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Harvard Referencing Guide

Monash University 2012

Unlike many referencing styles, there is no source document for a Harvard Guide. This guide is based on Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual for
th
authors, editors and printers, 6 edn, rev. by Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, Milton; and a wide range of online Harvard Guides was also consulted.
This guide is an updated version of the Monash online Harvard Guide available via the Monash library homepage.

Features include:

A comprehensive table of contents, which can be used as a quick guide


examples of in-text citing for each source type
basic explanations of key terms and symbols used in referencing
more comprehensive coverage of source types
rules for page numbers at the top of each page
notes included with individual examples where relevant, highlighting details that may be overlooked
tips for figures, tables and musical notation at Appendix A
a quick guide for referencing articles at Appendix B
a quick guide to in-text referencing at Appendix C
a sample reference list at Appendix D
Acknowledgements

I gratefully acknowledge the hard work of the team members involved in this project:
Janet McGarry
Seth Paddle
Cassandra Freeman
Anne Melles
Kate Mallard
Sue Little
Jackie Waylen
Thank you all for your solutions to referencing dilemmas and for your professionalism.

I also wish to thank the students, library staff and academic staff and who offered feedback as the guide was being trialled. Your comments were greatly valued.

Irene OLeary
Project coordinator
June 2012
(Last updated 28 August 2013)
Contents
Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Key terms...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Abbreviations and symbols used in referencing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Books: print ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
One author .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Organisation as author............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Two authors ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Three authors .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Four or more authors .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
No author ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Second or later edition ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Translated ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Revised ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Same author, different years .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Same author, same year ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Single editor ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Multiple editors ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Scholarly edition of a previously published book .................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Chapter in an edited book ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Edited book translated into English ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Different authors, same surname, different years .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Different authors, same surname, same year ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Citing a source within a source ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Book in a series ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Edited volume in a multivolume set ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Citing multiple sources simultaneously in a sentence ............................................................................................................................................................ 20

1
Book in a foreign language ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Sacred book ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Encyclopedia, no author ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Encyclopedia, one or more authors, specific entry ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Dictionary, one or more authors ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Dictionary, no author, specific entry........................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Periodicals/Serials: print ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
One author .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Three authors .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Four or more authors .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
No author ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Citing a source within a source ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Newspaper article ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Newspaper article, no author .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Newspaper article from a news service .................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Magazine article ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Magazine article, no author, ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Annual report, print ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Books: electronic ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
E-book, book in a series ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
E-book accessed via an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, Nook, Sony Reader) ............................................................................................................................ 29
Chapter in an edited e-book ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Encyclopedia, no author, specific entry .................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Dictionary no author, specific entry......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Dictionary, one or more authors ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Periodicals/Serials: electronic .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
One author .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

2
Two authors ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Three authors .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Four or more authors .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
No author ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Article from a database ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Article with doi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Citing a source within a source ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Newspaper article from a database ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Newspaper article ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Newspaper article, no author .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Article in an online newsletter ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Annual report .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Websites ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
One author .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Organisation as author............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Website sponsor as author ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Report from an institution website .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Social media ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Blog ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Blog post ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Wiki entry ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Update on social network (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, other) ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
YouTube (or similar) video ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Bulletin boards, Forums, Usenet, Email lists .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Government sources/Industry report .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Hansard .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Australian Bureau of Statistics, print ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 46

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Australian Bureau of Statistics, online .................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Government documents, one or more authors, print .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Government documents, one or more authors, online ........................................................................................................................................................... 48
Government documents, department as author, print ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
Government documents, department as author, online ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Government white paper, online ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Government green paper, online ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
Government fact sheet, print .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Government fact sheet, online ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Standards, online .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Patents, online ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Industry report, author............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Industry report, no author ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Legal sources ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Bill ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Act of Parliament..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Case ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
Conferences ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Conference paper, in conference proceedings, print .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
Conference paper, online ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Conference proceedings, published, print .............................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Conference proceedings, online ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Theses/dissertations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Thesis, print ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Thesis, online .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Thesis from a database .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
University course materials ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59

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Source from a university unit reader, print .............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Course materials produced by the lecturers, print .................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Course materials produced by the lecturers, online ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
Data, figures and images............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Figure, print ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Figure, online .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Table, print .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62
Table, online ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Map, print ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63
Map, online ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63
Atlas, print ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Atlas, online ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Electronic dataset, doi............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Computer software, online ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Computer software, no programmer, online ........................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Web software (e.g. Flash and Java applets, other browser-based learning objects) ............................................................................................................. 66
Source code ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Database, online ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Work of art, viewed in person ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67
Images, online ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Images from a database, known creator, ............................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Images from a database, unknown creator ............................................................................................................................................................................ 68
Speeches/broadcasts/audiovisual/music scores ........................................................................................................................................................................ 69
Broadcast speech ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Transcript/text of a speech ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Radio broadcast ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70

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Transcript, radio, online .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Television broadcast ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Transcript, television, online ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Podcast or vodcast ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Music score ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
*music scores are referenced in the same way as books. ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Music score ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Edited music score.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
Film ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Live performances ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Play ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Dance ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Music ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Personal communications .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Letter, email, conversation, phone call, SMS etc ................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Ephemera ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Exhibition catalogue or brochure, author or curator, print ...................................................................................................................................................... 75
Exhibition catalogue or brochure, author or curator, online .................................................................................................................................................... 75
Theatre or Concert ticket ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Theatre program ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Appendix A: Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Figure captions ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Table captions ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Musical notation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Appendix B: Quick guide to referencing articles......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Appendix C: Quick guide to in-text citing.................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Appendix D: Sample Harvard style reference list ..................................................................................................................................................................... 82

6
7
Key terms
Source means the place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article, website etc. and whether it is print or
electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type. Do not try to memorise the rules; always check with the Harvard Guide.
A Reference List is the complete list of all sources cited (and only those sources you have cited in-text) in your work. It records the full publication details of
each source. The reference list appears at the end of your work. See Appendix B for a sample reference list. A Bibliography is different from a Reference List.
A Bibliography is a complete list of all sources consulted, whether cited in-text or not. It records the full publication details of each source in the same way as
for a reference list. The Bibliography appears at the end of your work. Use a Bibliography ONLY if specifically requested to do so.
Author can be single or multiple authors; or single or multiple editors; or single or multiple organisations as author; or a combination of these; or the title if the
source has no designated author.
In-text citation refers to the record in brackets (citation) in your sentence (in-text). It is a record of author, date and page number of any sources you use in
that sentence (see the notes about page numbers below). NOTE: use surname only (no initials) for in-text citations. For example:
The UK experienced polarisation between work-rich and work-poor households (Harkness & Evans 2011, p.676).
The in-text citation is the part in brackets at the end of the sentence above.

There are two types of in-text citations. There are examples of both types of in-text citation throughout this guide.
1. Author prominent in-text citation. This technical term simply means the author is mentioned before the information. For example:
As Brick (2006, p. 14) argues, most of the writing at university is likely to involve presenting a position.
Or
As Brick argues, most of the writing at university is likely to involve presenting a position (2006, p. 14).
Or
As Brick (2006) argues, most of the writing at university is likely to involve presenting a position (p. 14).

The first of the three examples above shows the most commonly used form of author prominent in-text citation.

2. Information prominent in-text citation. This technical term simply means the information is mentioned before the author. For example:

Academic autonomy involves mastering the specific skills involved in analysis, critical thinking and problem solving (Brick 2006, p. 52).

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Paraphrasing refers to using information from a source in your own words. It is the most common way to use sources.
Summarising is a form of paraphrasing in which you report only the main points (no details or examples) in your own words.
Quoting refers to using word/s exactly as they appear in the source. Quoting should be kept to less than 10% of the total word count of your writing. A page
number is always required. Use single quotation marks for quotes. Use double quotation marks for a quote within a quote.
Short quotes less than 30 words, incorporated into your sentence. See example in Appendix C and throughout this guide.
Long quotes 30 or more words. Separated from your writing with a semi colon, new line, whole quote indented, one size smaller font, single line
spacing, brackets outside final punctuation, page number/s required. See example in Appendix C.
Page numbers for print sources: page numbers are required for all quotes and for all paraphrasing of information (unless referring to the source as a whole)
page (p. 23)
or page range (pp. 23-24)
or non-consecutive pages (p. 23, p. 31)
or (n.p.) meaning no page numbers if the print source is unpaginated (unpaginated means it has no page numbers)

Page numbers for electronic sources: page numbers are required for all quotes and for all paraphrasing of information taken from a source (unless referring
to the source as a whole)
page (p. 23)
or page range (pp. 23-24)
or non-consecutive pages (p. 23, p. 31)
If the electronic source is unpaginated (unpaginated means it has no page numbers) you can pinpoint the information by doing one of the following:
giving approximate page number (p. 3 of 9; pp. 3-7 of 9; pp. 3, 5, 7 of 9)
giving a paragraph number for short text (para. 2)
using the relevant heading or subheading from the source

For audiovisual sources use a counter to identify the start of segments. For example:
Melodramatic lines such as her soul had heard the call of the death bird (Murnau 1922, min. 36:50) were calculated to generate poignancy in the face
of impending horror.

doi means digital object identifier and is a unique number for an individual article. If the article has a doi, that doi will be on the first page. The term doi is
in lower case letters; separate the term doi from the number itself with a colon. For example:
Novick, M 2012, Allowable interval sequences and separating convex sets in the plane, Discrete Computational Geometry, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 378-392,
doi: 10.1007/s00454-011-9365-5

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Abbreviations and symbols used in referencing

Use an ampersand (&) between two authors or before the final author in your reference list, or within the parenthesis in an in-text
&
citation. Don't use for author prominent citing in-text.

bar or bars of music in a score. See Appendix A for musical notation. Note that American publications may use m or mm (measure or
bar or bars measures) instead of bar or bars. When paraphrasing or quoting you should convert 'm' or 'mm' to 'bar' or 'bars' unless otherwise
instructed.

choreographer
chor. For the choreographer of a dance performance. For example:
Page (chor. 2009) demonstrated sophisticated fluidity of choreography.

director
For director of live or recorded performances. For example:
dir.
The performance by Max Gillies was energetic (Bell dir. 2011).

ed. or eds editor or editors

edition
edn This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition.
Editions contain major revisions, but reprints do not, so do not include a reprint number.

ellipsis.
Three dots is called an 'ellipsis'. An ellipsis is used to show that one or more words have been omitted. For example:
...
Kolbert (2011, p. 112) describes outcomes for a generalist reader; 'natural processes that could counter acidification operate far too
slowly to make a difference on a human time scale'.

This means 'and others'


This is used in in-text citations (including the first in-text citation) when there are four or more authors. However, all authors are listed in
full in the reference list.
et al.
NOTE: stop only after 'al.', not after 'et'. For example:

Czinkota et al. (2008) address theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific market.

Jr include titles such as Jr (Junior), Sr (Senior) or III (Third) in the reference list but not in in-text citations

10
minute
NOTE: used for audiovisual sources. Use the counter in your player (e.g. windows media player, RealTime player) to indicate the start of
min. the information. For example:

Miller and Stapleton (2012, 1:33 mins) chose from among 'almost 400 pieces' to produce the program.

no date
This is uncommon, particularly for academic sources. For example:
n.d.
Complex structures and themes interweave through the concerto (van Beethoven n.d.).

no page numbers
For example:

Mathews' use of dialogue shifts to the lyrical: 'I would like to see the beginning of the rest of the world' (2010, n. p.).

NOTE: Instructions for electronic sources without page numbers


n.p. If page numbers are not given use approximate page number (p. 3 of 9); or paragraph number for short text (para. 2); or the heading
given in the source for the particular section. For example:

The ABS (2004, p. 1 of 4) defines residents as 'economic entities (persons, organisations or enterprises) which have a closer association
with the territory of Australia than with any other territory'.
Or
Flitton (2012, para. 1) reports 'Australia is about to confront the biting reality of US military decline'.

p. or pp. single page (p.) or multiple pages (pp.)

revised
NOTE: 1. In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual order).
2. rev. follows trans. (see below). For example:
rev.
Gonzlez Snchez, CA 2011, New world literacy: writing and culture across the Atlantic, 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram, Bucknell
University Press, Lewisburg.

second
NOTE: used for audiovisual sources. Use the counter in your player (e.g. windows media player, RealTime player) to indicate the start of
sec. the information. For example:

11
Stephen Fry stated that 'the people I know that swear the most tend to have the widest vocabularies' (gsmokeyjoe 2007, sec. 00:36).

so called
Use (sic) immediately after an error in the source (e.g. spelling or grammar error). For example:
(sic)
The United Nations (2010 cited in Shirazi 2012, p. 49) estimates that '7% of tenured university faculty position (sic) are held by women'.

indicate a change or addition made for clarity. For example:


[Square
brackets]
Schulhofer, Tyler and Huq (2011, p. 337) claim that polarisation rests on 'conspicuous racial disparities in [America's] prison populations'.

Sr *include titles such as Jr (Junior), Sr (Senior) or III (Third) in the reference list but not in in-text citations

translated
NOTE: In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual order). For example:
trans.
Gonzlez Snchez, CA 2011, New world literacy: writing and culture across the Atlantic, 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram, Bucknell
University Press, Lewisburg.

