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Bolted connections are employed mainly in structures subjected under reversed and vibration loads, over all in
members with heavy conditions.
The black hexagon bolt shown in the Figure below with nut and washer is the most commonly used structural
fastener.
If the force P is large enough, the bolt could fail in shear; breaking by sliding of its fibres along the shear planes.
The area of the steel bolt resisting the failure is the circular area of the bolt shank. The resisting force depends
upon the number of shear planes.
3. Tension in the direction of the acting force along the shank of the bolt.
Shear and bearing should be present at the same time in the joint. It will be seen that bolt may be designed on the
basis of their strength in shear or their strength in bearing.
In actual design the lesser of these two values will have to use.
When designing of this type of connection, the following questions should be asked:
1. Is the connection in single or double shear?
2. What is the safe appropriate shear load on one bolt?
3. What is the safe bearing load on one bolt?
Effective area of bolts.
Since threads can occur in the shear plane, the area As for resisting shear should normally be taken at the bottom of
the threads. When threads do not occur in the plane As may be taken as the shank area.
Tensile stress area for bolts as determined by ISO Standards shank and tensile areas area tabulated below.
Shear capacity
Provided that no reductions are required for long joints the shear capacity for shear plane Fv,Rd of a bolt shall be
taken as:
0.6 fub 0.87 f yb
Fv , Rd = f v , d As Where the design shear strength f v , d = but
M M
Bearing capacity.
The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing on any ply shall be taken as the lesser of the bearing capacity of the bolt
and the bearing capacity of the connected ply.
The bearing capacity of the connected ply. Fbp , Rd = dtf bp , d but 1 2e1 tfbp , d
Where fbp,d is the design bearing strength of the connected parts.
e1 is the edge distance.
fbb, d =
(
0.9 f ub + f yb ) and f bp , d =
(
0.8 fu + f y )
M M2
Where fyb is the specified minimum yield strength of the fastener
fub is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of the fastener
M is the partial safety factor Mr or Mb; as the case may be
fy is the specified minimum yield strength
fu is the specified minimum ultimate strength.
0.7 f ub 1.0 f yb
Where the design tension capacity strength f t , d = but
M M
The partial safety factor for all the cases are M = 1.25
Combined shear and tension.
When bolts are subjected to both shear and tension then in addition to the conditions studied before the following
relationship shall be satisfied:
Fv , Sd Ft , Sd
+ 1.4
Fv.Rd Ft , Rd
Where Fv,Sd is the design shear force per bolt for the ultimate limit state
Ft,Sd is the design tensile force per bolt for the ultimate limit state
Fv,Rd is the shear capacity per bolt
Ft,Rd is the tension capacity per bolt.
Notes:
1. The size of the holes are given in Table 6.1
2. The edge distances and spacing of holes for fasteners are given in Table 6.2
4 Maximum
Hole
Maximum 12 t 14 t
e1 distance p1
Edge or or 200
e2 in
distance 150 mm mm
unstiffeded
plates
t is the thickness of the thinner outside ply
d o is the diameter of hole
Where the members are exposed to corrosive influences the maximum distances shall not exceed:
(a) for edge distances: 40 mm + 4t
(b) for hole distances: 16t or 200 mm.
Bolt grades.
The grade of the bolt is given by two figures separated by a point. The first figure is 1% of the minimum ultimate
strength in N/mm2 and the second is 1/10th of the percentage ratio of the minimum yield strength. Thus 5.6 grade
means that the minimum ultimate strength is 500 N/mm2 and the yield strength is 60% of this strength which is 300
N/Mm2. the nominal values of the yield strength fyb and the ultimate strength fub to be adopted as characteristic
values in calculations are given below.