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Pressure Relief Valve Sizing


Craig Spears
November 10, 2015

Pressure relief valves are used to protect equipment from excessive overpressure. Properly sized relief valves will provide the required protection, while also avoiding
issues with excessive flow rates, including: possible valve damage, impaired performance, undersized discharge piping and effluent handling systems, and higher costs.

Many scenarios can result in an increased vessel pressure, and each scenario may result in a different valve size. It is generally recommended to perform multiple case
studies to find the most conservative sizing. Some typical cases include:

a run-away reaction,
a loss of cooling,
thermal expansion of a liquid, or
an external fire.

In any of these scenarios, the pressure will increase until a predetermined relief pressure is reached, at which point the relief pressure valve will open, decreasing the
pressure after the turnaround time. The first step in sizing a Relief Valve in ProMax is to determine which scenario you are interested in modeling.

The Relief Valve Sizing in ProMax is performed as a stream analysis. Any stream in ProMax may have one or more Relief Valve Sizing Analyses added, so multiple cases
can be studied in a single stream if desired.

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1. Choose the Relief Valve Standard

There are many different standards for Relief Valve Sizing, each applying different assumptions, thus giving different results. For instance, API 520, one of the most cited
standards, assumes both a mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium, and constant phase properties during relief. Alternatively, the EN ISA 4126 standard accounts for
thermodynamic non-equilibrium. ProMax currently supports six different sets of Relief Valve Sizing Standards:

ASME API RP520 (7th edition, January 2000) USA


EN ISO 4126 Europe
AD Merkblatt A2 Germany
DIN 3320 Germany
TRD 421 Germany
BS 6759 - United Kingdom

2. Select the Appropriate Valve Type

Next, an appropriate relief type must be selected, as sizing depends on the type of relief device selected. The operation of conventional spring-loaded pressure relief
valve is based on a force balance: the spring-load is preset to apply a force opposite in amount to the pressure force exerted by the fluid on the other side when it is at
the set pressure. When the fluid pressure exceeds the set pressure, the pressure force overcomes the spring force, and the valve opens. Any back pressure (downstream
pressure) is additive to the spring force; if this back pressure varies, then the pressure at which the valve opens will vary. Bellows are used to maintain a constant relief
pressure despite back pressure variations. Rupture disc relief valves do not reclose after activation; preference should usually be given to reclosing relief devices for both
safety and reliability. The most common valve types include:

Conventional- spring loaded pressure relief valve whose operational characteristics are directly affected by changes in the back pressure.
Conventional + Rupture Disk - Conventional valve with a rupture disk.
Balanced Bellows - spring loaded pressure relief valve that incorporates a bellows for minimizing the effect of back pressure on the operational characteristics of
the valve.
Balanced Bellows + Rupture Disk - Balanced Bellows valve with a rupture disk.
Pilot Operated - a pressure relief valve in which the major relieving device or main valve is combined with and controlled by a self-actuated auxiliary pressure
relief valve (pilot).
Pilot Operated + Rupture Disk - Pilot Operated valve with a rupture disk.
Rupture Disk Only - a valve with a non-reclosing pressure relief device, actuated by static differential pressure between the inlet and outlet.

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3. Set the Relief Temperature

The Relief Temperature is determined by which pressure relief scenario you have chosen to model, and should be the temperature of the fluid at the time that the valve
is expected to open. ProMax assumes that the Relief Temperature will be the current stream temperature, however, if your particular scenario requires that this be
adjusted, it can be overwritten directly in the analysis dialog.

4. Set the Relief Pressure

The Relief Pressure is generally determined by the equipment being protected, and is calculated as Relief Pressure = Set Pressure + Overpressure. By default, ProMax
uses the stream pressure as the Set Pressure, and a 10% Over Pressure, but these can be modified for your analysis.

Set Pressure

A relief devices maximum allowable Set Pressure is equal to the vessels Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) for vessels protected by a single relief device.
The MAWP is set according to a specific temperature, the Maximum Allowable Working Temperature (MAWT). As the MAWT increases, the MAWP decreases because of
the reduction in strength of metal at higher temperatures.

However, relief devices are typically set to open at the design pressure, instead. In some cases, the design pressure is equal to the MAWP but it will never exceed it. In
cases where the MAWP is not well-established, the design pressure may be used for the set pressure.

The Set Pressure is usually given in terms of gauge pressure, therefore any Back Pressure is added to the set pressure and overpressure to calculate the Relief Pressure in
absolute units. The Back Pressure includes both the constant superimposed downstream pressure and any built-up backpressure due to the discharge of the fluid from
the relief device through the downstream piping and treatment system.

Over Pressure

The Over Pressure is usually expressed as a percentage of the Set Pressure. For spring-operated relief valves, a small amount of leakage occurs at 92-95% of the Set
Pressure, and sufficient Over Pressure is necessary to achieve full lift. ASME-certified relief valves are required to reach full-rated capacity at 10% or less overpressure.

Note: A similar term, the Pressure Accumulation, is based on the MAWP instead of the Set Pressure. In cases where the Set Pressure is equal to the MAWP, then
the overpressure and pressure accumulation are the same. The allowable accumulation for pressure vessels protected by a single relief device is 110% of the
MAWP, except in fire exposure scenarios where 121% is allowed. When multiple relief devices are used for non-fire scenarios, the allowable accumulation is 116%.

5. Determine the Required Mass Flow

The default value for this parameter is the mass flow of the stream in the simulation, but it can be set to the desired value for a specific scenario.

6. Review the Results - the Effective Discharge Area

Once youve determined your emergency scenario, and specified the relieving conditions and flowrate, and the appropriate standard, ProMax will calculate the Effective
Discharge Area. This value is used to select the appropriately sized Pressure Relief Valve.

