Exercise to be fit, not skinny:

Fitspiration and young womens body image, self-esteem and excessive exercise

Name: Danille Antonis

student number: 11109416
danielle.antonis@student.uva.nl

24 June 2016
Version 1

Master thesis
Graduate School of Communication
Masters programme Communication Science

Mentor: Sindy Sumter

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Abstract

Fitspiration is a new online trend designed to motivate women towards a healthier lifestyle by

promoting exercise, healthy food and self-care. The present study aimed to shed light on

fitspiration by investigating the relationship between exposure to fitspiration social media

accounts and young adult womens body image, self-esteem and excessive exercise. To

investigate this relationship an online survey was conducted among 18-28 year old Dutch

women (N = 347). Results showed that overall exposure to fitspiration accounts is related to

body image disturbance, increased commitment to excessive exercise and lower appearance

self-esteem. Importantly, this relationship is affected by the type of media content and

individual differences. First, the relationship differed for the four types of health and fitness-

related social media pages, i.e. pages related to fitness, healthy eating, weight loss, and mental

health. Exposure to fitness pages was related to a higher body dissatisfaction and excessive

exercise, but not to self-esteem. Pages related to healthy eating and weight loss were related to

higher body dissatisfaction, excessive exercise and lower self-esteem. Notably, exposure to

mental health pages was not related to body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, nor excessive

exercise. Secondly, some of these relationships were affected by individual differences in

thin-ideal internalization, fit-ideal internalization and/or ideal body attainability beliefs. For

example, for women who had internalized the thin ideal the negative relationship between

pages related to weight loss with self-esteem was stronger. Furthermore, internalization of the

fit ideal appears to be a risk factor for body dissatisfaction, self-esteem and excessive

exercise. Believing the ideal body is attainable is on the one hand a risk factor for excessive

exercise, and on the other hand a protect factor against body dissatisfaction and self-esteem.

In short, the current study emphasized that the relationship between fitspiration accounts with

body image disturbance involves a complex transaction between media content and individual

differences. Therefore, it is not right to lump all fitspiration social media accounts together as
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if they were the same. Although fitspiration is related to negative outcomes, experimental and

longitudinal research is needed to determine the direction of causality.

Keywords

Fitspiration, Body Dissatisfaction, Excessive exercise, Type of Health and Fitness-Related

Social Media Pages, Fit-Ideal Internalization, Ideal Body Attainability Beliefs

Abbreviations

FitExp = Fitspiration Exposure; (1) FitExp Fitness = Fitspiration Exposure to Fitness related

social media pages; (2) FitExp - Healthy Eating = Fitspiration Exposure to Healthy Eating

related social media pages, (3) FitExp - Weight Loss = Fitspiration Exposure to Weight Loss

related social media pages and (4) FitExp - Mental Health = = Fitspiration Exposure to

Mental Health related social media pages.

Introduction

Exercise to be fit, not skinny is the general slogan of the new trend fitspiration, a

combination of the words fitness and inspiration (Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015; Carrotte,

Vella, & Lim, 2015). Fitspiration is a current trend on the Internet, which attempts to inspire

women towards an empowered body image, through exercise, healthy eating, and self-care.

Fitspiration images include mainly women engaging in exercise or dressed in exercise gear

(Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015). Other images include healthy food and sometimes these

images are overlaid with inspirational quotes, such as Exercise to be fit, not skinny.

Fitspiration arose as an antidote to another trend on the Internet, known as thinspiration, the

combination of the words thin and inspiration (Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015). Whereas,

thinspiration is said to inspire women to lose weight in an unhealthy manner and leads them
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to engage in an eating disorder lifestyle (Borzekowski, Schenk, Wilson, & Peebles, 2010;

Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015), fitspiration reflects a shifting beauty ideal. The ideal of a skinny

body is replaced by a muscular and fit body.

At the moment it is unclear what this apparent shift in beauty ideal, from thinspiration

to fitspiration, means for our society, and whether this shift is positive or negative. Moreover,

research about the new fitspiration trend is scarce. Therefore, the main aim of the current

study is to understand whether the fitspiration trend is a reason for concern by looking at the

relationship between exposure to fitspiration social media accounts and young adult womens

body image, self-esteem and excessive exercise. The main research question is: What is the

relationship between exposure to fitspiration social media accounts and the body image, self-

esteem and excessive exercise of the 18-28 year old women?

Moreover, as the transactional model of social media and body image by Perloff

(2014) states, this relationship between fitspiration social media, body image, self-esteem and

excessive exercise is not only affected by the media content but also by what the individual

brings to the media, in terms of individual differences. Not all women are affected in a similar

manner. Some women might be particularly vulnerable for negative social media effects and

research should take into account possible risk factors (Perloff, 2014). Therefore, this study

will also explore the role of fit-ideal internalization and ideal body attainability beliefs as

possible moderators of this relationship. Fit-ideal internalization, derived from thin-ideal

internalization, reflects the extent to which a person has incorporated fitness as a personal

standard of attractiveness and engages in behaviour to really reach this ideal (Thompson &

Stice, 2001). Ideal body attainability beliefs are beliefs about the attainability of the ideal

bodies displayed in the media (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997; Mills, Polivy, Herman, &

Tiggemann, 2002). Both are important concepts for determining which women might be

particularly vulnerable for the possible negative effects of fitspiration.

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Theoretical Background

Fitspiration on Social Media

Fitspiration is spread on a range of websites, most notably social media, such as healthy living

blogs and social networking sites like Facebook and Instagram (Tiggemann & Zaccardo,

2015; Boepple & Thompson, 2014). The Internet is a popular source of health-related

information (Fox & Duggan, 2013). Health and fitness-related content is also found on TV

shows and magazines, but might be especially influential when encountered on social media,

due to specific features of social media. One key feature of fitspiration content on social

media is interactivity (Carrotte et al., 2015). When social media users follow fitspiration

pages, content appears in their newsfeed where the user can view the content. In addition, the

user can engage with the content by commenting on photos or sharing with friends. A second

feature of fitspiration content on social media is that the content is immensely personal

(Perloff, 2014). Social media allow users to create personal profiles, in which the content

revolves around the self, illustrated by Facebook personal profiles and pictures that depict the

self, called selfies. All in all, in contrast to TV shows and magazines users can engage with

health and fitness-related content on social media and the content is personal. The interactive

and personal features of fitspiration social media differentiate them from earlier media forms,

raising possibilities of a host of effects related to body image.

In addition, the possible effects of fitspiration social media are affected by the

differences in health and fitness-related social media content. Fitspiration social media

contain a variety of messages and information that may be potentially problematic for

individuals viewing and acting upon the content in the sites. To understand the influence of

fitspiration messages it is important to take into account that there is a huge variation in these

messages. A recent content analysis of Carrotte et al. (2015) showed different categories of

health and fitness-related social media content. After careful inspection of the categories
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identified by Carrotte et al. (2015) it seems that the categories are not mutually exclusive.

Therefore, the studies of Carrotte et al. (2015), Boepple and Thomspon (2016) and

Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) are combined to distinguish the following four categories of

health and fitness-related social media content. The first category that can be identified, is

pages related to fitness. For example pages with images of women engaging in exercise or

dressed in exercise gear. The second category includes healthy eating. Healthy eating content

is related to strict diet plans and detox or cleanse pages. Furthermore, these accounts highlight

images containing healthy food. The third category includes pages related to weight loss.

Although fitspiration arose as an antidote to thinspiration, resulting in a shifting beauty ideal

from skinny to muscular, fitspiration sites still present content related to losing weight, with

before-and-after weight loss pictures (Carrotte, 2015). For instance, the content analysis of

Boepple and Thompson (2016) showed that even though more thinspiration sites had content

related to losing weight, fitspiration sites still contained such content. Finally, a fourth

category that can be identified is mental health. In becoming fit, self-care and a healthy mind-

set are also important (Tiggemann & Zaccardo 2015).

