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1 INTRODUCTION
WELDED JOINTS 11
Welding is an effective method of making permanent joints between two or more metal parts.
Cast iron, steel and its alloys, brass and copper are the metals that may be welded easily.
Production of leak proof joints that can withstand high pressures and temperatures are made
possible with advanced welding technology. For this reason, welding is fast replacing casting
and forging wherever possible. When compared to riveting, welding is cheaper, stronger and
simpler to execute at site with considerable freedom in design. Hence, it is widely used in ship
building and structural fabrication in place of riveting.
Groove or included
angle
Weld size
Root
Base
Root opening Throat
metal
(a) (b)
Various categories of welded joints (welds) are characterized by symbols which, in general
are similar to the shape of welds to be made. These symbols are categorised as:
161
162 Machine Drawing
Edge joint
Lap joint
4
2a
a5 300
1
3
2b
Joint
Fig. 11.3
(b) Convex
(c) Concave
1. Square
butt weld
2
welded from
both sides
22
2.
Single-V
butt weld
3
Welded Joints 165
Table 11.4 Combination of elementary symbols
3. and
backing run
9
39
4. Double-V
butt weld
(X weld)
33
5. Double
bevel
butt weld
4
6. (K weld)
44
7. Double-U
butt weld
7
77
8. Fillet weld
10
and fillet
weld
9 10
1010
166 Machine Drawing
(a)
SAW
(b)
Fig. 11.4
Another convention as per International Standards Organisation, indicates the process
of welding. For this, the abbreviation of the welding process is written as a note at the tail end
of the arrow, forming a 90V as shown in Fig. 11.4b. Here, SAW stands for submerged arc
welding (Table 11.6).
11.2.3. Location of Welds
The location of the welds is specified by the following:
(i) Position of the arrow line,
(ii) Position of the reference line and
(iii) Position of the symbol.
11.2.4. Position of the Arrow Line
The arrow line joins one end of the continuous reference line, such that it forms an angle with
it and is completed by an arrow head. Figure 11.5 shows the relation between the arrow line
(a) Weld on the arrow side (b) Weld on the other side
and the joint. The terms arrowside and otherside (in case of fillet welding) are used with
respect to the continuous plate (Figs. 11.5 c and d). The position of the arrow line with respect
Welded Joints 167
to the weld is generally of no special significance (Fig. 11.6). However, in the case of edge
preparation (Refer No. 4, 6 and 8 in Table 11.1), the arrow line points towards the plate which
is prepared (Fig. 11.7).
Arrow side
Joint A
Joint B
Other side of joint
of joint A A
Other side Arrow side
of joint A of joint B
Joint A
Joint B
Other side
of joint B
Other side
of joint B
Arrow side Arrow side
of joint B of joint A
(c) (d)
Fig. 11.6 Position of arrow lines Fig. 11.7 Indication of edge preparation
z
placed in front of the value of the corresponding
dimension.
z=a 2
Upto 6
60 10 to 20
> 12
10 to 5
T
T < 10 1.5 to 5
0 to 3
1.5 to 5
0 to 3
T > 10 3 to 6
60 10 to 20
0 to
3
> 12
> 25
10 to 5
to 3
1.5
3 to 6 0 to 3
10 to 20
45 to 50
r
> 12
0 to
r = 10 to 5
3
T < 10 3 to 5 0 to 3
to 3
1.5
T > 10 5 to 8
45 to 50 10 to 20
> 25
> 12
r = 10 to 5
0 to
to 3
1.5
1.5
5 to 8
0 to 3
170
No. Designation Definition Inscription
of welds
Machine Drawing
s
s : minimum distance from the
surface of the part to the
1. Butt weld bottom of the penetration s
s
which cannot be greater
than the thickness of the
thinner part
s
s
a : height of the largest iso-
2. Continuous sceles triangle that can be a
fillet weld inscribed in the section
z : side of the largest isosceles
z
z
triangle that can be
a a a inscribed in the section
n : (see No. 3)
4. Spot weld (e) :spacing
d
d n (e)
d : diameter of spot
(e)
Welded Joints 171
5. The arrow of the symbol must point towards the joint which requires welding (Fig. 11.6).
6. When only one member is to be edge prepared to make the joint, the arrow should point
at that plate (Fig. 11.7).
7. Dimensions of size are indicated in mm without writting the unit mm. The letter a or z
is placed in front of the value of the fillet size, depending upon whether the throat or leg
and length of the weld is shown on the right hand side. If no length is given, it implies
that full length is to be welded (Table 11.5).
8. If unequal legs of fillet are to be used, they should also be given on the left hand side.
9. If a weld is to be made all around a joint, a circle should be placed at the elbow, connecting
the arrow to the reference line (Fig. 11.4 a).
10. If a weld is required to be made on the site or during erection or assembly, it is represented
by a filled-in circle at the elbow, connecting the arrow and the reference line (Fig. 11.4 a)
11. If a weld is to have a flush or flat finish, a straight line should be added above the
symbol.
12. The welding process is indicated, if required, at the end of the arrow (Fig. 11.4 b).
11.8 EXAMPLES
The assembly drawing of a shaft support fabricated by welding is shown in Fig. 11.13 c, using
the conventional weld symbols.
The drawing of the individual components (part drawings) with edge preparation
wherever necessary, before they are joined by welding, are shown in Fig. 11.13 a. The isometric
view of the assembly is shown in Fig. 11.13 b.
Table 11.6 Welding process designations
12
R 20
12
75
60
110 60
1 X
2
f 30
45
12
R 12 15
3
4
12
3 R 10 3
10 2:1
Detail at X
(a)
(b)
3 Drill after
55
welding
2 8 8
1 Z6 Z6
12
110
55 4
R 12 f 12
10
Z6 Z6
60
80
Z6 Z6
(c)
Fig. 11.13 Shaft support
THEORY QUESTIONS
DRAWING EXERCISES
R 10
90
R10
75
2 HOLES,
DIA 10
f 30
f 20 R 10
8 R 22 65
20
2 HOLES, DIA 16
R20
40
20 A
C
25
6
12 6
50
74
D
10
32 F
f 16
115
B E
f 25
50 20
G
R 20
48
2
24 24
M 20
18
45
3
186
162
142
30
B C
9
12
132
3 HOLES,
35
DIA 18
13
8
82
84
12
3
D
1
36
8
54
13
24
24
24
Fig. 11.20