12
Source type In-text citation models
Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Books: print
One author Brick (2009, pp. 113- Various factors play a As Brick (2009, p. 14) Academic autonomy Brick, J 2009, Academic culture: a
117) suggests three role in independent argues, most of the involves mastering the students guide to studying at
categories of reporting learning (Brick 2009, pp. writing at university is specific skills involved in university, National Centre for
verbs. 47-55). likely to involve analysis, critical thinking English Language Teaching and
presenting a position. and problem solving Research, Sydney.
*page numbers required * pinpoint the specific
(Brick 2009, p. 52).
for paraphrasing specific information * pinpoint the quote
information * pinpoint the quote

Organisation as The United Nations The water crisis is most In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text United Nations Development
author Development detrimental to the citations: citations: Programme (UNDP) 2006,
Programme (2006) worlds poor (United Human development report 2006:
UNDP (2006, p. 53) The problem in sub-
argues that water is the Nations Development beyond scarcity: power, poverty
claims that one of the Saharan Africa is its
most fundamental issue Programme [UNDP] and the global water crisis,
deepest disparities in reliance on rainfed
for the future. 2006). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
water and sanitation is agriculture (UNDP
*page numbers NOT *if you have two or between urban and rural 2006, p. 177).
required for referring to more in-text citations to areas.
* pinpoint the quote * initials in round brackets only if
source as a whole a source such as UNDP
* pinpoint the quote you have used initials in your in-
in your work include the
*if you have only one in- text citations
initials in square
text citation to a source *use initials UNDP only
brackets inside the
in your work, you must * use initials UNDP only for second/subsequent
round brackets for the
use the full author name for second/subsequent citations
first citation. For the
(no initials or citations
subsequent in-text
abbreviations)
citations use only initials

13
Source type In-text citation models
Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Two authors Carter and McCarthy A descriptive approach Carter and McCarthy Hedging is often used to Carter, R & McCarthy, M 2006,
(2006) include a chapter to grammar usage in (2006, p. 267) point out make statements less Cambridge grammar of English: a
analysing academic contexts is employed that academic writing assertive (Carter & comprehensive guide, Cambridge
grammar and usage. (Carter & McCarthy can refer to things in McCarthy 2006, p. 279). University Press, Cambridge.
2006). complex and
*use and in sentence * pinpoint the quote *retain order of authors given in
condensed ways.
*use & in citation *use & in citation the source
* pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence
Three authors Bretag, Crossman and Reporting verbs create For Bretag, Crossman Practising thoroughly Bretag, T, Crossman, J & Bordia,
Bordia (2010) explain different effects in and Bordia (2010, p. 6), also reduces anxiety S 2010, Communication skills,
the concept of voice in writing (Bretag, critical reading involves (Bretag, Crossman & McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
writing. Crossman & Bordia making judgements Bordia 2010, p. 194).
*retain order of authors given in
2010). about the value of what
*use and in sentence * pinpoint the quote the source
you are reading.
*use & in citation
*use all three authors *use & in citation
* pinpoint the quote
names in all in-text
*use and in sentence
citations
Four or more Czinkota et al. (2008) Clearly detailed Czinkota et al. (2008, p. Overall, growth Czinkota, M, Ronkainen, I,
authors address theoretical agreements are xv) assert that the potential may be Sutton-Brady, C & Beal, T 2008,
issues in the Asia necessary (Czinkota et marketer must adapt to threatened by International marketing, Cengage
Pacific market. al. 2008). these foreign uncertainty (Czinkota et Learning Australia, South
environments. al. 2008, p. 558). Melbourne.
*use et al for all in-text *use et al.
citations * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote *retain order of authors given in
*use et al. *use et al. the source
(note stop only after
*ellipsis of three dots
al., not after et)
indicates word/s omitted

14
Source type In-text citation models
Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
No author The Style manual for Punctuation and According to the Style Writers need to Style manual for authors, editors
authors, editors and grammar rules are manual (1996, p. 43), understand how and printers 1996, 5th edn,
printers (1996) outlines clearly explained (Style hierarchical structures readers absorb Australian Government
*use title in
publication rules and manual 1996). can often be used for information (Style Publishing Service, Canberra.
place of author
conventions. more detailed material. manual 1996, p. 37).
*title in italics * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
* you can choose to *use title in italics in place of
*if you have only one abbreviate title for * you can choose to * you can choose to author
in-text citation to a second/subsequent abbreviate title for abbreviate title for
source with the title in citations second/subsequent second/subsequent
place of author in your citations citations
work, you must use the
full title (no initials or
abbreviations)
Second or later Godfrey et al. (2010) Important differences Godfrey et al. (2010, p. A criticism advanced is Godfrey, J, Hodgson, A, Tarca, A,
edition survey and categorise between normative and 30) indicate that a major that large-scale Hamilton, J & Holmes, S 2010,
the major theories in positive theories of criticism of statistical statistical research Accounting theory, 7th edn, John
accounting in the first accounting are research is the way it tends to lump Wiley & Sons, Australia, Milton.
*do not
half of the book. identified throughout the tends to lump everything together
confuse edition
text (Godfrey et al. everything together. (Godfrey et al. 2010, p.
with *use et al. (note stop
2010). 30). *retain order of authors given in
edited book only after al., not after * pinpoint the quote
the source
et) *use et al. *use et al. * pinpoint the quote
*use et al.
Translated Gonzlez Snchez Perceptions play a As Gonzlez Snchez Prohibition increased Gonzlez Snchez, CA 2011,
(2011) traces the greater role in later (2011, p. 91) argues, the temptation and New world literacy: writing and
and/or impact of books on new methodologies this monopoly helped enjoyment of such culture across the Atlantic, 1500-
world colonisers. (Gonzlez Snchez reinforce the supposed accursed books 1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram,
2011). homogeneity. (Gonzlez Snchez Bucknell University Press,
Revised
2011, p. 76). Lewisburg.
* pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the quote *for translator and/or reviser use
initials first (reverse the usual
order)

15
Source type In-text citation models
Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Same author, Deegan (2007; 2010) Accounting standards Deegan (2007, p. xxiv) The IASB publishes an Deegan, C 2007, Australian
different years updates information on are regularly reviewed updates changes to explanation of how it financial accounting, 4th edn,
changes to the (Deegan 2007; 2010). standards released for reaches its decision McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
standards. application in 2005; (Deegan 2007, p. 38;
Deegan, C 2010, Australian
and also (2010, p. xxii) 2010, p. 34) and also
financial accounting, 6th edn,
* chronological order to the adoption of the has full control over its
McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
* chronological order International Financial technical agenda
Reporting Standards. (Deegan 2010, p. 34). * ascending chronological order
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
Same author, Matthews (2010a; A crime committed in Mathews use of Movement to epiphany; Matthews, P 2010a, A girl like
same year 2010b) writes for both Australia is the basis for dialogue shifts from the for example, light has me, Penguin Books, Camberwell.
teenagers and very her first fictional idiomatic, she jumps a flooded the darkness
young children. account (Matthews mile and screams (2010a, p. 278) and the
2010a); while in the (2010a, p. 47) to the final words of Zizzy he Matthews, P 2010b, Zizzy,
second the narrative lyrical I would like to could do anything Omnibus Books, Malvern.
inches slothfully into see the beginning of the (2010b, n. p.), is a
adventure (Matthews rest of the feature of writing by
2010b). world (2010b, n. p.). Matthews. *order alphabetically by the next
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote element (title)
*n. p. indicates a source *n. p. indicates a source
with no page numbers with no page numbers
Single editor A study by Larkin (ed. Paines work triggered Larkin (ed. 2004, p. 10) Paines choice of Larkin, E (ed.) 2004, Common
2004) collates and controversy (Larkin ed. claims that Paines metaphors, diction, sense: Thomas Paine, Broadview
*to use material evaluates writing by 2004). writings represented a syntax, and evidence Editions, Toronto.
written by the Thomas Paine. turning point in the were crucial to his
editor revolution. success (Larkin ed.
2004, p. 26).
* pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the quote
*do not confuse
editor with
edition

16
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Multiple editors Strangio and Costar The first state Labor Strangio & Costar (eds. The shift from volatility Strangio, P & Costar, B (eds.)
(eds. 2006, pp. 5-9) government in Victoria 2006, p. 7) emphasise to stability in Victorian 2006, The Victorian premiers
divide Victorian state was elected in 1952 that strong politics occurred in the 1856-2006, The Federation
*to use material
politics into three major (Strangio & Costar eds. premierships are built 1950s (Strangio & Press, Sydney.
written by the
stages. 2006, p. 8). on the rock of Costar eds. 2006, p. 8).
editors
parliamentary
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
*do not confuse dominance.
information information
editor with
* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation
edition
*use and in sentence *use & in citation
*use and in sentence
Scholarly Mills (Himmelfarb ed. The introductory essay For Mill (Himmelfarb ed. Power over the Himmelfarb, G (ed.) 1974, John
edition of a 1974) concept of the gives background to 1974, p. 59), the individual by public Stewart Mill: On liberty, Penguin
previously freedom of the Mills development of struggle between liberty opinion and government Books, Harmondsworth.
published book individual, originally the idea of freedom and authority is one of legislation will not
published in 1859, still (Himmelfarb ed. 1974). the driving forces of diminish in the present
inspires debates. political change. circumstances of the *capitalise the first word of a book
*edited or with
world (Himmelfarb ed. title within the title (On liberty)
an introduction * pinpoint the quote
1974, p. 74).
by a scholar
* pinpoint the quote

Chapter in an For Gregory (2008), the Portable houses were Gregory (2008, p. 213) Apparently, thousands Gregory, J 2008, Journeying
edited book portable house was a harbingers of more refers to fragmentary of portable houses were across colonial landscapes:
symbol of British permanent settlement evidence that some imported (Gregory portable housing in nineteenth
imperialism. (Gregory 2008). portable housing was 2008, p. 211). century Australia, in A Mayne
made in Sydney. (ed.), Beyond the Black Stump:
* pinpoint the quote
histories of outback Australia,
* pinpoint the quote
Wakefield Press, Kent Town,
pp.211-237.
*use in (lower case) and for
editor use initials first (reverse
usual order)
* capitalise any names in the title

17
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23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Edited book According to Andersens later stories Wullschlager (ed. 2004, Andersen is not Wullschlager, J (ed.) 2004, Hans
translated into Wullschlager (ed. employ more complex p. xv) insists that in his considered an author Christian Andersen fairy tales,
English 2004), Andersen is a language (Wullschlager anxiety over the future but rather the curator of trans. T Nunnally, Penguin
modern literary writer. ed. 2004). of civilised values his stories Books, London.
Andersen is one of us. (Wullschlager ed. 2004,
p. xvi). * for translator use initials first
* pinpoint the quote
(reverse usual order)
* pinpoint the quote

Different ONeill (2011) Poor leaders deny While ONeill (2011, p. There is concern that ONeill, A 2011, Manager to
authors, same addresses the others rights (ONeill 44) contends that forced corporate leader: skills and insights for a
surname, construction of 2011) in the same way dominance can lead to compliance (ONeill successful transition, CCH
different years leadership while ONeill that asylum seekers are fear or rebellion, 2011, p. 44) and the Australia, Sydney.
(2010) argues that denied rights in many ONeill (2010, p. 29) dehumanising asylum
humiliation plays a role areas (ONeill 2010). claims that it is system and process
in the production of imperative to (ONeill 2010, p. 81) ONeill, M 2010, Asylum,
refugees. understand the impact result in escalating migration and community, The
of humiliation. problems. Policy Press, Bristol.
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote

Different Peter Chapman (2010) Peter Chapman (2010) For Peter Chapman, the The new Act made Chapman, M 2010, Dont be
authors, same details stakeholder describes the new Act Act split up the two banks declare what they fooled again: lessons in the good,
surname, same reactions to the 1933 as separating various broad functions of wanted to be (Peter bad and unpredictable behaviour
year Glass-Steagall Act financial functions while banking, basically, the Chapman 2010, p. 113) of global finance, Prentice Hall,
while Meyrick Chapman Meyrick Chapman cash box and casino and also prohibited the London.
(2010) attends to the (2010) describes the sides (2010, p. 112); overlap of business by
Chapman, P 2010, The last of the
intent and effects of the banks anger at the while for Meyrick banks, insurance
imperious rich: Lehman brothers,
act. constraints on their Chapman it stopped companies, brokers and
1844-2008, Portfolio Penguin,
freedom to invest banks distorting fund managers
London.
depositors money. securities issuance (Meyrick Chapman
* in this situation include business (2010, p. 2010, p. 115).
first names 115).
* pinpoint the quote *order alphabetically by next
* pinpoint the quote available item (initial)

18
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paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Citing a source Fahey (1993 cited in The value placed on Kirschner (1970 cited in For Australia the wool Frost, L 2008, Across the great
within a source Frost 2008, p. 69) private property was the Frost 2008, p. 61) industry remained the divide: the economy of the inland
provides evidence that cause of violent clashes reports that rural cornerstone of corridor, in A Mayne (ed.),
wages were lower in with the nomadic communities saw cities Australias economic Beyond the Black Stump:
*try to locate and
regional areas. indigenous people as places that were full and social edifice histories of outback Australia,
use the cited
(Reynolds 1981 cited in of moral snares for the (Hancock 1930 cited in Wakefield Press, Kent Town.
source * pinpoint the specific
Frost 2008, p. 63). unwary. Frost 2008, p. 75).
information *in the Reference list include only
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote the book you actually used (not
*include author and
information *no space between *no space between the source cited in the book you
year of publication for
adjacent double and adjacent double and used).
both sources
single quote marks single quote marks
Book in a series Swales and Feak Writing critiques helps Swales and Feak (2004, Summaries are a Swales, JM & Feak, CB 2004,
(2004) incorporate new articulate scholarly p. 4) aim to encourage foundation for other, Academic writing for graduate
research in textual expectations (Swales & rhetorical more complex tasks students: essential tasks and
analysis. Feak 2004). consciousness. (Swales & Feak 2004, skills, Michigan series in English
p. 147). for academic and professional
*use and in sentence *use & in citation *use and in sentence
purposes, The University of
*use & in citation
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
*include the name of the series
(Michigan series in English for
academic and professional
purposes).
Edited volume Broer, Hasselblatt and Both abstract and According to Broer, State spaces always Broer, H, Hasselblatt, B &
in a multivolume Takens (eds. 2010) concrete definitions are Hasselblatt and Takens have some extra Takens, F (eds.) 2010, Handbook
set address issues they explored (Broer, (eds. 2010, p. 6), the structure (Broer, of dynamical systems, vol. 3,
view as likely to Hasselblatt & Takens evolution map is Hasselblatt & Takens Differentiable dynamical systems,
generate research. eds. 2010). completely determined eds. 2010, p. 4). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
by the map .
*use and in sentence *use & in citation * pinpoint the quote *include the name of the
* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation multivolume set (Differentiable
*use and in sentence dynamical systems).

19
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Citing multiple For Flower et al. (1990); Synthesising requires Flower, L, Stein, V, Ackerman, J,
sources Mateos & Sol (2009); making decisions about Kantz, MJ, McCormick, K & Peck,
simultaneously McGinley (1992) and organising the material WC, 1990, Reading to write,
in a sentence Spivey (1997) academic from multiple sources For clarity quote For clarity quote Oxford University Press, New
reading often involves (Flower et al. 1990; sources separately sources separately York.
synthesising conflicting Mateos & Sol 2009;
Mateos, M & Sol, I 2009,
arguments. McGinley 1992; Spivey
Synthesising information from
1997).
various texts: a study of
procedures and products at
*this is a single
different educational levels,
sentence citing multiple *this is a single
European Journal of Psychology
sources sentence citing multiple
of Education, 24, pp. 435451.
sources
*use et al. for source
McGinley, W 1992, The role of
with four or more
reading and writing while
authors (note stop only
composing from multiple sources,
after al., not after et)
Reading Research Quarterly, 27,
pp. 227248
Spivey, NN 1997, Reading,
writing and the making of
meaning: the constructivist
metaphor, Academic Press, San
Diego.