When looking at the relationship between fitspiration social media with body image,

self-esteem and excessive exercise it is important to take those different categories in

fitspiration social media content into account. Although different categories can be

distinguished, no study has investigated differences in use or possible effects. Moreover, it

remains unclear whether the different types of content would have different type of effects.

Therefore, the following research question is developed:

RQ1: How frequently do women use fitspiration pages and does this differ across the four

categories?
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Exposure to Fitspiration Content, Body Image and Self-Esteem

Fitspiration is designed to inspire women to achieve an empowered body image (What is

fitspiration, 2013). The general philosophy emphasises strength and empowerment.

Nowadays, representations of women as passive sexual objects are increasingly replaced by

representations of women as being actively empowered (Gill, 2007; Gill, 2008). In contrast to

traditional passive images, fitspiration imagery emphasizes womens presumed empowerment

(What is fitspiration, 2013). It is possible to interpret this change in media representations of

women as positive because it acknowledges womens emancipation.

Besides the empowered body image, fitspiration is designed to inspire women (What

is fitspiration, 2013). Research showed that women exposed to fitspiration images reported

feeling more inspired to improve their fitness and to eat healthy (Tiggemann & Zaccardo,

2015). Other research showed that young adult women agreed that seeing exercise tips,

instructions, weight loss before-and-after pictures and fitness-related quotes can be

motivational for improving health behaviours (Vaterlaus, Patten, Roche, Young, 2015).

Although fitspiration tries to inspire women to achieve an empowered body image,

there are two aspects of the specific type of content of fitspiration which may raise concerns

(Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015; Perloff, 2014). Those two aspects include fitspirations

objectifying images of muscular women and messages encouraging fitness for appearance,

rather than health motivated reasons (Boepple & Thompson, 2016). As a result, fitspiration

sites seem to share commonalities with thinspiration sites (Boepple & Thompson, 2016).

First, the fitspiration images are still objectified images in that they focus on ultra fit,

young female bodies (Boepple & Thompson, 2016). Those images encourage viewers to look

at the body as an observable object. As a result, women come to view their bodies as objects

to be looked at, a process referred to as self-objectification (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).

Moreover, social media might be seen as inherently self-objectifying in that users post photos
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often of themselves, called selfies, explicitly for viewing by others (Tiggeman & Zaccardo,

2015). Previous research showed that exposure to objectified images is associated with self-

objectification and body dissatisfaction (Harper & Tiggemann, 2008). Further, self-

objectification is negatively related to body satisfaction, body esteem, and self-esteem

(Strelan, Mehaffey, & Tiggemann, 2003).

Secondly, fitspiration images inspire women towards fitness by stressing the

appearance-related benefits (Boepple & Thompson, 2016), for example with quotations such

as Do it for looking in the mirror and feeling good about what you see. This type of

motivation is problematic as exercise motivated by appearance reasons rather than health is

positively associated with body image concerns (Vartanian, Wharton, & Green, 2012).

Moreover, appearance-based motives for exercising are negatively associated with body

image, body esteem and self-esteem (Strelan et al., 2003).

All in all, studies indicate that fitspiration has both positive effect on motivation and

negative effect on body image. However, studies about the relationship between social media

and body image have focused on thinspiration and have resulted in negative effects. No study

has made a clear distinction between thinspiration and fitspiration. Therefore, the following

research question is developed:

RQ2: Is exposure to fitspiration on social media accounts positively or negatively related to

body image and self-esteem?

Exposure to Fitspiration Content and Excessive Exercise

Although the possible negative effects of fitspiration social media use on body image and

self-esteem have received most attention, the behavioural consequences are also worthy of

study. Fitspiration is designed to motivate women to become fit through exercise and a

healthier lifestyle (Abena, 2013). Exercise is associated with many health advantages such as
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lowered blood pressure and increased energy (Boepple & Thompson, 2014). However, the

potentially helpful behavioural changes in exercise may spiral out of control when women are

motivated by appearance-related reasons or when it is undertaken solely to influence weight

or shape (Tiggeman & Zaccardo, 2015; Boepple & Thompson, 2014; Mond, Hay, Rodgers, &

Owen, 2006). As already mentioned a characteristic of fitspiration is that it emphasizes

appearance-related benefits of fitness (Boepple & Thompson, 2014). As a result, some women

might fall subject to excessive exercise. Excessive exercise is exercise that significantly

interferes with important activities, occurs at inappropriate times or in inappropriate setting,

or continues despite injury or other medical complications (Mond et al., 2006). Therefore, the

following research question can be developed:

RQ3: Is exposure to fitspiration on social media accounts positively related to excessive

exercise?

Understanding Individual Differences in the Exposure to Fitspiration Content

Although many women are exposed, there are huge differences in how they are affected. They

are either positively affected, negatively, or not affected at all. To better educate young

women it is important to identify which women are at risk and which women might actually

benefit from fitspiration. For this reason we need to investigate the role of individual

differences. This study will look at two important concepts 1) fit-ideal internalization and 2)

ideal body attainability beliefs. Both concepts are inspired by research on thinspiration (e.g.,

Lockwood & Kunda, 1997; Mills et al., 2002; Stice, Scupak-Neuberg, Shaw, & Stein, 1994;

Thompson, Heinberg, Altable, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999; Thompson & Stice, 2001).

Fit-ideal internalization. Fit-ideal internalization derived from thin-ideal

internalization reflects the extent to which a person has incorporated fitness as a personal

standard of attractiveness and engages in behaviour to reach this ideal (Thompson & Stice,
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2001). It is a result of the process that individuals internalize attitudes that are approved by

significant others such as family and peers (Kandel, 1980). Besides, the media play an

important role. The media are thought to reinforce the ideal body image through comments

that serve to support and maintain this ideal. In addition, internalization is thought to produce

higher body dissatisfaction because this ideal is unattainable for most women (Stice et al.,

1994; Thompson et al., 1999). The thin ideal presented in the media is unattainable for most

women because of glamorization and the thinness of the models (Cusumano & Thompson,

1997). The vast majority of media are with models skewed toward thinness. Moreover, most

models have been glamorized via makeup and clothing. There is a narrow range of models to

view and few media represent normal or overweight women (Cusumano & Thompson, 1997).

Thin-ideal internalization plays an important role in the development of body image

disturbance in two possible ways. First, as main predictor of body image. Research showed

that appearance related media content and the pressure to be thin delivered by the media are

related to body dissatisfaction via thin-ideal internalization (Clark & Tiggemann, 2006;

Blowers, Loxton, Gardy-Flesser, Occhipinti, & Dawe, 2003). Secondly, internalization can

work as a moderator. Women high in thin-ideal internalization perceive being thin as

desirable and might be more vulnerable for being influenced by the unrealistic thin ideal in

the media (Anschutz, Engels, & van Strien, 2012). As a result, thin-ideal internalization is a

key risk factor for the development of negative body image (Thompson & Stice, 2001).

Some people argue the same applies for the fit ideal. They argue most fitspiration

images display one particular body shape, namely a thin and toned figure (Tiggeman &

Zaccardo, 2015). While this figure is less thin and more muscular than that of the thin ideal, it

is still seen as unattainable for most women (Krane, Stiles-Shipley, Waldron, & Michalenok,

2001). However, the media strongly suggests that the thin and toned figure is attainable for

anyone willing to work out. The inability to achieve this body ideal may leave women feeling
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dissatisfied with their bodies (Homan, 2010). As a result, fit-ideal internalization could also

be a risk factor for body image disturbance. Limited research has explored the role of fit-ideal

internalization. Therefore, I will look at the moderating role of fit-ideal internalization.

H1: For women who have internalized the fit ideal the negative outcomes of fitspiration social

media accounts on body image, self-esteem, and excessive exercise might be stronger than for

women who have not internalized the fit ideal.

