 202 gal.

2) Convert 1 2 to its decimal equivalent.

A. 50.0
B. 5.0
C. 0.5
D. 0.05

3) How many 18 ft. long joints of 6" ductile iron pipe will be needed for a 600 ft. water main
extension?

A. 33.3
B. 200
C. 20
D. 333

4) How long will it take a pump which is pumping at 750 gallons per minute (gpm) to empty a tank
which contains 75,000 gallons?

A. 10.0 min.
B. 7.5 min.
C. 75.0 min.
D. 100.0 min.

45
5) A water standpipe which is 40 ft. in diameter has 20 ft. of water in it. How much water is it
holding?

A. 1,879,948 gal.
B. 187,898 gal.
C. 46,974 gal.
D. 59,840 gal.

6) A water tank pressure guage is reading 40 psi. If the guage is located at ground level, what is the
water surface elevation above the ground?

A. 40.0 ft.
B. 92.4 ft.
C. 17.3 ft.
D. 23.1 ft.

7) If a water plant is discharging finished water at a rate of 10 MGD, how much water is pumped in
20 hours?

A. 10.0 million gallons

B. 5.8 million gallons
C. 6.9 million gallons
D. 8.3 million gallons

8) Water is pumped from a small town's well at a rate of 50 gallons per minute (gpm), and the town
requires 60,000 gallons of water each day. How many hours must the pump run each day to supply
the town with this amount of water?

A. 2.0 hrs.
B. 20.0 hrs.
C. 200.0 hrs
D. 10.0 hrs.

46
9) A 10 inch water main is flowing at 497 gallons per minute (gpm). What is the velocity in feet per
second (fps, ft./sec.)?

A. 2.03 fps
B. 20.3 fps
C. 0.203 fps
D. 0.51 fps

10) If the velocity in a 12 inch pipe is 2.5 feet per second (fps). what is the flow in cubic feet per second
(cfs)?

A. 19.6 cfs
B. 282.7 cfs
C. 2.82 cfs
D. 1.96 cfs

11) How many pounds of 65% HTH chlorine are required to disinfect a 6 inch water main, 600 feet long
with 50 ppm chlorine dosage

A. 0.57 lbs.
B. 368 lbs.
C. 10 lbs.
D. 5.0 lbs.

12) If 595.7 pounds of 65 % HTH chlorine are used to disinfect a 1,000,000 gallon tank, what is the
dosage in ppm?

A. 22 ppm
B. 46 ppm
C. 103 ppm
D. 5 ppm

47
13) How many gallons of paint will it take to cover the outside of a tank (include the top) that is 20
feet in diameter, and 40 feet tall? The paint will cover 900 square feet per gallon. Answer to the
nearest whole gallon.

A. 3 Gallons
B. 14 Gallons
C. 6 Gallons
D. 1 Gallon

14) Assuming that 16 pipe weighs 90 pounds per foot empty. Estimate the weight of a 20-foot length
of pipe filled with water.

A. 2,020 lbs.
B. 3,040 lbs.
C. 3,540 lbs.
D. 4,500 lbs.

15) A plug is installed on the end of a 24 water main. It is anticipated that the maximum line pressure
will be 85 psi. Calculate the expected thrust on the plug.

A. 2,040 lbs.
B. 38,450 lbs.
C. 42,250 lbs.
D. 50,000 lbs.

16) If the pressure in a water main is 60 psi, what is the static pressure in a faucet located 25 feet
above the main?

A. 49.2 psi
B. 50.5 psi
C. 70.6 psi
D. 85.0 psi

48
17) Total energy (feet), for a water line located 40 above a datum, flowing at 8 fps, at a pressure of 125
psi.
A. 143.6
B. 228.0
C. 329.5
D. 411.4

18) Five mgd is pumped to a distribution point. Sampling has determined that the chlorine level in the
main is 1 mg/l, but, it is desired that the level be 3 mg/l. A tablet chlorinator is specified, using
65% available hypochlorite tablets. Calculate the expected pounds of chemical use during a one
week period.
A. 50 lb
B. 500 lb
C. 625 lb
D. 900 lb

19) A flow rate of 85 gpm enters a circular tank that is 30 in diameter and 5 feet tall, and then
overflows out. Calculate the detention time in hours.
A. 2.2 hours
B. 5.2 hours
C. 10.4 hours
D. 15.5 hours

20) Calculate the force, in pounds, on a 36 diameter access hatch on the wet riser of a water tank if
the water level is 125 above the center of the hatch.
A. 4,500 lb
B. 12,500 lb
C. 55,135 lb
D. 80,666 lb

III. METER:

1) When running a flow rate test on a meter you find that in one minute 2.4 cu. ft. of water
goes through the meter. What is the rate in GPM?

A. 18.0 gpm
B 2.4 gpm

49
 C. 24.0 gpm
D. 7.5 gpm

2) "Meter accuracy" may be defined as the quotient obtained by dividing the meter reading by the
actual volume of water. The percentage accuracy of a meter registering 52 cubic feet when 50 cubic
feet are run through is?