20
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Book in a Dufays and Plane A discussion of the Dufays and Plane Territorial battles, Dufays, J-L & Plane, S 2009,
foreign (2009) analyse the status of creative writing (2009, p. 15) outline chacun d'entre eux L criture de fiction en classe de
language introduction of creative in the curriculum and in debates regarding une s'estimait le dpositaire franais (Writing fiction in French
writing in the French practice unfolds (Dufays question rcurrente [the d'une partie de class), Recherches en didactique
education system. & Plane 2009). ongoing issue (my l'hritage lgu [each du franais, Presses
translation)] of considered itself Universitaires de Namur, Namur.
differences between custodian of part of the
*use & in citation literature, narrative and legacy (my translation)],
fiction. ensued (Dufays & Plane *translate the title if relevant
*use and in sentence
2009, p. 19).
* pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence
Sacred book The Quran (2004) is The role and status of Regarding dietary Psychological insights, The Quran 2004, trans. M
written largely in the women in Islam are custom, The Quran if evil touches him he Haleem, Oxford Worlds Classics,
form of didactic outlined in The Quran (2004, p. 67) stipulates loses all hope and Oxford University Press, Oxford.
speeches. (2004, pp. 50-66). that you are forbidden becomes despondent
*use title in italics in place of
to eat carrion. (The Quran 2004, p.
*use title in italics * pinpoint the specific author
310) occur throughout.
information * pinpoint the quote * for translator use initials first
* pinpoint the quote (reverse usual order)
Encyclopedia, Encyclopedias often Extended definitions are McGraw-Hill While encyclopedias McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of
no author indicate the history of a a feature of encyclopedia of science aim to provide accurate science and technology 1997,
term; for example, encyclopedias as in a and technology (1997, information; for example vol. 9, ice-leo, 8th edn, McGraw-
0
according to McGraw- description of ion p. 594) characterises the Z particle has an Hill, New York.
*encyclopedias
Hill encyclopedia of exchange in terms of the Kondo effect as extremely short lifetime
are NOT -25
science and technology materials, properties unusual, an example of of about 10 s
acceptable as
(1997, p. 609) and applications an encyclopedia (McGraw-Hill *use title in italics in place of
academic
lagomorphs are no (McGraw-Hill reporting evaluations encyclopedia of science author
sources, unless
longer considered to be encyclopedia of science from the discipline. and technology 1997, p.
as objects of *include volume number and title
rodents. and technology 1997, 337), the currency of
research * pinpoint the quote (vol. 9, ice-leo).
pp. 393-399). the information needs to
* pinpoint the specific
be checked.
information * pinpoint the specific
*use title as author information * pinpoint the quote

21
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Encyclopedia, Golden (1998, pp. 107- Aristotles definition of Golden (1998, p. 107) Recent scholars adopt, Golden, L 1998 Reception of
one or more 108) outlines but does tragedy is addressed in refers to a cognitive adapt, or modify Aristotle in modernity, M Kelly
authors, specific not detail conflicting terms of extant view of catharsis, now Aristotelian theory as (ed.), Encyclopedia of aesthetics,
entry views of mimesis. interpretations only in need of review. they see fit (Golden vol. 1, ABHI-DEPI, Oxford
*encyclopedias (Golden 1998, p. 106). 1998, p. 108). University Press, Oxford.
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
are NOT
information * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
acceptable as
information
academic *include volume number and title
sources, (vol. 1, ABHI-DEPI).
unless as
objects of
research
Dictionary, one Soanes and Stevenson Presbyterian churches Soanes and Stevenson The prefix xeno has its Soanes, C & Stevenson, A (eds.)
or more authors (eds. 2005) include are now often called (eds. 2005, p. 481) origin in the Greek for 2005, Oxford dictionary of
advice on usage in Reformed churches define diarchy as stranger, foreigner English, 2nd edn rev, Oxford
ambiguous cases. (Soames & Stevenson government by two (Soanes and Stevenson University Press, Oxford.
*dictionaries are
eds. 2005, p. 1391). independent eds. 2005, p. 2037).
NOT acceptable
authorities.
as academic * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence *record editors/edition/revised as
sources, unless information * pinpoint the quote *use & in citation
relevant
as objects of *use & in citation *use and in sentence
research
Dictionary, no Isotherm (2005) gives For academic purposes, Isotherm (2005, p. The term isotherm Isotherm 2005 Collins
author, specific only basic definitions of technical terms such as 424) defines isotherm comes from Greek isos Australian dictionary, Harper
entry technical terms. isotherm (Isotherm as a line on a map equal + therm heat Collins Publishers, Pymble.
2005, p. 424) are better linking places of equal (Isotherm 2005, p.
described in subject temperature. 424).
*dictionaries are
dictionaries. *use title, as for book with no
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author
as academic * pinpoint the specific *retain italics used in
sources, unless information the source
as objects of
research

22
Source type In-text citation models
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Periodicals/Serials: print
One author Prentice (2010) The political dimensions Prentice (2010, p. 40) Indigenous cultural Prentice, C 2010, Terms of
analyses the of cultural exchange are asserts a need to signification struggles in ambivalence: cultural politics and
ambivalence of enacted in fiction by examine the complicity relation to a symbolic exchange, Australian
indigenous peoples in Aboriginal and Maori between representation consumerist hegemony Literary Studies, vol. 25, no. 4,
capitalist nation states. writers (Prentice 2010). and commodification. (Prentice 2010, p. 42). pp. 33-54.
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote

Two authors Harkness and Evans In the UK in 2008, 59% Harkness and Evans The UK suffered Harkness, S & Evans, M 2011,
(2011) analyse the of women with (2011, p. 690) show that polarisation between The employment effects of
effects of male job unemployed partners current policies mitigate work-rich and work- recession on couples in the UK:
losses on a partners worked (Harkness & slightly the rising poor households womens and household
employment. Evans 2011, p. 681). worklessness among (Harkness & Evans employment prospects and
couples. 2011, p. 676). partners job loss, Journal of
*use and in sentence * pinpoint the specific
Social Policy, vol. 40, no. 4, pp.
information * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
675-693.
*use & in citation *use and in sentence *use & in citation

23
Source type In-text citation models
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Three authors Schulhofer, Tyler and The role of perceptions Schulhofer, Tyler and Conceptual ambiguity Schulhofer, SJ, Tyler, TR & Huq,
Huq (2011) argue for a of the legitimacy of Huq (2011, p. 337) and a failure to study AZ 2011, American policing at
new procedural justice police practice in claim that polarisation empirical data are the crossroads: unsustainable
model of policing in the shaping willingness to rests on conspicuous features of debates policies and the procedural
United States. obey the law is racial disparities in about policing justice alternative, The Journal of
analysed (Schulhofer, [Americas] prison (Schulhofer, Tyler & Criminal Law & Criminology, vol.
*use and in sentence
Tyler & Huq 2011). populations. Huq 2011, p. 341). 10, no. 2, pp. 335-374.
*use & in citation * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence *use & in citation
*square brackets indicate
word added or altered for
clarity
Four or more Data from Ho et al. Universal suffrage in Ho et al. (2010, p. 466) Democratic reform is Ho, W, Lee, W, Chan, C, Ng, Y &
authors (2010) demonstrate Hong Kong was moved argue that there is a prevented by Choy, Y 2010, Hong Kongs elite
networks of individuals to 1012, then to 2017, systemic barrier against substantial linkages structure, legislature and the
holding positions in and then to 2020 (Ho et further democratic [which] exist between bleak future of democracy under
multiple powerful al. 2010, p. 467). development. the most powerful Chinese sovereignty, Journal of
organisations. organisations (Ho et al. Contemporary Asia, vol. 40, no.
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
2010, p. 482). 3, pp. 466-486.
*use et al. (note stop information *use et al.
only after al., not after *use et al. * pinpoint the quote
et) *use et al.
*square brackets indicate
word added or altered for
clarity

24
Source type In-text citation models
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
No author The anonymous review Almost 40% of women It is wittily asserted (TE The number of TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of
of Leslies essay (TE between 20 and 40 Cliffe Leslie on the marriages was directly the nation 2011, Population and
Cliffe Leslie on the years of age in Britain in celibacy of the nation correlated with the Development Review, vol. 37, no.
*title in place of
celibacy of the nation 1851 were unmarried 2011, p. 187) that the average earnings of the 1, pp. 185-190.
author
2011) canvasses (TE Cliffe Leslie on the necessity of watching great mass of the
reasons for the low celibacy of the nation the price of flour for the people (TE Cliffe Leslie
incidence of marriage in 2011, p. 185). signal to marry will on the celibacy of the *article title in place of author
Britain in the mid-1800s. dissipate. nation 2011, p. 186).
* pinpoint the specific
information * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote

Citing a source For Derrida (1993 cited Cinema is primarily Heidegger (2009 cited Symbolism exceeds Tawa, M 2011, Entracte:
within a source in Tawa 2011, p. 132), experienced between in Tawa 2011, p. 129) logic and has been interval: a review of Adrian
waiting implies being the visible frames identifies three types of characterised as the Snodgrass Thinking through the
open to the future. (Godard 1997 cited in ambiguity, two of which colloidal anatomy of the gap and Linda Marie Walkers
*try to locate and
Tawa 2011, p. 132). are illegitimate. visible (Carter 2009 And so on, and, Architectural
use the cited * pinpoint the specific
cited in Tawa 2011, p. Theory Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.
source information * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
128). 125-136.
information
*include author and
* pinpoint the quote
year of publication for
both sources *in the Reference list include only
the article you actually used (not
the source cited in the article you
used).

25
Source type In-text citation models
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Newspaper While Devlin (2011, p. A recent study by Devlin (2011, p. 32) Students nominated Devlin, M 2011, Keys found to
article 32) reports the Deacon university reports on a recently perseverance as a success by the less privileged,
highlights of a study of attributes four major published study which significant factor The Australian, 16 November, p.
first year students from factors to first year points to a move from contributing to success 32.
* newspapers
low socio-economic success (Devlin 2011, elite, through mass to in first year university,
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to assess such studies. education. 32).
sources unless information
as objects of * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
research information
Newspaper It has been claimed Social and community A recent editorial The initiative has been Wage claims must be contained
article, no (Wage claims must be workers will gain up to (Wage claims must be labelled in the media as 2011, The Australian, November
author contained 2011, p. 15) 33% percent pay rise contained 2011, p. 15) intervention under the 17, p. 15.
that tax relief rather (Wage claims must be asserts higher tax guise of promoting
than pay rises is contained 2011, p. 15). thresholds to be a gender equality (Wage
* newspapers
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are NOT * pinpoint the specific
return to work. contained 2011, p. 15).
acceptable * pinpoint the specific information
academic information * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
sources unless
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Newspaper According to a recent A secret recording of Associated Press The recording was Associated Press 2011, Key tape
article from a report (Associated the conversation may (2011, p. 11) reports called a covert could change votes, The
news service Press 2011, p. 11), the be released to the that the tape possibly operation by the Australian, 17 November, p. 11.
conversation was public (Associated contains embarrassing National Party chairman
secretly taped. Press 2011, p. 11). political statements. (Associated Press
* newspapers
2011, p. 11).
are NOT * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
acceptable information information * pinpoint the quote
academic
sources unless
as objects of
research

26
Source type In-text citation models
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*page number (p. 23), non-consecutive pages (p. *page or paragraph number always required
23, p. 31) or page range (pp. 23-24) required for all * use single quotation marks for quotes
paraphrasing (unless referring to the source as a *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
whole) quote
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Magazine Appropriately for a non- A range of effects of Kolbert (2011, p. 112) Language is hedged to Kolbert, E 2011, The acid sea,
article academic target increasing CO2 in describes outcomes avoid alarm; the National Geographic, vol. 219,
audience, Kolberts oceans is explained for clearly for a generalist acidification that has no. 4, pp. 100-121.
(2011) feature article a non scientific target reader; natural occurred so far is
* magazines are
intersperses anecdote audience (Kolbert processes operate probably irreversible
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academic
difference on a human emphasis added).
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as objects of * pinpoint the quote
research * pinpoint the quote *(emphasis added) in
*ellipsis of three dots citation indicates you
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Magazine The questionnaire (The Among the Despite overall 1983 was one of the The 1983 all-America research
article, no 1983 all-America methodological prosperity (The 1983 most bullish periods team 1983, Institutional Investor,
author, research team 1983, p. limitations is disparity in all-America research ever (The 1983 all- vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 73-174.
76) was distributed to market exposure (The team 1983, p. 73), America research team
one thousand 1983 all-America some businesses 1983, p. 73).
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76).
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research
Annual report, State of Victoria (2004, Vicroads undertook nine State of Victoria (2004, Assistance to non- State of Victoria 2004, Vicroads
print p. 31) listed twenty major development p. 61) identifies English speaking annual report 2003-2004,
environmental incidents projects in the year increased recruitment customers included Corporate Publications, Kew.
for the year, of which 2003-2004 (State of as a key factor in 4056 interpreter
seven were of level 3 Victoria 2004). capacity building. assisted tests (State of
severity. Victoria 2004, p. 50).
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the specific information * pinpoint the quote
information

27
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Books: electronic
E-book Wheeler (2007) traces Stellar death involves As Wheeler (2007, p. We are gripped in a Wheeler, JC 2007, Cosmic
the shaping of concepts simultaneous 228) points out, direct trispatiocentrism we catastrophes: exploding stars,
in astrophysics. contraction of the core evidence for black holes rarely stop to black holes, and mapping the
and expansion of the in terms of a dark spot recognise, limiting our universe, 2nd edn, e-book,
surrounding material yet eludes us. ability to envisage Cambridge University Press, New
(Wheeler 2007). multiple dimensions York ,viewed 10 January2012,
* pinpoint the quote
(Wheeler 2007, p. 299). http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.li
b.monash.edu.au/Open.aspx?id=
* pinpoint the quote
75048&loc=&srch=undefined&src
=0
E-book, book in Morgan (2011) Issues of time and For Morgan (2011, p. Family is continually Morgan, DHJ 2011, Rethinking
a series investigates the space are particularly 132), ethics deals with being constructed and family practices, Palgrave
terminology surrounding relevant in blended everyday concerns. reconstructed through Macmillan studies in family and
family practices. families (Morgan 2011, the performance of intimate life, e-book, Palgrave
* pinpoint the quote
p. 75). these practices Macmillan, London, viewed 10
(Morgan 2011, p. 162). January 2011,
* pinpoint the specific
http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezprox
information * pinpoint the quote
y.lib.monash.edu.au/%28S%28vq
w3ydmd1pqyexssamhs0xvv%29
%29/Reader.aspx?p=665684&o=
90&u=TCr7fu8GcTgxsOwCGWTz
3A%3d%3d&t=1329258839&h=1
D62585C6DBF2EF30584D6556
D1A01FF753C63D7&s=5253272
&ut=233&pg=1&r=img&c=-
1&pat=n
*include name of series

28
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
E-book As Strunk (2011) In contrast to Strunk (2011, n.p.) As outlined in the Strunk, W, Jr, 2011, The
accessed via an indicates in the conventions followed in acknowledges in the introduction, Study of elements of style, rev. C Hong
e-book reader introduction, this now Australia, American introductory section that the masters of (ed.), e-book, Elements of Style
(e.g. Kindle, canonical text was punctuation requires a sophisticated writers literature will enhance Press, Kindle Edition.
Nook, Sony initially published for comma after all terms in sometimes disregard writing skills (Strunk
Reader) students. a list of three or more the rules of rhetoric. 2011, n.p.).
items (Strunk 2011, *rev for revised, ed. for edited (in
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
n.p.). this case it is the same person)
*many e-
readers do not * pinpoint the specific * include Jr (Junior) in the
have page information (in this case reference list(but not in in-text
numbers, so it *n.p. means no page citations) if it is part of the name
is preferable to numbers).
locate a version *include titles such as Jr (Junior),
Sr (Senior) or III (Third) in the
of the source
reference list but not in in-text
with page
citations
numbers
*where relevant, include version
of the reader, (e.g. Kindle 3G),no
URL required