Ideal body attainability beliefs. A second important individual difference is captured

by ideal body attainability beliefs. Ideal body attainability beliefs are beliefs about the

attainability of the ideal bodies displayed in the media (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997; Mills et

al., 2002). Though the fit ideal is seen as unattainable for most women, it could be the case

that there are some women who believe the fit ideal is attainable. The fitspiration imagery are

of everyday women rather than fashion models (Tiggeman & Zaccardo, 2015). Therefore,

they can be seen as more realistic then the skewed models related to the thin ideal. Moreover,

the media deliver work outs and other equipments to attain the fit figure (Homan, 2010). This

aspect of attainability of the fit ideal has not yet been investigated.

According to the inspiration theory, media can have inspirational effects. The

inspiration theory argues that individuals for whom thinness is a self-relevant characteristic

and who perceive it to be attainable feel inspired by the idealized body images (Lockwood &

Kunda, 1997). Therefore, they evaluate their own bodies more positively and could feel less

the urge to excessive exercise. Previous research about the thin ideal already supports this

theory. For example women who believed the thin ideal to be highly attainable consequently

experienced feelings of self-enhancement and inspiration, but self-deflation when it seemed

unattainable (Mills et al., 2002; Lockwood & Kunda, 1997).

As fitspiration is designed to have an inspirational effect, a similar mechanism could

be applied for the fit ideal. Thus, the inspiration theory could be applied to fitspiration.
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H2: For women who have internalized the fit ideal and perceive the fit ideal to be attainable

the positive outcomes of fitspiration social media accounts on body image, self-esteem, and

excessive exercise might be stronger than for women who perceive the fit ideal to be

unattainable (i.e. the inspiration hypothesis)

In short, the current study investigates the relationship between fitspiration social

media exposure and the body image, self-esteem and excessive exercise among 18-to 28-year-

old women. The target group 18-to 28-year-old women spent a large amount of time on social

media, around 52 minutes every day (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, & Howard, 2013). As a result,

social media can influence both perceptions of body image and self-esteem, especially among

women (Coyne et al., 2013). However, once they have developed autonomy from external

influences and a strong positive identity, they are less susceptible to the negative influences of

media in regard to body image (Coyne et al., 2013). Furthermore, not all 18-to 28 year-old

women are affected in a similar manner. Therefore, the role of fit-ideal internalization and

ideal body attainability beliefs as possible moderators of this relationship is explored.

Method

Sample and Procedure

The sample consisted of 347 women between the ages of 18 and 28 years, with a mean age of

22.56 years (SD = 2.63). Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 22.29 (SD = 3.26; range = 16.30

- 46.88). The majority of the respondents (96.2%) were Dutch and most respondents (43.1%)

had completed the highest level of education in the Dutch education system.

The respondents were recruited in three different ways. First, the link to the survey

was posted on general social media sites, including Facebook. Second, the link was posted on

a social media site of fitgirls.nl, which is a Dutch fitspiration community. Third, the survey

was distributed through the Lab Participant site of the University of Amsterdam where
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students can earn research credits by taking part in research. All respondents received

information about the study (Appendix 1) and were asked for explicit consent before

participating. Furthermore, the respondents were informed that their responses would be

confidential and anonymous. They could stop the survey whenever they want. Only after

providing their explicit consent were they able to proceed to the survey. The study was

approved by the Ethical committee of the University of Amsterdam.

Measures

Fitspiration exposure. To measure fitspiration exposure respondents were asked how

often they visited each of the four types of health and fitness-related social media pages on

average over three months (Appendix 2). Those four types of pages were (1) fitness, (2)

healthy eating, (3) weight loss, and (4) mental health pages. Each type of pages was

accompanied by two example images to remind respondents of the type of social media the

question was referring to. The response scale ranged from 1 = I check(ed) the pages

continuously throughout the day to 9 = never. The response scale was reversed, such that a

higher score indicated high levels of fitspiration exposure. A measure of exposure to all types

of health and fitness-related social media pages (total fitspiration exposure, FitExp) was

created by calculating an average over the four items. Reliability of total fitspiration exposure

was good with Cronbach's alpha of .75. In addition to using the total score, the exposure to the

different types of pages are investigated separately, i.e. (1) FitExp - Fitness, (2) FitExp -

Healthy Eating, (3) FitExp - Weight Loss, and (4) FitExp - Mental Health.

Amount of fitspiration pages followed. Respondents were asked how many pages of

each type of health and fitness-related social media pages they followed (Appendix 2). A

measure of amount of all types of health and fitness-related social media pages followed (total

amount of fitspiration pages followed, FitPages) was created by calculating an average over
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the four items. Reliability of total amount of fitspiration pages followed was acceptable with

Cronbach's alpha of .60. In addition to using the total score, the amount of pages followed for

the different types of pages are investigated separately, i.e. (1) FitPages - Fitness, (2) FitPages

- Healthy Eating, (3) FitPages - Weight Loss, and (4) FitPages - Mental Health.

Fitspiration engagement. To assess the level of engagement with the different types

of health and fitness related social media pages, respondents rated four items that reflected

engagement. For example, if they like an image or message (Appendix 2). The response

categories included 1 = never, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often. High scores reflected a high

engagement with the type of pages. A measure for engagement with all types of health and

fitness-related social media pages (total fitspiration engagement, FitEng) was created by

calculating an average over the four items. Reliability of total fitspiration engagement was

good with Cronbachs alpha of .75. In addition to using the total score, the engagement to the

different types of pages are investigated separately, i.e. (1) FitEng - Fitness, (2) FitEng -

Healthy Eating, (3) FitEng - Weight Loss, and (4) FitEng - Mental Health. Reliability of all

measures of the engagement with the different types of pages was acceptable with Cronbachs

alpha ranging between .57 and .67.

Body image. Body image was assessed with the general body dissatisfaction (BD)

subscale of the Body Attitude Test (BAT; Probst, Vandereycken, Van Coppenolle, &

Vanderlinden, 1995). The BAT is designed to measure subjective body experience and

attitude toward ones body. The general BD subscale consists of four items, such as When I

compare myself with my peers' bodies, I'm dissatisfied with my own (Appendix 2). The

response scale ranged from 1 = never to 6 = always. High scores reflected high body

dissatisfaction. Reliability of the scale was high with Cronbachs alpha of .83.

Appearance self-esteem. Appearance self-esteem was measured by six items derived

from the State Self-esteem Scale (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991), such as I feel satisfied with
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the way my body looks (Appendix 2). The response scale ranged from 1 = completely

disagree to 5 = completely agree. High scores indicated high levels of appearance self-esteem.

Reliability of the appearance self-esteem subscale was high with a Cronbachs alpha of .83.

Excessive exercise. Excessive exercise was measured through the Commitment to

Exercise Scale (CES; Davis, Brewer, & Ratsuny, 1993; Appendix 2). This eight-item

questionnaire was designed to assess an individuals psychological commitment to exercising.

Below each of the eight items, there was a horizontal line with appropriate bipolar adjectives

(Appendix 2). Respondents needed to mark the point which best indicated their position on

the continuum with the statement in question, such as Does it upset you if, for one reason or

another, you are unable to exercise? The distance from the beginning of the line to the point

marked, constitutes the score for each item, with higher scores indicating more excessive

behaviour. Reliability of the CES was high with Cronbachs alpha of .85.

Fit-ideal and thin-ideal internalization. First, fit-ideal internalization was measured

with the Internalization: Muscular/Athletic subscale of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards

Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4: Schaefer et al., 2015). This measure consists of five

statements reflecting the extent to which an individual endorses the muscular/athletic ideal,

such as It is important for me to look athletic (Appendix 2). Each statement was rated on a

response scale ranging from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree. High scores

reflected high fit-ideal internalization. Reliability was high with Cronbachs alpha of .93.

Secondly, thin-ideal internalization was measured with the Internalization: Thin/Low

Body Fat subscale also of the SATAQ-4 (Schaefer et al., 2015). This measure consists of four

statements reflecting the desire of a thin figure with little body fat, such as I want my body to

look very thin (Appendix 2). Each statement was rated on a response scale, ranging from 1 =

completely disagree to 5 = completely agree. High scores reflected high thin-ideal

internalization. Reliability was good with Cronbachs alpha of .77.

