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1
(v) Air conditioning
Many of air day-by-day experiences also involve mass transfer, for example:
Mass transfer always involves mixtures. Consequently, we must account for the
variation of physical properties which normally exist in a given system. When a
system contains three or more components, as many industrial fluid streams
do, the problem becomes unwidely very quickly. The conventional engineering
approach to problems of multicomponent system is to attempt to reduce them
to representative binary (i.e., two component) systems.
m
r A = A
------------------------------------ (1)
V
The total mass concentration density ( is the sum of the total mass of the
mixture in unit volume:
2
r = r i
i
By definition,
mass of A
Number of moles =
molecular weight of A
m
n A = A
----------------------------- (2)
M A
n r
C A = A
= A
V M A
pA V
n A = [ from Ideal gas law PV = nRT]
R T
n pA
C A = A
=
V R T
where pA is the partial pressure of species A in the mixture. V is the volume of
gas, T is the absolute temperature, and R is the universal gas constant.
C = C i
i
3.2.2 Velocities
3
In a multicomponent system the various species will normally move at different
velocities; and evaluation of velocity of mixture requires the averaging of the
velocities of each species present.
r in i r in i
n = i
= i
r i r
i
C i V i
n * = i
C
For most engineering problems, there will be title difference in ( * and ( and so
the mass average velocity, (, will be used in all further discussions.
The mole fraction for liquid and solid mixture, x A ,and for gaseous mixtures, y A,
are the molar concentration of species A divided by the molar density of the
mixtures.
C
x A = A
(liquids and solids)
C
C
y A = A
(gases).
C
4
(i.e.) x i = 1
i
y i = 1
i
r A
w A =
r
10. The molar composition of a gas mixture at 273 K and 1.5 * 10 5 Pa is:
O2 7%
CO 10%
CO 2 15%
N2 68%
Determine
Calculations:
Let the gas mixture constitutes 1 mole. Then
O2 = 0.07 mol
CO = 0.10 mol
CO 2 = 0.15 mol
N2 = 0.68 mol
O2 = 2 * 16 = 32 g/mol
CO = 12 + 16 = 28 g/mol
CO 2 = 12 + 2 * 16 = 44 g/mol
N2 = 2 * 14 = 28 g/mol
5
O2 = 0.07 * 32 = 2.24 g
CO = 0.10 * 28 = 2.80 g
CO 2 = 0.15 * 44 = 6.60 g
N2 = 0.68 * 28 = 19.04 g
n P
=
V RT
n
= molar density = rm
V
Therefore, density (or mass density) = ( mM
Where M is the molecular weight of the gas.
5
PM 1 . 5 * 10 * 30 . 68
Density = rm M = = kg m
3
RT 8314 * 273
6
= 2.03 kg/m 3
=
7
(
* 1 . 5 * 10
5
)
100
= 0.07 * 1.5 * 10 5
= 0.105 * 10 5 Pa
Just as momentum and energy (heat) transfer have two mechanisms for
transport-molecular and convective, so does mass transfer. However, there are
convective fluxes in mass transfer, even on a molecular level. The reason for
this is that in mass transfer, whenever there is a driving force, there is always a
net movement of the mass of a particular species which results in a bulk motion
of molecules. Of course, there can also be convective mass transport due to
macroscopic fluid motion. In this chapter the focus is on molecular mass
transfer.
The mass (or molar) flux of a given species is a vector quantity denoting the
amount of the particular species, in either mass or molar units, that passes per
given increment of time through a unit area normal to the vector. The flux of
species defined with reference to fixed spatial coordinates, NA is
N A =C A n A ---------------------- (1)
N A = C A (n A -n ) + C A n --------------- (2)
By definition
C i n i
n =n * = i
C
7
C
= (n A -n ) + C i n
A
N A C A i
C i
= C A (n A -n ) + y A C i n i
i
N A = C A (n A - n) + y A (C A n A +C B n B )
= C A (n A - n) + y A (N A +N B )
N A = C A (n A - n) + y A N ----------- (3)
The first term on the right hand side of this equation is diffusional molar flux of
A, and the second term is flux due to bulk motion.
