Vessel Volumes

Art Montemayor Vessel Design Tips August 21, 2000
Rev: 2(05-05-03)
The following are some guidelines and experienced hints for the design and utilization of process vessels.
This information is never taught nor discussed in University courses or academic circles. It has been
historically expected that graduate engineers will learn this information using their own efforts.
1) Always try to design around existing or available standard materials such as:
a. Standard pipe caps. These are usually available off-the-shelf in carbon steel, as well as stainless,
in sizes up to 42" and in various pipe schedule thicknesses.
b. Standard seamless pipe. This is basic material that can be readily found available today. Always
make this your first priority in selecting the vessel shell because of the convenience of eliminating
any plate rolling, longitudinal weld seam, and reducing the possibility of stress relief. This
option should be rejected only if required alloy, wall thickness, or diameter is not available.
2) Own a copy of Eugene Megyesy's "Pressure Vessel Handbook" as published by Pressure Vessel
Handbook Publishing Inc.; P.O. Box 35365; Tulsa, OK 74153. This is probably the most useful and
practical engineering book ever published in the USA. It clearly belongs on every process plant
engineer's desk. Study it thoroughly and your project problems will start to fade away.
3) Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads have, by definition, 50% of the volumetric capacity of a hemispherical head with the
same internal diameter.
Ellipsoidal heads are designed and fabricated on the basis of using the inside diameter as their nominal
diameter.
These type of heads are used in preference to ASME Flanged and Dished heads for pressures in the
range of 100 psig and for most vessels designed for pressures over 200 psig. Their inside depth of dish
(IDD) is defined as half of the minor axis and is equal to 1/4 of the inside diameter of the head.
4) ASME F&D (also called Torispherical) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using
the outside diameter as their nominal diameter.
Flanged and dished heads are inherently shallower (smaller IDD) than comparable ellipsoidal heads.
These heads (like the ellipsoidal) are formed from a flat plate into a dished shape consisting of two radii:
the "crown" radius or radius of the dish and the inside-corner radius, sometimes referred to as the
"knuckle" radius. Because of the relative shallow dish curvature, ASME F&D heads are subject to
higher localized stresses at the knuckle radius as compared to the ellipsoidal type. The pressure rating
of these heads is increased by forming the head so that the knuckle radius is made at least equal to 3
times the plate thickness. For code construction, the radius should in no case be less than 6% of the
inside diameter.
ASME F&D heads are used for pressure vessels in the general range of from 15 to about 200 psig .
Although these heads may be used for higher pressures, for pressures in excess of 200 psig it may be
more economical to use an ellipsoidal type.
5) The straight flange that forms part of each vessel head is part of the cylindrical vessel portion and should
be accounted for as such in calculating the vessel volume. These flanges vary in length depending on the
head thickness. A typical head flange length is about 1.5" to 2".
6) Try to stay away from the immediate area of the knuckle radius with respect to locating nozzles or doing
other welding, cutting or grinding. The need to locate a nozzle, insulation ring, clips or other item
near the knuckle radius should be consulted with a mechanical or fabrication engineer.
7) Be aware of the fact that the outside diameter of the cylindrical section may be bigger than that of the
head if a flush fit is required between the two inside diameters. This occurs because the required head
thickness for a given design pressure is usually less than for the corresponding cylindrical section.
This is especially true in the case of Hemispherical heads.
Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Page 1 of 75 WorkSheet: Notes & Experience
Art Montemayor Vessel Design Tips August 21, 2000
Rev: 2(05-05-03)
8) Hemispherical heads are the strongest of the formed heads for a given thickness. A sphere is the
strongest known vessel shape. However, the main trade-off here is that all spheres have to be fabricated
as welded spherical segments. This requires more manual intensive work and results in a higher cost.
9) Always be cognizant of the need for vessel entry into a vessel as well as vessel internal parts such as
trays, baffles, agitators, dip pipes, downcomers, separator vanes, demister pads, etc. Sometimes these
items directly affect not only the height of a vessel, but also the diameter. A chemical engineer should
take these factors into consideration even though they normally are not considered while doing process
calculations and simulations. Often, if not in the majority of cases, these factors and items are the
controlling parameters that practically establish the diameter and height of the fabricated vessel regardless
of what the simulation program output states.
10) As you consider the physical dimensions of a process vessel, always keep in mind that you must have,
as a minimum, certain required nozzles built into the vessel - besides those required for basic process
operations. Many times some of these nozzles are not identified early in a project and their introduction
later requires costly change orders or, worse, vessel field modifications after the vessel is installed. Some
of these nozzles are: manways, inspection ports, drains, cleaning (spraying) ports, auxiliary level
instrument nozzle, liquid temperature probe, sample(s) probe, top head vents, critical high and low level
probes, etc. Process Chemical Engineers are the best qualified to identify this need and specify the
location and size. Never expect to lift a vessel by its nozzles. Lifting lugs are required for this, and a
qualified structural or mechanical engineer should be commissioned to design this critical need.
11) Do not forget to allow for insulation support rings. You must allow sufficient nozzle length so that any
required vessel insulation can be applied in the field without obstructing nozzle flanges and bolts.
It is always advisable for the process Chemical Engineer to participate in the specification of the ultimate
insulation requirements and type since he/she are the most informed people of the temperature ranges
and insulation types compatible with the vessel material, temperature, and service. Again, if this is not
considered initially and is found to be required later, project timing and costs will suffer due to field vessel
modifications that could involve an ASME "R" stamp procedure.
12) This Workbook was originally compiled to organize and utilize the techniques, formulas, basic data,
and other information that I saved and used over the course of approximately 40 years of experience
in Chemical Engineering. Users will probably find it useful for carrying out day-to-day process plant
projects such as:
1. Calculating the maximum volume capacity of a vessel;

2. Calculating the partial volumes of a vessel at different levels ("Strapping" a vessel);
3. Calculating the required vessel size for a given partial volume;
4. Calculating the surface area of a vessel for primer, painting and insulation purposes;
5. Calculating the location of critical liquid levels on a vessel for alarms and shutdown;
6. Calculating the weight of a process vessel for cost estimates or foundation work;
7. Calculating the "Line Pack", or volume content, of a piping system with fittings.
There are probably more uses or applications for this Workbook, but the above should suffice to
indicate the utilitarian value of this information to a Process or Project Engineer - especially in an
operating process plant in the field. Most of the basic information contained here was kept by me for
years in notes, 3-ring binders, between pages of text books, in formal calculations, etc. Thanks to God
for giving me the good common sense to save and document this information and for giving us the digital
computer and a spreadsheet to organize and distribute it for use and exploitation by others. I hope this
helps others - especially young, striving, and determined engineers who earnestly want to do a successful
and safe project.
Arthur Montemayor

Page 2 of 75 WorkSheet: Notes & Experience
Art Montemayor Partially-Filled Horizontal Vessels May 15, 1998
Rev:1(01/22/00)
VOLUMES IN PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS

Steps:
(1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells;
(2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
Name: General Purpose Tank
Item No: T-C-15 Vessel Volume

2:1 Ellip.
Flat Heads Unit
Heads
Case: Partial Vol
108,573 in3 137,526
62.83 ft3 79.59
Tank Inside Dia. in = 48.00 470.0 gal 595.4
Cylindrical Length, in = 60
Liquid Height, in = 48.00 Hemi Heads Unit F & D Heads
L/D = 1.3
H/D = 1.0000 166,479 in3 120,489
3
96.34 ft 69.73
720.7 gal 521.6
Cylindrical radius = r = 24.00 in.

Chord Length = CL = 0.0 in.
Segment Area = Aseg = 1,810 in2 U. S. Gallons
3 470.0
Cylindrical Volume = Vcyl = 108,573 in
F & Dished Volume = VFD = 11,915 in3 51.6
Ellipsoidal Volume = Vell = 28,953 in3 125.3
Spherical Volume = Vsph = 57,906 in3 250.7

Page 3 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial-Filled HorizontalVessel
Art Montemayor Horizontal Storage Tank November 11, 1999
CALIBRATION DATA FOR HORIZONTAL TANK WITH FORMED HEADS Rev: 1(03/12/00)
Volume Calibration
Steps:
(1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells;
(2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
Tank Inside Diameter (ID) inches 90.000 = 7.5000 ft

Tank length, tan/tan feet 7.167 = 86 inches
Tank HeadType Pressure

1) Std. dish (non-pressure) < 15 psig Note: Place an "x" in only one of the
2) Torispherical (ASME F&D) < 200 psig 5 head options available. If more than
3) Ellipsoidal (2:1) > 200 psig x one option contains an "x", the
4) Ellipsoidal (non-std) Varies program will use the first one it finds.
5) Hemispherical To Suit
Head type selected: 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume = 55.22 cu.ft.

Inside depth of head (IDD): inches 20 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE
Head thickness: inches 0.375 NOT REQUIRED FOR THIS HEAD TYPE
Number of calibration increments: 90.000 (max 200)
Calibration curve for 90.0 in. dia tank, 7.167 ft tan/tan, 2:1 Ellipsoidal heads

Page 4 of 75 WorkSheet: Horizontal Tank Strapping
Volume Calibration Rev: 1(03/12/00)
Liquid Depth Liquid Volume Content
Inches Centimeters Ft3 US Gals Liters
1 2.54 0.67 5.0 19
2 5.08 1.93 14.5 55
3 7.62 3.60 27.0 102
4 10.16 5.60 42.0 159
5 12.70 7.90 59.3 224
6 15.24 10.47 78.5 297
7 17.78 13.28 99.6 377
8 20.32 16.32 122.4 463
9 22.86 19.57 146.8 555
10 25.40 23.02 172.6 653
11 27.94 26.65 199.9 756
12 30.48 30.46 228.5 864
13 33.02 34.44 258.3 976
14 35.56 38.58 289.3 1,094
15 38.10 42.87 321.5 1,215
16 40.64 47.30 354.7 1,341
17 43.18 51.87 389.0 1,470
18 45.72 56.57 424.2 1,604
19 48.26 61.39 460.4 1,740
20 50.80 66.33 497.5 1,880
21 53.34 71.38 535.3 2,024
22 55.88 76.54 574.0 2,170
23 58.42 81.80 613.5 2,319
24 60.96 87.15 653.6 2,471
25 63.50 92.60 694.5 2,625
26 66.04 98.13 736.0 2,782
27 68.58 103.74 778.1 2,941
28 71.12 109.43 820.7 3,102
29 73.66 115.19 863.9 3,266
30 76.20 121.02 907.6 3,431
31 78.74 126.91 951.8 3,598
32 81.28 132.86 996.4 3,766
33 83.82 138.86 1,041.4 3,937
34 86.36 144.91 1,086.8 4,108
35 88.90 151.01 1,132.5 4,281
36 91.44 157.14 1,178.6 4,455
37 93.98 163.32 1,224.9 4,630
38 96.52 169.52 1,271.4 4,806
39 99.06 175.76 1,318.2 4,983
40 101.60 182.01 1,365.1 5,160
41 104.14 188.29 1,412.2 5,338
42 106.68 194.59 1,459.4 5,517
43 109.22 200.90 1,506.7 5,695
44 111.76 207.21 1,554.1 5,874
45 114.30 213.53 1,601.5 6,054
46 116.84 219.85 1,648.9 6,233
47 119.38 226.16 1,696.2 6,412
48 121.92 232.47 1,743.5 6,591
49 124.46 238.77 1,790.8 6,769
50 127.00 245.05 1,837.8 6,947
51 129.54 251.30 1,884.8 7,124
52 132.08 257.54 1,931.5 7,301