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Ideal body attainability beliefs. For measuring ideal body attainability beliefs an

adaptation of Burnette (2010) of the situational optimism measure applied in the dieting

literature (Benyamini & Raz, 2007) was used. The measure consists of three items, such as I

will likely succeed on future diets. I included three other items that are related to the

attainability of fitness and diet regimen, such as I will likely achieve my ideal weight goal in

the future (Appendix 2). The designed scale assessed the attainability of a fit and thin body

by complying with fitness and diet regimen. The response scale ranged from 1 = completely

disagree to 6 = completely agree. High scores indicated high levels of ideal body attainability

beliefs. Reliability of the scale was high with Cronbachs alpha of .83.

Results

Descriptives

For investigating the main research question about the relationship between exposure to

fitspiration and body image, self-esteem, and excessive exercise some descriptive statistics

were conducted about the correlation between the variables and the means (Table 1). First the

relationship with total fitspiration exposure is discussed and later on a distinction between the

different types of pages is being made. Table 1 shows that there is a pretty strong positive

correlation between the total fitspiration exposure and body dissatisfaction, r = .33, p < .001.

The more women are exposed to fitspiration, the more they experience body dissatisfaction.

Furthermore, there is a weak negative correlation between the total fitspiration exposure and

appearance self-esteem, r = -.25, p < .001, meaning the more women are exposed to

fitspiration, the weaker is their appearance self-esteem. Finally, there is a pretty strong

positive correlation between the total fitspiration exposure and excessive exercise, r = .46, p <

.001. The more women are exposed to fitspiration, the more excessive behaviour.
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Table 1
Correlations between the variables and the mean
Variables M (SD) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Total fitspiration exposure 3.33 (1.78) - .24* .50* .33* -.25* .46* .51* .25* .23*
2. Total amount of fitspiration pages followed 8.03 (24.95) - .33* .03 -.01 .11 .17* .03 .20*
3. Total fitspiration engagement 1.23 (.23) - .15* -.12* .29* .30* .16* .15*
4. Body dissatisfaction 3.07 (.96) - -.79* .21* .15* .52* -.20*
5. Appearance self-esteem 3.27 (.70) - -.18* -.11 -.46* .26*
6. Excessive exercise 43.54 (19.98) - .61* .26* .30*
7. Fit-ideal internalization 2.89 (.96) - .21* .35*
8. Thin-ideal internalization 3.46 (.80) - -.09
9. Ideal body attainability beliefs 3.99 (.92) -
* p < .05.
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Fitspiration Usage

To investigate if fitspiration usage differed for the four types of health and fitness-related

social media, a repeated measures ANOVA was conducted with four factors, fitness, healthy

eating, weight loss and mental health. The relevant means can be found in Table 2.

With regard to fitspiration exposure (i.e. average visit in past three months) a significant

effect was found for type of page, F(2.69, 829.31) = 200.93, p < .001. Post hoc comparisons

demonstrated that although FitExp - Fitness did not differ significantly from FitExp Healthy

Eating (p = .268), all other type of pages differed significantly from each other (p <.001).

Fitspiration exposure was highest for pages related to fitness and pages related to healthy

eating. Around 56.9% of the respondents visited pages related to fitness at least one time per

week and 54.1% visited pages related to healthy eating at least one time per week. Then,

around 24.1% of the respondents visited pages related to weight loss at least one time per

week. Pages related to mental health were visited the least, with around 11% of the

respondents visiting at least one time per week.

Secondly, the amount of fitspiration pages respondents followed also differed for the

four types of pages, F(1.19, 354.46) = 22.84, p < .001. Even though FitPages Weight Loss

did not significantly differ from FitPages Mental Health (p = .293), all other types of pages

differed significantly from each other (p <.001). Respondents followed most pages related to

fitness, then healthy eating, and finally pages related to mental health and weight loss.

Finally, the engagement differed for the four types of pages, F(2.87, 832.37) = 78.07,

p < .001. While FitEng Weight Loss did not differ significantly from FitEng Mental

Health (p = .485), the other types of pages differed significantly (p = .007). Though

respectively 70% and 65.6% never engages with mental health and weight loss pages, only

36.3% never engages with fitness pages and 29.7% never engages with healthy eating pages.
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Table 2
The mean use of the four types of health and fitness-social media pages
Fitness Healthy eating Weight loss Mental health
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Fitspiration exposure* 4.45 a (2.39) 4.28a (2.16) 2.43b (2.31) 1.71c (1.85)
Amount of pages followed 18.69a (61.47) 8.17b (22.37) 1.15c (2.68) 2.05c (14.89)
Engagement 1.31a (.35) 1.35b (.34) 1.13c (.23) 1.14c (.24)
*reflects how often fitspiration pages were visited in the past 3 months
Note. Means with a different superscript differ significantly from each other, p < .05

Is Fitspiration Exposure Related to Body Image?

Five regression analyses using PROCESS model 3 were conducted to investigate if

fitspiration exposure is related to body image, respectively looking at total fitspiration

exposure and the four types of health and fitness-related social media pages separately (Table

3). All analyses were controlled for BMI and age. The first regression analysis showed that

total fitspiration exposure is positively related to body dissatisfaction (b* = .18, p < .001).

Thus, exposure to all types of pages is related to greater body dissatisfaction. Follow-up

regressions, that distinguished between the four types of pages, showed that although body

dissatisfaction was positively related to (1) FitExp - Fitness (b* = .08, p = .003), (2) FitExp

Healthy Eating (b* = .10, p < .001), and (3) FitExp Weight Loss (b* = .14, p < .001), there

was no significant relationship with FitExp Mental health (b* = .04, p = .196).
 19

Table 3
Exposure to health and fitness-related social media and body dissatisfaction (N = 281)
Outcome: Body dissatisfaction
Total Fitness Healthy Weight Mental health
exposure eating loss
Control variables
BMI .12* .13* .13* .12* .13*
Age -.01 -.00 -.01 -.01 .01
Social media
Fitspiration exposure .18* .08* .10* .14* .04
Personality
Fit-ideal internalization (FII) .13 .18* .17* .16* .26*
Thin-ideal internalization (TII) .52* .57* .54* .49* .58*
Ideal body attainability beliefs (IBAB) -.31* -.32* -.30* -.29* -.26*
Interactions
Fitspiration exposure X FII .02 .00 -.02 -.01 .02
Fitspiration exposure X TII .05 .04 .04 .04 .01
Fitspiration exposure X IBAB .07 .06* -.00 .02 .08*
Fitspiration exposure X FII X IBAB .01 .01 .00 .00 -.03
Note: the coefficients are standardized betas (b*)
* p < .05

Is Fitspiration Exposure Related to Self-Esteem?

Five regression analyses using PROCESS model 3 were conducted to investigate if

fitspiration exposure is related to self-esteem, respectively looking at total fitspiration

exposure and the four types of health and fitness-related social media pages separately (Table

4). Analyses were controlled for BMI and age. The first analysis showed that total fitspiration

exposure is negatively related to appearance self-esteem (b* = -.12, p < .001). Exposure to all

types of pages is related to lower appearance self-esteem. Follow-up regressions, that

distinguished between the four types of pages, showed that although self-esteem was

negatively related to (1) FitExp Healthy Eating (b* = -.06, p = .002), and (2) FitExp
 20

Weight Loss (b* = -.11, p < .001), there was no significant relationship with FitExp Fitness

(b* = -.04, p = .074) and FitExp Mental Health (b* = -.01, p = .669).