An empirical relation for the diffusional molar flux, first postulated by Fick and,
accordingly, often referred to as Ficks first law, defines the diffusion of
component A in an isothermal, isobaric system. For diffusion in only the Z
direction, the Ficks rate equation is
d C
JA = -D A B
A
d Z
d y
JA = -C D A B
A
----------------- (4)
d Z
8
d y
N A = -C D A B
A
+ y A N --------------- (5)
d Z
N A = J A +y A N
or J A = N A +y A N ----------------------- (6)
Similarly,
J B = N B +y B N -------------------- (7)
By definition N = N A + N B and y A + y B = 1.
Therefore equation (8) becomes,
J A + J B = 0
J A = -J B
d y d y
C D AB
A
= -C D BA
B
--------------- (9)
d z d Z
From y A + y B = 1
dy A = - dy B
D AB = D BA ----------------------------------- (10)
3.4 Diffusivity
9
Ficks law proportionality, D AB, is known as mass diffusivity (simply as
diffusivity) or as the diffusion coefficient. D AB has the dimension of L 2 / t,
identical to the fundamental dimensions of the other transport properties:
Kinematic viscosity, (( = (( / () in momentum transfer, and thermal diffusivity, ( (=
k / ( C ( ) in heat transfer.
In table, some values of DAB are given for a few gas, liquid, and solid systems.
1
D AB (for moderate ranges of pressures, upto 25 atm).
p
And temperature dependency is according to
3
D AB T 2
10
1
D 1 - mixture =
y 2 y 3 y n
+ + .......... . +
D 1-2 D 1 -3 D 1-n
Where D 1-mixture is the diffusivity for component 1 in the gas mixture; D 1-n is the
diffusivity for the binary pair, component 1 diffusing through component n; and
y n is the mole fraction of component n in the gas mixture evaluated on a
component 1 free basis, that is
y2
y 2 =
y2 + y3 + ....... yn
9. Determine the diffusivity of Co 2 (1), O 2 (2) and N 2 (3) in a gas mixture having
the composition:
The gas mixture is at 273 k and 1.2 * 10 5 Pa. The binary diffusivity values are
given as: (at 273 K)
D 12 P = 1.874 m 2 Pa/sec
D 13 P = 1.945 m 2Pa/sec
D 23 P = 1.834 m 2 Pa/sec
Calculations:
Diffusivity of Co 2 in mixture
1
D =
1m
y
y
2 3
+
D 12 D 13
y 2 0 . 15
where y 2 = = = 0 . 21
y 2 + y 3 0 . 15 + 0 . 565
y 3 0 . 565
y 3 = = = 0 . 79
y 2 + y 3 0 . 15 + 0 . 565
1
Therefore D 1m P =
0 . 21 0 . 79
+
1 . 874 1 . 945
11
= 1.93 m 2.Pa/sec
1 . 93 -5
D 1m = 5
= 1 . 61 * 10 m
2
sec
1 . 2 * 10
1
D =
2m
y
y
1 3
+
D 21 D 23
y 1 0 . 285
Where y 1 = = = 0 . 335
y 1 + y 3 0 . 285 + 0 . 565
(mole fraction on-2 free bans).
and
y 3 0 . 565
y 3 = = = 0 . 665
y 1 + y 3 0 . 285 + 0 . 565
and
D 21 P = D 12 P = 1.874 m2.Pa/sec
Therefore
1
D 2m P =
0 . 335 0 . 665
+
1 . 874 1 . 834
2
= 1.847 m .Pa/sec
1 . 847 -5
D 2m = 5
= 1 . 539 * 10 m
2
sec
1 . 2 * 10
12
Diffusivity in liquid are exemplified by the values given in table Most of these
values are nearer to 10-5 cm2 / sec, and about ten thousand times shower than
those in dilute gases. This characteristic of liquid diffusion often limits the
overall rate of processes accruing in liquids (such as reaction between two
components in liquids).