29
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Chapter in an McLaughlin (2011) Results for specific McLaughlin (2011, p. New discoveries hint at McLaughlin, M Rotating radio
edited e-book reports the discovery of objects are analysed in 58) claims that the the rich variety of transients, in W Becker (ed.),
rotating radio transients. detail (McLaughlin XMM observations of transient sources that Neutron stars and pulsars, e-
2011). J1819-1458 have remain to be book, SpringerLink, Heidelberg,
confirmed the neutron discovered (McLaughlin viewed 10 January 2011, pp. 41-
star nature of J1819- 2011, p. 65). 66,
1458. http://www.springerlink.com.ezpro
* pinpoint the quote
xy.lib.monash.edu.au/content/v4u
* pinpoint the quote
65t/#section=50478&page=3&loc
us=58
* for editor use in + initials first
(reverse usual order)
*include name and city of
electronic publisher
Encyclopedia, Geoffrey Blainey Blaineys work is Geoffrey Blainey Blaineys authoritative Geoffrey Blainey 2012,
no author, (2012) gives minimal significant in Australian (2012, para. 3) texts have generated Encyclopdia Britannica online,
specific entry biographical and economic and social describes Blaineys, controversy, but there is viewed 13 January 2012,
professional history, but is not style as lucid and no supporting evidence http://www.britannica.com/EBche
information. detailed (Geoffrey imaginative, but gives in the entry itself cked/topic/68731/Geoffrey-
*encyclopedias
Blainey 2012). no examples. (Geoffrey Blainey Blainey
are NOT
2012, para. 1).
acceptable * pinpoint the quote
academic * pinpoint the quote
*use title, as for book with no
sources unless
author
as objects of
research

30
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Dictionary no Argument (2011) Various usages and Argument (2011, p. 2 The mathematical term Argument 2011, Oxford English
author, specific clearly traces the nuances of the term of 4) highlights the argument refers to an dictionary online, viewed 11
entry etymology of the term. argument are logical dimension: A independent variable of January 2012,
demonstrated through connected series of a function (Argument http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.m
historical examples statements or reasons 2011, Draft additions onash.edu.au/view/Entry/10663
*dictionaries are
(Argument 2011). intended to establish a 1997, p. 4 of 4).
NOT acceptable
position (and, hence, to
academic * pinpoint the quote
refute the opposite); a
sources unless
process of reasoning; .
as objects of
argumentation.
research
* pinpoint the quote

Dictionary, one Matsumoto (2009) Major theories in Matsumoto (2009, p. Psychology spans the Matsumoto, D 2009, The
or more authors attempts to account for psychology are briefly 417) defines microlevel neural Cambridge dictionary of
recent changes described (Matsumoto quantitative psychology processes to psychology, e-book, Cambridge
meanings of terms in 2009). as approaches that use macrolevel social and University Press, Cambridge,
*dictionaries are
psychology. mathematics in order to cultural processes viewed 11 January 2012,
NOT acceptable
describe the workings of (Matsumoto 2009, p. http://www.monash.eblib.com.au.
academic
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sources unless
behaviour. n/FullRecord.aspx?p=461152&ec
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ho=1&userid=TCr7fu8GcTgxsOw
research * pinpoint the quote *ellipsis of three dots
CGWTz3A%3d%3d&tstamp=132
indicates word/s omitted
6338030&id=75E4D9C9A1C07E
DC28AC8A9304DA874ABAC409
98

31
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Periodicals/Serials: electronic
One author Downing (2010) Internet piracy, rather As Downing (2010, p. Many pirates present Downing, S 2010,Social control
recorded data from than being chaotic, 103) points out, legitimate arguments for in a subculture of piracy, Journal
online forums. operates within informal acquisition of the downloading software of Criminal Justice and Popular
constraints (Downing external device(s) (Downing 2010, p. 116). Culture, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 77-
2010). needed to pirate is itself 123, viewed 18 November 2011,
* pinpoint the quote
a process that requires http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/jcj
one to possess a pc_vol17.html
certain knowledge
base.
* pinpoint the quote

Two authors Head and Redmond A history of prevention Head and Redmonds It is argued that the Head, BW & Redmond, G 2011,
(2011) argue that approaches reveals a (2011, p. 7) argument value judgements and Making prevention work in
prevention significantly wide range of implicitly takes the choices need to be human services for children and
improves outcomes. underlying assumptions clean slate approach better articulated and youth, Australian Review of
(Head & Redmond to child development. understood (Head & Public Affairs, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.
*use and in sentence
2011). Redmond 2011, p. 18). 5-22, viewed 5 January 2012,
* pinpoint the quote
http://www.australianreview.net/jo
*use & in citation *use and in sentence * pinpoint the quote
urnal/v10/n1/head_redmond.pdf
*use double quotation *ellipsis of three dots
marks for a quote within indicates word/s omitted
a quote
*ellipsis of three dots
indicates word/s omitted

32
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Three authors Townsend, McDonald Cartoons concerning A study by Townsend, As expected, published Townsend, K, McDonald, P &
and Esders (2008) Work Choices were McDonald and Esders cartoons were only part Esders, L 2008, How political,
found that mainstream classified thematically (2008, p. 22) showed of the wider political satirical cartoons illustrated
media cartoons were (Townsend, McDonald that the cartoons were discourse at a Australias Work Choices
cynical but not & Esders 2008). moderate in tone. tumultuous time debate, Australian Review of
destructive. (Townsend, McDonald Public Affairs, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-
*use & in citation *pinpoint the quote
& Esders 2008, p. 22). 26, viewed 5 January 2012,
*use and in sentence *use and in sentence
http://www.australianreview.net/jo
*ellipsis of three dots *pinpoint the quote
urnal/v9/n1/townsend.pdf
indicates word/s omitted *use & in citation

Four or more Carson et al. (2002) Community consultation Carson et al. (2002, p. Consultation need not Carson, L, White, S, Hendriks, C
authors analyse a consultation was not common at that 11) observed that be an add-on, a & Palmer, J 2002, Community
process involving time (Carson et al. participants want to requirement to show the consultation in environmental
citizens. 2002, p. 2). suggest solutions. public agrees, but can policy making, The Drawing
shape the outcome Board: An Australian Review of
*use et al. for source *pinpoint the specific *pinpoint the quote
(Carson et al. 2002, p. Public Affairs, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-
with four or more information *use et al.
12). 13, viewed 5 January 2012,
authors (note stop only *use et al.
http://www.australianreview.net/jo
after al., not after et) *pinpoint the quote
urnal/v3/n1/carson.pdf
*use et al.
No author Freezing fish at sea The experimental quick Freezing fish at sea Quick freezing Freezing fish at sea 1958,
(1958) reports on a freezing process was (1958, p. 817) describes technology was trialled Nature, vol.181, no. 4612 p. 817.
study into quick freezing successful in all the experiment as to improve quality in viewed 13 January 2012,
*use article title
technology. conditions (Freezing extensive and situations in which the http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.lib
in quote marks
fish at sea 1958, p. impressive. earlier part of the catch .monash.edu.au/nature/journal/v1
817). may be some twelve 81/n4612/pdf/181817b0.pdf
*pinpoint the quote
days old when it is
*pinpoint the specific *use title in place of author
landed (Freezing fish
information
at sea 1958, p. 817).
*pinpoint the quote

33
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Article from a Kim and Johnson Blogs serve as an Kim and Johnson There appears to be a Kim, D & Johnson, T 2012,
database (2012) examined interactive forum for (2012, p. 105) conclude weak relation between Political blog readers: predictors
motivations for interpersonal discussion that the blogs exist to demographics and of motivations for accessing
participation in political (Kim & Johnson 2012, find out what other motivations for using political blogs, Telematics and
blogs. p. 106). people think about blogs, consistent with Informatics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 99-
important issues or past studies (Kim & 109, (online Ebscohost).
*use and in sentence * pinpoint the specific
events and to keep up Johnson 2012, p. 106).
information
with the main issues of
*use & in citation * pinpoint the quote
the day. *include database name in
*use & in citation
brackets, no URL required, no
* pinpoint the quote
viewed date required
*use and in sentence
Article with doi Novick (2012) uses a A series of proofs from Novick (2012, p. 379) The upper bound from Novick, M 2012, Allowable
recently devised 1979 onward is invoked refers to a previous Proposition 6.1 interval sequences and
method to address the as partial support for the proof known as increases by no more separating convex sets in the
*many recent
separation of convex main argument (Novick allowable sequences of than n 3j + 1, plane, Discrete Computational
articles now have
sets in the plane. 2012). permutation (emphasis according to Novick Geometry, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 378-
a digital object
in original). (2012, p. 392). 392, doi: 10.1007/s00454-011-
identifier (doi); if
9365-5
so, use it in * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
preference to a *copy the full digital object
* (emphasis in original)
URL or a identifier (doi:xxxxxx) from the
indicates no change to
database name article
original
*no URL required, no viewed date
required, no database name
required

34
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Citing a source Esfandiari (1997 cited in Where freedom of The United Nations Every print magazine Shirazi, F 2012, Information and
within a source Shirazi 2012, pp. 47-48) expression is (2010 cited in Shirazi for women we had was communication technology and
reports that Iranian constrained, subversive 2012, p. 49) estimates closed, so we created a women empowerment in Iran,
womens movements modes of dissent arise that 7% of tenured new world for ourselves Telematics and Informatics, vol.
*try to locate and
have a long history. (Haider 2009 cited in university faculty in cyberspace (Soguel, 29, no. 1, pp. 45-55, (online
use the cited
Shirazi 2012, p. 46). position (sic) are held 2010 cited in Shirazi Science Direct).
source *pinpoint the citation in
by women. 2012, p. 49).
your source *pinpoint the citation in
your source *pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote
*include year of *in the Reference list include only
publication for both *use (sic) immediately the article you actually used, (not
sources after an error in source the source cited in the article you
used).
*if source is from a database,
include database name in
brackets, no URL required, no
viewed date required. See also
Appendix B.

35
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Newspaper Devlin (2011, p. 32) A recent study by Devlin (2011, p. 32) Students nominated Devlin, M 2011, Keys found to
article from a reports on a recent Deakin university points to a move from perseverance as a success by the less privileged,
database study of first year attributes four major elite, through mass to significant factor The Australian, 16 November, p.
students from low socio- factors to first year universal access in contributing to success 32, (online Factiva).
economic backgrounds. success (Devlin 2011, Australian higher in first year university
* newspapers
p. 32). education. (Devlin 2011, p. 32).
are NOT * pinpoint the specific
*include database name in
acceptable information *pinpoint the specific *pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote
brackets, no URL required
academic information
sources unless *include day of publication and
as objects of page number
research
* for multiple
authors see
examples above
Newspaper Flitton (2012) reports a New forms of warfare Flitton (2012, para. 1) Australian foreign policy Flitton, D 2012, Economic woes
article substantial cut in have influenced US claims that Australia is must respond to the hit US defence ambitions, The
funding for the US government funding of about to confront the US's formal strategy to Canberra Times, 4 January,
* newspapers military. its defence forces biting reality of US fight two large viewed 4 January 2012,
are NOT (Flitton 2012, para. 11). military decline. adversaries at once http://www.canberratimes.com.au
acceptable (Flitton 2012, para. 3). /news/world/world/general/econo
academic mic-woes-hit-us-defence-
sources unless * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote ambitions/2409318.aspx
as objects of information * pinpoint the quote
*include both day of publication
research
and viewed
* for multiple
authors see
examples above
Newspaper Recent articles such as Robbery and mugging Stabbed man found Use of statements from Stabbed man found lying in

36
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
article, no Stabbed man found feature in local lying in street (2012, hospital staff is street 2012, The Townsville
author lying in street (2012) newspapers, as in a para. 3) reports that the common; for example, a Bulletin, 5 January, viewed 5
demonstrate a recent news story victim refused to hand man is reported as in a January 2012,
continuing focus on (Stabbed man found over his property. critical condition http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.
*use title of
sensationalist reporting. lying in street 2012). (Stabbed man found au/article/2012/01/05/295451_ne
article in quote * pinpoint the quote
lying in street 2012, ws.html
marks
para. 1) after being
* newspapers mugged.
are NOT *use title in place of author
* pinpoint the quote
acceptable
academic
sources unless
as objects of
research
Article in an Stellman (2011) is an Explaining procedures Stellman (2011, p. 2), Explanations are basic; Stellman, J 2011, Fighting fire
online example of informing to a general audience is as is typical for a for example, the with fire: recent burning programs
newsletter the general public of one common purpose of general audience, proliferation of Buffel in the APY lands, Caring for
* newsletters recent programs. newsletters (Stellman asserts, but does not Grass in the arid zone is Country, newsletter, no. 3,
are NOT 2011). provide evidence that altering the fire regime viewed 4 January 2012,
acceptable local populations have (Stellman 2011, p. 2). http://www.awnrm.sa.gov.au/Port
academic been burning country als/3/AW%20News%20Edition3.p
* pinpoint the quote
sources since time immemorial df
unless as as it was critical to their
objects of existence.
research
* pinpoint the quote
*if there is no
author, use article
title

Annual report World Bank (2011) A wide range of Among its successes, The objective to lift and World Bank 2011, World Bank

37
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
provides evidence that environmental and World Bank (2011, p. keep people out of annual report 2011, viewed 11
the global financial social predictors are 33) claims that in poverty is the mission January 2012,
crisis did not affect assessed (World Bank Bangladesh, 20 million of the World Bank http://issuu.com/world.bank.public
developing countries as 2011). people benefitted from (2011, p. 26). ations/docs/9780821388280/5
greatly as developed microfinance projects
* pinpoint the quote
countries. during the last 20
years.
* pinpoint the quote

38
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Websites
One author Fein (2011) is an In an American website Fein (2011, para. 10) Websites promoting Fein, B 2011, The Patriot Act is
example of an opinion with explicit religious claims, without supporting particular beliefs and at war with the constitution, The
piece providing no aims, the Patriot Act is statistics, that the vast values are common; American view: God, family,
Websites for a
supporting evidence. depicted as majority of victims of for example the belief republic, viewed 8 November
non-academic
unconstitutional (Fein illegal or unconstitutional that Liberty for its own 2011,
target audience
2011). surveillance under FISA sake is the definition http://archive.theamericanview.co
are NOT
are never informed of the of America (Fein m/index.php?id=1770
acceptable
spying. 2011, para. 17).
academic *this is an example of a non-
sources unless *pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote academic website which may be
as objects of analysed for research purposes.
research Do not rely on the information in
the website-find an academic
source instead

39
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Organisation as The Royal Society for It is asserted without In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text The Royal Society for the
author the Prevention of evidence that the citations: citations: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Cruelty to Animals, campaign against jumps (RSPCA) Victoria 2011, Jumps
RSPCA Victoria (2011, The basis on which
Websites for a Victoria (2011) argues racing in Victoria racing, viewed 24 November
para.6) claims, again with claims rest is not
non-academic against jumps racing, as attracted strong support 2011,
no evidence, that jumps given; for example, in
target audience appropriate to its (The Royal Society for http://www.rspcavic.org/issues-
racing is a small and a jumps race there is
are NOT mission. the Prevention of take-action/jumps-racing/
unprofitable part of the a one in 14 chance of
acceptable Cruelty to Animals
racing industry. injury and a one in
academic *if you have only one in- [RSPCA] Victoria 2011). * include initials in round
116 chance of death
sources unless text citation to a source brackets only if the source is
* pinpoint the quote for the racehorse
as objects of in your work, you must *first of two or more cited more than once in-text
(RSPCA Victoria
research use the full author name citations include full *initials for second and
2011, para. 9).
(no initials or name and initials in subsequent citations *this is an example of a non-
abbreviations) square brackets ONLY academic website. Do not rely on
*pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote the information in the website (it
may be too basic or unreliable) -
*initials for second and
find an academic source instead
subsequent citations
ONLY

