RIVETED AND WELDED JOINTS

d T = Diameter of rivet

d h = hole diameter

d= final rivet diameter

(used for stress analysis
of joint)

From MD by B and A typical relations are;

dh = dT + 1/16

d= dh
+ 1/16
therefore d = d T

Types of Riveted joints

a. Lap joint

b. Butt joint

Note:
Riveted joints typically have about 40% - 94% joint efficiency the higher
efficiency is attained in a quadruple riveted, double strapped joint (ASME
Boiler Code)

Joint efficiency (e or Nj )

Safe tensile load F

e= =
tensile strength of gross plate Fg
Where;
F= safe tensile load that the joint may sustain (determined by considering
possible failures such as tension, shear, compression and the combination of
these failures.)
F g = tensile strength of the un punched (gross) main plate

For Fg;
Fg=Sd [Ltp] Sut
T Sd =
T
N
tp Plate thickness

L - length of joint (usually the pitch of repeating group of rivets)

Sd T -tensile strength of plate material

N - factor of safety

For F (tension)
F=S d (Lnd)tp
T

d rivet final diameter

n number of rivets in a row dt plate thickness tp or strap thickness

(which ever is weaker)
L length of joint

For F (tension)
For Compression

F=S d (dt )n
C

n = no. of rivet holes

dt = plate thickness tp pr strap thickness ts (whichever is weaker)
Sd C compressive strength of plate

For shear

F=S d [nS ( 4 )( d ) ]
2

n number of shears areas

Sd S shear design stress

Note;
For a complicated joint, F may be formed from the combination of the above
expressions
Example No. 2
Calculate the joint efficiency of the given riveted joint. Use a factor of safety
of 5 and the following strength values:

S u =700 kg /cm2
t

2
S u =1400 kg /cm
C

S u =550 kg/cm 2
S
 Fg
S= S dt
Ag

Su
Fg=Sdt [ Ag ] = [ L (tp ) ]
t

700
Fg= ( 16 ( 0.6 ) )
5

Fg=1344 kgf

Safe tensile load, Fs

Tensile failure of plate

E Su
S= S dt = t

A N

A= ( Lnd ) tp

Su
F= [ ( Lnd ) tp]
t

700
F=
5
[ ( 16 )4 ( 1.5 ) ] 0.6

F=840 kg

Compressive/bearing failure
 F S uc
S= S dC =
Ab N

Suc
F= [n ( d ) ( tp ) ]
N

1400
F= [4 (1.5 )( 0.6 ) ]
5

F=1008 kgf

Shearing failure of plate

F Su
SS= S ds= s

As N

Su
F=
N
s
[n ( 4 )( d ) ]
2

550
F=
5
[4
4 ( )
( 1.5 )2 ]

F=777.5 kg

Therefore, the safe tensile load is only F=777.5 kg

F 777.5
e=nj= = 100
Fg 1344
 e=57.85

e=57.85

Example no. 2
Compute the efficiency of the triple-riveted, double strapped riveted joint (as
previously introduced), the pitch of the outermost column/row of rivets is
125mm. the plates are 11mm thick each, and the straps are each 9.5 mm
thick. Consider the final rivet diameter d to be 24 mm. Use a factor safety
of 5 and the ff. of other values
S u =380 MPa
t
For the
S u =655 MPa
C

S u =300 MPa
S for the plates

SOLUTION
e=?

Bearing failure of plate/strap

Suc
F=
N
[ n ( d ) (t) ]

tp
1 ( d ) t s +2 ( d ) t p +2 ( d )
AA 655 BB or
F=
t s <t p 5 CC
t r <2t s
 655
F= 1(24) [ 1 ( 95 )+ 2 ( 11 )+2(11) ]
5

* F=168204 N

* Tensile failure of plate @ B-B accompanied by shearing failure @ A-A

Sut S
F=
N
[ N[
( J nd ) t p ]+ us n d 2
4 ]
24 2

1
4
380
F= [ 1252 ( 24 ) ] 11+ 300
5 5

F=91515.4 N

*T.F of plate @ B-B accompanied by B-F of plate/strap @ A-A

380 655
F=
5
[ 1252(24 )] 11+
5
[ 1 ( 24 ) 9.5 ]
t s <t p
F=94240 N

Safe tensileload is

84436
e=
104500

e=80.8

Mar.3 [Riveted joints, cont.]