A. 96 %
B 102 %
C. 104 %
D. 114 %

3) When testing meters in the shop, if the test tank shows 10 cu. ft. and the meter shows 9.6 cu. ft.,
the meter is?

A. 9.6 % fast
B. 4.0 % fast
C. 4.0 % slow
D. 9.6 % slow

50
4) A meter in a well discharge line reads 0005678 gallons on one Monday and 0356098 on the following
Monday. What is the average daily pumpage?

A. 35,042 gpd
B. 43,802 gpd
C. 50,060 gpd
D. 350,420 gpd

5) When running a flow rate test on a meter you find that in 60 seconds 3.0 cu. ft. of water goes
through the meter. What is the rate in GPM?

A. 12.5 GPM
B. 5.7 GPM
C. 22.4 GPM
D. 3.6 GPM

6) While making a flow test on a meter you determine that in 1.5 minutes 4.0 cu. ft. of water goes
through the meter. What is the rate in GPM?

A. 20.0 GPM
B. 18.0 GPM
C. 62.4 GPM
D. 27.0 GPM

7) The percentage accuracy of a test meter registering 90 gallons when 95 gallons are run through it is:

A. 105%
B. 95%
C. 80%
D. 110%

51
8) While making a flow test on a meter you determine that in 2.3 minutes, 6.2 cu. ft. of water goes
through the meter. What is the flow in MGD?

A. 2.0 MGD
B. 0.5 MGD
C. 0.03 MGD
D. 18.0 MGD

9) How much water will a tank 5 feet in diameter and 6 feet tall hold? How much does the water
weigh?

A. 8,812 gal. 73,512 lbs.

B. 3,535 gal. 29,405 lbs.
C. 880.8 gal. 7,345.9 lbs.
D. 353.5 gal. 2,947 lbs.

Answers:

Sewer:
1) A 2) B 3) D 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) A 8) D 9) C 10) C

11) C 12) B 13) C 14) C 15) D 16) C 17) B 18) D 19) C 20) A

21) B 22) A 23) D 24) C 25)C 26)C 27)B 28)C 29)C 30)C

31)C

Water:

1) C 2) C 3) A 4) D 5) B 6) B 7) D 8) B 9) A 10) D

11) A 12) B 13) A 14)C 15)B 16)A 17)C 18)D 19)B 20)C

Meter:

1) A 2) C 3) C 4) C 5) C 6) A 7) B 8) C 9) C

RHB,Jr.

W:\Engineering\by_staff\Easonk\Program Data\Meter School Stuff\Word Files\Math Lab.doc

52
 History of Updates
Friday, April 20, 2001
Section: Using Formulas
Revised the problem concerning the 16 force main to include more steps as to converting the flow rate and finding the
area of the pipe.

Friday, April 27, 2001

Section: Basic Math Operation
Included a method for finding the square root of any number. Intended for intermediate and advanced math students.

Section: Electrical
Revised formula table and added example on solving electrical equations.

Section: Work
Added section on concept of work and how it relates to measures hydraulic horsepower and calculations.

Friday, June 08, 2001

General update to reflect Carols comments.

Monday, June 11, 2001

Added additional math homework problems
Wednesday, October 31, 2001
Revised page 26 to; ..to determine the amount of dosing chemical required, divide the material weight.
Wednesday, April 10, 2002
Updated manual to correct several typographical errors.
Monday, April 22, 2002
Added dosing and detention time section
Added water problems #18 #20.
Thursday, July 3rd, 2003
Revised the cut sheet examples

53
 CONVERSION FACTORS and CONSTANTS
1. 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
2. 1 meter = 3.28 feet
3. 1 acre = 43,560 square feet
4. 1 square mile = 640 acres
5. 1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
6. 1 gallon of water = 8.34 lbs
7. 1 liter = 1,000 cubic centimeters
8. 1 liter = 1,000 milliliters (ml)
9. 1 gallon = 3.785 liters
10. 1 pound = 7,000 grains
11. 1 pound = 453.5 grams
12. 1 grain per gallon = 17.1 parts per million (p.p.m.)
13. 1 grain = 0.0648 grams
14. 1 p.p.m. = 8.34 lbs. per million gallons of water
15. 1 cubic foot of water = 62.4 pounds
16. 1 gram = 15.43 grains
17. 1 ounce = 28.35 grams
18. 1 ounce = 29.57 milliliters (ml)
19. 1 quart = 0.9464 liters
20. 1 foot of water = 0.433 psi
21. 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water
22. 1 inch of mercury = 1.13 feet of water
23. 1 Horsepower = 33,000 ft-lbs per minute
24. 1 Horsepower = 746 watts
25. 1 million gallons per day = 1.55 cubic feet per second
26. 1 million gallons per day = 694 gallons per minute
27. 1 day = 1,440 minutes
28. (greek letter pi) = 3.14
29. 1 meter = 100 centimeters (cm)
30. 1 kilogram = 2.205 lbs
31. 1 mile = 5,280 feet