40
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Website Better Health Channel A website providing Better Health Channel Summaries and key Better Health Channel 2011,
sponsor as (2011) is an education basic information for (2011, para. 2) presents points are used in Obesity, viewed 6 January 2012,
author site for the general general audience facts in bullet points or preference to detailed http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
public. describes a range of short attention grabbing evidence and /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Obe
diseases relate to sentences; for example, explanation; for sity
Websites for a
obesity (Better Health obesity rates in Australia example, obesity
non-academic
Channel 2011). have more than doubled costs Australian *this is an example of a non-
target audience
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are NOT
estimated $1.5 billion the information in the website (it
acceptable
* pinpoint the quote every year in direct may be too basic or unreliable) -
academic
health costs (Better find an academic source instead
sources unless
Health Channel 2011,
as objects of
para.10).
research
*pinpoint the quote
Report from an Reese (2013) examines The report examines Reese (2013) concludes According to the Reese, A 2013 'Sectarian and
institution how the Syrian and Iraqi the escalation of conflict that 'Syria and Iraq have report, the U.S. 'must regional conflict in the Middle
website conflicts have spilled in Syria during 2012 become the battlefronts pursue a regional East', Middle East Security
into neighbouring and early 2013 (Reese, for a regional conflict that strategy, not just a Report 13, Institute for the study
countries. 2013). is marked by increase in Syria-centric or Iran- of war, viewed 27 August 2013,
Websites for a
sectarian rhetoric and centric strategy' http://www.understandingwar.org/
non-academic
violence' with no obvious (Reese 2013, p. 20). sites/default/files/SectarianandRe
target audience
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are NOT
19-20). *pinpoint the quote UL.pdf
acceptable
academic
*pinpoint the quote
sources unless
as objects of
research

41
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*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Social media
Blog Krawetz (2011) uses a Blogs may give See blog post next page See blog post next page Krawetz, N 2011, The hacker
blog to discuss credence to opinion, in for quotes for quotes factor blog, web log, viewed 15
advanced forensic some cases with November 2011,
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image analysis supporting evidence; for http://www.hackerfactor.com/blo
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models have been
as objects of
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(Krawetz 2011).
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for individual blog
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2) argues that the peer open-access journals 4) reports that PLoS challenging the primacy access megajournals find out
* Blog posts are review process does not have increased over the ONE will publish as of the [traditional] journal more in Estonia, The official
NOT acceptable evaluate the last four years much as 1.5% of all as the mechanism for the PLoS Blog, web log post, 20
academic significance of a work. (Patterson 2011, para. articles indexed in organization of published June, viewed 25 October 2011,
sources unless 4). PubMed in 2011. research (Patterson http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/0
* pinpoint the specific
as objects of 2011, para. 7). 6/open-access-megajournals-
information *pinpoint the specific *pinpoint the quote
research %e2%80%93-find-out-more-in-
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* list the authors


name as given * include both the date the blog
(including entry was posted and the date
nicknames) viewed

42
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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Wiki entry * avoid author Information is framed * avoid author Language style is basic; Cretaceous, 2011, Wikipedia,
prominent as wiki for a general audience prominent as wiki for example, the use of wiki article, viewed 12 November
articles cannot be (Cretaceous 2011). articles cannot be parallel construction in 2011,
* Wikis are NOT
reliably attributed to any reliably attributed to any the repeated modal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretac
acceptable
one (or more) persons one (or more) persons verb modern eous
academic
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sources unless
and the date of last scavengers and can
as objects of
revision survive for months * use the date of the last revision
research
without food to the wiki article as the
(Cretaceous 2011, publication year
para. 30).
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* cite the title and the
date of last revision
Update on Gillards (2011) strategy The marketing of the Gillard (2011, para. 1) The government used Gillard, J 2011, Facebook
social network included using proposal also targeted a further broadcast the online forums to declare update, 11 November, viewed 24
(e.g. Facebook, Facebook to announce large internet audience message online that that it was prepared to November 2011,
Twitter, other) the plan to deliver a pay (Gillard 2011). proposed wage provide over $2 billion https://www.facebook.com/juliagill
rise to employees in the increases would benefit (Gillard 2011, para. 1). ard/posts/263639040354656
social services sector. 150,000 of Australias
* social media
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are NOT
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academic
information *pinpoint the quote
sources unless
as objects of
research

43
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*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
YouTube (or * avoid author For the purpose of * avoid author During his musings gsmokeyjoe 2007, Stephen Fry
similar) video prominent format as the entertainment, Stephen prominent format since Stephen Fry on the joys of swearing, online
user who uploaded the Fry has argued for the the user who uploaded provocatively declared video, viewed 17 January 2012,
video is not necessarily value of swearing the video is not the people I know that http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
* YouTube or
the author (gsmokeyjoe 2007). necessarily the person swear the most tend to =s_osQvkeNRM&feature=youtu.b
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sources unless
00:36).
as objects of
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Bulletin boards, Adams (2011, para. 4) Computation time is a Adams (2011, para. 2) Principal Coordinates Adams, D 2011, Re: PCA with
Forums, noted the usefulness of major issue with very notes that, in this case, Analysis produces the VERY large number of
Usenet, Email Principal Coordinates large covariance the issues related to matrix of pairwise landmarks?, list server, 5
lists Analysis in this matrices (Adams 2011, Rao's curse of distances between October 2011, Morphmet, viewed
situation. para. 3). dimensionality are less objects (Adams 2011, 30 November 2011
applicable. para. 4). http://www.mail-
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the specific
archive.com/morphmet%40morp
information information * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
hometrics.org/msg02412.html

44
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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Government sources/Industry report


Hansard Commonwealth of Need for performance It is asserted by Combet In the period from 1 Commonwealth of Australia,
Australia (2011, p. reporting, cultural in Commonwealth of August 2010 to 18 2011, Parliamentary debates:
13751) records the first change and Australia (2011, p. November this year, House of Representatives: official
* Hansard is
and second readings of parliamentary scrutiny 13883) that IPCC Australian forces have Hansard, vol 18, pp. 13742-
the name given
the Corporations was asserted by the reports are among the apprehended 1,074 13891.
to transcripts of
Amendment (Further member for Lyne, most scrutinised detainees, according to
Australian
Future of Financial Oakshott documents in the the Minister for Defence
parliamentary
Advice Measures) Bill (Commonwealth of history of science. (Commonwealth of
proceedings
2011. Australia 2011, p. Australia 2011, p.
and should be
13773). * pinpoint the quote 13744).
referenced as if
* pinpoint the specific
in print even if
information * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
viewed
information
electronically

45
In-text citation models
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*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Australian The Australian Bureau A statistical comparison In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text Australian Bureau of Statistics
Bureau of of Statistics (2009) of different household citations: citations: 2009, 2007-2008 Housing
Statistics, print reports on the status of types is provided occupancy and costs Australia,
The ABS (2009, p. 4) The following criterion is
housing in Australia in (Australian Bureau of cat. no. 4130.0, Australian
states that there were among those used to
2007-2008. Statistics [ABS] 2009). Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
8.1 million households determine overcrowding
living in private single household
dwellings in Australia in members 18 and over
*if you have only one in- *if you have two or *for print ABS include catalogue
the period surveyed. should have a separate
text citation to more in-text citations to number after title
bedroom, as should
Australian Bureau of a source such as ABS
* pinpoint the quote parents or couples
Statistics in your work, in your work include the
(ABS 2009, p. 84).
you must use the full initials in square * initials ABS for
name (no initials or brackets inside the second and
* pinpoint the quote
abbreviations) round brackets for the subsequent citations
first citation. For ONLY * initials ABS for
subsequent in-text second and
citations use only the subsequent citations
initials ONLY

46
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Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Australian The Australian Bureau A number of technical In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text Australian Bureau of Statistics
Bureau of of Statistics (2004, para. terms relating to citations: citations: (ABS) 2004, 5362.0.55.001 A
Statistics, online 3) defines non-resident international finance are guide to Australian balance of
The ABS (2004, p. 1 of Australian balance of
entities as including defined (Australian payments and international
4) defines residents as payments and
businesses located Bureau of Statistics investment position statistics,
entities which have a international investment
abroad. [ABS] 2004). viewed 24 November 2011,
closer association with position statistics are
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/a
the territory of Australia expressed in Australian
* pinpoint the specific *if you have two or bs@.nsf/mf/5362.0.55.001
than with any other dollars according to the
information more in-text citations to
territory. ABS (2004, p. 3 of 4).
a source such as ABS * initials in round brackets as
*if you have only one in- in your work include the above only if the source is cited
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
text citation to a source initials in square more than once in-text
such as ABS in your brackets inside the * initials ABS for * initials ABS for
work, you must use the round brackets for the second and second and *for electronic ABS, catalogue
full author name (no first citation. For subsequent citations subsequent citations number is part of the title
initials or abbreviations) subsequent in-text ONLY ONLY
citations use only the
initials
Government Goodrum, Hackling and Resourcing was found Among the Factors including Goodrum, D, Hackling, M &
documents, one Rennie (2000) identified to be a major problem in recommendations of student focus versus Rennie, L 2000, The status and
or more a range of science teaching Goodrum, Hackling and content focus, quality of teaching and learning of
authors, print circumstances inhibiting (Goodrum, Hackling & Rennie (2000, p. x) is resources, time and the science in Australian schools,
science teaching. Rennie 2000). that incentives be quality of teachers were report, Department of Education,
provided to attract found to limit science Training and Youth Affairs,
larger numbers of teaching (Goodrum, Canberra.
quality students into Hackling & Rennie
*insert report, research report,
science teaching. 2000, p. 87).
discussion paper, working paper,
occasional paper, fact sheet ,
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
white/green paper, media release
as necessary (e.g. if not in title)

47
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*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Government Cashmore et al. (2010) Shared care is depicted Cashmore et al. (2010, Of 136 participants, just Cashmore, J, Parkinson, P,
documents, one investigated shared as atypical throughout a p. 9) provide statistics under half the children Weston, R, Patulny, R, Redmond,
or more care of Australian recent report showing that shared (45%) indicated that G, Qu, L, Baxter, J, Rajkovic, M,
authors, online children. (Cashmore et al. 2010). care arrangements are they were neither Sitek, T & Katz, I 2010, Shared
less likely to last over a happy nor sad about care parenting arrangements
*use et al. substantial time period. their living since the 2006 Family Law
*use et al. for a source arrangements; a third reforms: report to the Australian
with four or more * pinpoint the quote were unhappy or very Government Attorney-Generals
authors (note stop only unhappy, and about one Department, viewed 17 January
after al., not after et) in five (22%) were 2012,
happy or very happy http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/med
*use et al.
with them (Cashmore et ia/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF
al 2010, p. 116).
*insert report, research report,
discussion paper, working paper,
* pinpoint the quote
occasional paper, fact sheet ,
*use et al.
white/green paper, media release
*use double quotation
as necessary (e.g. if not in title)
marks for a quote within
a quote
Government The Parliament of Drug abuse is part of The Parliament of For young people, Parliament of Victoria, Drugs and
documents, Victoria, Drugs and wider social and health Victoria, Drugs and boredom can lead to Crime Prevention Committee
department as Crime Prevention issues (Parliament of Crime Prevention risk taking behaviour 2002, Inquiry into the inhalation of
author, print Committee (2002, p. Victoria, Drugs and Committee (2002, p. 6) (Parliament of Victoria, volatile substances: final report,
128) found that the Crime Prevention defines Volatile Drugs and Crime Government Printer, Melbourne.
highest incidence of Committee 2002). Substance Abuse as Prevention Committee
*insert report, research report,
inhaling drugs was deliberate inhalation of 2002, p. 51).
discussion paper, working paper,
among adolescents. a volatile substance to
occasional paper, fact sheet ,
change a mental state.
white/green paper, media release
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote
as necessary (e.g. if not in title)
information
* pinpoint the quote

48
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Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Government The Australian Health Efforts to improve the The Australian Health Indigenous Australian Health Ministers
documents, Ministers Advisory birth weight of Ministers Advisory hospitalisation rates Advisory Council 2011, Aboriginal
department as Council (2011, p. 14) indigenous babies has Council (2011, p. 14) were 1.4 times as high and Torres Strait Islander health
author, online reported that since the had limited impact since reports that in very as non indigenous performance framework report
early 1990s efforts to the early 1990s remote areas, babies rates (Australian Health 2010, viewed 10 November 2011,
improve the birth weight (Australian Health born to Indigenous Ministers Advisory http://www.health.gov.au/internet/
of indigenous babies Ministers Advisory mothers were almost Council 2011, p. 14). publications/publishing.nsf/Conte
has had limited impact. Council 2011, p. 14). three times as likely to nt/health-oatsih-pubs-
be of low birthweight. * pinpoint the quote framereport-
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the specific toc/$FILE/HPF%20Report%2020
information information * pinpoint the quote 10august2011.pdf

Government The Australian The Australian capacity In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text Australian Government
white paper, Government for defence was citations: citations: Department of Defence (ADF)
online Department of Defence internally reviewed 2009, Defending Australia in the
The ADF (2009, p. 104) The ADF may be
(2009, p. 22) expressed (Australian Government Asia Pacific century: force 2030:
identifies a need for increasingly called
the view that war Department of Defence Defence Force white paper,
new analytic tools and upon to undertake
between major powers [ADF] 2009). viewed 30 November 2011,
methods. regional stabilisation,
remains a potential http://www.defence.gov.au/whitep
humanitarian and
threat. *if you have two or aper/docs/defence_white_paper_
* pinpoint the quote disaster relief
more in-text citations to 2009.pdf
operations (Australian
* pinpoint the specific a source such as ADF
Government
information in your work include the * initials in round brackets as
* initials ADF for Department of Defence
initials in square above only if the source is cited
second and 2009, p. 18).
*if you have only one in- brackets inside the more than once in-text
subsequent citations * pinpoint the quote
text citation to a source round brackets for the
ONLY * initials ADF for
in your work, you must first citation. For
second and
use the full author name subsequent in-text
subsequent citations
(no initials or citations use only the
ONLY
abbreviations) initials