Table 4
Exposure to health and fitness-related social media and self-esteem (N = 281)
Outcome: Appearance self-esteem
Total Fitness Healthy Weight Mental health
exposure eating loss
Control variables
BMI -.05* -.06* -.06* -.05* -.06*
Age .02 .01 .02 .02 .01
Social media
Fitspiration exposure -.12* -.04 -.06* -.11* -.01
Personality
Fit-ideal internalization (FII) -.09 -.13* -.12* -.10* -.18*
Thin-ideal internalization (TII) -.34* -.37* -.36* -.31* -.38*
Ideal body attainability beliefs (IBAB) .27* .26* .26* .25* .24*
Interactions
Fitspiration exposure X FII .01 .03 .02 .03 -.02
Fitspiration exposure X TII -.06* -.04* -.03 -.05* -.02
Fitspiration exposure X IBAB -.04 -.03 -.01 -.02 -.03
Fitspiration exposure X FII X IBAB -.01 -.00 -.01 -.01 .00
Note: the coefficients are standardized betas (b*)
* p < .05

Is Fitspiration Exposure Related to Excessive Exercise?

Five regression analyses using PROCESS model 3 were conducted to investigate if

fitspiration exposure is related to excessive exercise, respectively looking at total fitspiration

exposure and the four types of health and fitness-related social media pages separately (Table

5). Analyses were controlled for BMI and age. The first regression analysis showed that total

fitspiration exposure is positively related to excessive exercise (b* = 2.42, p < .001). Exposure
 21

to all types of pages is related to greater excessive exercise. Follow-up regressions, that

distinguished between the four types of pages, showed that while excessive exercise was

positively related to (1) FitExp - Fitness (b* = 1.41, p = .006), (2) FitExp - Healthy Eating (b*

= 1.75, p = .001), and (3) FitExp - Weight Loss (b* = 1.17, p = .026), there was no significant

relationship with FitExp - Mental Health (b* = .76, p = .168).

Table 5
Exposure to health and fitness-related social media and excessive exercise (N = 281)
Outcome: Excessive exercise
Total Fitness Healthy Weight Mental health
exposure eating loss
Control variables
BMI .23 .28 .28 .32 .29
Age .13 .08 .19 .20 .41
Social media
Fitspiration exposure 2.43* 1.41* 1.75* 1.17* .76
Personality
Fit-ideal internalization (FII) 9.81* 10.51* 10.37* 10.79* 11.29*
Thin-ideal internalization (TII) 4.19* 5.31* 5.10* 5.00* 6.65*
Ideal body attainability beliefs (IBAB) 2.95* 3.13* 2.83* 2.82* 3.28*
Interactions
Fitspiration exposure X FII .31 -.28 .39 .49 .35
Fitspiration exposure X TII .77 .40 .63 1.04 1.23
Fitspiration exposure X IBAB -.03 -.75 .33 -.75 1.04
Fitspiration exposure X FII X IBAB -.65 -.93* -.43 -.52 -.87
Note: the coefficients are standardized betas (b*)
* p < .05
 22

Understanding the Role of Thin-Ideal Internalization, Fit-Ideal Internalization, and

Ideal Body Attainability Beliefs

Finally, the role of thin-ideal internalization, fit-ideal internalization and ideal body

attainability beliefs was investigated by looking at their main effect and interaction effects

with fitspiration exposure. For investigating those effects PROCESS model 1 and 3 was used.

Body image. Thin-ideal and fit-ideal internalization were positively related to body

dissatisfaction, while ideal body attainability beliefs was negatively related to body

dissatisfaction (Table 3). Thus, internalization of the thin and fit ideal is associated to greater

body dissatisfaction. The attainability of the ideal body is associated to lower body

dissatisfaction.

The two-way interaction effects for thin-ideal and fit-ideal internalization with

fitspiration exposure for body image were not significant (Table 3). However, the two-way

interaction effect for ideal body attainability beliefs and pages related to fitness was

significant for body image (Table 3). Thus, for women who perceived the fit ideal to be

attainable the positive relationship between pages related to fitness with body dissatisfaction

was stronger. Furthermore, the two-way interaction effect for ideal body attainability beliefs

and pages related to mental health was significant for body image (Table 3). By inspecting the

plot, data showed that although there was no overall relationship of exposure to mental health

pages and body image, for women who perceived the fit ideal to be highly attainable there

was a positive relationship between pages related to mental health with body dissatisfaction.

Finally, the three-way interaction effect between fit-ideal internalization, ideal body

attainability beliefs and fitspiration exposure was not significant (Table 3).

Appearance self-esteem. Thin-ideal and fit-ideal internalization were negatively

related to appearance self-esteem, while ideal body attainability beliefs was positively related

to appearance self-esteem (Table 4). Thus, internalization of the thin and fit ideal is related to
 23

lower appearance self-esteem and the attainability of the ideal body is related to a greater

appearance self-esteem.

The two-way interaction effects for fit-ideal internalization and ideal body

attainability beliefs with fitspiration exposure for self-esteem were not significant (Table 4).

However, the two-way interaction effect for thin-ideal internalization and weight loss pages

was significant for self-esteem (Table 4). For women who had internalized the thin ideal the

negative relationship between weight loss pages with self-esteem was stronger. Furthermore,

the two-way interaction effect for thin-ideal internalization and fitness pages was significant

for self-esteem (Table 4). After inspection of the plot, data showed that although there was no

overall relationship of exposure to fitness pages and self-esteem, the relationship between

exposure to fitness pages and self-esteem was most problematic for women who had

internalized the thin ideal. Finally, the three-way interaction effect of fit-ideal internalization

and ideal body attainability beliefs with fitspiration exposure was not significant (Table 4).

Excessive exercise. Thin-ideal internalization, fit-ideal internalization and ideal body

attainability beliefs were positively related to excessive exercise (Table 5). Thus, thin-ideal

internalization, fit-ideal internalization and ideal body attainability beliefs are related to

greater excessive exercise. However, none of the two-way interaction effects were significant

(Table 5). Finally, the multiple interaction effect of fit-ideal internalization and ideal body

attainability beliefs with exposure to pages related to fitness for excessive exercise was

significant (Table 5). The positive relationship between exposure to pages related to fitness

and excessive exercise is weaker for females who had internalized the fit ideal and perceived

it to be attainable.
 24

Discussion

The present study aimed to shed light on fitspiration, a new online trend, by investigating the

relationship between exposure to different types of fitspiration social media pages and young

adult womens body image, self-esteem and excessive exercise. Overall, exposure to

fitspiration accounts, or health and fitness-related social media, was related to greater body

dissatisfaction, increased commitment to excessive exercise and lower appearance self-

esteem. Therefore, exposure to fitspiration accounts is negatively related to body image and

self-esteem, in addition exposure to fitspiration accounts is positively related to excessive

exercise. This finding is consistent with a large body of previous research demonstrating that

exposure to ideal images, which tend to objectify muscular women and encourage fitness for

appearance reasons, is associated with negative outcomes (e.g., Harper & Tiggemann, 2008;

Mond et al., 2006; Tiggeman & Zaccardo, 2015, Vartanian et al., 2012).

Remarkably, the relationship between exposure to fitspiration social media and body

image, self-esteem and excessive exercise differed for the four types of health and fitness-

related social media pages, i.e. pages related to fitness, healthy eating, weight loss, and mental

health. Exposure to fitness pages was related to a higher body dissatisfaction and excessive

exercise, but not to self-esteem. Pages related to healthy eating and weight loss were related to

a higher body dissatisfaction, excessive exercise and lower self-esteem. This is problematic as

it highlight that those types of pages are associated with body image disturbance. It is

important to take those risk pages into account in order to better educate and inform young

women. Notably, exposure to mental health pages was not related to body dissatisfaction,

self-esteem, and excessive exercise. This finding extends previous research that different

types of pages contain different content, and therefore they may have different types of

effects. For example a possible explanation could be that fitspiration pages, such as pages

related to fitness, healthy eating, and weight loss, feature ideal bodies which are less thin than
 25

those of models, but they are still relatively thin, in addition to being toned and strong.

Therefore, they are still related to body image disturbance. However, pages related to mental

health can contain different content. Pages related to mental health emphasize that in

becoming fit, self-care and a healthy mind-set are important. Therefore, they could have

different effects with regard to body image concerns.