7. How did ProMax Calculate this?

Although an orifice is often used to describe the minimum flow area constricted in the valve, the geometry and relief area calculations are more appropriately modeled
based on an ideal (isentropic) nozzle. The expression for the mass flux (Gn) in an ideal nozzle is obtained directly from Bernoullis equation in the nozzle:

where P1 is the pressure at the valve entrance, P is the fluid pressure, Pn is the downstream pressure, and is the density at
the nozzle exit.

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In this equation, un is the fluid velocity at the nozzle

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the throat. The

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For a given mass flow rate, determined for the particular emergency scenario, the minimum required area (Amin) is calculated at the maximum mass flux, which was
determined to occur at the nozzle throat. Real valves are not ideal nozzles, so a discharge coefficient, KD, is used to account for the difference between the predicted
ideal nozzle and the actual mass flux in the valve.

KD (Discharge Coefficient)

The discharge coefficient,KD, can be estimated by ProMax or specified directly from vendor literature.

Gn (Mass Flux)

Single and two-phase flows are both frequently encountered in various relief scenarios. Due to the large number of variables associated with the fluid properties,
distribution of fluid phases, interaction, and transformation of the phases, sizing a two-phase relief scenario is considerably more complex than single-phase. The Mass
Flux calculation varies depending on the relieving fluid type:

Single-phase liquid flow

For liquids with constant density, Bernoulli's Equation reduces to This equation is valid for fully turbulent flow, where the flowrate is
independent of the fluid viscosity. For low Reynolds number (high-viscosity) flows, values can be multiplied by a correction factor.

Single-phase vapor

For a vapor flow, the equation used depends on whether the flow rate is critical or subcritical. When the downstream pressure is reduced, the velocity and mass
flux increase at the throat; eventually the mass flux reaches a maximum value at the choked, or critical, flow pressure. Subcritical flow is a function of both
upstream and downstream pressures, whereas choked flow is a function of only the inlet conditions.

The criterion for choked flow for an ideal gas can be given as , where k is the isentropic coefficient (Cp/Cv).

Critical flow:

Subcritical flow:

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Flashing Two-Phase Flow

The fluid vaporizes along the path of decreasing pressure, and its vapor fraction increases.

Non-Flashing Frozen Two-Phase Flow

Frozen flow occurs if the vessel initially contains both gas and nonvolatile liquid (for instance a vessel with an inert-gas padding), hence it flows at a constant quality
(vapor mass fraction) without significant flashing or condensation.

Flashing Two-Phase Flow with the Effect of Non-Condensable Gases

This type of flow is often encountered at metering devices in chemical processing and in relief valve sizing applications where both non-condensable and condensable
(flashing) components co-exist (e.g., a hydrogenation reaction mixture containing gaseous hydrogen and an organic solution at elevated pressure).

Common Two-Phase Flow Assumptions:

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Mechanical Equilibrium - This assumes that the two phases are flowing at the same velocity, with no slip between the phases. Although there are a variety of

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liquid, flashing occurs instantly if thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed. However, flashing is usually not instant and during this period liquid can travel several
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Inlet Latent Heat - This term is an estimation used in sizing pressure relief valves for two-phase liquid/vapor applications when the system has less than 0.1 wt%
H2, a nominal boiling range less than 150F, and is far from the critical point. Its important to note that true Latent Heat is a pure component property, and
extending the definition to a multi-component mixture requires making assumptions. As such, there are multiple methods of approximating the latent heat, and
the Relief Valve Sizing analysis follows the methodology of the standards. For example, the API 520 standard defines latent heat as the difference between the
vapor and liquid specific enthalpies at the inlet temperature and bubble point pressure for sub-cooled liquids, and at the inlet temperature and inlet pressure for
a two-phase flashing flow.

NOTE: The calculated Latent Heat in the analysis should NOT be utilized for Fire-Case Relief Valve Sizing scenarios. Instead, ProMax provides a Depressurization
tool that is useful for these cases.

Calculate Heat of Vaporization - The Heat of Vaporization calculation is an alternative to the Latent Heat calculation utilizing a batch distillation approach. This
calculation generates pseudo instantaneous Heat of Vaporization values for cumulative amounts of vapor boiled off from the system. Values are generated for the
specified number of Heat of Vaporization Increments from 0% up to the specified Heat of Vaporization Maximum Mole Fraction. The minimum of these values is
reported as the Minimum Differential Heat of Vaporization.

REFERENCES

Much thanks to Dr. Ugur Guner for his contributions to this article.
th
American Petroleum Institute (2000). Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving devices in Refineries, API 520 , 7 Edition

Crowl, D., Tipler, A. S. (2013). Sizing Pressure Relief Devices, CEP

Darby, R., Meiller, P. R., Stockton, J. R. (2001). Select the Best Model for Two-Phase Relief Sizing, Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol.97, No.5, pp 56.

Darby, R., Self, F.E., Edwards, V.H. (2002). Properly Size Pressure-Relief Valves for Two-Phase Flow, Engineering Practice

Leung, J.C. (1986). Simplified Vent Sizing Equations for Emergency Relief Requirements in Reactors and Storage Vessels, AICHE Journal, Vol.32, No.10

Leung, J.C. (1990). A Generalized Correlation for Two-Phase Non-flashing Homogeneous Choked Flow, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 112

Leung, J.C., Epstein, M (1991). Flashing Two-Phase Flow Including the Effects of Noncondensible Gases, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 113/269

Schmidt, J., Egan, S. (2009). Case Studies of Sizing Pressure Relief Valve for Two-Phase Flow., Chem. Eng. Technol., Vol. 32, No. 2, 263-272

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