Diffusivity varies inversely with viscosity when the ratio of solute to solvent ratio
exceeds five. In extremely high viscosity materials, diffusion becomes
independent of viscosity.
Typical values for diffusivity in solids are shown in table. One outstanding
characteristic of these values is their small size, usually thousands of time less
than those in a liquid, which are inturn 10,000 times less than those in a gas.
13
d y
N A = -C D AB
A
+ y A (N A + N B ) --- (1)
d z
figure
The narrow tube of uniform cross section which is partially filled with pure liquid
A, is maintained at a constant temperature and pressure. Gas B which flows
across the open end of the tub, has a negligible solubility in liquid A, and is also
chemically inert to A. (i.e. no reaction between A & B).
Component A vaporizes and diffuses into the gas phase; the rate of vaporization
may be physically measured and may also be mathematically expressed
interms of the molar flux.
Consider the control volume S ( z, where S is the cross sectional area of the
tube. Mass balance on A over this control volume for a steady-state operation
yields
Dividing through by the volume, S(Z, and evaluating in the limit as (Z approaches
zero, we obtain the differential equation
d N A
= 0 ------------------------- (2)
d z
This relation stipulates a constant molar flux of A throughout the gas phase
from Z1 to Z2.
d N B
= 0,
d Z
14
and accordingly, the molar flux of B is also constant over the entire diffusion
path from z1 and z 2.
Considering only at plane z1, and since the gas B is insoluble is liquid A, we
realize that NB, the net flux of B, is zero throughout the diffusion path;
accordingly B is a stagnant gas.
d y
N A = -C D AB
A
+ y A (N A +N B )
d z
Since N B = 0,
d y
N A = -C D AB
A
+ y A N A
d z
Rearranging,
-C D AB d y
N A = A
------------ (3)
1-y A d z
Z2 y A2
-d y
N A d z = C D AB
A
Z1 y A1
1-y A
C D AB 1 - y A 2
N A = ln --------------(4)
Z 2 - Z 1 1 - y A1
15
The log mean average concentration of component B is defined as
y B2 - y B1
y B , lm =
y
ln B2
y B1
Since y B =1 - y A ,
(1 - y A 2 ) - (1 - y A 1 ) y A1 - y A2
y B , lm = = ------- (5)
y y
ln A2
ln A2
y A1 y A1
C D ( y A1 -y A2)
N A = AB
-------------------- (6)
Z 2 - z 1 y B , lm
n p
For an ideal gas C = = , and
V R T
p
for mixture of ideal gases y A = A
P
D ( p A1 -p A2)
N A = AB
RT ( z 2 - z1 ) p B , lm
This is the equation of molar flux for steady state diffusion of one gas through a
second stagnant gas.
The concentration profile (yA vs. z) for this type of diffusion is shown in figure:
16
Figure
12. Oxygen is diffusing in a mixture of oxygen-nitrogen at 1 std atm, 25(C.
Concentration of oxygen at planes 2 mm apart are 10 and 20 volume %
respectively. Nitrogen is non-diffusing.
(a) Derive the appropriate expression to calculate the flux oxygen. Define
units of each term clearly.
(b) Calculate the flux of oxygen. Diffusivity of oxygen in nitrogen = 1.89 * 10
5
m 2/sec.