53 134.62 Calibration
Volume 263.74 1,978.1 7,477 Rev: 1(03/12/00)
54 137.16 269.92 2,024.4 7,652
55 139.70 276.06 2,070.4 7,826
56 142.24 282.15 2,116.1 7,999
57 144.78 288.20 2,161.5 8,171
58 147.32 294.20 2,206.5 8,341
59 149.86 300.15 2,251.1 8,509
60 152.40 306.04 2,295.3 8,676
61 154.94 311.87 2,339.0 8,841
62 157.48 317.63 2,382.2 9,005
63 160.02 323.32 2,424.9 9,166
64 162.56 328.93 2,467.0 9,325
65 165.10 334.46 2,508.5 9,482
66 167.64 339.91 2,549.3 9,636
67 170.18 345.26 2,589.5 9,788
68 172.72 350.52 2,628.9 9,937
69 175.26 355.68 2,667.6 10,084
70 177.80 360.73 2,705.5 10,227
71 180.34 365.67 2,742.5 10,367
72 182.88 370.49 2,778.7 10,504
73 185.42 375.19 2,814.0 10,637
74 187.96 379.76 2,848.2 10,766
75 190.50 384.19 2,881.5 10,892
76 193.04 388.48 2,913.6 11,013
77 195.58 392.62 2,944.6 11,131
78 198.12 396.60 2,974.5 11,244
79 200.66 400.41 3,003.1 11,352
80 203.20 404.04 3,030.3 11,455
81 205.74 407.49 3,056.2 11,552
82 208.28 410.74 3,080.5 11,644
83 210.82 413.78 3,103.3 11,731
84 213.36 416.59 3,124.4 11,810
85 215.90 419.16 3,143.7 11,883
86 218.44 421.46 3,160.9 11,948
87 220.98 423.46 3,176.0 12,005
88 223.52 425.13 3,188.5 12,052
89 226.06 426.39 3,197.9 12,088
90 228.60 427.06 3,203.0 12,107

Volume Calibration Rev: 1(03/12/00)

Art Montemayor Horizontal Cylindrical Tank May 5, 2001
Partial Volume Determination Rev: 0
b L b
D/2 a D/2
H1
Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads
Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
= ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L )
3 2
K1 = 2b/D
Ze = H1/D
Zc = H1/D
Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D L ) ([fZc)])

3 2
f(Zc) = Horizontal cylinder coefficient (from Doolittle tables)
a -sin(a) cos (a)

f (Zc) =
or,

p
f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables)
2
or, H 2H1
f (Ze ) = - 1 - 3 +
D D
Where,

H1
a = 2 Atan a is in radians
2 H D - H 2
1
2
1

For Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads,

b = (1/4) D
K1 = 1/2

Page 8 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal
Art Montemayor Horizontal Cylindrical Tank May 5, 2001
Oct 31, 1999

www.about.com
The volume V of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank is:
V = LD2 (2Z-sin(2Z)) /8
Where,
Z = arccos(1-2h/D)
h = height of liquid in the horizontal cylindrical tank
D = diameter of the tank
L = length of the tank
Note that the result of the arccos-function has to be taken in radians.
Bernhard Spang

Page 9 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Horizontal
Art Montemayor Vertical Cylindrical Tank May 05, 2001
b
H2
L
H3
H3
H1 b
H1
Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads
Total tank volume = (Total volume in two heads) + (Total volume in cylindrical section)
= ( 1/6 p K1 D ) + ( 1/4 p D L )
3 2
Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D H3)

3 2
K1 = 2b/D
Ze = (H1 + H2)/K1D
f(Ze) = Ellipsoidal coefficient (from Doolittle tables)
or,
H + H2 H + H2
2
f (Ze) = - 1 - 3 + 1
2b b

Page 10 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Vertical
Art Montemayor Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient May 15, 1998
Rev: 0
Zc f(Zc)
0.000000 0.000000
0.050000 0.018692 Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders
0.100000 0.052044
0.150000 0.094061
0.200000 0.142378
0.250000 0.195501 1.200000
0.300000 0.252315
0.350000 0.311918
0.400000 0.373530
0.450000 0.436445 y = -1.144x3 + 1.716x2 + 0.4365x - 0.0043
0.500000 0.500000 1.000000
0.550000 0.563555 R2 = 1
0.600000 0.626470
0.650000 0.688082
0.700000 0.747685
0.750000 0.804499 0.800000
0.800000 0.857622
0.850000 0.905939
0.900000 0.947956
0.950000 0.981308
1.000000 1.000000 0.600000
f(Zc)
Data Source:
NGPSA Engineering Data Book 0.400000

9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-7
0.200000
0.000000
0.000000 0.200000 0.400000 0.600000 0.800000 1.000000 1.200000
-0.200000
H/D = Zc

Page 11 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.
Art Montemayor Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient May 15, 1998
Rev: 0
1.200000

Page 12 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Cylind. Vol.
Art Montemayor Doolittle Equation for Parially-Filled Vessel Heads May 27, 1998
Rev: 0
H/D Vol. Fraction
0.02 0.0012 Volume Fraction of Horizontal Vessel Heads
0.04 0.0047
0.06 0.0104
0.08 0.0182 y = -2.0026x3 + 3.004x2 - 0.0016x + 0.0001
0.10 0.0280 R2 = 1
0.12 0.0397
0.14 0.0533
0.16 0.0686
1.20
0.18 0.0855
0.20 0.1040
0.22 0.1239
0.24 0.1451
0.26 0.1676
0.28 0.1913 1.00
0.30 0.2160
0.32 0.2420
0.34 0.2680
0.36 0.2950
0.38 0.3230
0.40 0.3520 0.80
0.42 0.3810
0.44 0.4100
Volumetric Fraction
0.46 0.4400
0.48 0.4700
0.50 0.5000
0.52 0.5300 0.60
0.54 0.5600
0.56 0.5900
0.58 0.6190
0.60 0.6480
0.62 0.6770
0.64 0.7050
0.66 0.7320 0.40
0.68 0.7580
0.70 0.7840
0.72 0.8087
0.74 0.8324
0.76 0.8549
0.78 0.8761 0.20
0.80 0.8960
0.82 0.9145
0.84 0.9314
0.86 0.9467
0.88 0.9603
0.90 0.9720 0.00
0.92 0.9818
0.94 0.9896 0.00 0.50 1.00
0.96 0.9953
0.98 0.9988
Liquid Depth/Head ID, (H/D)
1.00 1.0000
Reference: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; P.6-87
Page 13 of 75 Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office
WorkSheet:
To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel headsHds Partial
must Vol.
be calculated
separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume.
Rev: 0
To obtain the total volumetric capacity of a process vessel, the volumetric capacity of the vessel heads must be calculated
separately and added to the vessel's cylindrical volume.
The five types of formed vessel heads most frequently used are:
1. Hemispherical
2. 2:1 Ellipsoidal
3. ASME F&D (Torispherical)
4. Standard Dished (a misnomer, since there are no existing standards for dished heads)
5. Conical
The Standard Dished head is not suited for pressure vessels and, consequently, does not comply with the A.S.M.E.
Pressure Vessel Code. It is restricted to pressures less than 15 psig. The ASME F&D head is usually restricted to
pressure vessels designed for less than 200 psig. Above this design pressure the 2:1 Ellipsoidal head is usually employed,
with the Hemipherical head reserved for those applications that require the maximum in pressure resistance and
mechanical integrity.
To obtain the partially-filled liquid contents' volume of a horizontal tank requires the determination of the partial volume of
the two vessel heads as well as the cylindrical partial volume. The contents of a partially-filled vessel are arrived at by
adding the partial contents of the Cylindrical portion and both heads:
Partial Volume = (Total Cylinder volume)(Zc) + (Total Heads' volume)(Ze)
where, Zc = Cylindrical partial volume coefficient

Ze = Heads' partial volume coefficient
The cylindrical partial volume can be expressed by the following explicit analytical expressions:
1) V1 = {r2cos-1[(r-h/r]-(r-h)(2rh-h2)0.5}L .........(Kowal,G.; Chem. Eng; pp. 130-132; 6/11/73)

2) V2 = 0.00433 L{pd2/8-[(0.5d-h)(dh-h2)0.5 + 0.25d2arcSine(0.25d-0.5h)]}
..........(Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968)
3) V3 = L r2[(a/57.30) - sinacosa] ..........(Chem. Engrs. Handbook; Perry/Chilton; 5th ed.; p.6-86)
where, V1 = in3
V2 = gal
V3 = in3
r = vessel's inside radius, in.
h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in.
L = total straight, cylindrical, horizontal length, in.
a = 1/2 of the total angle subtended by the chord forming the liquid level, degrees
The partial volumes of horizontal-oriented heads (except for Hemi-heads) are not defined in a mathematically exact
formula but can be expressed by the following analytical expressions:
(From Caplan, F.; Hydrocarbon Processing; July 1968)
VDH = 0.0009328 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of a dished-only head, in US gallons

VEll = 0.00226 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of 2:1 Ellipsoidal head, in US gallons
VHH = 2 VEll .......................Volume of Hemispherical head, in US gallons
where, h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in.

d = inside diameter of the horizontal head, in.
The calculation of the partially-filled cylindrical portion of a horizontal vessel is straight-forward and can be done using the
analytical expressions noted above. The equation given by Caplan (V2) should be very accurate since it is directly derived
from an exact mathematical model presented in C.R.C. PageStandard Mathematical
14 of 75 Tables;
Electronic 12th Ed.(1959);
FileName: p. 399.
76469885.xls.ms_office
WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol.
The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the
Rev: 0
The partial volume of heads is open to inaccuracies and while the analytical equations are suitable for estimating, the
method usually used is the Ze method for determining the liquid fraction of the entire head. For this purpose, the Doolittle
[Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, p. 322-323 (1928)] equation is used:
Vpartial = 0.00093 h2 (3r - h)
where, Vpartial = partial volume, gallons

h = depth of liquid in both heads, in.
r = inside radius of the horizontal heads, in.
(Note that this is the same equation offered by Caplan, above, for a dished-only head. His equation for an ellipsoidal head,
although of the same form, is 142% in excess of the basic Doolittle relationship.)
Doolittle made some simplifying assumptions which affect the accuracy of the volume given by his equation, but the
equation is satisfactory for determining the volume as a fraction of the entire head. This fraction, calculated by Doolittle's
formula, is given in the Table listed above and regressed in the accompanying Chart. The Table or the resulting 3rd order
polynomial equation,
Ze = -2 (h/d)3 + 3 (h/d)2 - 0.0016 (h/d) + 0.0001
can be used to arrive at a partial volume of standard dished, torispherical (ASME F&D), ellipsoidal, and hemispherical
heads with an error of less than 2% of the entire head's volume.
Conical heads' volumes are defined by the exact mathematical expression for a truncated cone:
Vc = p h (D2 + dD + d2) / 12
where, Vc = total conical volume, cu. ft.

h = height of the cone, ft
d = diameter of the small end, ft
D = diameter of the large end, ft
When a tank volume cannot be calculated, or when greater precision is required, calibration may be necessary. This is
done by draining (or filling) the tank and measuring the volume of liquid. The measurement may be made by weighing, by
a calibrated fluid meter (i.e., Micro Motion Coriolis flowmeter), or by repeatedly filling small measuring tanks which have
been calibrated by weight. From the known fluid density at the measured temperature, the equivalent volume can be
quickly converted from the measured fluid mass.