Although it is interesting to look at the relationship between the exposure to different

types of fitspiration social media pages with body image and excessive exercise concerns, this

relationship is not only affected by the type of media content itself but also by individual

differences. First, an important individual difference is represented by internalization. Based

on previous studies arguing that thin-ideal internalization could be a key risk factor for the

development of body image concerns because the thin ideal is unattainable for most women

(Clark & Tiggemann, 2006; Blowers et al., 2003; Thompson & Stice, 2001), it was

hypothesized that the same would apply for the fit-ideal internalization. Therefore, the role of

internalization as a main predictor and as a moderator was investigated.

As expected, thin-ideal and fit-ideal internalization are a risk factor for the

development of body image and self-esteem concerns. One explanation is that while the

figure displayed in fitspiration is less thin and more muscular than that of the thin ideal, it is

still seen as unattainable for most women (Krane, Stiles-Shipley, Waldron, & Michalenok,

2001). In addition, thin-ideal and fit-ideal internalization are a risk factor for excessive

exercise. This can be seen as highly problematic, because the finding indicates that fit-ideal

internalization has besides body image concerns also negative behavioural consequences.

Although fit-ideal internalization was a main predictor of the negative outcomes for

body dissatisfaction, self-esteem and excessive exercise, it did not moderate the relationships

between fitspiration exposure and these negative outcomes. It remains unclear why fit-ideal

internalization did not moderate those relationships and future studies are needed to look into
 26

this. However, thin-ideal internalization did moderate the relationship between fitness and

weight loss pages with self-esteem. Thus, as expected women high in thin-ideal

internalization are more vulnerable for being influenced by the ideal body presented in pages

related to fitness and weight loss for self-esteem than women low in thin-ideal internalization.

Furthermore, thin-ideal internalization is stronger related to a lower body image and self-

esteem than fit-ideal internalization, thus this might be the most important individual

characteristic to look at.

A second important individual difference is captured by ideal body attainability

beliefs. On the one hand thinking the ideal body is attainable, is a risk factor for excessive

exercise, but on the other hand it is a protect factor against body dissatisfaction and a low

self-esteem. It is important to take this individual difference into account to better educate

young women and identify which women are at risk for excessive exercise and which women

are protected against body image disturbance. Furthermore, contradictory with the finding that

ideal body attainability beliefs is a protect factor against body dissatisfaction, for women who

perceived the fit ideal to be attainable the positive relationship between pages related to

fitness and mental health with body dissatisfaction is stronger. A possible explanation for this

contrary finding is that the same women, who perceive the fit ideal to be attainable, use those

kinds of pages more. Thus, women who think the body displayed in fitness and mental health

pages is attainable are looking for more information and work outs to attain this figure. As a

result, those types of women are more exposed and therefore, the relationship between

exposure to fitness and mental health pages for body dissatisfaction could be stronger.

However more research is needed into this topic of ideal body attainability beliefs and

research need to investigate why for women who perceived the fit ideal to be attainable the

relationship between fitness and mental health pages with body dissatisfaction is stronger.
 27

Finally, the present study examined if fitspiration had an inspirational effect on

individuals. The inspiration theory argues that individuals for whom thinness is a self-relevant

characteristic and who perceive it to be attainable feel inspired by the idealized body images

(Lockwood & Kunda, 1997). Therefore they evaluate their own bodies more positively and

could feel less the urge to excessive exercise. It was hypothesized that the inspiration theory

would also apply for fitspiration. Although the inspiration theory did not apply for body

image and self-esteem, it applied for excessive exercise. For women who had internalized the

fit ideal and perceived it to be attainable the positive relationship between exposure to pages

related to fitness and excessive exercise was weaker. Thus, women who feel inspired by

fitspiration are less likely to excessive exercise.

Limitations and Future Research

The current study contributes to the growing body of literature on the new media and body

image. In particular, it highlights fitspiration as a new online trend associated with body

image disturbance. Moreover, the current study is the first to look at the different types of

health and fitness-related social media pages. The current study emphasizes that the

relationship between fitspiration social media and body disturbance involves a complex

transaction between media content and what the individual brings to the media. Furthermore,

the current study extends previous research to not only look at body image concerns but also

at a new behavioural consequence, namely excessive exercise.

Despite the strengths of this study, it has two limitations. First, the BMI score was

self-reported through asking about respondents length and weight. For instance it could be

the case respondents were embarrassed about their weight, resulting in an incorrect BMI

score. Another way to measure BMI is by privately weighting en measuring the height of each

respondent to compute the BMI (Clark & Tiggemann, 2006). Second, an important limitation
 28

of the study is that the cross-sectional design prevents us from making statements about the

direction of causation among the variables. Although the main concern is about the negative

effect, this study was only able to investigate relationships. It is unclear, for example, if

exposure to fitspiration leads to increased body dissatisfaction or if body dissatisfaction

increases womens exposure to fitspiration. If we want to know if exposure leads to body

disturbance, other types of studies, such as experimental and longitudinal research, need to be

done. There is only one study up to now that has demonstrated that exposure to fitspiration

imagery leads to negative body image outcomes (Tiggemann & Zaccardo, 2015). Although

cross-sectional survey is an important first step in determining whether the new fitspiration

trend is a reason for concern, more research is needed to determine the direction of causality.

Moreover, because the current study stresses out that different types of pages contain

different content and therefore may have different types of effects, it is also important to do a

content analyses to investigate which type of health and fitness-related social media pages

could be problematic with regard to body image disturbance. Although fitspiration accounts

tend to feature ideal bodies which are less thin than those of models, some type of pages could

still display ideal bodies which are relatively thin, in addition to being toned and strong and

therefore be related to body image disturbance. Additionally, pages related to mental health

should be investigated more closely, because they might be potentially helpful in discouraging

body image disturbance.

Finally, it is recommended for future research to investigate other groups of

individuals. This study particularly investigated young adult women from the Netherlands.

Future research could specifically investigate other age groups, such as adolescent girls, who

are particularly high consumers of fitspiration content and are in a challenging time in terms

of self-esteem and body image (Carrotte et al., 2015). Moreover, it would be interesting for

future research to investigate men as target group. Although fitspiration is mainly targeted at
 29

women (Carrotte et al., 2015), future research could include health and fitness-related social

media content aimed at men, such as bodybuilding or other muscularity-based initiatives.

Conclusion

This study identifies a strong need to keep exploring the role of fitspiration, because of its

popularity. For example, to explore other negative as well as positive effects of fitspiration or

other risk factors related to body image disturbance. Furthermore, the usage of fitspiration can

be explored, for instance to explore at which point the usage of fitspiration is dangerous.

Although fitspiration needs to be explored more, the present study has clearly

demonstrated that exposure to fitspiration is related to greater body dissatisfaction, increased

commitment to excessive exercise and lower appearance self-esteem. In particular, it

highlights fitspiration as a new online trend associated with body image disturbance and

excessive exercise. In short, the current study emphasized that the relationship between

fitspiration social media with body image disturbance and excessive exercise involves a

complex transaction between media content and what the individual brings to the media.

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what-is-fitspiration

Appendix 1

Dutch Text Facebook

Hoi iedereen

Fitspiration is een nieuwe trend op sociale media, maar we weten nog maar weinig over het
gebruik van deze sociale media accounts. Daarom gaat mijn afstudeeronderzoek over
fitspiration en zoek ik vrouwen tussen de 18-28 jaar om enkele vragen te beantwoorden over
het gebruik van fitspiration social media paginas. Ook als je zelf geen fitspiration social
media paginas volgt, kun je meedoen aan mijn onderzoek. Naast vragen over je sociale
media gebruik, komen er vragen aan bod over sporten, fitheid en verschillende vragen over je
persoonlijkheid. Het invullen van de online vragenlijst kost ongeveer 20 minuten en je zou er
mij enorm mee helpen! Meedoen kan hier: www.link...com

Alvast ontzettend bedankt!