Solution:
N A = Nx A + J A ---------------------------------- (1)
d C A
J A = -D AB ----------------------------------------- (2)
d z
d C A
N A = Nx A -D AB ----------------------------- (3)
d z
C d C
N A = (N A + N B )
A
-D AB
A
C d z
Rearranging the terms and integrating between the planes between 1 and 2,
d z C A2 dC A
cD = - C -------------- (4)
AB
A1 N AC -C A (N A + N B )
17
Since B is non diffusing N B = 0. Also, the total concentration C remains
constant. Therefore, equation (4) becomes
z C A2 dC A
= - C
CD AB
A1 N AC -N AC A
1 C -C A2
= ln
N A C -C A1
Therefore,
CD AB C -C A2
N A = ln ---------------------------- (5)
z C -C A1
Replacing concentration in terms of pressures using Ideal gas law, equation (5)
becomes
D AB P t P t -P A2
N A = ln --------------------------- (6)
RTz P t -P A1
where
D AB = molecular diffusivity of A in B
P T = total pressure of system
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature of system in absolute scale
z = distance between two planes across the direction of diffusion
P A1 = partial pressure of A at plane 1, and
P A2 = partial pressure of A at plane 2
Given:
D AB = 1.89 * 10 5 m2/sec
P t = 1 atm = 1.01325 * 10 5 N/m 2
T = 25(C = 273 + 25 = 298 K
z = 2 mm = 0.002 m
P A1 = 0.2 * 1 = 0.2 atm (From Ideal gas law and additive pressure rule)
P A2 = 0.1 * 1 = 0.1 atm
18
N =
(1 . 89 * 10
-5
)(1 . 01325 * 10
5
) ln 1 - 0 .1
A
(8314 )(298 )(0 . 002 ) 1 - 0 .2
= 4.55 * 10 5 kmol/m 2.sec
In many mass transfer operations, one of the boundaries may move with time. If
the length of the diffusion path changes a small amount over a long period of
time, a pseudo steady state diffusion model may be used. When this condition
exists, the equation of steady state diffusion through stagnant gas can be used
to find the flux.
figure
If the difference in the level of liquid A over the time interval considered is only a
small fraction of the total diffusion path, and t0 t is relatively long period of
time, at any given instant in that period, the molar flux in the gas phase may be
evaluated by
C D AB ( y A1 - y A2)
N A = ------------------ (1)
zy B , lm
r A,L d z
N A = -------------------------- (2)
M A d t
r A,L
where is the molar density of A in the liquid phase
M A
under Psuedo steady state conditions, equations (1) & (2) can be equated to
give
19
r A,L d z C D AB ( y A1 -y A2)
= --------------- (3)
M A d t z y B , lm
t rA,L y B , lm M A
Zt
dt = z dz
t =0
C D AB ( y A 1 -y A2) Z t0
yielding
rA,L y B , lm M z 2
- z
2
t =
A
t t0 -------- (4)
C D ( y A1 -y A2)
2
AB
rA,L y B , lm z 2
- z
2
D = t t0
AB
M C (y -y A2) t 2
A A1
Data:
vapor pressure of toluene at 39.4(C = 7.64 kN / m2,
density of liquid toluene = 850 kg/m3
Molecular weight of toluene = 92
(C 6 H6 CH3)
r A, L y Z 2
-Z 2
D =
Blm
t t0 figure
C (y )t
AB
M A A1 - y A2 2
y B2 - y B1
where y B, l m =
y
ln B2
y
B1
y B2 = 1 y A2 y B1 = 1 y A1
20
p A1 7 . 64
y A1 = = (760 mm Hg = 101.3 kN/m2)
P 101 . 3
= 0.0754 y B1 = 1 0.0754 = 0.9246
y A2 = 0 y B = 1 y A2 = 1
1 - 0 . 9246
Therefore y B , lm = = 0 . 9618
1
ln
0 . 9246
5
P 1 . 01325 * 10
C = =
R T 8314 (
* 273 + 39 . 4 )
3
= 0.039 k mol /m
Therefore
850 * 0 . 9618 0 . 08 2
- 0 . 02 2
D =
AB
92 * 0 . 039 * 0 . 0754 ( - 0 )* 275 * 3600
2
= 1.5262 * 10 3 (0.08 2 0.02 2)
= 9.1572 * 10-6 m2/sec.