Horizontal vessel WorkSheet:minor
Hds Partial
axis Vol.
diameter (D) (D)
Horizontal vessel Rev: 0
minor axis
diameter (D) (D)
(major axis)
H
Horizontal Vessel Heads' orientation Vertical Vessel Heads' orientation
The Doolittle relationship can be applied to Horizontal and Vertical-oriented Ellipsoidal (and F&D) vessel heads. However,
it is important to note that the H/D ratio that sets the fractional Coefficient, Ze, is measured differently in both
cases. Refer to the above illustrations of Ellipsoids oriented horizontally and vertically.
For Horizontal Vessel Heads:
In this case, note that the H/D ratio represents the Liquid depth divided by the Major Axis (internal diameter) of the
Ellipsoidal heads.
For Vertical Vessel Heads:
The H/D ratio corresponding to this orientation is the Liquid depth divided by the Minor Axis, not the Major Axis (internal
diameter) of the Ellipsoidal heads. This means that the Inside Depth of Dish (IDD) must be known. The IDD is the depth of
the head at its center and includes the inside corner radius but not the straight flange or nominal thickness of the head.
Characteristic IDD's for various types of heads are:
Standard dished head: OD / 7 (Note: This is only approximate, since no standards exist for dished heads)
ASME F&D head: OD / 6
Ellipsoidal, 2:1 head: ID / 4
Hemispherical head: ID / 2
An analytical equation for the partial volume of vertical oriented, "standard" dished heads at various depths is:
V = 0.01363 H2 L - 0.004545 H3 ......................(Chemical Processing Nomographs;Dale S. Davis;

Chemical Publishing Co.;1969; p. 276)
where, V = liquid volume in the dish, gallons (excluding flanged section)

H = liquid depth in the dish, inches
L = radius of the dish, inches (usually equal to the tank ID, minus 6 inches)

WorkSheet: Hds Partial Vol.
Art
Ze Montemayor
f(Ze) Regression of Doolittle Partial Volume Coefficient May 15, 1998
0.000 0.000000 Rev: 1(02/25/01)
0.050 0.007250 Coefficients for Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids & Spheres
0.100 0.028000
0.150 0.060750
0.200 0.104000
0.250 0.156250 1.200000
0.300 0.216000
0.350 0.281750
0.400 0.352000 y = -2x3 + 3x2 + 1.156504905E-15x - 1.11143497E-16
0.450 0.425250
0.500 0.500000
R2 = 1
0.550 0.574750 1.000000
0.600 0.648000
0.650 0.718250
0.700 0.784000
0.750 0.843750
0.800 0.896000
0.850 0.939250 0.800000
0.900 0.972000
0.950 0.992750
1.000 1.000000
f(Ze)
Data Source: 0.600000

NGPSA Engineering Data Book
9th Edition; 1972; p. 13-9
NOTE: These capacity coefficients

apply for the volume of 2 ellipsoidal or
hemispherical heads..not the 0.400000
volume for 1 head!!
0.200000
0.000000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200
H/D = Ze

Page 17 of 75 WorkSheet: Partial Ellip. Vol.
Art Montemayor Pressure Vessel Heads August 04, 1998
Rev:1(08/21/00)
Internal Diameter Volume of one head, Ft3 Internal Surface Area of one head, Ft2
Inches Ft Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D Hemisphere Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Standard F&D
12 1.0000 0.26 0.13 0.08 0.05 1.57 1.00 0.93 0.79
14 1.1667 0.42 0.21 0.13 0.09 2.14 1.36 1.26 1.07
16 1.3333 0.62 0.31 0.20 0.13 2.79 1.78 1.65 1.40
18 1.5000 0.88 0.44 0.28 0.18 3.53 2.25 2.09 1.77
20 1.6667 1.21 0.61 0.39 0.25 4.36 2.78 2.58 2.18
22 1.8333 1.61 0.81 0.51 0.33 5.28 3.36 3.12 2.64
24 2.0000 2.09 1.05 0.67 0.43 6.28 4.00 3.71 3.14
26 2.1667 2.66 1.33 0.85 0.55 7.37 4.70 4.36 3.69
28 2.3333 3.33 1.66 1.06 0.68 8.55 5.45 5.06 4.28
30 2.5000 4.09 2.05 1.30 0.84 9.82 6.26 5.80 4.91
32 2.6667 4.96 2.48 1.58 1.02 11.17 7.12 6.60 5.59
34 2.8333 5.95 2.98 1.90 1.22 12.61 8.04 7.45 6.31
36 3.0000 7.07 3.53 2.25 1.45 14.14 9.01 8.36 7.07
38 3.1667 8.31 4.16 2.65 1.70 15.75 10.04 9.31 7.88
40 3.3333 9.70 4.85 3.09 1.99 17.45 11.12 10.32 8.73
42 3.5000 11.22 5.61 3.58 2.30 19.24 12.26 11.38 9.62
48 4.0000 16.76 8.38 5.34 3.43 25.13 16.02 14.86 12.57
54 4.5000 23.86 11.93 7.61 4.88 31.81 20.27 18.80 15.90
60 5.0000 32.72 16.36 10.44 6.70 39.27 25.03 23.22 19.64
66 5.5000 43.56 21.78 13.89 8.92 47.52 30.28 28.09 23.76
72 6.0000 56.55 28.27 18.04 11.58 56.55 36.04 33.43 28.27
78 6.5000 71.90 35.95 22.93 14.72 66.37 42.30 39.23 33.18
84 7.0000 89.80 44.90 28.64 18.38 76.97 49.05 45.50 38.48
90 7.5000 110.45 55.22 35.23 22.61 88.36 56.31 52.23 44.18
96 8.0000 134.04 67.02 42.75 27.44 100.53 64.07 59.43 50.27
102 8.5000 160.78 80.39 51.28 32.92 113.49 72.33 67.09 56.75
108 9.0000 190.85 95.43 60.87 39.07 127.23 81.09 75.22 63.62
114 9.5000 224.46 112.23 71.59 45.96 141.76 90.35 83.81 70.88
120 10.0000 261.80 130.90 83.50 53.60 157.08 100.11 92.86 78.54
126 10.5000 303.07 151.53 96.66 62.05 173.18 110.37 102.38 86.59
132 11.0000 348.45 174.23 111.14 71.34 190.07 121.13 112.36 95.03
138 11.5000 398.16 199.08 126.99 81.52 207.74 132.40 122.81 103.87
144 12.0000 452.39 226.19 144.29 92.62 226.19 144.16 133.72 113.10
150 12.5000 511.33 255.66 163.09 104.69 245.44 156.42 145.09 122.72
156 13.0000 575.17 287.59 183.45 117.76 265.46 169.19 156.93 132.73
162 13.5000 644.12 322.06 205.44 131.88 286.28 182.45 169.24 143.14
168 14.0000 718.38 359.19 229.12 147.08 307.88 196.22 182.01 153.94
174 14.5000 798.13 399.06 254.56 163.41 330.26 210.48 195.24 165.13
Page 18 of 75 WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area
Art Montemayor Pressure Vessel Heads August 04, 1998
Rev:1(08/21/00)
180 15.0000 883.57 441.79 281.81 180.90 353.43 225.25 208.94 176.72
186 15.5000 974.91 487.45 310.94 199.60 377.38 240.52 223.10 188.69
192 16.0000 1,072.33 536.17 342.02 219.55 402.12 256.28 237.72 201.06
198 16.5000 1,176.04 588.02 375.09 240.78 427.65 272.55 252.81 213.83
204 17.0000 1,286.22 643.11 410.24 263.34 453.96 289.32 268.37 226.98
210 17.5000 1,403.08 701.54 447.51 287.26 481.06 306.59 284.38 240.53
216 18.0000 1,526.81 763.41 486.97 312.60 508.94 324.36 300.87 254.47
222 18.5000 1,657.62 828.81 528.69 339.38 537.61 342.63 317.81 268.80
228 19.0000 1,795.68 897.84 572.73 367.64 567.06 361.40 335.22 283.53
234 19.5000 1,941.21 970.60 619.14 397.44 597.30 380.67 353.10 298.65
240 20.0000 2,094.40 1,047.20 668.00 428.80 628.32 400.44 371.44 314.16
Note: The Volume and Surface Area attributable to a head's straight flange is not included in this data.
The Internal Diameter is used in calculating the Surface Area; therefore, the resultant Area is slightly less than the
actual external surface area.
References and Sources:

(1) Pressure Vessel Handbook; Eugene F. Megyesy; 8th Edition; Pressure Vessel Handbook
Publishing, Inc.
(2) Process Vessel Design; L.E. Brownell & E.H. Young; John Wiley & Sons; N.Y.; 1959
(3) A. Montemayor personal files

Page 19 of 75 WorkSheet: Hds Vol & Surf Area
Art Montemayor Mfr's Hds' Vol September 12, 1997
Rev 0
Diameter Head Volume in Cubic Feet Head Volume in U.S. Gallons

ft Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical Dished Ellipsoidal ASME F&D Hemispherical Dished
1.00 0.131 0.082 0.262 0.053 0.980 0.613 1.960 0.396
1.50 0.442 0.277 0.884 0.182 3.306 2.072 6.613 1.361
2.00 1.047 0.656 2.095 0.430 7.832 4.907 15.672 3.217
2.50 2.045 1.370 4.091 0.842 15.298 10.248 30.603 6.299
3.00 3.535 2.216 7.069 1.454 26.444 16.577 52.880 10.877
3.50 5.613 3.692 11.225 2.310 41.988 27.618 83.969 17.280
4.00 8.378 5.255 16.756 3.448 62.672 39.310 125.344 25.793
4.50 11.928 7.767 23.857 4.909 89.228 58.101 178.463 36.722
5.00 16.364 10.264 32.725 6.733 122.411 76.780 244.800 50.366
5.50 21.779 13.803 43.557 8.963 162.918 103.254 325.829 67.048
6.00 28.276 18.072 56.548 11.636 211.519 135.188 423.008 87.043
6.50 35.951 22.351 71.896 14.794 268.932 167.197 537.819 110.667
7.00 44.902 29.081 89.797 18.477 335.890 217.541 671.728 138.218
7.50 55.226 34.903 110.447 22.727 413.119 261.093 826.201 170.010
8.00 67.025 43.239 134.041 27.582 501.382 323.450 1,002.696 206.328
8.50 80.394 50.764 160.778 33.083 601.389 379.741 1,202.703 247.478
9.00 95.432 59.098 190.852 39.271 713.881 442.084 1,427.672 293.768
9.50 112.237 70.821 224.460 46.188 839.591 529.778 1,679.078 345.510
10.00 130.908 81.172 261.799 53.871 979.260 607.209 1,958.393 402.983
Data source:
Trinity Industries, Inc.

