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Capillary Filtration
Interstitial
Hydrostatic Cell Capillary Filtration
Cell
Pressure
0-1 mmHg Not all fluid that leaves capillary is
returned to capillary
Hydrostatic Oncotic Pressure
Some fluid is needed to remain as
Hydrostatic
Pressure 35 mmHg
26 mmHg Pressure
interstitial fluid
16 mmHg
Components of
Lymph
lymphatic system
90% of fluid that leaves capillaries is
Lymph fluid
returned
Intermediary between blood in capillary and
tissues The 10% that does not return becomes
Lymphatic organs part of the interstitial fluid
Lymph nodes Similar in composition to plasma
Tonsils Without erythrocytes and large protein
molecules
Spleen
Contains water, lymphocytes, granulocytes,
Thymus
respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, ions,
Lymph vessels urea
Lymphatic Capillaries
Found in most places that contain
capillaries
Except cartilage, CNS, eye ball, spleen
Epithelial cells overlap and attached
loosely
Allows fluid to come in but not let fluid out
More permeable than blood capillaries
Nature of lymphatic capillaries allows WBCs
pathogens, and cancer cells to enter easily
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/16_04.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Notes7%2520Lymp
hatic%2520Anatomy.htm&h=480&w=640&sz=93&hl=en&start=1&um=1&usg=__USDC9acU7aysiLnw1PSgWRMoUUw=&tbnid=c-
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http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/dynamichuman2/content/gifs/0147.gif
Movement of Lymph
There is no pump like in circulatory
system
Very low pressure
Flow accomplished because of three
factors
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Valves prevent backflow
Failure to move lymph results in
accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Image421.gif
Lymph Nodes
Situated in between two lymphatic
collecting vessels are lymph nodes
Nodes serve as filters to capture foreign
material or abnormal cells (cancer)
Site of lymphocyte production
Can become inflammed/ engorged with
infectious material
Can be found in large clusters in inguinal,
cervical, and axillae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_lymph_node_structure.png
Lymphoid Organs
Lymphoid Organs Tonsils
Tonsils Are not fully
Ring of lymphatic encapsulated like
tissue at entrance other lymphoid organs
to pharynx Contain crypts to
3 pairs of tonsils invite bacteria in
Palatine Commonly infected
Adenoids because of this
approach
Lingual
Creates memory cells
Fight infections of to deal with pathogens
upper respiratory later
system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Throat_with_Tonsils_0011J.jpeg http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Lymphoid2/Images/tns02
he.jpg
Immunity Immunity
First line of defense is intact integumentary Can be innate (natural) or acquired
system Innate immunity is immunity that you are
In the event of failure, immune system aids born
in prevention of a developing pathology It is inherent and permanent
Differ among individuals Includes factors that are constitutively
Differ among an individuals time of life expressed and mobilized immediately
Collection of mechanisms that protect when presented with a pathogen
against disease by identifying and killing Acquired from parents (genetics)
pathogens and tumors
Candidasis Cryptococcus
neoformans
Streptococci Histoplasmosis
Influenza Influenza
Transmitted in aerosolized Three types of viruses
A = Most virulent and cause of
format through coughing and pandemic outbreaks
sneezing Infects mammals and birds
Direct or indirect contact is Common cause of severe illness
possible Fast mutator
Virus is susceptible to B = Never causes pandemics but can
cause some local epidemics
sunlight, soap and detergent Only infects humans
Best treatment is prevention by Slower evolver
hand washing Illness is less severe
C = Infects humans, dogs, and pigs
Illness is minor and usually only
occurs in children
Influenza Genome
Influenza Nomenclature
RNA genome encodes 11 genes on 8 RNA
segments Hemagglutinin = There are nine types
There are 2 critical proteins involved in influenza Neuraminidase = There are five types
infection
Hemagglutinin protein allows virus to binds to certain
molecules on surface of epithelial cells
Hemagglutinin determines where the protein binds
H1 binds to cells in nose and throat
H5 binds deep in lungs and causes pneumonia
While the cell is infected, the virus directs the cell to
reproduce the viral genome and builds new viral
particles
Neuraminidase protein cleaves the attachment point of
influenza virus and allows new viral particles to detach
and infect other cells
Pandemics Pandemics
Pandemic Year Death Rate Subtype Type
Current Pandemic