The molar flux NA, for a binary system at constant temperature and pressure is
described by
d y
N A =-C D AB
A
+ y A (N A +N B )
d z
d C
or N A =-D AB
A
+ y A (N A +N B ) ------- (1)
d z
21
d C
N A =-D AB
A
----------------- (2)
d z
For steady state diffusion Equation. (2) may be integrated, using the boundary
conditions:
at z = z1 CA = CA1
and z = z2 CA = CA2
Giving,
Z2 C A2
N A d z = -D AB d C A
Z1 C A1
from which
D
N A = AB
(C A 1 - C A2) ------------------- (3)
z 2 -z 1
n pA
For ideal gases, C A = A
= . Therefore Equation. (3) becomes
V R T
D
N A = AB
(P A1 - P A2) ---------- (4)
R T (z 2 -z 1)
This is the equation of molar flux for steady-state equimolar counter diffusion.
d
(N A ) = 0 (Since NA is constant over the diffusion path).
d z
d C
N A = -D AB
A
.
d z
22
Therefore
d d C
- D AB
A
= 0 .
d z d z
2
d C
or
2
A
= 0.
d z
C -C A1 z-z 1
A
= -------------- (5)
C
A1
-C A2 z 1 -z 2
Calculation:
D
N A =
AB
(p A1 -p A 2 ) --------------------------- (1)
R T z
Therefore;
-5
N A =
6 . 75 * 10
(55 - 15 ) kmol
2
8 . 314 * 298 * 0 . 03 m . sec
-5 kmol
= 3 . 633 * 10
2
m sec
23
And from (1), partial pressure at 0.02 m from point 1 is:
-5
6 . 75 * 10
3 . 633 * 10
-5
= (55 - p A )
8 . 314 * 298 * 0 . 02
p A = 28.33 kPa
11. In a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, steady state equimolar counter
diffusion is occurring at a total pressure of 100 kPa and temperature of 20(C. If
the partial pressures of oxygen at two planes 0.01 m apart, and perpendicular to
the direction of diffusion are 15 kPa and 5 kPa, respectively and the mass
diffusion flux of oxygen in the mixture is 1.6 * 10 5 kmol/m 2.sec, calculate the
molecular diffusivity for the system.
Solution:
D
N A =
AB
(p A1 -p A2 ) ------------------------ (1)
RTz
where
D
1 . 6 * 10
-5
=
AB
(15 -5)
(8 . 314 )(293 )(0 . 01 )
Therefore, D AB = 3.898 * 10 5 m 2/sec
24
under these conditions is 0.275 cm2/sec. If the partial pressure of Co2 is 1.5 atm
at one end of the tube and 0.5 atm at the other end, find the rate of diffusion for:
d y
i) N A = -C D AB
A
+ y A (N A + N B )
d z
Given
NB = - NA
d y A d C A
Therefore N A = -C D AB = -D AB
d z d z
pA
(For ideal gas mixture C A = where pA is the partial pressure of A; such
R T
that p A + p B = P)
Therefore N = -D
(
d p A RT )
A A B
d z
For isothermal system, T is constant
-D AB d p A
Therefore N A =
RT d z
Z P A2
2
D AB
(i.e.) N A d z = - d p A
Z
RT P A1
1
D
N A =
AB
(p A1 - p A2 ) ---------------------------------- (1)
RT z
where Z = Z 2 Z 1
25
-4
N A =
0 . 275 * 10
(1 . 5 * 1 . 01325 * 10
5
- 0 .5 * 1 . 01325 * 10
5
)
8314 * 273 * 0 . 2
-6 k mol
= 6 . 138 * 10
2
m sec
Rate of diffusion = N A S
d y
ii) N A = -C D AB
A
+y A (N A + N B )
d z
given: N B = - 0.75 N A
d y
Therefore N A = -C D AB
A
+ y A (N A - 0 . 75 N A )
d z