Text TopLab Website for Research Credits

Fitspiration: sportief online

Dit onderzoek gaat over de nieuwe trend op sociale media genaamd fitspiration. Fitspiration
social media paginas staan vol informatie over fitness, gezond eten, sporten en tips voor
mentale gezondheid. Wij zoeken vrouwen tussen de 18 en 28 jaar die mee willen doen. Het
invullen van de online vragenlijst duurt ongeveer 20 minuten.
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Text Social Media Fitgirls.nl

Fitspiration social media paginas staan vol informatie over fitness, gezond eten, sporten en
tips voor mentale gezondheid. Om een beter beeld te krijgen van de nieuwe trend zoeken we
vrouwen tussen de 18 en 28 jaar die een aantal vragen willen beantwoorden over het gebruik
van fitspiration social media paginas. Het invullen van de online vragenlijst duurt ongeveer
20 minuten. Na het onderzoek zal een blog volgen over de nieuwe bevindingen van het
onderzoek! Het gaat hierbij om algemene bevindingen, niemand ook de onderzoekers niet
zal de resultaten kunnen terugkoppelen aan specifieke personen. Voor het onderzoek is het
belangrijk dat elke vrouw eerlijk is en vrij durft te spreken, daarom is alles anoniem.

Appendix 2

Survey: Social Media and Fitness

Welkom bij vragenlijst social media en fitspiration

Welkom bij deze vragenlijst. Dit is een onderzoek van de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Het

onderzoek gaat over de nieuwe trend op sociale media genaamd fitspiration. Fitspiration

social media paginas staan vol informatie over fitness, gezond eten, sporten en tips voor

mentale gezondheid. Fitspiration staat in dit onderzoek centraal omdat we op dit moment nog

maar heel weinig weten over het gebruik van deze social media accounts onder jonge

vrouwen.

Het invullen van de vragenlijst kost ongeveer 20 minuten.

Sommige vragen in dit onderzoek zijn persoonlijk van aard. U kunt op elk moment stoppen

met het invullen van de vragenlijst, door uw browser-window te sluiten. Uw antwoorden

worden strikt vertrouwelijk en anoniem behandeld en niet aan derden doorgegeven.

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Bovendien worden de bevindingen van dit onderzoek alleen voor wetenschappelijke

doeleinden gebruikt.

U kunt tot 24 uur na deelname aan het onderzoek uw toestemming intrekken. Dit vereist geen

verdere toelichting en hiermee geeft U aan dat wij uw gegevens niet mogen gebruiken voor

het onderzoek. Dit kunt U doen door een mail te sturen naar Danille Antonis

(danielle.antonis@student.uva.nl).

Alvast veel dank voor het invullen. We beginnen met enkele vragen over uzelf.

PS. Mocht U tijdens of na afloop van de vragenlijst klachten hebben over het onderzoek of de

gevolgde procedure, kunt U contact opnemen met dr Annemarie van Oosten van de ethische

commissie, via ASCoR Secretariaat, Ethische Commissie, UvA,

postbus 15792, 1001 NG Amsterdam;

020-525 3680; ascor-secr-fmg@uva.nl

Een vertrouwelijke behandeling van uw klacht of opmerking is daarbij gewaarborgd.

o Ja, ik wil doorgaan

o Nee, ik wil niet doorgaan

1. Hoe ben je bij deze vragenlijst gekomen?

o Via Fitgirls of een ander fitspiration account

o Via de onderzoeker, Danille Antonis

o Via vrienden

o Via de oproep op de TopLab Website

o Anders, namelijk ________

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2. Ik ben een

o Man

o Vrouw

3. Hoe oud ben je?

o jonger dan 18

o 18

o 19

o 20

o 21

o 22

o 23

o 24

o 25

o 26

o 27

o 28

o ouder dan 28

4. In welk land ben je geboren?

o Nederland

o Anders, namelijk ________

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5. Wat is je hoogst voltooide opleidingsniveau?

o Geen opleiding

o Lagere school / basisonderwijs

o LBO, VBO, LTS, LHNO, VMBO

o MAVO, VMBO-t, MBO-kort

o MBO, MTS, MEAO

o HAVO, VWO, Gymnasium

o HBO, HEAO, PABO, HTS

o Universiteit

o Anders, namelijk ________

6. Hoe lang ben je? (in meters, bijv 1,65)

________

7. Wat is je gewicht? (in kilo's)

________

8. Weet je je BMI?

o Ja, dat is ________

o Nee

Op de volgende pagina's vragen we naar het gebruik van vier verschillende type gezondheid

en fitness gerelateerde social media pagina's.

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Als eerste volgen er drie vragen die gaan over hoe vaak je de vier type gezondheid en fitness

gerelateerde social media pagina's bezoekt: (1) gemiddeld in afgelopen 3 maanden, (2)

gemiddeld op een doordeweekse dag, en (3) gemiddeld op een weekend dag.

Daarna worden er vragen gesteld over hoeveel pagina's je volgt van elk type gezondheid en

fitness gerelateerde social media. Vervolgens volgen er vragen over hoe betrokken je bent bij

de vier type gezondheid en fitness gerelateerde social media pagina's.

Op elke pagina staan twee voorbeeld afbeeldingen van de type gezondheid en fitness

gerelateerde social media pagina waar we naar verwijzen.

Hieronder kun je een voorbeeld zijn van elk van de vier type gezondheid en fitness

gerelateerde social media pagina's:

9. Hoe vaak bezocht je pagina's gerelateerd aan fitness, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen van

vrouwen die aan het sporten zijn of sportkleding aanhebben gemiddeld in de afgelopen 3

maanden?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

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o Meerdere keren per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag

o Meerdere keren per week

o Ongeveer 1 keer per week

o Meerdere keren per maand

o Ongeveer 1 keer per maand

o Bijna nooit

o Nooit
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10. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan fitness, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen van

vrouwen die aan het sporten zijn of sportkleding aanhebben bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit

gemiddeld op een doordeweekse dag (maandag tot vrijdag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
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11. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan fitness, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen van

vrouwen die aan het sporten zijn of sportkleding aanhebben bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit

gemiddeld op een weekend dag (zaterdag en zondag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

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o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
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12. Hoe vaak bezocht je pagina's gerelateerd aan gezond eten, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen

met gezond eten, detox of diten gemiddeld in de afgelopen 3 maanden?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meerdere keren per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag

o Meerdere keren per week

o Ongeveer 1 keer per week

o Meerdere keren per maand

o Ongeveer 1 keer per maand

o Bijna nooit

o Nooit
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13. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan gezond eten, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen met

gezond eten, detox of diten bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit gemiddeld op een doordeweekse dag

(maandag tot vrijdag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet
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o Helemaal niet
 48

14. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan gezond eten, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen met

gezond eten, detox of diten bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit gemiddeld op een weekend dag

(zaterdag en zondag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
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15. Hoe vaak bezocht je pagina's gerelateerd aan afvallen, zoals pagina's met voor en na afval

foto's gemiddeld in de afgelopen 3 maanden?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meerdere keren per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag

o Meerdere keren per week

o Ongeveer 1 keer per week

o Meerdere keren per maand

o Ongeveer 1 keer per maand

o Bijna nooit

o Nooit
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16. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan afvallen, zoals pagina's met voor en na afval

foto's bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit gemiddeld op een doordeweekse dag (maandag tot vrijdag)?
 51

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
 52

17. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan afvallen, zoals pagina's met voor en na afval

foto's bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit gemiddeld op een weekend dag (zaterdag en zondag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
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 54

18. Hoe vaak bezocht je pagina's gerelateerd aan mentale gezondheid, zoals yoga en ontstress

gemiddeld in de afgelopen 3 maanden?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meerdere keren per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag

o Meerdere keren per week

o Ongeveer 1 keer per week

o Meerdere keren per maand

o Ongeveer 1 keer per maand

o Bijna nooit

o Nooit
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19. Wanneer je dan pagina's gerelateerd aan mentale gezondheid, zoals yoga en ontstress

bezoekt, hoelang doe je dit gemiddeld op een doordeweekse dag (maandag tot vrijdag)?

o Ik check(te) de pagina de hele dag door

o Meer dan 5 uur per dag

o 4 tot 5 uur per dag

o 3 tot 4 uur per dag

o 2,5 tot 3 uur per dag

o 2 tot 2,5 uur per dag

o 1,5 tot 2 uur per dag

o 1 tot 1,5 uur per dag

o 0,5 tot 1 uur per dag

o Ongeveer 1 keer per dag minder dan een 0,5 uur

o Bijna niet

o Helemaal niet
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De vragen op de volgende pagina's gaan over hoeveel pagina's je volgt van elk type

gezondheid en fitness gerelateerde social media.