49
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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Government The Victorian The argument that The State of Victoria It is recognised that The State of Victoria Department
green paper, Government ecosystems must Department of significant gaps remain of Sustainability and Environment
online Department of contribute economic Sustainability and in Victorias natural 2008, Land and biodiversity at a
Sustainability and and social benefits is Environment 2008, p. resource management time of climate change, green
Environment (2008) advanced (Victorian 62) acknowledges knowledge base paper, viewed 30 November
green paper surveys Government addressing potential (Victorian Government 2011,
potential environmental Department of environmental damage Department of http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/default-
strategies. Sustainability and may not be Sustainability and import-location/land-and-
Environment 2008, p. straightforward. Environment 2008, p. biodiversity-at-a-time-of-climate-
32). 32). change-the-green-paper#gp
* pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the specific *insert green paper as it is not in
information the title
Government Queensland Among parental In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text Queensland Government,
fact sheet, printGovernment, education information citations: citations: Department of Education and
Department of are resources such as a Training (DET) 2009, Literacy
DET (2009, p. 1) Numeracy enables you
Education and Training basic fact sheet on and numeracy fact sheet:
*fact sheets are defines literacy as the to develop logical
(2009) provides basic literacy and numeracy supporting your child, The State
not acceptable ability to read, view, thinking and reasoning
information for parents (Queensland of Queensland, Brisbane.
academic write, design, speak and strategies in your daily
on supporting childrens Government,
sources unless listen in a way that life according to DET
learning. Department of * initials in round brackets only if
as objects of allows us to (2009, p. 2).
Education and Training the source is cited more than
research communicate effectively
*if you have only one in- [DET] 2009). * pinpoint the quote once in-text
and to make sense of
text citation to the
the world. * initials ONLY for
particular government *first of two or more
department in your citations include initials second and/or
* pinpoint the quote subsequent citations
work, you must use the in square brackets
full name (no initials or within citation * initials ONLY for
abbreviations) second and/or
subsequent citations

50
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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Government The Australian The Commonwealth The Australian Parents failure to Australian Government 2010,
fact sheet, Governments (2010) government aims to Government (2010, p. immunise a child has Strengthening immunisation for
online new measures stipulate increase immunisation 1) claims that been negatively children, fact sheet, viewed 17
immunisation as a rates (Australian immunisation is the represented as risking January 2012,
prerequisite for child Government 2010). safest and most their childs health and http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/sa/fami
*fact sheets are
support. effective way of giving the health of other lies/payments/Pages/strengthenin
not acceptable
protection against a children (Australian g_immunisation.aspx
academic
disease. Government 2010, p.
sources unless
1).
as objects of
* pinpoint the quote
research * pinpoint the quote

Standards, Standards Australia The minimum safety Standards Australia The rear roof bar shall Standards Australia International
online (2000) specifies the requirements for roof (2000, p. 3) has remain fixed to the roof 2000, AS 1235-2000 Road
materials and strength bars are detailed determined that under a force of 0,5Fa vehicles: roof load carriers: roof
requirements for roof (Standards Australia materials resist outside (Standards Australia bars, 5th edn, standards, viewed
bars. 2000). temperatures between - International 2000, p. 3 February 2012,
0 0
20 C and +60 C. 3). http://infostore.saiglobal.com/stor
e/Details.aspx?ProductID=21857
* pinpoint the quote
* pinpoint the quote 7
Patents, online Commonwealth Scientific and
Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Industrial Research Organisation
*for information about a 2009, Aqueous coating solutions
particular patent, you and method for the treatment of a
may need to contact the metal surface, Australian sealed
author or agent, or patent number 2009202792, filed
search for publications 10 July 2009, viewed 2 February
detailing the invention 2012,
http://www.ipmonitor.com.au/pate
nts/case/2009202792.

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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Industry report, Burgio-Ficca (2013) Demand for summer Burgio-Ficca is 'Demand for tennis and Burgio-Ficca, C 2013, IBISWorld
author includes guns and sports equipment, such optimistic about cricket equipment Industry Report G4241. Sport and
firearms in the broad as tennis and cricket, consumer sentiment, increases during the camping equipment retailing in
category of sports and increases significantly expecting an increase summer months in Australia, IBISWorld, viewed 26
camping equipment. during the summer during 2013-14 as Australia as these are August 2013.
months in Australia 'lower levels of traditionally viewed as
(Burgio-Ficca 2013). unemployment and summer sports' (Burgio-
increased job security Ficca 2013, p.14).
boost confidence levels *pinpoint the quote
amongst consumers'
(2013, p. 5).
*pinpoint the quote

Industry report, DATAMONITOR's Wine is perceived as a According to 'The company 'DATAMONITOR: Drinks
no author Drinks MediaWatch healthier drink than beer DATAMONITOR's [Carlsberg] markets and MarketWatch' 2011,
report includes a in North America and Drinks MarketWatch sells more than 500 Marketwatch: Drinks, 10, 9, pp. 1-
spotlight segment on Europe report (2011 p. 22), different beer brands 28, Business Source Complete,
Carlsberg (2011). ('DATAMONITOR: 'Carlsberg is the fourth around the world' EBSCOhost, viewed 27 August
Drinks MarketWatch' largest brewer in the ('DATAMONITOR: 2013.
2011, p. 26) world and is particularly Drinks MarketWatch'
*use title as author
*use title as author strong in Northern and 2011, p. 22).
Western Europe.' *pinpoint the quote
*pinpoint the quote

52
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not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Legal sources
Bill Childrens services The cancellation of a Childrens services The Secretary may Parliament of Victoria 2011,
Amendment Bill 2011, service approval by the Amendment Bill 2011, decide to cancel a Childrens services Amendment
S.45A indicates that the Minister is possible for a S.45A states that, the service approval to the Bill 2011
*Bills are cited
Secretary can cancel a number of reasons Secretary may decide to extent it relates to an
in-text by title * to cite legal sources outside
service approval for a (Childrens services cancel a service approved associated
Australia, include the country
*legislation number of reasons. Amendment Bill 2011, approval to the extent it childrens service
should be S.45A). relates to an approved (Childrens services * list Acts/Bills alphabetically in a
* pinpoint the specific
referenced as if associated childrens Amendment Bill 2011, separate section of your
information * pinpoint the specific
in print even if service. S.45A). reference list (see Appendix B)
information
viewed
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
electronically
Act of First in-text citation: In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text In subsequent in-text Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Parliament citations: citations: citations: Islander Act 2005 (Cwlth)
In Section 142R (1A) of
Aboriginal and Torres In specified In Aboriginal and Torres The Minister may fix
*Acts are cited Strait Islander Act 2005 circumstances the Strait Islander Act the eligible number for
* list Acts/Bills alphabetically in a
in-text by title (Cwlth) the Minister is able to fix the s.142R (1A), it is the TSRA by notice in
separate section of your
circumstances under eligible number for the stated that, the Minister the Gazette. (Aboriginal
*legislation reference list labelled Legislation
which the Minister may TSRA (Aboriginal and may fix the eligible and Torres Strait
should be (see Appendix B: sample
fix the eligible number Torres Strait Islander number for the TSRA by Islander Act s.142R
referenced as if reference list)
for the TSRA are Act s.142R (1A). notice in the Gazette. (1A).
in print even if
outlined.
viewed * pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
electronically In subsequent in-text information
* Aboriginal and Torres * Aboriginal and Torres
citations:
* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act for Strait Islander Act for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act for second and second and
Strait Islander Act second and subsequent citations subsequent citations
subsequent citations ONLY ONLY
ONLY

53
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Case Metro Trains Melbourne The issue was decided In Metro Trains It was found that the Metro Trains Melbourne Pty Ltd v
Pty Ltd v Marotta [2012] with a three month ban Melbourne Pty Ltd v behaviour was a Marotta [2012] FWA 432
*cases are FWA 432 is a precedent on entry to Metro trains Marotta [2012] FWA misuse of the
cited in-text by related to aggressive for the passenger 432 it was argued that Respondents statutory *list cases alphabetically in a
title behaviour on trains. (Metro Trains the relevant act right of entry (Metro separate section of your
Melbourne Pty Ltd v provides forceful Trains Melbourne Pty reference list labelled Cases (see
*cases should Marotta [2012] FWA discouragement of Ltd v Marotta [2012] Appendix B: sample reference
be referenced 432, para. 90). misuse of the right of FWA 432, para. 82). list)
as if in print entry (para. 83).
even if viewed * pinpoint the specific *pinpoint the quote
electronically information *pinpoint the quote

54
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Conferences
Conference Gorman (1995) argues Extant cataloguing rules For Gorman (1995, p. Change should be Gorman, M 1995, AACR3? Not!
paper, in for a revision of can cope with electronic 22) the existing gradual, evolutionary, in BEC Schottlaender (ed.), The
conference cataloguing rules rather sources (Gorman formulae are intensely and within the existing future of the descriptive
proceedings, than devising a new set. 1995). user friendly. structures (Gorman cataloguing rules: American
print 1995, p. 25). Library Association Annual
* pinpoint the quote Conference, 22 June, Chicago,
* pinpoint the quote
American Library Association,
*proceedings
Chicago, pp. 19-30.
means the
collection of
*use in and for editor use initials
papers from a
first (reverse usual order)
conference
Conference Newland (2007) Media interest highlights Newland (2007, p. 21) A negative shift has Newland, L 2007, Religion and
paper, online analyses the responses concerns about the claims that the Catholic occurred: the militarys politics: the Christian churches
of churches to the coup. relationship between church is more tolerant relationship with the and the 2006 coup in Fiji, paper
politics and religion in of the coup for the churches has presented at the 10th Pacific
*the words
Fiji (Newland 2007). reason that it provides profoundly changed Islands Political Studies
paper
opportunity for the since the 1987 and Association (PIPSA) Conference,
presented at
government to change 2000 coups and is now 7-8 December, Vanuatu, viewed
indicate that
direction radically. oppositional to ACCF 3 February 2012,
this is an
interests (Newland http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm/pa
unpublished * pinpoint the quote
2007, p. 22). pers/conference_papers/pipsa/13
paper (the
PIPSApaperLyndaNewland.pdf
paper may also * pinpoint the quote
be published
elsewhere)

55
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Conference van der Veer, Sloep and The conference is As van der Veer, Sloep Novel questions for this van der Veer, G, Sloep, P & van
proceedings, van Eekelen (2011) multidisciplinary in and van Eekelen (2011, just emerging discipline Eekelen, M 2011, Computer
published, print argue for the perspective (van der p. 7) point out, are the focus of the Science Education Research
development of Veer, Sloep & van conferences have conference papers (van Conference, conference
*to refer to the research questions in Eekelen 2011). mainly featured der Veer, Sloep & van proceedings, Computer Science
proceedings as a computer science examples of curricula Eekelen 2011, p. 7). Education Research Conference
whole education. *use & in citation and experience reports. (CSERC '11), 7-8 April, Heerlen,
* pinpoint the quote Netherlands, Open Universiteit,
*proceedings *use and in sentence * pinpoint the quote *use & in citation Heerlen,
means the *use and in sentence
*retain punctuation of author
collection of
names
papers from a
conference
Conference Segrave (ed. 2009) The conference Segrave (ed. 2001, p. 5) The conference Segrave, M (ed.) 2009, Australia
proceedings, contains papers critically extended recent dates the origin of the highlights the breadth and New Zealand Critical
online evaluating recent trends consolidation of the field annual conference to and scope of critical Criminology Conference 2009:
in criminology. of critical criminology the inaugural 2007 criminological research conference proceedings,
*to refer to the (Segrave ed. 2009). gathering in Sydney. in Australia and New Criminology, School of Political &
proceedings as a Zealand (Segrave ed. Social Inquiry, Faculty of Arts,
whole * pinpoint the quote 2009, p. 5). Monash University, viewed 3
February 2012,
*proceedings * pinpoint the quote http://arts.monash.edu.au/criminol
means the ogy/c3-conference-
collection of proceedings/anz-critical-
papers from a criminology-conference-2009-
conference proceedings.pdf

56
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Theses/dissertations
Thesis, print Howie (2008) argues The commodification of Howie (2008, p. 68) Televisual images are Howie, L 2008, Terrorsex:
that major cities are terrorism is analysed suggests fiction and substitutes or witnesses and the reanimation of
crucial targets for (Howie 2008). reality are not easily simulations, for being 9/11 as image event, commodity
displays of terrorism. distinguishable when first-hand witnesses of and pornography, doctoral thesis,
they are both images. terrorism (Howie 2008, Monash University, Melbourne.
p. 155).
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote *no quote marks, no italics

*insert masters thesis, honours


thesis, doctoral thesis as
necessary
Thesis, online The thesis (Clark 2011) A number of methods Clark (2011, p. 183) Interlocked molecules Clark, PG 2011, Synthesis of
extends research into were tested and rejected amusingly characterises have are defined as interlocked molecules by olefin
*always check interlocked (Clark 2011). this polymer as a discrete molecules that metathesis, doctoral thesis,
that a thesis architectures. molecular charm contain no covalent California Institute of Technology,
available on the bracelet. bonds between them, California, viewed 31 January
open internet is but that cannot be 2012,
authentic * pinpoint the quote separated without http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/59
cleavage of at least one 81/1/Paul_Clark_PhD_Thesis__8-
covalent bond (Clark 10-2010.pdf
2011, p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

57
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Thesis from a Kato (2011) interrogates The introduction of According to Kato It has been claimed that Kato, SF 2011, The popular music
database the dominant values mainstream rock to (2011, p. 20), heavy the main audience for canon and the neglect of
which have excluded music research literature metal artists included mainstream rock is mainstream rock, masters thesis,
*preferred source mainstream rock from is justified (Kato 2011). complex meters such as probably educated, California State University,
of electronic the literature. 5/4 and 7/8, extremely middle-class, and Fullerton, (online Proquest).
theses high and low ranges, suburban or
abrupt tempo changes, metropolitan (Kato *no quote marks, no italics
and harmonic 2011, p. 3).
complexity. *insert masters thesis, honours
* pinpoint the quote thesis, doctoral thesis as
* pinpoint the quote necessary

58
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

University course materials


Source from a Fredericks (2010) The current Fredericks (2011, p. Feminism can be one Fredericks, B 2010,
university unit argues that white marginalisation of 548) asserts that vehicle among many Reempowering ourselves:
reader, print women act to preserve Aboriginal women indigenous perspectives for Aboriginal women Australian Aboriginal women,
their dominant status. continues colonial have been distorted, (Fredericks 2011, p. Signs: Journal of Women in
practices (Fredericks erased and altered. 549). Culture and Society, vol. 35, no.
*these are
2011, p. 546). 3, pp. 546-550.
collections of
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the quote
sources.
* pinpoint the specific *reference the individual source
Follow
information appropriately
appropriate
rules (book,
article, etc) for
each source in
the collection
Course Squire (2001) McCall attempted to Squire (2001, p. 1) It is difficult, and in Squire, D 2001, McCalls
materials demonstrates and quantify software quality comments that some cases impossible, Software Quality Checklist,
produced by the assesses McCalls (Squire 2001). unfortunately, many of to develop direct CSE3308 - Software Engineering:
lecturers, print method. the metrics McCall measures of the above Analysis and Design, Lecture 11A
defined for these quality factors (Squire materials, Semester 1, 2001,
*citing course purposes can only be 2001, p. 1). Monash University.
materials is NOT defined subjectively.
*insert course materials, lecture
usually * pinpoint the quote
materials, tutorial materials as
acceptable * pinpoint the quote
necessary

59
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Course Soo-Han and Gray A focus on how news is Soo-Han and Gray The propaganda Soo-Han, G & Gray, L 2011,
materials (2011, p. 7) suggest that manufactured gives (2011, p. 7) indicate that model of the media ATS1279 Media and Culture:
produced by the media and its reception insights into the values there is some research argues that the media topic summaries, online course
lecturers, online rely on wider contextual and perceptions pointing to blogs/ function as a vehicle of materials, Semester 1, 2011,
factors. promulgated (Soo-Han weblogs as a potential propaganda for the Monash University.
*citing course & Gray 2011, p. 10). fifth estate because ruling elite (Soo-Han &
materials is * pinpoint the specific bloggers are Gray 2011, p. 5). *insert course materials, lecture
NOT usually information * pinpoint the specific independent producers materials, tutorial materials as
acceptable information of information. * pinpoint the quote necessary