d y A
= -C D A B + 0 . 25 y A N A
d z
d y A
N A - 0 . 25 y A N A = - C D AB
d z
d y A
N A d z = -C D AB
1 - 0 . 25 y A
for constant N A and C
Z y A2
2
d y A
N A d z = - CD AB
Z y A1
1 - 0 . 25 y A
1
d x
=
1
(
ln a +b x )
a +b x b
26
-1
N A z = (- C D AB ) [ln (1 - 0 . 25 y A )]y A 2
y
0 . 25 A1
4 CD AB 1 - 0 . 25 y A 2
N = - ln ---------------------------------- (2)
A
z 1 - 0 . 25 y A 1
Given:
5
p 2 * 1 . 01325 * 10
C = = = 0 . 0893 K mol m
3
R T 8314 * 273
p A1 1 .5
y A1 = = = 0 . 75
P 2
p A 2 0 .5
y A 2 = = = 0 . 25
P 2
Substituting these in equation (2),
-4
4 * 0 . 0893 * 0 . 275 * 10 1 - 0 . 25 * 0 . 25
N A = ln
0 .2 1 - 0 . 25 * 0 . 75
-6 kmol
= 7 . 028 * 10
2
m sec
Rate of diffusion = N A S = 7.028 * 10 6 * ( * (0.5 * 10 2) 2
= 5.52 * 10 10 kmol/sec
= 1.987 * 10 3 mol/hr.
d y
iii) N A = - CD AB
A
+ y A (N A +N B )
d z
Given: N B = 0
d y A
Therefore N A = - CD AB + y A N A
d z
Z y A2
2
d y A
N A d z = - CD AB
Z y A1
1 - y A
1
CD 1 - y
=
AB
ln A2
Z 1 - y
A1
27
-4
0 . 0893 * 0 . 275 * 10 1 - 0 . 25
= ln 1 - 0 . 75
0 .2
-5 kmol
= 1 . 349 * 10
2
m . sec
Figure
Evaporation of a raindrop
of the drop is r 0, the flux of water vapor at any distance r from the center is given
by
d y
N A = -C D AB
A
+y A (N A +N B )
d r
Here N B = 0 (since air is assumed to be stagnant)
Therefore,
d y A
N A = -C D AB +y A N A
d r
Rearranging,
28
-C D AB d y A
N A = __________ (1)
1-yA d r
The flux N A is not constant, because of the spherical geometry;
decreases as the distance from the center of sphere increases. But the molar
flow rate at r and r + (r are the same.
This could be written as,
A N A = A N A __________ (2)
r r +d r
or
r
2
N A - r
2
N A
r +d r r
lim = 0
d r 0 d r
ss
d
(r 2
N A )= 0 __________ (3)
dr
Integrating,
r
2
N A = constant __________ (4)
2
From equation (4), r
2
N A = r 0 N A 0
-r 2
C D AB d y 2
A
= r N A
1-y A
0 0
d r
2 d r d y A
r 0
N A 0 2
= -C D AB 1-y __________ (5)
r A
Boundary condition :
At r = r 0 y A = y AS
And
At r = (y A = y A(
Therefore equation (5) becomes,
1
r 0
2
N A - = [C D AB (
ln 1 - y A )] yy A
0
r r0 AS
Simplifying,
29
C D 1-y A
N =
AB
ln __________ (6)
A 0
r 1 - y A S
0
Time required for complete evaporation of the droplet may be evaluated from
making mass balance.
d 4 rL
4 p r
2
N = - pr 3
0 A 0
dt 3 0
M A
r L d r0
= -4p r0
2
__________ (7)
M A d t
Substituting for N A0 from equation (6) in equation (7),
C D 1 - y A -r L d r
AB
ln = 0
__________ (8)
r 1 - y AS M A d t
0
Initial condition :
When t = 0 r 0 = r 1
Integrating equation (8) with these initial condition,
t - r 1 1
0
=
L
d t r0 d r 0
M C D 1 - y A
0 A AB
ln r 1
1 - y
A S
r 1 r1
2
=
L
t __________ (9)
M 2 C D AB 1 - y A
A
ln
1 - y
A S
Equation (9) gives the total time t required for complete evaporation of spherical
droplet of initial radius r 1.