Head Division
Catalog No. 7962M; Page 15

Page 20 of 75 WorkSheet: Mfr's Hds' Vol
I. Montemayor
Art D., inches Vol. Gallons Ellipsoidal Curve Fit September 12, 1997
12 0.98 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume Rev 0
18 3.31
9,000
24 7.83
30 15.30
36 26.44 8,000
42 41.99
48 62.67
54 89.23 7,000
60 122.41
66 162.92 y = 0.000566699x3.000000133
72 211.52 6,000
R2 = 1
78 268.93
84 335.89 Volume, gallons
5,000
90 413.12
96 501.38
102 601.39 4,000
108 713.88
114 839.59
120 979.26 3,000
126 1133.61
132 1303.39
2,000
138 1489.33
144 1692.16
150 1912.61 1,000
156 2151.43
162 2409.34
168 2687.08 0
174 2985.39 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Inside Diameter, inches
180 3304.99
186 3646.63
192 4011.04
198 4398.95 Ellipsoidal Head Inside Diameter = 120 inches
204 4811.09
3
210 5248.21 Volume of Single Ellipsodial Head = 979.26 Gallons = 130.907 Ft
216 5711.03
222 6200.29
228 6716.73
234 7261.07
240 7834.06
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)

Page 21 of 75 WorkSheet: Ellipsoidal Curve Fit
Art Montemayor 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads May 21, 2003
Rev: 1
Inches 60.00 Approximate area for nozzle attachment
Start of Knuckle Radius mm 1524
Inside Depth
Knuckle Radius (= I.D./4)
Inches 12.95 18.75 Inches
mm 329 476 mm
Tangent Line
Straight
Flange
24.55 Inches Dish Radius (Varies)
Note: 67.84 Inches 2" Nom.
51mm
Verify all dimension 624 mm 1723 mm
with vendor drawings
Key In the Head I.D. 75 Inches
1905 mm
2:1 Elliptical Head

NOTE:
Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads are fabricated and measured using the Internal Diameter (ID) of the head.
Note that this measurement convention is opposite to that of the ASME F&D head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the ID dimension.
FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office
Page 22 of 75 Worksheet: Ellipsoidal Heads
I.Art
D.,Montemayor
inches Volume, gal. ASME F&D Curve Fit September 12, 1997
12 0.61 ASME F&D HEAD VOLUME Rev 0
18 2.07
24 4.91
6,000
30 10.25
36 16.58
42 27.62
48 39.31 5,000
54 58.10
60 76.78 y = 0.000292744x3.0378
66 103.25 R2 = 0.9996
72 135.19 4,000
78 167.20
Volume, gallons
84 217.54
90 261.09
3,000
96 323.45
102 379.74
108 442.08
114 529.78 2,000
120 607.21
126 714.90
132 809.04
138 934.15 1,000
144 1,015.27
150 1,227.02
156 1,361.28
0
162 1,504.82 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
168 1,712.89
174 1,879.89 Inside Diameter, inches
180 2,057.21
186 2,312.53
192 2,515.83 ASME F&D Head Inside Diameter = 84 inches
198 2,730.51
204 3,078.42 Volume of Single ASME F&D Head = 205.29 Gallons = 27.443 Ft3
210 3,324.02
216 3,582.12
222 3,853.00
228 4,187.61
234 4,700.90
240 5,025.88
Reference:
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
Electronic File: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Page 23 of 75 WorkSheet: ASME F&D Curve Fit
Art Montemayor ASME Flanged and Dished Heads May21, 2003
Rev: 0
Flanged and Dished Head (ASME)
Area for nozzle attachment
O.D. - (R2+T)x2
Wall Thickness "T"
Knuckle Radius Inside Depth
"R2" of Dish
"IDD"
Tangent Line
Straight
All Dimensions Flange
are in Inches (mm) (Varies)
Verify all dimension Dish Radius 2" Nom.
with vendor drawings "R1" 51mm
Outside Diameter (O.D.)
NOTE:
ASME F&D heads are fabricated and measured using the Outside Diameter (OD) of the head.
Note that this measurement convention is opposite to that of the Ellipsoidal head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the OD dimension.
Not all wall thicknesses are shown. Interpolate for approximate inside depth O.D. dish IDD
Inches (Flanged & Dished Head ASME Table) Millimeters (Flanged & Dished Head ASME Table)
O.D "T" "R1" "R2" IDD ASME O.D "T" (mm) "R1"(mm) "R2"(mm) IDD(mm)
0.38 24 1.63 4.50 10 610 41 114
0.50 24 1.63 4.44 26" 13 610 41 113
26" 0.63 24 1.88 4.50 660 16 610 48 114
0.75 24 2.25 4.69 19 610 57 119
0.38 26 1.75 4.81 10 660 44 122
0.50 26 1.75 4.75 28" 13 660 44 121
28" 0.63 26 1.88 4.75 711 16 660 48 121
0.75 26 2.25 4.94 19 660 57 125
0.38 30 1.88 4.88 10 762 48 124
30" 0.50 30 1.88 4.81 30" 13 762 48 122
0.63 30 1.88 4.81 762 16 762 48 122
0.75 30 2.25 5.00 19 762 57 127
0.38 30 2.00 5.56 10 762 51 141
0.50 30 2.00 5.50 32" 13 762 51 140
32" 0.63 30 2.00 5.38 813 16 762 51 137
0.75 30 2.25 5.50 19 762 57 140
0.38 34 2.13 5.56 10 864 54 141
0.50 34 2.13 5.50 34 13 864 54 140
34" 0.63 30 2.13 6.00 864 16 762 54 152
0.75 30 2.25 6.06 19 762 57 154
0.38 36 2.25 5.94 10 914 57 151
0.50 36 2.25 5.88 36" 13 914 57 149
36" 0.63 36 2.25 5.81 914 16 914 57 148
0.75 36 2.25 5.75 19 914 57 146
0.38 36 2.38 6.50 10 914 60 165
0.50 36 2.38 6.44 38" 13 914 60 164
38" 0.63 36 2.38 6.38 965 16 914 60 162
0.75 36 2.38 6.38 19 914 60 162
0.38 40 2.50 6.63 10 1016 64 168
0.50 40 2.50 6.56 40" 13 1016 64 167
40" 0.63 36 2.50 6.94 1016 16 914 64 176
0.75 36 2.50 7.00 19 914 64 178
0.38 40 2.63 7.19 10 1016 67 183
42" 0.50 40 2.63 7.13 42" 13 1016 67 181
0.63 40 2.63 7.06 1067 16 1016 67 179
0.75 40 2.63 7.00 19 1016 67 178
0.38 42 3.00 8.00 10 1067 76 203
0.50 42 3.00 8.75 42" 13 1067 76 222
48" 0.63 42 3.00 8.69 1219 16 1067 76 221
0.75 42 3.00 8.63 19 1067 76 219
Page 24 of 75 Worksheet: ASME F&D Heads
0.38 54 3.25 8.94 10 1372 83 227 Rev: 0
0.50 48 3.25 9.75 54" 13 1219 83 248
54" 0.63 48 3.25 9.75 1372 16 1219 83 248
0.75 48 3.25 9.63 19 1219 83 245
0.38 60 3.63 10.00 10 1524 92 254
0.50 60 3.63 9.88 60" 13 1524 92 251
60" 0.63 54 3.63 10.69 1524 16 1372 92 272
0.75 54 3.63 10.63 19 1372 92 270
0.38 66 4.00 11.00 10 1676 102 279
0.50 60 4.00 10.94 66" 13 1524 102 278
66" 0.63 60 4.00 11.75 1676 16 1524 102 298
0.75 60 4.00 11.63 19 1524 102 295
0.38 72 4.38 12.00 10 1829 111 305
0.63 72 4.38 11.88 72" 16 1829 111 302
72" 0.75 72 4.38 11.88 1829 19 1829 111 302
0.88 66 4.38 12.63 22 1676 111 321
0.38 78 4.75 13.00 10 1981 121 330
78" 0.50 72 4.75 13.81 78" 13 1829 121 351
0.75 72 4.75 13.69 1981 19 1829 121 348
1.00 72 4.75 13.50 25 1829 121 343
0.38 84 5.13 14.00 10 2134 130 356
0.63 84 5.13 13.88 84" 16 2134 130 353
84" 0.88 84 5.13 13.75 2134 22 2134 130 349
1.00 84 5.13 13.69 25 2134 130 348
0.38 90 5.50 15.13 10 2286 140 384
0.50 84 5.50 15.81 90" 13 2134 140 402
90" 0.75 84 5.50 15.69 2286 19 2134 140 399
1.00 84 5.50 15.56 25 2134 140 395
0.38 96 5.88 16.13 10 2438 149 410
0.50 90 5.88 16.88 96" 13 2286 149 429
96" 0.88 90 5.88 16.63 2438 22 2286 149 422
1.25 90 5.88 16.44 32 2286 149 418
0.50 96 6.13 17.88 13 2438 156 454
0.75 96 6.13 17.69 102" 19 2438 156 449
102" 1.00 96 6.13 17.56 2591 25 2438 156 446
1.13 90 6.13 18.50 29 2286 156 470
0.50 102 6.50 18.88 13 2591 165 480
0.75 102 6.50 18.75 108" 19 2591 165 476
108" 1.00 102 6.50 18.56 2743 25 2591 165 471
1.13 96 6.50 19.44 29 2438 165 494
0.50 108 6.88 19.88 13 2743 175 505
114" 0.75 108 6.88 19.75 114" 19 2743 175 502
1.00 108 6.88 19.63 2896 25 2743 175 499
1.25 108 6.88 19.50 32 2743 175 495
0.50 114 7.25 20.88 13 2896 184 530
0.88 114 7.25 20.69 120" 22 2896 184 526
120" 1.25 108 7.25 21.44 3048 32 2743 184 545
1.63 108 7.25 21.25 41 2743 184 540
0.50 120 7.63 21.88 13 3048 194 556
0.88 120 7.63 21.69 126" 22 3048 194 551
126" 1.25 120 7.63 21.50 3200 32 3048 194 546
1.38 114 7.63 22.31 35 2896 194 567
0.75 126 8.00 22.81 19 3200 203 579
0.88 120 8.00 23.69 132" 22 3048 203 602
132" 1.25 120 8.00 23.44 3353 32 3048 203 595
1.63 120 8.00 23.25 41 3048 203 591
0.63 132 8.38 23.94 16 3353 213 608
1.00 132 8.38 23.75 138" 25 3353 213 603
138" 1.38 132 8.38 23.56 3505 35 3353 213 598
1.75 132 8.38 23.38 44 3353 213 594
0.63 132 8.75 25.88 16 3353 222 657
1.00 132 8.75 25.63 144" 25 3353 222 651
144" 1.38 132 8.75 25.44 3658 35 3353 222 646
1.75 132 8.75 25.19 44 3353 222 640
0.75 144 9.38 27.75 19 3658 238 705
156" 1.13 144 9.38 27.50 156" 29 3658 238 699
1.50 144 9.38 27.31 3962 38 3658 238 694
1.88 144 9.38 27.06 48 3658 238 687
0.75 144 10.13 31.81 19 3658 257 808 Rev: 0
1.13 144 10.13 31.50 168" 29 3658 257 800
168" 1.50 144 10.13 31.31 4267 38 3658 257 795
1.88 144 10.13 31.13 48 3658 257 791
0.88 170 10.88 31.44 22 4318 276 799
1.25 170 10.88 31.25 180 32 4318 276 794
180" 1.63 170 10.88 31.00 4572 41 4318 276 787
2.00 170 10.88 30.81 51 4318 276 783
0.88 170 11.63 35.44 22 4318 295 900
1.25 170 11.63 35.19 192" 32 4318 295 894
192" 1.63 170 11.63 34.94 4877 41 4318 295 887
2.00 170 11.63 34.75 51 4318 295 883
0.88 170 12.25 39.56 22 4318 311 1005
1.25 170 12.25 39.38 204" 32 4318 311 1000
204" 1.63 170 12.25 39.19 5182 41 4318 311 995
2.00 170 12.25 38.94 51 4318 311 989
1.00 170 12.63 41.81 25 4318 321 1062
1.38 170 12.63 41.63 210" 35 4318 321 1057
210" 1.75 170 12.63 41.31 5334 44 4318 321 1049
2.25 170 12.63 41.00 57 4318 321 1041
1.00 170 13.00 44.25 25 4318 330 1124
1.38 170 13.00 44.00 216" 35 4318 330 1118
216" 1.75 170 13.00 43.69 5486 44 4318 330 1110
2.00 170 13.00 43.50 51 4318 330 1105
1.00 180 13.75 46.56 25 4572 349 1183
1.38 180 13.75 46.31 228" 35 4572 349 1176
228" 1.75 180 13.75 46.06 5791 44 4572 349 1170
2.00 180 13.75 45.69 51 4572 349 1161
Art Montemayor Hemispherical Curve Fit September 12, 1997
Rev 0
Internal Hemispherical
Diameter, ft Volume, cu. Ft. HEMISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME
1.00 0.262
1.50 0.884 300
2.00 2.095
2.50 4.091
3.00 7.069
3.50 11.225 250
y = 0.2619x2.9997
4.00 16.756
4.50 23.857 R2 = 1
5.00 32.725
5.50 43.557 200
6.00 56.548
6.50 71.896
Volume, CuFt
7.00 89.797
7.50 110.447 150
8.00 134.041
8.50 160.778
9.00 190.852
9.50 224.46 100
10.00 261.799
Reference:
50
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996)
0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Inside Diameter, Ft
Hemispherical Head Inside Diameter = 120.000 inches
3
Volume of Single Hemispherical Head = 261.900 Ft = 1,959.1 Gallons

