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Key Words occupants visual comfort and eye health. The result
Visual comfort and eye health E Green building E showed that daylighting could improve the occupants
Post-occupancy evaluation E Indoor lighting psychological health and productivity. The screen-type
environment E Questionnaire survey E Self-reported shading device could intercept direct sunlight and
health symptoms reduce annoyance glare. However, the indoor lighting
and visual environment of the building were poor. After
examining the questionnaire feedback concerning
improvements, the occupants annoyance ratio was
significantly reduced, and approximately 5% of the
Abstract
occupants annoyance ratio was deemed to be caused
This study investigated the effects of indoor lighting on
by personal characteristics related to the lighting of the
occupants visual comfort and eye health and to
environment.
contribute to the management and maintenance of
buildings. The illuminance of the working plane and
windows at Samsung Corporation Headquarters were
measured, and 2744 healthy occupants of Samsung Introduction
Corporation were surveyed regarding the indoor light-
ing environment via the companys intranet for As interest in health and the environment increases,
1 years. This building was certified with the highest maintaining a suitable environment in an office building is
ranking by Koreas Green Building Council. The cumu- an important issue for people in the twenty-first century to
lative data reflected the management and maintenance simultaneously maintain health, while increasing produc-
of the building, such as screen-type shading devices tivity and efficiency of office workers. Most of the projects
automatically controlled by seasons and time, improve- that office occupants undertake require mental labour
ment of visual display terminal glare by the veiling rather than physical labour, which implies that the office
reflection on monitors, efficiency of artificial lighting environment should be closely related to health [19].
arrays, and so on. The data were analysed for Furthermore, the deterioration of the interior environment
Land/Site 7 22 7 5 8 7
Transport 5 8 5 3 5 4
Energy 23 15 14 24 18 17
Materials/resources 21 23 27 20 19 22
Water 14 13 14 14 15 14
Atmosphere 6 3 6 6 6 6
Management 10 7 9 10 11 7
Ecological environment 19 18 19 10 17 21
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) 31 27 27 27 34 24
Total score 136 136 128 119 133 124
Source: http://www.mltm.or.kr
Source: http://www.mltm.or.kr
1200
1100
As the interest in environment-friendly building increases 1000
1047
Cumulative number
Land/Site Effects of adjacent Validity of the counter- Maximum angle that measures Supplementary 2
sites measure for right-to-light designated points of the building
from the borderline of adjacent sites
Energy Energy saving Lighting energy saving Lighting density and methods Base 6
IEQ Comfortable indoor Creating comfortable IEQ Occupants individual control of Supplementary 4
environment for occupants indoor environment
Fig. 2. Floor section and specifications of glass curtain wall. Fig. 4. Array of ambient lighting.
sin t
p arctan 1
cos i
Experimental Methods
Fig. 6. Roller shade height control.
Table 7. Feature of tested floors Lighting Levels; Illuminance and Luminance Data
Floor 10F 23F 30F Monitoring
Contents To assess the effect of the indoor lighting environment
on the occupants visual comfort and eye health, the
Occupants 72 111 115
Floor area 1859 m2 illuminance of the 75 cm-high working plane and luminance
Ceiling height 2.8 m of the windows were measured five times in the three test
Wall White paint (reflectance: 80%) spaces (10F, 23F and 30F) between February 2008 and
Ceiling White -absorbing (reflectance: 80%)
Floor Dark grey carpet (reflectance: 20%) April 2009 (Table 8). Data concerning sky conditions and
Desk Plastic system furniture cloud ratio were collected from the Korea Meteorological
Partition Plastic and metal with textile fabric (H:1.2 m) Administration [27]. To measure illuminance, a Digital
Layout Open-plan office
Light Metre (Topcon-IM5; 1st Measuring, February 2008)
and Lutron-YK2005LX (2nd5th Measuring, April 2008
2009) were used. A two-dimensional Colour Analyzer
(Minolta CA-2000) was used to measure the luminance of
the window (Table 9).
Sensor Silicon photo diode Silicon photo diode CCD image sensor
Range 0.01199,900 lx 0.1100,000 lx 0.1100,000 cd m2
Accuracy 1 digit 2 digits 3%
Sampling Real time 2 s9 h Real time
Picture
Table 10. Independent samples t-test between 125 points and 12 points
Zone t-Test for equality of means
t df Significance Mean Standard error 95% confidence interval
(two-tailed) difference difference of the difference
Lower Upper
Fig. 8. Measuring points on 23F (February 2008April 2009): (left) 1st measurement (right) 2nd-5th measurement.
Illuminance on work plane (lx) 300400600 761937 8731001 6201019 654823 728996
Uniformity factor of illuminance Above 0.5 0.520.68 0.650.70 0.620.89 0.740.91 0.550.80
10:00
14:00
Luminance
distribution
Luminance
(Max.-Avg.-Min.) 3983 cd/m2 185 cd/m2 5 cd/m2 5299 cd/m2 185 cd/m2 5 cd/m2
Contents C-Zone D-Zone
Luminance
distribution
Luminance
(Max.-Avg.-Min.) 4700 cd/m2 442 cd/m2 6 cd/m2 5477 cd/m2 571 cd/m2 9 cd/m2
Fig. 10. Luminance distribution of windows on 23F by two-dimensional Colour Analyser (April 2009).
3
Brightness on Brightness of Visual comfort of Satisfaction of
work plane office lighting condition lighting condition
1st Measurement 2nd Measurement 3rd Measurement 4th Measurement 5th Measurement
20
18.1 17.7
16.9
15.6
Visual annoyance ratio (%)
15
12.2
11.3
10.9 11.1
10
0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th After
Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement feedback
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