30
case of equimolar counter diffusion of CO 2 and O 2. Normally air (a mixture of N 2
and O 2) is used for combustion, and in this case N 2 does not takes part in the
reaction, and its flux is zero. i.e. N N = 0 . ( 2
)
The molar flux of O 2 could be written as
d y
N O 2
= -C D O 2 - gas
O 2
+ y O 2
(N O 2
+N CO 2
+ N N 2
)
d r
__________ (1)
Where D O - gas is the diffusivity of O 2 in the gas mixture.
2
Since N N 2
= 0 , and from stoichiometry N O
2
= -N CO 2
, equation
(1) becomes
d y O
= -C
2
N O D O - gas __________ (2)
2 2
d r
For steady state conditions,
d
(r 2
N O 2
)= 0 __________ (3)
d r
Integrating,
2
r
2
N O 2
= constant = r 0
N O 2 s __________ (4)
Where r 0 is the radius of coal particle at any instant, and N O s is the flux of O 2
2
d y O 2
-r 2
=
2
C D O - gas r 0
N O s __________ (5)
2 2
d r
Boundary condition :
At r = r 0 y O = y O s
2 2
And
At r = y O = y O
2 2
which yields
31
C D
N O 2 s =
O 2 - gas
(y O 2 s -y O 2 ) __________ (6)
r 0
For fast reaction of O 2 with coal, the mole fraction of O 2 at the surface of particle
iz zero. (i.e.,) y O s = 0 .
2
And also at some distance away from the surface of the particle
y O 2
= y O = 0 . 21 (because air is a mixture of 21 mole % O 2 and 79 mole
2
% N 2)
Figure
Combustion of a particle of coal
5. A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2mm is suspended in a large
volume of shell air at 318 K and 1 atm. The surface pressure of the naphthalene
can be assumed to be at 318 K is 0.555 mm Hg. The D AB of naphthalene in air at
318 K is 6.92 * 10 6 m 2/sec. Calculate the rate of evaporation of naphthalene
from the surface.
Calculation
S N A - S N A = 0 ---------------------------- (1)
r r +d r
dividing (1) by S(r, and taking the limit as (r approaches zero, gives:
d r ( 2
N A )
= 0
d r
Integrating r 2 N A = constant (or) 4 ( r 2 N A = constant
We can assume that there is a film of naphthalene vapor / air film around
naphthalene through which molecular diffusion occurs.