Page 27 of 75 WorkSheet: Hemispherical Curve Fit
Art Montemayor Hemispherical Curve Fit September 12, 1997
Rev 0
12.00

Page 28 of 75 WorkSheet: Hemispherical Curve Fit
Art Montemayor Dished Curve Fit September 12, 1997
Rev 0
Internal Dished
Diameter, ft Volume, Ft3 DISHED HEAD VOLUME
1.00 0.053 60.000
1.50 0.182
2.00 0.430
2.50 0.842
3.00 1.454 50.000
3.50 2.310
4.00 3.448
y = 0.0536x3.0033
4.50 4.909 R2 = 1
5.00 6.733 40.000
5.50 8.963
6.00 11.636
Volume, CuFt
6.50 14.794
7.00 18.477 30.000
7.50 22.727
8.00 27.582
8.50 33.083
9.00 39.271
20.000
9.50 46.188
10.00 53.871
Reference:
10.000
Head Division
Navasota, TX
Product & Services
Catalog # 7962M (1996) 0.000
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Inside Diameter, Ft
Dished Head Inside Diameter = 120.000 inches
3
Volume of Single Dished Head = 53.60 Ft = 401.0 Gallons

Page 29 of 75 WorkSheet: Dished Curve Fit
Art Montemayor Flanged and Dished Heads May 21, 2003
Rev: 0
Flanged and Dished Head
Area for nozzle attachment
O.D. - (R2+T)x2
Wall Thickness "T"
Knuckle Radius Inside Depth
"R2" of Dish
"IDD"
Tangent Line
Straight
All Dimensions Flange
are in Inches (mm) (Varies)
Verify all dimension Dish Radius 2" Nom.
with vendor drawings "R1" 51mm
Outside Diameter (O.D.)
NOTE:
F & D heads are fabricated and measured using the Outside Diameter (OD) of the head.
Any cylindrical shell fabricated to fit these heads must conform to or match the OD dimension.
Not all wall thicknesses are shown. Interpolate for approximate inside depth O.D. dish IDD
Inches (Flanged & Dished Head Table) Millimeters (Flanged & Dished Head Table)
O.D "T" "R1" "R2" IDD O.D "T" (mm) "R1"(mm) "R2"(mm) IDD(mm)
0.38 24 1.13 4.25 10 610 29 108
0.50 24 1.50 4.38 26" 13 610 38 111
26" 0.63 24 1.88 4.50 660 16 610 48 114
0.75 24 2.25 4.69 19 610 57 119
0.38 26 4.50 4.50 10 660 114 114
0.50 26 4.63 4.63 28" 13 660 118 118
28" 0.63 26 4.75 4.75 711 16 660 121 121
0.75 26 4.94 4.94 19 660 125 125
0.38 30 4.50 4.50 10 762 114 114
30" 0.50 30 4.63 4.63 30" 13 762 118 118
0.63 30 4.81 4.81 762 16 762 122 122
0.75 30 5.00 5.00 19 762 127 127
0.38 30 5.00 5.00 10 762 127 127
0.50 30 5.19 5.19 32" 13 762 132 132
32" 0.63 30 5.31 5.31 813 16 762 135 135
0.75 30 5.50 5.50 19 762 140 140
0.38 34 5.00 5.00 10 864 127 127
0.50 34 5.19 5.19 34 13 864 132 132
34" 0.63 33 5.44 5.44 864 16 838 138 138
0.75 30 6.06 6.06 19 762 154 154
0.38 36 5.25 5.25 10 914 133 133
0.50 36 5.44 5.44 36" 13 914 138 138
36" 0.63 36 5.63 5.63 914 16 914 143 143
0.75 36 5.75 5.75 19 914 146 146
0.38 36 1.13 5.81 10 914 29 148
0.50 36 1.50 6.00 38" 13 914 38 152
38" 0.63 36 1.88 6.13 965 16 914 48 156
0.75 36 2.25 6.31 19 914 57 160
0.38 40 1.13 5.81 10 1016 29 148
0.50 40 1.50 5.94 40" 13 1016 38 151
40" 0.63 36 1.88 6.69 1016 16 914 48 170
0.75 36 2.25 6.88 19 914 57 175
0.38 42 1.13 6.06 10 1067 29 154
42" 0.50 42 1.50 6.25 42" 13 1067 38 159
0.63 42 1.88 6.38 1067 16 1067 48 162
0.75 40 2.25 6.81 19 1016 57 173
0.38 48 1.13 6.88 10 1219 29 175
0.50 48 1.50 7.00 42" 13 1219 38 178
48" 0.63 48 1.88 7.19 1219 16 1219 48 183
0.75 48 2.25 7.38 19 1219 57 187
0.38 54 1.13 7.69 10 1372 29 195
Page 30 of 75 Worksheet: Dished Heads
0.50 54 1.50 7.81 54" 13 1372 38 198 Rev: 0
54" 0.63 54 1.88 8.00 1372 16 1372 48 203
0.75 54 2.25 8.19 19 1372 57 208
0.38 60 1.13 8.50 10 1524 29 216
0.50 60 1.50 8.63 60" 13 1524 38 219
60" 0.63 60 1.88 8.81 1524 16 1524 48 224
0.75 60 2.25 8.94 19 1524 57 227
0.38 66 1.13 9.31 10 1676 29 236
0.50 66 1.50 9.44 66" 13 1676 38 240
66" 0.63 66 1.88 9.63 1676 16 1676 48 245
0.75 66 2.25 9.75 19 1676 57 248
0.38 72 1.13 10.06 10 1829 29 256
0.63 72 1.88 10.38 72" 16 1829 48 264
72" 0.88 72 2.63 10.69 1829 22 1829 67 272
1.13 72 3.38 11.00 29 1829 86 279
0.38 78 1.13 10.88 10 1981 29 276
78" 0.63 78 1.88 11.19 78" 16 1981 48 284
0.88 78 2.63 11.50 1981 22 1981 67 292
1.13 78 3.38 11.81 29 1981 86 300
0.38 84 1.13 11.69 10 2134 29 297
0.63 84 1.88 11.88 84" 16 2134 48 302
84" 0.88 84 2.63 12.31 2134 22 2134 67 313
1.13 84 3.38 12.63 29 2134 86 321
0.38 90 1.13 12.50 10 2286 29 318
0.63 84 1.88 13.75 90" 16 2134 48 349
90" 0.88 84 2.63 14.00 2286 22 2134 67 356
1.13 84 3.38 14.31 29 2134 86 363
0.50 96 1.50 13.44 13 2438 38 341
0.75 96 2.25 13.75 96" 19 2438 57 349
96" 1.00 96 3.00 14.06 2438 25 2438 76 357
1.25 96 3.75 14.38 32 2438 95 365
0.50 102 1.50 14.25 13 2591 38 362
0.75 96 2.25 15.50 102" 19 2438 57 394
102" 1.00 96 3.00 15.75 2591 25 2438 76 400
1.25 96 3.75 16.06 32 2438 95 408
0.50 108 1.50 15.06 13 2743 38 383
0.75 108 2.25 15.38 108" 19 2743 57 391
108" 1.00 102 3.00 16.56 2743 25 2591 76 421
1.25 102 3.75 16.81 32 2591 95 427
0.50 114 1.50 15.88 13 2896 38 403
114" 0.75 114 2.25 16.19 114" 19 2896 57 411
1.00 108 3.00 17.38 2896 25 2743 76 441
1.25 108 3.75 17.63 32 2743 95 448
0.50 120 1.50 16.69 13 3048 38 424
0.88 120 2.63 17.13 120" 22 3048 67 435
120" 1.25 120 3.75 17.59 3048 32 3048 95 447
1.63 120 4.88 18.06 41 3048 124 459
0.50 126 1.50 17.50 13 3200 38 445
0.88 120 2.63 18.81 126" 22 3048 67 478
126" 1.25 120 3.75 19.25 3200 32 3048 95 489
1.63 120 4.88 19.69 41 3048 124 500
0.63 132 1.88 18.44 16 3353 48 468
0.88 132 2.63 18.75 132" 22 3353 67 476
132" 1.13 132 3.38 19.00 3353 29 3353 86 483
1.50 132 4.50 19.50 38 3353 114 495
0.63 132 1.88 20.13 16 3353 48 511
0.88 132 2.63 20.44 138" 22 3353 67 519
138" 1.13 132 3.38 20.69 3505 29 3353 86 526
1.50 132 4.50 21.13 38 3353 114 537
0.63 144 1.88 20.00 16 3658 48 508
0.88 144 2.63 20.31 144" 22 3658 67 516
144" 1.13 144 3.38 20.63 3658 29 3658 86 524
1.50 144 4.50 21.13 38 3658 114 537
0.75 144 2.25 23.69 19 3658 57 602
156" 1.13 144 3.38 24.13 156" 29 3658 86 613
1.50 144 4.50 24.50 3962 38 3658 114 622
1.88 144 5.63 24.94 48 3658 143 633
0.75 170 2.25 23.13 19 4318 57 588
1.13 170 3.38 23.56 168" 29 4318 86 598 Rev: 0
168" 1.50 170 4.50 24.06 4267 38 4318 114 611
1.88 170 5.63 24.19 48 4318 143 614
0.88 170 2.63 26.69 22 4318 67 678
1.25 170 3.75 27.13 180 32 4318 95 689
180" 1.63 170 4.88 27.56 4572 41 4318 124 700
2.00 170 6.00 28.00 51 4318 152 711
0.88 170 2.63 30.50 22 4318 67 775
1.25 170 3.75 30.88 192" 32 4318 95 784
192" 1.63 170 4.88 31.25 4877 41 4318 124 794
2.00 170 6.00 31.63 51 4318 152 803
0.88 170 2.63 34.63 22 4318 67 880
1.25 170 3.75 35.00 204" 32 4318 95 889
204" 1.63 170 4.88 35.31 5182 41 4318 124 897
2.00 170 6.00 35.63 51 4318 152 905
0.88 170 2.63 39.06 22 4318 67 992
1.25 170 3.75 39.50 216" 32 4318 95 1003
216" 1.63 170 4.88 39.75 5486 41 4318 124 1010
2.00 170 6.00 40.00 51 4318 152 1016
0.88 180 2.63 41.25 22 4572 67 1048
228" 1.25 180 3.75 41.50 228" 32 4572 95 1054
1.63 180 4.88 41.75 5791 41 4572 124 1060
2.00 180 6.00 42.00 51 4572 152 1067
0.88 180 2.63 46.25 22 4572 67 1175
1.25 180 3.75 46.44 240" 32 4572 95 1180
240" 1.63 180 4.88 46.63 6096 41 4572 124 1184
2.00 180 6.00 46.81 51 4572 152 1189
Art Montemayor Cylindrical Vessel Volume Relationship May 27, 1998
Rev:1(06/06/01)
Cylindrical Volumes of Vessels --- expressed as Gallons of Liquid Content per inch length of
Cylinder.
Source: Chemical Engineers' Handbook; Perry & Chilton; 5th Edition; p. 6-86
Diam., in. Gal./in. Diam., in. Gal./in. Diam., in. Gal./in. Diam., in. Gal./in.
15.0 0.765 28.0 2.666 52 9.194 96 31.334
15.5 0.817 28.5 2.762 53 9.551 98 32.653
16.0 0.870 29.0 2.859 54 9.914 100 34.000
16.5 0.926 29.5 2.959 55 10.285 102 35.373
17.0 0.983 30 3.060 56 10.662 104 36.774
17.5 1.041 31 3.267 57 11.047 106 38.202