*Eccentrically loaded riveted joints
*Shear stress due to F (direct shear)
F
F 2
Ss = : A= d
Ss
A 4

Ss

Ss *Twisting shear stress (due to T=F (e))

P2
' T
Ss =
J
P1
C
P3
Ss 3
=radial distance of the center of rivet centroid c .

j=equi v ' tpolar moment of inertia of rivet group

J = ( A 2 )

'
Ss
(The farthest rivet has the largest magnitude of S s' }

*Resultant shear stress, SR

For rivet 2 2
S SR = S s2+ ( Ss' ) +2 S s ( S s' ) cos
 Ss The most stressed (or the MHL)
C rivet has the largest magnitude
S s' of SSR & TS then the design basis
for the riveted joint.
S sR

Example Number 3
(a) Determine the resultant shear load FR of the most heavily loaded rivet in the joint
loaded as shown.

Dimensions in mm

(b) For a shear design stress of 90 MPa. What uniform rivet diameter is necessary?

Solution:

*Centroid location ( x , y
due
x =150 mm ( symmetry )
y =?

y =
( A y ) : A= d 2
A 4

A [ 4 ( 200 )+2 ( 100 ) +2 ( 0 ) ]

y =
A (8)
y =125 mm
 * Radial distances ( )
1= 752 +502= 8=90.14 mm

2= 752 +1502= 7=167.7 mm

3= 252 +1502= 6=152.1 mm

4 = 1252+150 2=5=195.3 mm

* Direct shear stress

F 50000
SS = =
A 8A

6250
SS=
A

* Twisting shear stress

' T
SS = :T =F (e)
J

Based on rivet 4 [MHL rivet]

T 4
S S' = ; J = A 2
J
J = A [ ( 90.14 )2 +(167.7)2 +(152.1)2+(195.3)2 ] 2

J = A ( 195050 ) Symmetri
cal
50000 ( 300 )( 195.3 ) distances
S S 4' =
( 195050 ) A

' 15019.2
SS 4 =
A

Resultant shear stress

For rivet 4
 2
S SR= S s2 + ( S S' ) +2 S S ( S S' ) cos

20220.2 F
S SR = : S SR= R
A A Resultan
t shear
force
F R 4 F R MHL =20220.2 N
Rivet

(b) d r =? ( Based on rivet 4 )

20220.2
S SR = S Sd =90
[ 2
A= d
4 ]
d=16.91 mm

1} over {8} ; {d} rsub {r} =d- {25.4} over {8} mm

d r =d

d r =13.74 mm :use d=14 mm

Example No. 1
Compute the length of the weld required in a built joint that is to join 10mm.
thick plates and to be loaded axially with 40 KN. Use a design stress of 60 MPa.

Solution:

(insert figure here)

Given:
 t f =10 mm

t t p =10 mm

(for a built joint)

S d =60 MPa

From:
F
S= S d : A=tL
A

40000
=60 ;
10 ( L )

L=66.67 mm

Example No. 2
What size of the weld would you recommend for the lap joint as shown?
Use a shear design stress of 90 MPa

(insert figure here)

Solution:
b=? (weld size)

Lap joint:
F
S= S
tL d
60000
=90
2 t ( 100 )

t+3.333 mm
 but:

t=b cos ( 45 )

3.333
b= =4.71mm
cos ( 45 )

use b=5 mm (use next higher mm)

Example No. 3
Recommend the weld size required for the given eccentrically loaded tee
joint.

(insert figure here)

Solution:
Direct shear stress
F 12000
Ss= =
tL 2 t ( 100 )
60
Ss =
t

Normal stress

M c 3 Fe 3(12000)(200)
S= = 2= 2
I tL t (100)

720
S=
t

S Smax= S s2+
S 2
()
2
S Sd
 1
t
60 2+
720 2
2 ( )
=70

t=5.21 mm

t
b= =7.37 mm
0.707

use b=8 mm fillet welds

Example No. 4
What weld size is necessary for the joint located as shown? There are three
fillet welds holding the bracket to the fixed wall. Use a shear design stress of 90 MPa
for the welds.

(insert figure here)

Solution:
*centroid location

x =
( Ax) A=tL
;
A

[
t 125 ( 1252 ) ( 2)+ 250(0)]
t [125 ( 2 ) +250 ]

x =31.25 mm

*radial distances

r 1=r 3 = 125 2+31.25 2

r 1=r 3 =128.9 mm
 r 2=x =31.25 mm

=?

