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List of experiments
1. To study various antenna characteristics and
theorems. Plot radiation pattern of omni directional antenna.
2. To plot the radiation pattern of simple
dipoles (/2 & /4) and calculated beam width, front/back ratio
and gain. Compare them.
3. To Plot the radiation pattern of folded dipole
and calculate its characteristics.
4. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
Yagi Uda 3 element and 5elements folded dipole antennae.
Compare them.
5. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the end fire array.
6. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the broad side array.
7. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the log periodic and rhombus antennae.
8. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the cut parabolic reflector antenna.
9. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the slot antenna.
10. To study and plot the radiation pattern of
the helix antenna.
11. To measure the polar pattern and gain of a
waveguide horn antenna.
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12. To study the characteristics of micro strip
patch antenna.
2
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Microwave Bands
S.No Old New Frequency
1 L D 1-2GHz
2 S E,F 2-4 GHz
3 C G,H 4-8 GHz
4 X I,J 8-12 GHz
5 Ku J 12-18 GHz
6 K J 18-26 GHz
7 Ka K 26-40 GHz
3
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.1
Aim: - To study various antenna characteristics and theorems.
Apparatus Required:-
1. Antenna Trainer kit
2. Different antennas
3. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
4. Power supply
5. Cables, connectors
4
Array
An array of antenna elements is a spatially extended collection of N
similar radiators or elements, where N is a countable number bigger
than 1.
Radiation pattern
The radiation pattern is a graphical depiction of the relative field
strength transmitted from or received by the antenna or the radiation
pattern of an antenna is the geometric pattern of the relative field
strengths of the field emitted by the antenna
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of power actually radiated to the power put into
the antenna terminals. A dummy load may have an SWR of 1:1 but an
efficiency of 0, as it absorbs all power and radiates heat but not RF
energy, showing that SWR alone is not an effective measure of an
antenna's efficiency
Bandwidth
The "bandwidth" of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which
the antenna maintains certain required characteristics like gain, front
to back ratio or SWR pattern, polarization and impedance etc.
Beam width
Antenna beam width is an angular width in degree measured on the
radiation pattern (Major lobe) between points where the radiated
power has fallen to half its maximum value.
Directivity
The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation
intensity of the antenna in the direction of maximum radiation to the
average radiation intensity of antenna.
Maximumradiation int ensity
D
Averagerad iation int encity
max( , )
av( , )
5
Gain
The Gain, Directive gain or Power gain of an antenna is defined as the
ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna
in a given direction at an arbitrary distance divided by the intensity
radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna.
Polarization
The polarization of an antenna is normally defined in terms of
orientation of electric field vector in the direction of maximum
radiation.
The "polarization" of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field
(E-plane) not magnetic field of the radio wave with respect to the
Earth's surface and it is also determined by the physical structure of
the antenna and by its orientation.
Front to Back Ratio
It is define as the ratio of the power radiated in desired direction to the
power radiated in the opposite direction
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The ratio of maximum power to minimum power of the wave is called
the standing wave ratio (SWR). A SWR of 1:1 is ideal.
Baluns
"A transmission line transformer for converting balanced input to
unbalanced output or vice versa. It may or may not provide wide
frequency range impedance transformation depending upon the
configuration used."
Reciprocity theorem
7
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.2
Aim: - To plot the radiation pattern of simple dipoles (/2 & /4) and
calculated beam width, front/back ratio and gain. Compare them.
Apparatus Required:-
1. Antenna Trainer kit
2. Dipole antenna
3. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
4. Power supply
Theory: -
Procedure:-
1. Keep the main unit on the table and connect power cord check
the mains voltage and switch ON the unit. The indicator lamp
should glow. Switch OFF the main unit.
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2. Assemble the coaxial antenna mast and fix it on the Goniometric
scale of the main unit.
3. Assemble detector assembly and mount detector unit on the
mast.
4. Keep main unit and detector assembly at a distance of 1.5
meter.
5. Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and align
the direction of transmitting and receiving antenna.