* pinpoint the quote

60
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Data, figures and images


Figure, print Bernard (1989, Figure 3) MytiIus edulis tend to * - if you reproduce a * if you reproduce a Bernard, FR 1989, 'Uptake and
showed that E. coli accumulate more graph or figure in your graph or figure in your elimination of coliform bacteria by
accumulation is coliform bacteria than work you must provide a work you must provide a four marine bivalve mollusks',
positively correlated with other bivalves (Bernard caption and citation as caption and citation as Canadian Journal of Fisheries
*figures include temperature. 1989, Figure 2). shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 46, no.
diagrams and all 9, pp. 1592-1599.
types of graphs

Figure, online Rittmeyer et al. (2012, The first finger and toe * if you reproduce a * if you reproduce a Rittmeyer, EN, Allison, A,
Figure 2) describe a of Paedophryne are graph or figure in your graph or figure in your Grndler, MC, Thompson, DK &
new species of reduced to vestigial work you must provide a work you must provide a Austin, CC 2012, Ecological guild
*figures include
Paedophryne from the nubs (Rittmeyer et al. caption and citation as caption and citation as evolution and the discovery of the
diagrams and all
south-east of Papua 2012, Figure 1). shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A world's smallest vertebrate, PLoS
types of graphs
New Guinea. ONE, vol. 7, no. 1, p. e29797,
*use et al.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002979
*use et al. for source
7
with four or more
authors (note stop only
after al., not after et)

61
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Table, print Tenopir et al. (2005, Astronomers tend to * if you reproduce a * if you reproduce a Tenopir, C, King, DW, Boyce, P,
Table 7) found that have fewer personal table in your work you table in your work you Grayson, M & Paulson, K-L 2005,
astronomers primarily journal subscriptions must provide a caption must provide a caption 'Relying on electronic journals:
read articles published than other scientists and citation as shown in and citation as shown in reading patterns of astronomers',
in the last year. (Tenopir et al. 2005, Appendix A Appendix A Journal of the American Society
Table 4). for Information Science and
*use et al. for source
Technology, vol. 56, no. 8, pp.
with four or more *use et al.
786-802.
authors (note stop only
after al., not after et)
Table, online Brazzeal (2011, Table 1) Relatively few citations * if you reproduce a * if you reproduce a Brazzeal, B 2011, Citations to
found that most citations to Wikipedia are for table in your work you table in your work you Wikipedia in chemistry journals: a
to Wikipedia in specific mathematical must provide a caption must provide a caption preliminary study, Issues in
Chemistry journals were formulas or chemical and citation as shown in and citation as shown in Science and Technology
for general scientific properties (Brazzeal Appendix A Appendix A Librarianship, Fall 2011, viewed 9
information. 2011, Table 1). February 2012,
http://www.istl.org/11-
fall/refereed2.html

62
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Map, print Data from the In the early 1980s, SBS * if you reproduce a map * if you reproduce a map Department of Transport and
Department of Transport broadcasting from in your work you must in your work you must Communications 1984, Sound
and Communications Broken Hill reached as provide a caption and provide a caption and and television broadcasting
(1985) indicates that far south as the town of citation as shown in citation as shown in stations: field strength contour
broadcast signal Morgan Vale Appendix A Appendix A maps, map, 1:2,500,000,
strength was restricted (Department of Department of Transport and
around Broken Hill. Transport and Communications, 2NB Broken
Communications 1985). Hill, 3156S 14129E.
* give the author, year, title of the
map collection, map, scale,
publisher, map sheet name, and
latitude and longitude if possible
Map, online An early map (Bowen A 1777 map of Australia * if you reproduce a map * if you reproduce a map Bowen, T 1777, A new & accurate
1777) contributes to the employs the older name in your work you must in your work you must map of Asia: drawn from the most
depiction of Australia, as of New Holland (Bowen provide a caption and provide a caption and approved modern maps & charts,
terra nullius. 1777). citation as shown in citation as shown in Middletons complete system of
Appendix A Appendix A geography, C Middleton (ed.),
map, ca. 1:33,000,000. No
Publisher (Printed for J. Cooke)
London , viewed 13 January
2012, http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-
rm185

63
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Atlas, print Schwartzberg (ed. 1992) Images of primary Schwartzberg (ed. 1992, It is quite characteristic Schwartzberg, JE (ed.) 1992, A
provides comprehensive sources are provided p. 215) claims that for South Asia that historical atlas of South Asia,
cartographic with each set of maps Indias struggle for societies at different Oxford University Press, New
*to refer to the
interpretation of (Schwartzberg ed. freedom was developmental stages York.
atlas as a whole
historical changes in 1992). sympathetically have coexisted for long
or to text in the
South Asia. regarded in much of the periods (Schwartzberg
atlas
rest of the world. ed. 1992, p. 155).
*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote
* if you reproduce a map *ellipsis of three dots
from the atlas in your indicates word/s omitted
work you must provide a
* if you reproduce a map
caption and citation as
from the atlas in your
shown in Appendix A
work you must provide a
caption and citation as
shown in Appendix A
Atlas, online According to Cook Clarity of images of the Cook (2005, p. 2 of 2) Maps of the moon need Cook, J 2005, The Hatfield SCT
(2005, Plate 2d) the moons surface depends reports that water ice updating due to lunar atlas: photographic atlas for
Montes Caucasus range greatly on favourable (or at least water changes in lunar Meade, Celestron and other SCT
*to refer to the
on the moon reaches conditions (Cook 2005). molecules) may have nomenclature (Cook telescopes, e-book, British
atlas as a whole
6000 metres in height. been detected . 2005, Introduction p. 1 Astronomical Association,
or to text in the
of 2). London, viewed 13 January 2012,
atlas *pinpoint the quote
http://www.springerlink.com.ezpro
*pinpoint the quote
*indicate map * if you reproduce a map xy.lib.monash.edu.au/content/j35
/photograph number from the atlas in your * if you reproduce a map 236/#section=549465&page=2&lo
work you must provide a from the atlas in your cus=47
caption and citation as work you must provide a
shown in Appendix A caption and citation as
shown in Appendix A

64
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Electronic The data of Meachen- Premolar length in * do not quote raw data, * do not quote raw data, MeachenSamuels, J & Van
dataset, doi Samules and Van museum specimens of summarise instead summarise instead Valkenburgh, B 2009, Data from:
Valkenburgh (2009) Otocolobus manul Craniodental indicators of prey
includes muzzle width ranges from 10.2 mm to size preference in the Felidae,
* only applies to
measurements from 35 11.9 mm (Meachen- electronic data set, Dryad Digital
published raw
species of felines. Samules & Van Repository,
data uploaded to
Valkenburgh 2009). doi:10.5061/dryad.6h722
a data repository

Computer Holland (2009) provides Diversity curves were * not applicable * not applicable Holland, S 2009, Analytic
software, online a simple tool for constructed using rarefaction, Version 2.0,
rarefaction. Analytic rarefaction software, Hunt Mountain
(Holland 2009). Software, Athens
http://www.huntmountainsoftware
.com/html/rarefaction.html
Computer Reference management Downloaded journal * not applicable * not applicable EndNote X5 2011, Version 15,
software, no software, such as articles can be attached Build 5478, software, Thompson
programmer, EndNote X5 (2011) has to individual records Reuters, Carlsbad,
online become commonplace. (EndNote X5 2011). http://www.endnote.com/enhome.
asp
*use title in place * Give the version and build
of author number, where available, even if
the version number is part of the
software title\

65
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Web software Interactive maps, such The mapping of * not applicable * not applicable Geoscience Data Repository
(e.g. Flash and as those provided by Canadian geological Maps 2011, web software,
Java applets, Geological Data data in can be Geological Survey of Canada,
other browser- Repository Maps performed from within Ottawa, available
based learning (2011), allow the the web-browser itself http://gdr.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/e
objects) underlying geology to (Geoscience Data
be analysed. Repository Maps 2011).
Source code Reiche and Ford (2002) The collision detection * long excerpts of code * long excerpts of Reiche, P & Ford, F 2002, The
provide a simple employed is somewhat should be reproduced code should be ur-quan masters, Version 0.7.0,
example of collision rudimentary, however as a figure, see reproduced as a source code, Toys for Bob,
detection code. (Reiche & Ford 2002). Appendix A for figure figure, see Appendix A Novato, California, available
examples for figure examples http://sourceforge.net/projects/sc
2/files/UQM/0.7/uqm-0.7.0-
source.tgz/download
CD-ROM / Financial data given in Analysis was facilitated * not applicable * not applicable International Financial Statistics
DVD-ROM International Financial by the availability of 2008, CD-ROM, International
* stand alone Statistics (2008) has large financial statistics Monetary Fund, Washington,
data discs, not been extensively datasets (International D.C.
audio discs or analysed. Financial Statistics
software 2008).
* substitute DVD-ROM for CD-
ROM where appropriate
Database, Froese and Pauly (eds. Analysis of dorsal * to refer to a specific * to refer to a specific Froese, R & Pauly, D (eds.)
online 2011) provide dorsal spines facilitated by the piece of information piece of information 2011, FishBase, online database,
* use only for spine data for many availability of online held in a database, use held in a database, use FishBase Consortium, Kiel,
the database species in the family databases (Forese & the appropriate the appropriate viewed 7 December 2011,
itself Mugilidae. Pauly eds. 2011). reference style for that reference style for that http://www.fishbase.org
information piece of information
*use and in sentence *use & in citation

66
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Work of art, Pollocks (1952) The vivid colours and Pollock, J 1952, Blue Poles,
viewed in painting is textually textures draw the hand, Not applicable Not applicable painting, National Gallery of
person dense and layered. in imagination, toward Australia, Canberra, viewed 18
the painting (Pollock March 2011.
1952).
*indicate type of artwork as
necessary (e.g. photograph,
sculpture, collage, etc)

Images, online Cattanis (2011) A lion photographed in * if you reproduce an * if you reproduce an Cattani, D 2011, CTL-005 John,
photograph of Christian a London showroom by image in your work you image in your work you Christian and Ace in the
the lion in his owners Cattani (2011) has been must provide a caption must provide a caption showroom of Sophisto-Cat, online
showroom is part of a used to generate and citation as shown in and citation as shown in image, viewed 28 October 2011,
series. income. Appendix A Appendix A http://www.christianthelionprints.c
om/ctlshop/

*cite details and URL of location


(e.g. web page) on which the
image is was viewed

67
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Images from a Kandinsky (1914) The painting utilises * if you reproduce an *Not applicable Kandinsky, V 1914, Panel for
database, explored the use of abstract forms and lush image in your work you Edwin R. Campbell no. 2, digital
known creator, brilliant colour to colour to demonstrate must provide a caption image of painting, Artstor, ID
express emotional the similarity between and citation as shown in number 79450, viewed 23
states. painting and music Appendix A November 2011,
(Kandinsky 1914). http://www.moma.org/collection/o
bject.php?object_id=79450

Images from a Bird: an artwork (1993) The artwork * if you reproduce an Bird: an artwork 1993, John
database, was created as part of a demonstrates technical image in your work you *not applicable Oxley Library, State Library of
unknown larger project involving competence in a young must provide a caption Queensland digital image
creator child artists. child (Bird: an artwork and citation as shown in collection, image number
*use title 1993). Appendix A 7116/3/16, viewed 23 November
2011,
http://hdl.handle.net/10462/deriv/
151889

68
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Speeches/broadcasts/audiovisual/music scores
Broadcast Bryces (2012) speech The role of women in Bryce (2012, min.1:15) I congratulate Samoa Bryce, Q 2012, Address to the
speech to the Samoan politics was a key asserts that a key on the steps being Samoan parliament, online video,
parliament was the first theme in the speech aspect of an effective taken to increase the viewed 5 June 2012,
by a head of state since and coincided with democracy is the number of women in http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/i
1962. debates in Samoa on empowerment of this parliament (Bryce nternational/2012-04-
the issue (Bryce 2012). women. 2012, min.1:22). 02/australian-gg-makes-historic-
speech-in-samoa/788998
*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote

Transcript/text Obama (2012) again The threat to nuclear Obama (2012, p. 3 of 6) A clear statement that Obama, B 2012, Address to
of a speech signalled strong support non-proliferation posed reiterated the American the United States and America Israel Public Affairs
for Israel. by Iran was discussed governments position Israel both assess that Committee, transcript, The
at some length (Obama on Israel; we have Iran does not yet have a Guardian, 4 March, viewed 22
2012). continued to insist that nuclear weapon May 2012,
any Palestinian partner (Obama 2010, p. 4 of 6) http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2
must recognise Israel's did little to allay fears. 012/mar/04/obama-aipac-speech-
right to exist. read-text
*pinpoint the quote
*pinpoint the quote

69
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Radio Miller and Stapleton The contributors to the Miller and Stapleton The program is a Miller, G & Stapleton, R 2012,
broadcast (2012) collated bird program shared their (2012, min.1:33) chose response to questions Birdland, radio program, ABC
sounds, music, poetry love of Australian birds from among almost 400 of the role of birds in Radio National, 14 January.
and documentary in this through poetry and pieces to produce the our individual sense of
program. music (Miller & program. self (Miller & Stapleton
Stapleton 2012). 2012, min. 1:17) * producer, presenter, sound
*pinpoint the quote
engineer etc as authors as
*pinpoint the quote
relevant

Transcript, Ramachandran was A number of In a radio interview When you explain Mitchell, N & Miller, G 2005, The
radio, online interviewed (Mitchell & controversial claims are (Mitchell & Miller 2005, something in terms of Marco Polo of neuroscience: V S
Miller 2005) about his proposed (Mitchell & para. 20), component parts you Ramachandran, All in the mind,
views on neuroscience Miller 2005). Ramachandran claims enrich your radio transcript, ABC Radio
and art. that in the entire history understanding a bit you National, 7 May, viewed 9
of the human species certainly don't diminish February 2012,
most of the art is highly from the experience http://www.abc.net.au/radionation
distorted, exaggerated, (Mitchell & Miller 2005, al/programs/allinthemind/the-
even abstract. para. 10) marco-polo-of-neuroscience-vs-
ramachandran/3440754
*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote
*program episode in quote marks,
.
program title in italics
Television Hickey (2011) shows Until the 1930s, *if possible, use an *if possible, use an Hickey, J (series producer) 2011,
broadcast that Australia is Australian governments online version with online version with Episode 1, Immigration nation:
multicultural despite explicitly pursued a closed captions for closed captions for the secret life of us, television
historical efforts to white Australia policy in quotes quotes program, SBS, 28 January.
prevent this. a variety of ways
(Hickey 2011).