=( for point A)

250
=125
2

125 x =93.75

*stresses

(insert figure here)

T =F( e)

e=425x

e=393.75

Direct Shear Stress

S s =?

F 55000
Ss= =
t L t [ 125 ( 2 ) +250 ]
110
Ss =
t

Twisting Shear stress

 T
S s '=
Jc

where:

J c = [ J + A T 2 ]

J = I x + I y

3
I x = t L
12

3
I y = L t
12

[ ] [ ]
3 3
t ( 125 ) t ( 250 )
J c= +t (125 )( 128.85 )2 2+ + t ( 250 ) ( 31.25 )2
12 12

J c =( 6022325 ) t

T =F ( e )

T =55000 (393.75 )

T
Ss ' =
Jc

[ 55000 ( 393.75 ) ] (156.25 )
6022325 t

' 561.6
Ss=
t

Resultant Shear Stress

 (insert figure here)

125
tan =
93.75

=53.13

2
S SR = S s2+ ( S s ' ) +2 S s ( S's ) cos

633.75
S SR= S Sd =90
t

t=7.04 mm

t
or b=
cos 45

b=9.96 mm

Use b=10 mm

*Annular fillet welds

(insert figure here)

where:
M = bending moment of the joint
SI = tensile stress of the weld at pt. 1
S = tensile stress on the most stressed point (pt. A) of the weld

Relationship between SI & S

 SI S
= ; S =S sin
r sin r I

b = leg of the fillet weld (normal size of weld)

t = throat thickness of weld
t=b cos 45

(insert figure here)

M +=0



r sin : dF=S I (dA)
dM dF
dM =S I ( trd ) r sin
( S sin )( trd )( r sin )

dM =St r 2 sin 2 d
(*S max stress)

Thus,
2
M =St r 2
sin 2 d=st r 2
0

.
M M 4M
S= = ; S=
t r2 2
D2 t
t[ ]
D
2

or as presented by the textbook,

4M 5.66 M
S= 2
; S= 2
D ( b cos 45 ) D b
(max. normal stress on the most stressed portion of the annular fillet weld)
Note:
Above formula is purely bending stress (s). If the joint has combined stresses
due to simultaneously loads (of different nature) that are applied, use the Max.
Shear stress formula (since welds are generally ductile materials & its failure is most
likely due to shear)

S Smax = S s2 + () S 2
2
S Sd

Example No. 5
Consider the joint being loaded as shown. The axle is being held by a 5-mm
annular fillet weld to the fixed member. For each of the following cases, compute
the maximum permissible load indicated:
( a ) F=0 ; T =0 ; M =?
( b ) F=? ; T =0 ; M =0 ( c ) F=0 ; T =? ; M=0
(d) If the loads that are simultaneously applied have the following magnitudes, is
the weld used still sufficient?
M =0.5 KN m
F=1.5 KN
T =1 KN m

(insert figure here)

Given:
5mm annular fillet weld (b=5mm)
S Sd =60 MPa
S d =90 MPa

a M=?
From
5.66 M
S= 2
Sd
D b

5.66 M
=90
( 7 )2 ( 5 )

M =1404974 Nmm

(a) F=?

(insert figure here)

M= F(L)
 M= F (200)

5.66 M 5.66 ( F )( 200 )

S= 2
= 2
D b ( 75 ) ( 5 )

S=( 0.0128 F )

F F F
Ss = = =
tL Dt D ( b cos 45 )
45
5 cos

(75)
F
Ss=

S s =( 0.0012 F )

From the S Smax formula

S s = S s 2+ () S 2
2
S Sd

2
0.0128 F
( 0.0112 F )2 + ( 2 ) =90

F=13821.6N or F=13.82KN
(c)

T= (2f)
D
2
 2T
Therefore Ss = 2F D 2T
= =
Dt Dt D2 t

2T
Ss = 2
=( S sd =60 )
( 75 ) ( 500545 )

T=1874.341N-mm or
T=1.874 KN-m
(d)

(figure)

Mo=1500(200) M= M=Mo+M1
M1=500000 M1=800000
T=1000000 N-m
-Stresses
5.66 M
S= =51.25 MPa
D2 b

S s =?

F F
Ss1 = = ; s =1.8 MPa
tL Dt s 1

2T
Ss 2 = ; s s 2=32.01 Mpa
D2 t

s s= s 2s 1 + s2s 2 ; Ss=32.06 MPa


2
s
()
s smax= s2s +
2

s smax =41.04 MPa< Ssd=60 Mpa

SAFE