6. Bring the detector assembly near to main unit and adjust (keep)
height of both transmitting and receiving antenna same
7. Switch on the main unit and check for display in the meter of
directional coupler. If required adjust RF level and RS adjust. The
toggle switch can be in either FWD or REV position.
8. Check for display in detector meter. Adjust level of detector
meter for displays in the meter.
9. Rotate transmitting antenna between 0-360 and observe the
display on the detector assembly. The variation indicates that the
transmitter and the receiver are working and radiation pattern is
formed.
Note: - Ensure that there are no reflector sort things in the vicinity of
the experiment such as steel structures, pipes, cables, etc.
Precaution: -
1. The reflective bodies of automobiles, movement of people and
birds around the field caused fluctuations in readings.
2. Movement of the attenuator caused fluctuations in readings.
3. The mast and rotator box altered some of the radiation patterns.
4. The movement and positioning of the coaxial cable altered
patterns.
5. Mis-mounting of the antennas caused altered patterns.
6. The increasing temperature of the transmitter lowered dB levels.
7. Operator error.
8. Antenna design issues.
Observation:-
9
Result: -
10
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.3
Aim: - To Plot the radiation pattern of folded dipole and calculate its
characteristics.
Apparatus Required:-
1. Antenna Trainer kit
2. Helix antenna
3. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
4. Power supply
A FOLDED DIPOLE is an
ordinary half-wave
antenna that has one
or more additional
conductors connected
across its ends.
Additional conductors
are mounted parallel to
the dipole elements at
a distance equal to a
very small fraction of a
wavelength. Spacing of several inches is common. The feed-point
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impedance can be further increased by using three or four properly
spaced parallel conductors. Standard feed-line SPREADERS are used to
maintain this spacing when required. In any folded dipole, the increase
of impedance is the square of the number of conductors used in the
radiator. Thus, a three-wire dipole has nine times (3 2) the feed-point
impedance of a simple center-fed dipole. A second method of stepping
up the impedance of a folded dipole is to use two conductors with
different radii, as shown in view B. The directional characteristics of a
folded dipole are the same as those of a simple dipole. However, the
reactance of a folded dipole varies much more slowly as the frequency
is varied from resonance. Because of this the folded dipole can be used
over a much wider frequency range than is possible with a simple
dipole.
Procedure:-
Transmitter
1. Keep the main unit on the table and connect power cord
check the mains voltage.
2. Assemble the coaxial antenna mast and fix it on the
Goniometric scale of the main unit.
3. Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and
align the direction of transmitting and receiving antenna.
4. Switch on the main unit and check for display in the meter of
directional coupler. If required adjust RF level and RS
adjust. The toggle switch can be in either FWD or REV
position.
5. Switch ON the unit. The indicator lamp should glow.
Receiver Unit
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2. Keep main unit and detector assembly at a distance of 1.5
meter.
3. Bring the detector assembly near to main unit and adjust
(keep) height of both transmitting and receiving antenna
same
4. Check for display in detector meter. Adjust level of detector
meter for displays in the meter.
Result: -
13
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.4
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of Yagi Uda 3 element
and 5elements folded dipole antennae. Compare them.
Apparatus Required:-
5. Antenna Trainer kit
6. Helix antenna
7. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
8. Power supply
Theory: -
14
15
Precaution: -
Observation:-
Result: -
16
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.5
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the end fire array.
Apparatus Required:-
9. Antenna Trainer kit
10. Helix antenna
11. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
12. Power supply
Theory: -
Precaution: -
Observation:-
Result: -
17
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.6
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the broad side array.
Apparatus Required:-
13. Antenna Trainer kit
14. Helix antenna
15. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
16. Power supply
Horn antennas are often used as gain standards, and as feeds for
parabolic or 'dish' antennas, as well as being used as antennas in their
own right. One particular use of horn antennas themselves is for short
range radar systems, such as those used for automotive speed
enforcement.
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Horn antenna
Basic concept
There are two basic types of horn antenna: pyramid and conical. The
pyramid ones, as the name suggests are rectangular whereas the
corrugated ones are usually circular. The corrugated horn provides a
pattern that is nearly symmetrical, with the E and H plane beam
widths being nearly the same. Additionally it is possible to control the
side lobes better with a conical or corrugated horn antenna.