32
d y
N A = - CD AB
A
+ y A (N A +N B )
d r
N B = 0 (since air is assumed to be stagnant in the film)
d y A
N A = - CD AB + y A N A
d r
d y A
N = - CD
d r 1 - y A
A AB
d [ln (1 - y A ) ]
N A = CD AB
d r
p d (ln (1 - ))
2
4 r CD AB y A
W A =
d r
d r
W A = 4 p D AB C d ln (1 - y A )
2
r
Boundary condition:
0 . 555 -4
At r = R y A = = 7 . 303 * 10
760
ln (1 y A) = - 7.3 * 104
At r = ( y A = 0 ln (1-y A) = 0
d r 0
Therefore W A 2
= 4 p D AB C d ln (1 [ - y A )]
R r - 7 .3 * 10
-4
- 1
W A r = 4 p D AB C ln (1[ - y A ) ]0- 7 . 3 * 10 -4
R
1
W A 0 + R = 4 p D AB C [0 + 7 . 3 * 10 -4
]
W A = 4 ( R D AB C * 7.3 * 10 4
33
5
P 1 . 01325 * 10
C = =
Gas cons tan t * T 8314 * 318
= 0.0383 kmol/m 3
Calculations
34
For steady state unidirectional diffusion,
D AB (x A1 - x A2 )
N A = C
z x B , lm
x =
(0 . 1 74 ) = 0 . 026
A1
(0 . 1 74 + 0 . 9 18 )
x =
(0 . 04 74 ) = 0 . 010
A2
(0 . 04 74 + 0 . 96 18 )
Average molecular weight at 1 & 2:
1
M = = 19 . 47 kg Kmol
1
(0 . 1 74 + 0 . 9 18 )
1
M = = 18 . 56 kg Kmol
2
(0 . 04 74 + 0 . 96 18 )
r (r 1 M 1 + r2 M 2 )
=
M avg 2
0 . 971 19 . 47 + 0 . 992 18 . 56
=
2
= 0.0517 gmol / cm 3
= 51.7 kmol/m 3
x B2 - x B1 (1 - x A2 ) - (1 - x A1 )
x = =
B , lm
(
ln x B 2 x B 1 ) 1 - x
ln A2
1 - x
A1
(i.e.) x =
(1 - 0 . 01 ) - (1 - 0 . 026 )
B , lm
1 - 0 . 01
ln
1 - 0 . 026
35
0 . 016
= = 0 . 982
0 . 0163
D AB r (x A1 - x A2 )
Therefore N A =
2 M avg x B , lm
=
5 . 9 * 10
-6
* 10
-4
* 51 . 7
*
(0 . 026 - 0 . 010 )
-2 0 . 982
0 . 1 * 10
-7 kmol
= 4 . 97 * 10
2
m sec
gmol
= 1 . 789
2
m . hr .
g
= 1 . 789 * 74
2
m . hr .
g
= 132 . 4
2
m . hr .
Figure
36
the reaction that takes place in the liquid film. This changes could be written as
d
(N A ) - r A = 0 ____________ (3)
d z
where rA is the rate of disappearance of A. For a first order reaction,
k
A B
-r A = k C A ____________ (4)
with the substitution from equation (4) and (2) in equation (3),
-d d C A
D + k C = 0
d z
AB A
d z
For constant Diffusivity,
2
d C A
-D AB 2
+ k C A = 0 ____________ (5)
d z
which is a second order ordinary differential equation. The general solution to
this equation is
C A =C 1 cos h k z + C 2 sin h k z _______ (6)
D D
AB AB
The constants of this equation can be evaluated from the boundary conditions:
at Z=0 C A = C A0
And at Z=( C A = 0.
The constant C 1 is equal to C A0 , and C 2 is equal to
-C
A0
k d with this substitution equation (6) becomes,
tan h D AB
C A 0 sin h k z
D AB
C A = C A 0 cos h k z -
D AB
tan h k z
D AB
_______ (7)
This equation gives the variation of concentration of A with z (i.e
concentration profile of A in the liquid). The molar flux at the liquid surface can
be determined by differentiating equation (7), and evaluating the derivative
d C A
at z = 0
d z
Differentiating C A with respect to z,
37
C A 0
k cos h k z
d C A D A B D AB
= C A 0
k sin h k z -
d z D A B D AB
tan h k d
D
AB
____________ (8)
Substituting z = 0 in equation (8) and from equation (2),
k d
D C D
N =
AB A 0 AB
____________ (9)
A
Z =0 d
tan h k d
D
AB
For absorption with no chemical reaction, the flux of A is obtained from
equation (2) as
D AB C A
=
0
N ____________ (10)
A d
which is constant throughout the film of liquid. On comparison of equation (9)
and (10), it is apparent that the term k d tan h k d
D D
AB
AB
shows the influence of the chemical reactions. This terms a dimensionless
quantity, is often called as Hatta Number.
38
no bulk motion (i.e. N = 0).
39
C A 2 C A
= D AB __________ (1)
t z 2
40