18.0 1.102 32 3.482 58 11.438 108 39.657
18.5 1.164 33 3.703 59 11.835 110 41.140
19.0 1.227 34 3.930 60 12.240 112 42.649
19.5 1.293 35 4.165 62 13.070 114 44.186
20.0 1.360 36 4.406 64 13.926 116 45.750

20.5 1.429 37 4.655 66 14.810 118 47.341
21.0 1.499 38 4.910 68 15.722 120 48.960
21.5 1.572 39 5.171 70 16.660 122 50.605
22.0 1.646 40 5.440 72 17.626 124 52.278
22.5 1.721 41 5.715 74 18.618 126 53.978

23.0 1.799 42 5.998 76 19.638 128 55.705
23.5 1.878 43 6.287 78 20.685 130 57.460
24.0 1.958 44 6.582 80 21.760 132 59.241
24.5 2.041 45 6.885 82 22.861 134 61.050
25.0 2.125 46 7.194 84 23.990 136 62.886

25.5 2.211 47 7.511 86 25.146 138 64.749
26.0 2.298 48 7.834 88 26.329 140 66.640
26.5 2.388 49 8.163 90 27.540 142 68.557

27.0 2.479 50 8.500 92 28.777 144 70.502
27.5 2.571 51 8.843 94 30.042 146 72.474
148 74.473

Page 33 of 75 WorkSheet: Cylindrical Tank Volume
Art Montemayor June 02, 1999
Rev: 0
VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDED FITTINGS

All volumes expressed in cubic inches
Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47
Nominal 90o Elbows 180o Returns 45o Elbows Tees Caps

Pipe Size, Long Radius Short Radius Long Radius Short Radius Long Radius Full-size outlets
in. Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard
1/2 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.3
3/4 0.9 0.8 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.4 1.6 1.3 0.6
1 2.0 1.7 1.4 4.1 3.4 2.7 1.0 0.8 3.5 2.9 1.1
1-1/4 4.4 3.7 2.9 8.7 7.4 5.9 2.2 1.8 7.5 6.5 1.8
1-1/2 7.2 6.2 4.8 4.2 14.4 12.5 9.6 8.3 3.6 3.1 12.4 10.8 2.5
2 15.8 13.9 10.5 9.2 31.6 27.8 21.1 18.3 7.9 7.0 22.2 19.7 3.9
3 52.2 46.7 34.8 31.1 104.4 93.3 69.6 62.2 26.1 23.3 65.2 58.7 11.1
4 119.8 108.3 79.9 72.0 239.7 216.6 159.9 143.9 59.9 54.1 135.8 123.6 24.2
6 408.1 368.3 272.1 245.4 816.1 736.6 544.3 490.8 204.0 184.2 413.2 367.1 77.3
8 942.3 860.3 628.3 572.7 1,884.7 1,720.6 1,256.7 1,145.5 471.1 430.1 881.1 811.2 148.5
10 1,856.9 1,758.2 1,238.0 1,172.2 3,713.8 3,516.5 2,476.0 2,344.3 928.5 879.1 1,675.4 1,594.9 295.6
12 3,195.9 3,064.2 2,130.7 2,042.8 6,391.8 6,128.5 4,261.5 4,085.6 1,598.0 1,532.1 2,816.9 2,712.3 517.0
14 4,545.9 4,376.1 3,030.7 2,917.4 9,091.8 8,752.2 6,061.4 5,834.8 2,273.0 2,188.1 3,809.3 3,681.0 684.6
16 6,882.2 6,658.4 4,301.4 4,161.5 13,764.5 13,316.9 8,602.8 8,323.0 3,441.1 3,329.2 5,804.3 5,634.3 967.6
18 9,906.5 9,621.7 6,054.0 5,879.9 19,813.1 19,243.4 12,108.0 11,759.8 4,953.3 4,810.8 8,396.5 8,179.2 1,432.6
20 13,707.5 13,353.8 9,366.8 9,125.1 27,415.0 26,707.6 18,733.6 18,250.2 6,853.8 6,676.9 11,701.3 11,429.4 2,026.4
22 18,365.2 17,935.8 36,730.9 23,914.5 9,182.7 8,967.9 14,348.0 14,049.2 2,784.1
24 23,995.6 23,482.4 14,664.0 14,350.3 47,991.1 46,964.7 29,327.9 28,700.7 11,997.8 11,471.2 20,647.2 20,249.7 3,451.0
26 30,644.8 30,041.0 61,289.6 40,054.6 15,322.4 15,020.5 23,912.3 23,493.2 4,014.3
30 47,449.7 46,642.1 31,648.8 31,110.5 94,899.4 62,189.4 63,297.7 62,221.0 35,985.0 35,442.5 5,163.1
34 69,490.1 68,449.0 110,260.5 34,745.0 34,224.5 52,836.7 52,135.9
36 82,695.4 81,526.6 55,130.3 54,351.0 176,155.6 110,260.5 108,702.1 41,347.7 40,763.3 62,945.1 62,157.5 7,010.8
42 132,116.7 130,520.2 88,077.8 87,013.4 66,054.8 65,260.1 94,207.0 93,209.0 10,936.3
48 198,322.0 196,203.0 40,971.0 40,538.0 145,443.0 144,092.0 13,480.0
90o Elbows:

Page 34 of 75 WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
Rev: 0
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
180o Returns:
V = P2D2O/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to center distance
45o Elbows:
V = P2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
Full Size Outlet Tees:

V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C= Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch

Rev: 0
Pipe Caps:
V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
E = length
t = wall thickness
Crosses:
V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C= Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Concentric & eccentric reducers:

Rev: 0

Rev: 0
Caps Crosses Stub Ends Nominal Pipe Size, Reducers Tees

Full-size outlets Lap Joint in. Concentric & Eccentric with Reducing Outlet
X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Large end Small end Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
0.2 0.9 0.7 3/8 1.5 1.3 2.7 2.3

1
0.4 1.6 1.3 1/2 1.8 1.4 2.8 2.4
0.9 3.5 2.9 3/4 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.6
1.5 9.5 8.2 6.0 5.1 1/2 2.6 2.2 5.8 5.1
2.0 15.5 13.7 8.1 7.1 1-1/4 3/4 3.1 2.6 6.0 5.4
3.2 27.7 24.7 20.1 17.8 1 3.7 3.1 6.3 5.7
9.4 80.5 72.9 44.4 39.6 1/2 4.0 3.4 9.4 8.3
20.8 166.5 152.4 76.4 69.0 3/4 4.6 3.9 9.6 8.6
1-1/2
65.7 501.3 441.0 231.1 208.5 1 5.3 4.5 9.9 9.1
122.3 1,061.9 983.0 400.2 365.3 1-1/4 6.5 5.6 10.8 9.9
264.4 2,010.4 1,920.6 788.5 746.6 3/4 7.6 6.6 16.7 15.2
475.0 3,371.9 3,255.9 1,131.0 1,084.3 1 8.5 7.4 16.9 15.6
2
640.0 4,171.5 4,043.7 1,654.6 1,592.8 1-1/4 10.0 8.8 17.6 16.5
911.0 6,311.7 6,144.0 2,191.8 2,120.6 1-1/2 11.4 10.0 18.4 17.4
1,363.0 9,081.3 8,868.1 2,804.5 2,723.8 1 50.9 45.5
1,938.0 12,634.1 12,368.2 3,492.5 3,402.4 1-1/4 20.2 17.9 51.8 46.4
2,682.9 3 1-1/2 21.9 19.4 52.9 47.3
3,313.0 22,189.4 21,802.9 5,094.7 4,985.7 2 25.5 22.7 55.1 49.5
3,884.1 2-1/2 29.5 26.3 58.6 52.6
5,006.4 1-1/2 37.3 33.4 108.0 97.7
2 41.8 37.5 110.4 99.9
6,811.5 4 2-1/2 46.6 41.8 113.9 103.2
10,666.7 3 54.4 48.9 119.7 108.6
13,157.0 3-1/2 62.1 55.9 125.9 114.5
2-1/2 11.9 100.6 334.1 301.8
3 123.7 111.3 340.0 307.4
6 3-1/2 134.8 121.5 346.3 313.7
4 147.1 132.8 354.1 321.2
5 175.3 158.7 375.7 361.8