Precaution: -
The reflective bodies of automobiles caused fluctuations in readings.
2.) The movement of people around the field caused fluctuations in
readings.
3.) The movement of birds and leaves caused fluctuations in readings.
4.) Movement of the attenuator caused fluctuations in readings.
5.) The mast and rotator box altered some of the radiation patterns.
6.) The movement and positioning of the coaxial cable altered patterns.
7.) Mis-mounting of the antennas caused altered patterns.
19
8.) The increasing temperature of the transmitter lowered dB levels.
9.) Operator error.
10.) Antenna design issues.
Observation:-
Result: -
20
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.7
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the log periodic and
rhombus antennae.
Apparatus Required:-
17. Antenna Trainer kit
18. Helix antenna
19. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
20. Power supply
Theory: -
Precaution: -
The reflective bodies of automobiles caused fluctuations in readings.
2.) The movement of people around the field caused fluctuations in
readings.
3.) The movement of birds and leaves caused fluctuations in readings.
4.) Movement of the attenuator caused fluctuations in readings.
5.) The mast and rotator box altered some of the radiation patterns.
6.) The movement and positioning of the coaxial cable altered patterns.
7.) Mis-mounting of the antennas caused altered patterns.
8.) The increasing temperature of the transmitter lowered dB levels.
21
9.) Operator error.
10.) Antenna design issues.
Observation:-
Result: -
22
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.8
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the cut parabolic
reflector antenna.
Apparatus Required:-
21. Antenna Trainer kit
22. Helix antenna
23. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
24. Power supply
Theory: -
Precaution: -
The reflective bodies of automobiles caused fluctuations in readings.
2.) The movement of people around the field caused fluctuations in
readings.
3.) The movement of birds and leaves caused fluctuations in readings.
4.) Movement of the attenuator caused fluctuations in readings.
5.) The mast and rotator box altered some of the radiation patterns.
6.) The movement and positioning of the coaxial cable altered patterns.
7.) Mis-mounting of the antennas caused altered patterns.
8.) The increasing temperature of the transmitter lowered dB levels.
9.) Operator error.
10.) Antenna design issues.
Observation:-
Result: -
23
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.9
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the slot antenna.
Apparatus Required:-
25. Antenna Trainer kit
26. Helix antenna
27. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
28. Power supply
Theory: -
Precaution:
Observation:-
Result: -
24
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.10
Aim: - To study and plot the radiation pattern of the helix antenna.
Apparatus Required:-
29. Antenna Trainer kit
30. Helix antenna
31. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
32. Power supply
Theory: -
Observation:-
Result: -
25
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.11
Aim: - To measure the polar pattern and gain of a Waveguide horn
antenna.
Apparatus Required:-
33. Antenna Trainer kit
34. Horn antenna
35. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
36. Power supply
Horn antennas are often used as gain standards, and as feeds for
parabolic or 'dish' antennas, as well as being used as antennas in their
own right. One particular use of horn antennas themselves is for short
range radar systems, such as those used for automotive speed
enforcement.
Horn antenna
Basic concept
26
has an impedance of 377 ohms. By having a tapered or having a flared
end to the waveguide the horn antenna is formed and this enables the
impedance to be matched. Although the waveguide will radiate without
a horn antenna, this provides a far more efficient match.
There are two basic types of horn antenna: pyramid and conical. The
pyramid ones, as the name suggests are rectangular whereas the
corrugated ones are usually circular. The corrugated horn provides a
pattern that is nearly symmetrical, with the E and H plane beam
widths being nearly the same. Additionally it is possible to control the
side lobes better with a conical or corrugated horn antenna.
Precaution: -
Observation:-
Result: -
27
Radharaman Group of Institutes, Bhopal
Experiment No.12
Aim: - To study the characteristics of micro strip patch antenna.
Apparatus Required:-
37. Antenna Trainer kit
38. Micro strip patch antenna
39. Cathode Ray oscilloscope (CRO)
40. Power supply
Theory: -
Precaution: -
Observation:-
Result: -
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