70
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Transcript, Clark & Ryan (2000) Architects are portrayed Sean Godsell (Clark & The spiritual dimension Clark, T & Ryan, J 2000, Episode
television, survey perceptions of as collaborative (Clark Ryan 2000, p. 18 of 20) of the High Court was 1: keeping the faith, In the mind
online the role of architecture. & Ryan 2000). asserts the client is the captured in its of the architect, television
essential catalyst. architecture: a very transcript, ABC TV, viewed 9
pleasant place to work, February 2012,
*pinpoint the quote
but it was also to have http://www.abc.net.au/arts/archite
the symbolic reflection cture/ep_trn1.htm
of access to justice,
*program episode in quote marks,
openness and
program title in italics
transparency (Clark &
Ryan 2000, p. 5 of 20).
*pinpoint the quote
Podcast or Monash Postgraduate Clear guidelines are Monash Postgraduate Plagiarism can be Monash Postgraduate
vodcast Association (2011) provided on what the Association (2011, sec. inadvertent or it can be Association 2011, Plagiarism,
discusses types of University considers 00:34) defines the term intentional according to Compass online: winter, podcast,
plagiarism and plagiarism (Monash as passing off Monash Postgraduate viewed 12 December 2011,
associated university Postgraduate somebody elses work Association (2011, sec. http://mpa.monash.edu.au/compa
policy and processes. Association 2011). as your own. 00:41). ss-
archives/Winter11/podcast.html
*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote
*insert podcast or vodcast as
appropriate.

71
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Music score Sculthorpes (Faber Jagged melodic * if you reproduce * if you reproduce Sculthorpe, P 1982 Mountains,
1982) Mountains was phrases in the upper musical notation in your musical notation in your Faber, London.
*music scores composed for the register symbolise the work you must provide work you must provide
are referenced Sydney International peaks of mountains a caption and citation as a caption and citation as
in the same way Piano Competition. (Sculthorpe 1982) shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A
as books.
Music score Ellingtons (Alfred 2005) Bergers transcriptions * if you reproduce * if you reproduce Ellington, D 2005 Purple Gazelle,
transcription Purple Gazelle was contribute to the musical notation in your musical notation in your Jazz at Lincoln Center Library,
transcribed by Paul increasing jazz literacy work you must provide work you must provide Alfred Publishing, California.
Berger. of high school jazz a caption and citation as a caption and citation as
*include the name of the series
bands (Ellington 2005). shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A
Edited music van Beethovens (Pauer Complex structures and * if you reproduce * if you reproduce Pauer, M (ed.) n.d., L van
score ed., n.d.) concerto No 5 themes interweave musical notation in your musical notation in your Beethoven: Concerto for piano
or begins dramatically. through the concerto work you must provide work you must provide and orchestra No.5, op.72,
(van Beethoven n.d.). a caption and citation as a caption and citation as Edition Peters, London.
Critical edition
shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A
*n.d. for no date for this
particular edition
*retain punctuation of author
names in source
Film Murnaus (dir. 1922) As an early example of Murnau (dir. 1922, min. Melodramatic lines such Murnau, FW (dir) 1922,
silent film, Nosferatu, German expressionist 26:35) generated a as her soul had heard Nosferatu, DVD, Eureka Video,
remains a powerful and film, Nosferatu employs frisson of fear through the call of the death London.
iconic horror film. a range of cinematic the juxtaposition of bird (Murnau dir. 1922,
*use motion picture, DVD or
effects manipulating the apparently ordinary min. 36:50) were
videorecording as appropriate
sense of time (Murnau lines as I will be in a calculated to generate
dir. 1922). very deep sleep indeed poignancy in the face of
with the imagery of impending horror.
decay.
*pinpoint the quote
*pinpoint the quote

72
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Live performances
Play Bell (dir. 2011) The performance by Not applicable Not applicable Bell, J (dir.) 2011, Much ado
incorporated gymnastic Max Gillies was about nothing, by W
activity. energetic (Bell dir. Shakespeare, theatre
2011). performance, 8 April- 14 May
2011, Bell Shakespeare
Company, Drama Theatre,
Sydney Opera House, viewed 10
April 2011.

*director as author
Dance Page (chor. 2009) The Matthina opening Not applicable Not applicable Page, S (chor.) 2009, Matthina,
demonstrated night choreography was dance performance, 29 May- 7
sophisticated fluidity of varied and inspired June 2009, Bangarra Dance
choreography. (Page chor. 2009). Theatre, Playhouse, Queensland
Performing Arts Centre, viewed
29 May 2009.

* choreographer as author
Music Goerne (2011) offered a The unremitting Not applicable Not applicable Goerne, M. (baritone) 2011,
profound and moving bleakness of the snowy Winterreise, by F Schubert,
interpretation of the landscape was relieved concert performance, 28
complete song cycle. during Fruhlingstraum September 2011, Melbourne
(Goerne 2011). Recital Centre, viewed 28
September 2011.

*performer as author

73
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Personal communications
Letter, email, B Hetherington (2011, 3 The view that child B Hetherington (2011, Children with a history *personal communications are
conversation, July), in a personal offenders presented a pers. comm. 3 July) of offending generally not included in the reference list
phone call, conversation, expressed strain on the resources asserts that children are more difficult in the as they have not been published
SMS etc the view that children with of their schools has with a history of classroom situation and and are not available to readers
a history of offending been expressed (B offending generally are thus place a greater
* a personal presented a great strain Hetherington 2011, more difficult in the strain on school
communication on the resources of their pers. comm. 3 July). classroom situation and resources claims B * gain permission of the author
is NOT an schools. thus place a greater Hetherington (2011, before using a personal
acceptable *give full date strain on school pers. comm. 3 July). communication
academic *give full date resources.
source unless * pinpoint the quote
as an object of * pinpoint the quote
*give full date
research
*give full date

74
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent

Ephemera
Exhibition Holland (2010, p. 2) The catalogue displays Holland (2010, p. 2) Common among artists Holland, A 2010, Love, loss &
catalogue or describes the special a selection of artists asserts that for many in the exhibition are the intimacy, exhibition catalogue, 13
brochure, relationship between an works expressing love artists drawing is a shared beliefs and February-25 July, National
author or artist and their subject. and loss (Holland compulsive act. deep-felt emotions that Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
curator, print 2010). have determined paths
* pinpoint the specific * pinpoint the quote one has taken (Holland
information 2010, p. 26).

* pinpoint the quote

Campbell (2010, p. 2) The catalogue Campbell (2010, p. 8) Art in the exhibition Campbell, H 2010, Colour,
discusses the various demonstrates the contends that there are illustrates the capacity rhythm, design: wood and lino
influences on Australian versatility of Australian only a relatively small of these techniques to cuts of the 20s & 30s, catalogue,
printmakers during the printmaking artists number of urban create images that were 13 March-11 July 2010, Art
Exhibition
two decades. (Campbell 2010). subjects created by modern (Campbell Gallery of NSW, Sydney, viewed
catalogue or
Australian artists using 2010, p. 2, emphasis in 23 October 2010,
brochure,
the technique of original). http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/
author or
* pinpoint the specific linocutting. education/education-
curator, online
information * pinpoint the quote materials/online-catalogues/
* pinpoint the quote
colour-rhythm-design/

75
In-text citation models
Source type Paraphrasing Quoting (less than 10% of total word count) Reference List models
*page numbers required for all paraphrasing (but *page or paragraph number always required
not when referring to the source as a whole). For * use single quotation marks for quotes
electronic sources, if there are no page numbers *use double quotation marks for a quote within a
give approximate (p.3 of 8) OR paragraph for short quote
sources (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no *if necessary use n.p. (no page number given)
page number)
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent
Theatre or The ticket for the PJ The design includes an * if you reproduce the * if you reproduce the PJ Harvey Concert 2012, concert
Concert ticket Harvey Concert (2012) image of the venue (PJ ticket in your work you ticket in your work you ticket, Regent Theatre,
contains a digital Harvey Concert 2012) must provide a caption must provide a caption Melbourne, 15 January.
barcode. and citation as shown in and citation as shown in
Appendix A Appendix A
Theatre Bell (dir. 2011) The production * if you reproduce part * if you reproduce part Bell, J (dir.) 2011, Much ado
program describes the programme (Bell dir. of the program in your of the program in your about nothing, by W
contemporary scenery 2011) includes a list of work you must provide work you must provide Shakespeare, program, 8 April-
used in the play. all performing actors a caption and citation as a caption and citation as 14 May 2011, Bell Shakespeare
and their biographies. shown in Appendix A shown in Appendix A Company, Drama Theatre,
Sydney Opera House.

* director as author

76
Appendix A: Figures and Tables
Figure captions

Figure captions are given below the figure, and start with a sequential figure number (e.g. Figure 1,
Figure 2). All figures in your paper must be referred to in the main body of the text. Captions should
include a statement of what is being figured, and definitions for any symbols or acronyms used. Axes
must be labelled and at an appropriate scale to identify the relevant features. A good figure and its
caption should be self-contained, and able to stand on its own. For example:

Figure 1: Estimated most probable numbers (MPN) of coliform bacteria (E. coli) present in two species of bivalve
molluscs species (Mytilus edilus and Crassostrea gigas) immersed in water (W) or held in dry (D) conditions in an
incubator at 12C (Bernard 1989, p. 1598, Figure 7). Curves were calculated using the exponential function
.

77
Table captions

Table captions are given above the table, and start with a sequential table number (e.g. Table 1, Table
2). All tables in your paper must be referred to in the main body of the text. Captions should include a
statement of what is being figured, definitions for any symbols or acronyms used. A good table and its
caption should be self-contained, and able to stand on its own. For example:

Table 1: Regression constants for estimated most probable number of coliform bacteria (E. coli) present
when Mytilus edilus and Crassostrea gigas were held immersed in water (W) or held in dry (D)
conditions in an incubator at 12C (Bernard 1989, p. 1598, Table 4). For the exponential equation
2
, where X is time, a and b are the fitted parameters and r is the coefficient of determination.
2
Species a b r
W 1473.17 -0.17 0.89
Crassostrea gigas
D 1926.02 -0.16 0.91
W 865.67 -0.21 0.95
Mytilus edilus
D 506.25 -0.50 0.75

78
Musical notation

Musical notation captions are given above the notation and start with the sequential example number
(e.g. Example 1, Example 2). You should provide the following details as necessary: Example
number, composer, title, movement (if appropriate) or section (if appropriate), and bar number or
numbers. For example:

Example 1: Schumann, String quartet Op. 41 No. 2, Andante, quasi variazioni, bars 1-6

The following example is from Murray, RD 2011, Australian piano music 1980-2010 from a pianists
perspective: a presentation of two performance events, doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne.

Example 10: Sculthorpe, Mountains, bars 19-21

79
Appendix B: Quick guide to referencing articles

Print article Carroll, M 2008, Identities in dialogue: patterns in the chaos, The Writing Centre
Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7279.

Article from a Carroll, M 2008, Identities in dialogue: patterns in the chaos, The Writing Centre
database Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7279, (online Expanded Academic ASAP).

Article from the WWW Carroll, M 2008, Identities in dialogue: patterns in the chaos, The Writing Centre
Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7279, viewed 6 September 2009,
http://www.cas.udel.edu/writing-center/journal/Pages/default.aspx

Article with a DOI Novick, M 2012, Allowable interval sequences and separating convex sets in the
plane, Discrete Computational Geometry, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 378-392, doi:
10.1007/s00454-011-9365-5

80
Appendix C: Quick guide to in-text citing
In-text referencing is a short form.
Cite only Surname/s (no initials) and year

This paper will not attempt to delve at length into the energy component of the
ecological footprint. This has been covered elsewhere (Ferguson 1999; Wiley &
For 4 or more authors of
Foxton 2001). However, the contention of Rees, Weston and Waters (2006, p. 45) to a single source use et al.
Short quote in all in-text citations
less than 30 words base the energy footprint on the area of land needed to absorb the carbon emitted by
But
page number burning fossil fuels is regarded by most commentators as being hard to defend. We
single quotation marks List all names in full in the
= part of your sentence argue that a more reliable basis for the energy footprint is the area of land required to reference list

produce the specified energy renewable. Investigations (Pimentel et al. 1999 cited in
Smith 2009, p. 34-36) demonstrate that the figure will not alter significantly. As Smil
reports, sugar cane is the best renewable option:
Citing a source within
Relying on corn in temperate regions would bring much lower returns. Even during the a source
Long quote transition period, when distillation would be subsidised by coal power, densities for In-text= cite both
2 sources
minimum 30 words ethanol as stand alone fuel would be no more than 0.2W/m . Power densities of a fully
introduce with colon 2 page number
indented solar operation would drop to about 0.04W/m . (1993, p. 190)
one size smaller font But
single line spacing
brackets outside full stop reference list= cite only
page number the source you actually
read

81
Appendix D: Sample Harvard style reference list
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2004, 5362.0.55.001 A guide to Australian balance of payments
and international investment position statistics, viewed 24 November 2011,
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5362.0.55.001

Brick, J 2006, Academic culture: a students guide to studying at university, National Centre for English
Language Teaching and Research, Sydney.

Cashmore, J, Parkinson, P, Weston, R, Patulny, R, Redmond, G, Qu, L, Baxter, J, Rajkovic, M, Sitek, T,


& Katz, I 2010, Shared care parenting arrangements since the 2006 Family Law Reforms: report to the
Australian Government Attorney-Generals Department viewed 17 January 2012,
http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF

Department of Transport and Communications 1984, Sound and television broadcasting stations: field
strength contour maps, 1:2,500,000, Department of Transport and Communications, 2NB Broken Hill,
3156S 14129E.

Devlin, M 2011, Keys found to success by the less privileged, The Australian, 16 November, p. 32.

Godfrey, J, Hodgson, A, Tarca, A, Hamilton, J & Holmes, S 2010, Accounting theory, 7th edn, John
Wiley & Sons, Australia, Milton.

Gonzlez Snchez, CA 2011, New world literacy: writing and culture across the Atlantic, 1500-1700,
trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram, Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg.
Goodrum, D, Hackling, M & Rennie, L 2000, The status and quality of teaching and learning of science
in Australian schools, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Canberra.
Gregory, J 2008, Journeying across colonial landscapes: portable housing in nineteenth century
Australia, in A Mayne (ed.), Beyond the Black Stump: histories of outback Australia, Wakefield Press,
Kent Town.
Kim, D & Johnson, T 2012, Political blog readers: predictors of motivations for accessing political
blogs, Telematics and Informatics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 99-109, (online Ebscohost).
Larkin, E (ed.) 2004, Common sense: Thomas Paine, Broadview Editions, Toronto.
Novick, M 2012, Allowable interval sequences and separating convex sets in the plane, Discrete
Computational Geometry, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 378-392, doi: 10.1007/s00454-011-9365-5

Oxford English dictionary online 2011, Argument, viewed 11 January 2012,


http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/view/Entry/10663
Prentice, C 2010, Terms of ambivalence: cultural politics and symbolic exchange, Australian Literary
Studies, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 33-54.
Strangio, P & Costar, B (eds.) 2006, The Victorian premiers 1856-2006, The Federation Press, Sydney.
Wheeler, JC 2007, Cosmic catastrophes: exploding stars, black holes, and mapping the universe, 2nd
edn, Cambridge University Press, MyiLibrary, LaVergne, viewed 10 January 2012,
http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/Open.aspx?id=75048&loc=&srch=undefined&src=0
Legislation
Civil Unions Bill 2011
Cases
Metro Trains Melbourne Pty Ltd v Marotta [2012] FWA 432

*Include Legislation and/or Cases sections of a reference list only when required
*remove hyperlinks so that there is no underlining or blue lettering (right click on the hyperlink, then click
on Remove hyperlink

82
83

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