Rev: 0
3 716.9 655.5
3-1/2 221.7 201.8 722.6 661.0
8 4 235.6 215.0 730.6 668.7
5 269.6 245.8 753.0 690.5
6 309.2 280.9 791.1 719.4
4 385.9 362.0 1,373.0 1,300.0
5 428.3 401.4 1,396.0 1,323.0
10
6 476.8 444.8 1,432.0 1,350.0
8 586.0 546.7 1,506.0 1,426.0
5 639.4 606.4 2,318.0 2,224.0
12 6 697.7 658.8 2,348.0 2,250.0
8 827.0 779.8 2,430.0 2,329.0
10 993.8 947.7 2,567.0 2,468.0
6 1,496 1,419 1,992 1,915
8 1,738 1,646 2,587 2,488
14
10 2,041 1,952 2,922 2,816
12 2,382 2,288 2,976 3,022
6 2,621 2,532
8 2,321 2,212 3,396 3,283
16 10 2,656 2,552 3,803 3,701
12 3,029 2,920 4,891 4,741
14 3,289 3,175 5,054 4,902
8 4,318 4,191
10 3,413 3,291 4,849 4,711
18 12 3,821 3,695 4,993 5,013
14 4,104 3,973 6,147 5,976
16 4,598 4,458 7,180 6,985
8 5,360 5,214
10 6,010 5,855
12 6,248 6,059 6,204 6,221
20
14 6,922 6,717 7,606 7,414
16 7,974 7,747 8,877 8,657
18 9,404 9,150 10,163 9,916
10 12,027 11,745
12 12,226 11,944
14 7,333 7,129 12,394 12,110
22
16 8,055 7,841 12,620 12,337

Rev: 0
22
18 8,848 8,622 12,995 12,710
20 9,711 9,474 1,345,813,172
10 8,701 8,519
12 14,972 14,603
14 10,979 10,745
24 16 8,637 8,419 12,795 12,526
18 9,451 9,221 14,628 14,325
20 10,334 10,094 16,477 16,141
22 16,606 16,287
12 20,062 19,668
14 20,233 19,837
16 20,465 20,070
26 18 20,846 20,449
20 21,316 20,919
22 21,887 21,487
24 22,565 22,164
14 30,283 29,768
16 30,520 30,006
18 30,908 30,392
20 31,386 30,869
30
22 31,964 31,445
24 32,652 32,131
26 33,458 32,936
28 34,102 33,583
16 44,385 43,724
18 44,779 44,116
20 45,265 44,600
22 45,851 45,184
34 24 46,548 45,879
26 47,364 46,693
28 48,018 47,351
30 49,058 48,389
32 50,242 49,571
16 52,701 51,958
18 53,098 52,353
20 53,587 52,841
22 54,177 53,429
36
Rev: 0
24 54,878 54,128
36
26 55,700 54,947
28 56,359 55,610
30 30,539 30,071 57,404 56,653
32 32,314 31,831 58,594 57,842
34 34,176 33,698 59,940 59,185
20 76,746 75,825
22 77,172 76,253
24 32,031 31,561 77,639 76,723
26 33,617 33,132 78,899 77,972
42 28 79,574 78,650
30 37,053 36,540 80,636 79,710
32 38,902 38,375 81,462 80,540
34 40,840 40,229 82,341 81,425
36 42,866 42,311 83,276 82,365
22 125,186 123,874
24 85,143 83,984 125,667 124,358
26 89,354 88,163 126,693 125,377
28 127,344 126,031
30 98,305 97,047 128,044 126,736
32 103,044 101,753 129,561 128,245
48 34 107,959 106,635 130,462 129,151
36 113,050 111,693 131,419 130,113
38 118,317 116,927 133,521 132,207
40 123,760 122,337 134,710 133,402
42 129,378 127,923 135,960 134,660
44 135,173 133,685 138,742 137,432
46 141,144 139,622 140,256 138,954

Profiles of Torispherical Dished Heads
The volume calculator assumes the head profile to be a perfect ellipse, which is correct for a semi-
ellipsoidal head but only approximate for a Torispherical profile. Torispherical heads can have different
profiles depending on the relationship between: - Knuckle radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter.
Two typical Torispherical profiles are shown below in Red, and the true ellipse for the same diameter and
head height is shown in Blue. Treating a Torisphere as an ellipse for volume calculation will generally
give a slight under estimate of the volume. The error will depend on the relationship between: - Knuckle
radius, Spherical Radius and Diameter used.
a semi-
have different
ameter.
me diameter and
ill generally
een: - Knuckle
Art Montemayor Volume of a Partially Filled Torispherical Bottom Head July 20, 2003
VERTICAL TANK BOTTOM TORISPHERICAL HEAD VOLUME CALCULATION Rev: 1
Tank Internal Diameter(3) D 2,134 mm = 84.02 inches

Crown Radius Ri 2,134 mm = 84.02 inches
% Knuckle Radius 6.55%
Knuckle Radius ri 139.8 mm = 5.50 inches
b = D/2 - ri 927.2 mm
a = b Ri / (Ri - ri) 992.2 mm
2 2
c = ((Ri - ri) - b ) 1,765.6 mm
-1 ri
= Sin (a / R i) 0.484 radians c Ri
27.7 b
x = Ri Cos - c 123.7 mm = 4.87 inches x
a h
z = Ri - c - x 244.7 mm = 9.63 inches z
h= x+z 368.4 mm = 14.51 inches
Approx. Head Volume = p / 6 * z (3a2 + z2) + p / 3 * x ((D/2)2 + (D/2)a + a2)

approximate calculation for knuckle section
= 386.1 + 412.3
= 798.4 litres = 210.91 US gals
Volume of partially filled Torispherical head:

Liquid Height Sector Area Knuckle Area Total Head Volume
Level in End dish:
"h" (mm) "z" "r" Volume (1) "x" "r" Volume (2) litres %
0% 0 0 0 0 0 992 0 0 0%
10% 37 37 395 9 0 992 0 9 1%
20% 74 74 556 36 0 992 0 36 5%
30% 111 111 678 80 0 992 0 80 10%
40% 147 147 779 142 0 992 0 142 18%
50% 184 184 867 221 0 992 0 221 28%
60% 221 221 946 316 0 992 0 316 40%
70% 258 245 992 386 13 1,000 41 427 54%
80% 295 245 992 386 50 1,022 160 546 68%
90% 332 245 992 386 87 1,045 283 669 84%
100% 368.45 245 992 386 124 1,067 412 798.4 100%
Notes:
(1) Sector volume = PI / 6 * "z" (3 * "r"2 + "z"2)
(2) Knuckle volume = PI / 3 * "x" ("r"2 + "r" * a + a2)
(3) Torispherical (also called ASME F&D) heads are designed and fabricated in the USA on the basis of using the
outside diameter as their nominal diameter.
Vertical Torispherical Tank Head Volume
100%
80%
y = -0.3762x3 + 1.4453x2 - 0.0664x
R = 0.9999
Volume of Fill
60%
40%
20%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Level of Fill
Page 44 of 75 WorkSheet: F & D Partial Volume
Art Montemayor Vertical Tank Bottom Torispherical Head Volume September 30, 2004
Rev: 0
I.D. = 84.0 inches

k = Knuckle-Radius (kD) 0.06 inches
f = dish-radius parameter (fD) 1
kD = 5.04 inches
fD = 84 inches
a = 0.487 radians Cos a = 0.883683 Sin a = 0.468085

a1 = 9.7706 inches Acos a = 1.062004 Asin a = 0.508792
a2 = 4.4538 inches
D1 = 78.6383
s = 5.565584
t = 8.9075 8.9075
u(h) = 5.583195
Limits of the Equation
0.00 h 9.77 9.77 h 14.22 14.22 h Top
h = 15.35379 in h = 15.35379 in h = 24 in
3 3 3
V = 58,420 in = 252.90 Gallons V = 54,255 in = 234.87 Gallons V = 102,183 in = 442.35 Gallons
Page 45 of 75 WorkSheet: Vertical F&D Head Volume
Art Montemayor Determining Vessel Volumes June 15, 2003
The following article appeared in "Chemical Processing" magazine on Novermber 17, 2002; pp. 46-50: Rev: 0
Computing Fluid Tank Volumes

Updated equations allow engineers to calculate the fluid volumes of many tanks quickly and accurately
By Dan Jones, Ph.D., P.E.
Calculating fluid volume in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank or elliptical tank can be complicated, depending
on fluid height and the shape of the heads (ends) of a horizontal tank or the bottom of a vertical tank. Exact
equations now are available for several commonly encountered tank shapes. These equations allow rapid and
accurate fluid-volume calculations.
All volume equations give fluid volumes in cubic units from tank dimensions in consistent linear units. All
variables defining tank shapes required for tank volume calculations are defined in the Variables and Definitions
sidebar. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 graphically illustrate horizontal tank variables, and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 graphically
illustrate vertical tank variables.
Exact fluid volumes in elliptical horizontal or vertical tanks can be determined by calculating the fluid volumes of
appropriate cylindrical horizontal or vertical tanks using the equations described above, and then by adjusting
those results using appropriate correction formulas.
Horizontal cylindrical tanks