20. Hoeveel pagina's volg je gerelateerd aan fitness, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen van

vrouwen die aan het sporten zijn of sportkleding aanhebben?

______
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21. Hoeveel pagina's volg je gerelateerd aan gezond eten, zoals pagina's met afbeeldingen met

gezond eten, detox of diten?

______
 59

22. Hoeveel pagina's volg je gerelateerd aan afvallen, zoals pagina's met voor en na afval
foto's?

______
 60

23. Hoeveel pagina's volg je gerelateerd aan mentale gezondheid, zoals yoga en ontstress?

______
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De vragen op de volgende pagina's gaan over hoe betrokken je bent bij de vier type

gezondheid en fitness gerelateerde social media pagina's.

24. Wil je aangeven hoe betrokken je bent bij de pagina's gerelateerd aan fitness, zoals

pagina's met afbeeldingen van vrouwen die aan het sporten zijn of sportkleding aanhebben?

nooit soms vaak

Afbeeldingen en berichten
liken/harten
Reageren op een afbeelding of
bericht
Afbeeldingen en berichten
delen met vrienden
Zelf berichten op de pagina's
posten
62
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25. Wil je aangeven hoe betrokken je bent bij pagina's gerelateerd aan gezond eten, zoals

pagina's met afbeeldingen met gezond eten, detox of diten?

nooit soms vaak

Afbeeldingen en berichten
liken/harten
Reageren op een afbeelding of
bericht
Afbeeldingen en berichten
delen met vrienden
Zelf berichten op de pagina's
posten
 64

26. Wil je aangeven hoe betrokken je bent bij pagina's gerelateerd aan afvallen, zoals pagina's

met voor en na afval foto's?

nooit soms vaak

Afbeeldingen en berichten
liken/harten
Reageren op een afbeelding of
bericht
Afbeeldingen en berichten
delen met vrienden
Zelf berichten op de pagina's
posten
65
 66

27. Wil je aangeven hoe betrokken je bent bij pagina's gerelateerd aan mentale gezondheid,

zoals yoga en ontstress?

nooit soms vaak

Afbeeldingen en berichten
liken/harten
Reageren op een afbeelding of
bericht
Afbeeldingen en berichten
delen met vrienden
Zelf berichten op de pagina's
posten
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28. Heb je zelf een gezondheid en fitness gerelateerde social media pagina?

o Ja

o Nee

29. De volgende stellingen gaan over je lichaam. Wil je aangeven hoe vaak je het volgende

doet of denkt over je lichaam?

nooit bijna nooit soms vaak heel vaak altijd

Wanneer ik mijn lichaam
vergelijk met dat van
leeftijdsgenoten, ben ik
ontevreden met mijn lichaam.
Ik heb de neiging om mijn
lichaam te verbergen (bv. door
losse kleren te dragen).
Wanneer ik in de spiegel naar
mijn lichaam kijk, ben ik
ontevreden.
Ik benijd anderen voor hun
fysiek uiterlijk.
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30. Wil je aangeven in hoeverre je het eens of oneens bent met de onderstaande uitspraken?

Er is natuurlijk geen juist antwoord voor elke uitspraak. Het beste antwoord is wat goed voelt

voor jezelf.

beetje mee
helemaal mee eens, beetje helemaal mee
oneens mee oneens mee oneens mee eens eens
Ik ben tevreden met hoe mijn
lichaam er uitziet.
Ik denk dat anderen respect en
bewondering voor mij hebben.
Ik ben ontevreden met mijn
gewicht.

Ik voel me goed over mezelf.

Ik ben tevreden over mijn

uiterlijk.

Ik voel me onaantrekkelijk.

De volgende vragen gaan over opvattingen over sport, beweging en activiteit. Geef bij elke

vraag het punt op het continum aan dat het beste bij jou past.

Let op! In de onderstaande vragen hebben we het over sportsessies, denk hierbij aan de

sporten die je op regelmatige wijze beoefent. Dit kan een work-out thuis zijn, hardlopen, een

bezoek aan de sportschool, of je hockey wedstrijd en training.

31. Hoe belangrijk is het volgens jou voor je algemene gezondheid dat je geen enkele

sportsessie mist?

Helemaal niet belangrijk --------------------------------------------------------------- Zeer belangrijk

32. Hoe rot voel jij je wanneer je om de n of andere reden geen tijd hebt voor je sportsessie?

Helemaal niet rot --------------------------------------------------------------- Heel erg rot

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33. Als je n of meerdere sportsessies mist, probeer je dit dan goed te maken door de

volgende keer meer tijd in de sportsessie te investeren?

Nooit --------------------------------------------------------------- Altijd

34. Heb je een vaste routine voor je sportsessies, bijvoorbeeld, hetzelfde tijdstip van de dag,

dezelfde plaats, hetzelfde aantal rondjes, specifieke oefeningen, enzovoort?

Geen routine --------------------------------------------------------------- Strikte routine

35. Ga je wel eens door met sporten terwijl je je moe of onwel voelt?

Nooit --------------------------------------------------------------- Altijd

36. Ga je wel eens door met sporten ondanks dat je een sport gerelateerde blessure hebt

opgelopen?

Nooit --------------------------------------------------------------- Altijd

37. Voel jij je 'schuldig' wanneer je je een sportsessie overslaat?

Helemaal niet --------------------------------------------------------------- In grote mate

38. Zijn er momenten waarop je een uitnodiging voor een interessante sociale activiteit

afslaat, omdat deze samenvalt met een geplande sportsessie?

Nooit --------------------------------------------------------------- Altijd

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39. De volgende stellingen gaan over fitheid. Wil je aangeven in hoeverre je het eens of

oneens bent met onderstaande uitspraken?

beetje mee
Helemaal mee eens, beetje Helemaal mee
oneens Mee oneens mee oneens Mee eens eens
Ik vind het belangrijk om er
atletisch uit te zien.
Ik denk veel na over er gespierd
uitzien.
Ik besteed er veel tijd aan om er
atletischer uit te zien.
Ik denk veel na over er atletisch
uitzien.
Ik besteed er veel tijd aan om er
gespierder uit te zien.

Ik wil er dun uitzien.

Ik denk veel na over er dun

uitzien.

Ik wil er slank uitzien.

Ik denk veel na over het hebben

van weinig lichaamsvet.
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40. De volgende uitspraken gaan over je verwachting van het halen van je dieet doelen met

betrekking tot fitspiration. Wil je aangeven in hoeverre je het eens of oneens bent met

onderstaande uitspraken?

helemaal beetje mee beetje mee helemaal

mee oneens mee oneens oneens eens mee eens mee eens
Er is een grote kans dat mijn
toekomstige diten zullen
werken.
Ik ben ervan overtuigd dat ik in
de toekomst mijn gewicht goed
onder controle kan houden.
Ik heb een goed gevoel over
het behalen van mijn dieet
doelen.
Ik weet zeker dat ik in staat
ben om me te houden aan mijn
sport routine.
Er is een grote kans dat ik mijn
ideale gewicht in de toekomst
zal behalen.
Ik heb een goed gevoel over
het behalen van een gespierd
lichaam.

Dit is het einde van de vragenlijst, U heeft alle vragen ingevuld. Nogmaals hartelijk dank dat

u mee heeft gedaan aan dit onderzoek over fitness en social media. We willen nogmaals

benadrukken dat de informatie die u heeft verstrekt vertrouwelijk en anoniem behandeld zal

worden.