Fluid volume as a function of fluid height can be calculated for a horizontal cylindrical tank with either conical,
ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical or torispherical heads where the fluid height, h, is measured from the tank bottom to
the fluid surface. A guppy head is a conical head with its apex level with the top of the cylindrical section of the
tank, as shown in Fig. 1. A torispherical head is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME-type)
head defined by a knuckle-radius parameter, k, and a dish-radius parameter, f, as shown in Fig. 2.
An ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution; only a hemi ellipsoid is valid - no segment
of an ellipsoid will work, as is true in the case of a spherical head that can be a spherical segment. For a
spherical head, |a| < R, where R is the radius of the cylindrical tank body. For concave conical, ellipsoidal,
guppy, spherical or torispherical heads, |a| < L/2.
Figure 1. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal, Guppy or Spherical Heads
1. Both heads of a tank must be identical. Above diagram is for definition of parameters only.
2. Cylindrical tube of diameter D (D > 0), radius R (R > 0) and length L (L > 0)
Page 46 of 75 WorkSheet: Reference Article
3. For spherical head of radius r, r > R and |a| < R Rev: 0
4. For convex head other than spherical, 0 < a < a , for concave head a < 0
5. L > 0 for a > 0, L > 2|a| for a < 0
6. Ellipsoidal head must be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution
7. 0 < h < D.
Both heads of a horizontal cylindrical tank must be identical for the equations to work; i.e., if one head is conical,
the other must be conical with the same dimensions. However, the equations can be combined to calculate the
fluid volume of a horizontal tank with heads of different shapes.
For instance, if a horizontal cylindrical tank has a conical head on one end and an ellipsoidal head on the other
end, calculate fluid volumes of two tanks, one with conical heads and the other with ellipsoidal heads, and
average the results to get the desired fluid volume. The heads of a horizontal tank can be flat (a = 0), convex
(a > 0) or concave (a < 0).
The following variables must be within the ranges stated:

|a| < R for spherical heads.
|a| < L/2 for concave ends.
0 < h < 2R for all tanks.
f > 0.5 for torispherical heads.
0 < k < 0.5 for torispherical heads.
D > 0.
L > 0.
Variables used in Volumetric Equations and their Definitions
a This is the distance a horizontal tank's heads extend beyond (a>0) or into (a<0) its cylindrical
section or the depth the bottom extends below the cylindrical section of a vertical tank. For a
horizontal tank with flat heads or a vertical tank with a flat bottom, a = 0.
Af This is the cross-sectional area of the fluid in a horizontal tank's cylindrical section.
D This is the diameter of the cylindrical section of a horizontal or vertical tank.
DH & DW These are the height and width, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the body
of a horizontal elliptical tank.
DA & DB These are the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse defining the cross section of the
body of a vertical elliptical tank.
f This is the dish-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; fD is the dish radius.
h This is the height of fluid in a tank measured from the lowest part of the tank to the fluid surface.
k This is the knuckle-radius parameter for tanks with torispherical heads or bottoms; kD is the
knuckle radius.
L This is the length of the cylindrical section of a horizontal tank.
R This is the radius of the cylindrical section of a horizontal of vertical tank.
r This is the radius of a spherical head for a horizontal tank or a spherical bottom of a vertical tank.
Vf This is the fluid volume, of fluid depth h, in a horizontal or vertical cylindrical tank. Rev: 0
Horizontal tank equations

The following are the specific equations for fluid volumes in horizontal cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal,
guppy, spherical, and torispherical heads (use radian angular measure for all trigonometric functions and
D/2 = R > 0 for all equations).
In the Vf equation for torispherical heads, use + (-) for convex (concave) heads.
In the horizontal tank equations, Vf is the total volume of fluid in the tank in cubic units consistent with the linear
units of tank dimension parameters, and Af is the cross-sectional area of fluid in the cylindrical body of the tank
in square units consistent with the linear units used for R and h. The equation for Af is given by:
Horizontal cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations.
Find the volumes of fluid, in gallons, in horizontal cylindrical tanks 108 inches [in.] in diameter with cylinder
lengths of 156 in., for conical, ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and standard ASME torispherical (f = 1, k = 0.06)
heads, each head extending beyond the ends of the cylinder 42 in. (except torispherical), for fluid depths in the
tanks of 36 in. (example 1) and 84 in. (example 2). Calculate five times for each fluid depth - for a conical,
ellipsoidal, guppy, spherical and torispherical head.
For example 1, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 36 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid
volumes are 2,041.19 gallon (gal) for conical heads, 2,380.96 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 1,931.72 gal for guppy
heads, 2,303.96 gal for spherical heads and 2,028.63 gal for torispherical heads.
For example 2, the parameters are D = 108 in., L = 156 in., a = 42 in., h = 84 in., f = 1 and k = 0.06. The fluid
volumes are 6,180.54 gal for conical heads, 7,103.45 gal for ellipsoidal heads, 5,954.11 gal for guppy heads,
6,935.16 gal for spherical heads, and 5,939.90 gal for torispherical heads.
For torispherical heads, a is not required input; it can be calculated from f, k and D. For these torispherical
head examples, the calculated value is a = 18.288 in.
Vertical cylindrical tanks

The fluid volume in a vertical cylindrical tank with either a conical, ellipsoidal, spherical or torispherical bottom can
be calculated, where the fluid height, h, is measured from the center of the bottom of the tank to the surface of the
fluid in the tank. See Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for tank configurations and dimension parameters, which also are defined
in the Variables and Definitions sidebar.
Figure 2. Parameters for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Heads
Rev: 0
A torispherical bottom is an ASME-type bottom defined by a knuckle-radius factor and a dish-radius factor, as
shown in Fig. 4. The knuckle radius then will be kD, and the dish radius will be fD. An ellipsoidal bottom must
be exactly half of an ellipsoid of revolution. For a spherical bottom, |a| < R, where a is the depth of the spherical
bottom and R is the radius of the cylindrical section of the tank.
The following parameter ranges must be observed:

a > 0 for all vertical tanks, a < R for a spherical bottom.
f > 0.5 for a torispherical bottom.
0 < k < 0.5 for a torispherical bottom.
D > 0.
Figure 3. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Conical, Ellipsoidal or Spherical Bottoms
Vertical tank equations

The specific equations for fluid volumes in vertical cylindrical tanks with conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and
torispherical bottoms are provided in the Vertical Tank Equations sidebar (use radian angular measure for all
trigonometric functions, and D > 0 for all equations).
Figure 4. Parameters for Vertical Cylindrical Tanks with Torispherical Bottoms
Vertical cylindrical tank examples

Two examples can be used to check application of the equations for vertical cylindrical tanks; for each example,
calculate the fluid volumes for conical, ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical bottoms.
For example 1, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 24 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 250.67 gal for a
conical bottom, 783.36 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 583.60 gal for a spherical bottom and 904.07 gal for a
torispherical bottom. Rev: 0
For example 2, D = 132 in., a = 33 in., h = 60 in., f = 1, and k = 0.06. The fluid volumes are 2,251.18 gal for a
conical bottom, 2,902.83 gal for an ellipsoidal bottom, 2,658.46 gal for a spherical bottom and 3,036.76 gal for
a torispherical bottom.
For a torispherical bottom, parameter "a" is not required input, but can be calculated from the values of f, k,
and D. For these examples, the calculated value is a = 22.353 in.
Horizontal and vertical elliptical tanks

The cross-sections of tank bodies of horizontal and vertical tanks with elliptical bodies are ellipses. For this
article, a horizontal elliptical tank must be one of two possible configurations, shown in Fig. 5, where the major
and minor axes of the elliptical cross-sections are either vertical or horizontal.
The heads of horizontal elliptical tanks and the bottoms of vertical elliptical tanks may be any of those described
above for the corresponding cylindrical tanks, with the assumption that the heads and bottoms are "deformed"
proportionately to the deformation of the cylindrical body to form the elliptical body.
In certain cases such as those with torispherical heads and bottoms and spherical heads and bottoms, it is
necessary to distinguish which elliptical axis defines the head or bottom shape and which axis has been
proportionately stretched or compressed from the cylindrical tank shape to form the elliptical tank shape;
therefore, this distinction will be made for all cases for the sake of consistency, not necessity.
To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two
orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the vertical plane through the tank
centerline (plane goes through DH) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DH using the
equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads. Multiply the volume found by
DW/DH to get the elliptical tank fluid volume.
Figure 5. Cross-sections of Horizontal Elliptical Tanks
To calculate the fluid volume in a horizontal elliptical tank with the elliptical body oriented in one of the two
orientations shown in Fig. 5 - where the head parameters are defined in the horizontal plane through the tank
centerline (plane goes through DW) - calculate the volume of a horizontal cylindrical tank with D = DW and a fluid
height h' = h(DW/DH) using the equations for horizontal cylindrical tanks with the appropriately shaped heads.
Multiply the volume found by DH/DW to get the desired elliptical tank fluid volume.
Examples for horizontal elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of horizontal elliptical tanks with ellipsoidal, spherical and torispherical heads with
the following measurements: DH = 100 in., DW = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical
heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, fluid height h = 48 in., and head parameters of each tank
defined (1) in a horizontal plane through the tank centerline and (2) in a vertical plane through the tank centerline.
Rev: 0
For example 1, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 120 in., L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal
and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 57.6 in. (48 in. x 120/100), and multiply
the volume found by 100/120. For example 2, calculate horizontal cylindrical tank volumes with D = 100 in.,
L = 156 in., a = 25 in. for ellipsoidal and spherical heads, f = 0.8 and k = 0.1 for torispherical heads, and h = 48,
and multiply the volume found by 120/100. The results are summarized in the following table:
The values for "a" in the above torispherical head cases are 27.065 in. for example 1 and 22.554 in. for example 2.
For a vertical elliptical tank, define DA and DB to be the major and minor axes, respectively, of the ellipse
defining the cross-section of the tank body.
To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane
through both the tank centerline and through DA, use D = DA. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical
tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DB/DA to get the elliptical tank volume.
To calculate the fluid volume in a vertical elliptical tank, where the bottom parameters are defined in the plane
through both the tank centerline and through DB, use D = DB. Use the equations above for a vertical cylindrical
tank with the appropriately shaped bottom. Multiply the volume found by DA/DB to get the desired elliptical tank
volume.
Examples for vertical elliptical tanks

Find the fluid volumes (in gal.) of vertical elliptical tanks with conical, spherical and torispherical bottoms with the
following measurements: DA = 96 in., DB = 72 in., a = 34 in. for conical and spherical bottoms, f = 0.9 and
k = 0.2 for the torispherical bottom, fluid height h = 53 in. Head parameters of each tank defined (1) in a plane
through the tank centerline and DA and (2) in a plane through the tank centerline and DB. For example 1,
calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 96 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9
and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 72/96. For example 2,
calculate vertical cylindrical tank volumes with D = 72 in., a = 34 in. (for conical and spherical bottoms), f = 0.9
and k = 0.2 (for the torispherical bottom), and h = 53 in., and multiply the volume found by 96/72. The results are
summarized in the following table:
Calculated values for "a" in the torispherical-bottom cases are 25.684 in. and 22.554 in. for examples 1 and 2,
respectively. CP
Rev: 0
Horizontal Tank Equations

Conical Heads
2a R 2
V f = A f L + (K ) for 0 h R
3
2a R 2 p
V f = A f L + for h = R
3 2
2a R 2
V f = A f L + (p - K ) for R h 2R
3
1 R-h
K = cos -1 M + M 3 cosh -1 - 2 M 1 - M where,
2
M =
M R
Ellipsoidal Heads
h
V f = A f L + p a h 2 1 -
3R
Guppy Heads (Eccentric Cone)

Rev: 0
2 a R2 h 2a
V f = Af L + cos -1 1 - + 2 R h - h 2 (2 h - 3 R )(h + R )
3 R 9 R
Spherical Heads
1. For the condition where: h = R and a R

p a
V f = Af L +
6
(3R 2
+ a2 )
2. For the condition where: h = D and a R
p a
V f = Af L +
3
(3R 2
+ a2 )
3. For the condition where: h=0 or a = 0, R, or - R
h
V f = A f L + p a h 2 1 -
3R
4. For the condition where: h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01 D

2 r 3 -1 R 2 - r w z R 2 w3 y 4 w y z
-1 R + r w
2 2
a -1 w
V f = Af L + cos + cos - 2 + cos - 2 w r - tan -1 +
a 3 R(w - r ) R(w + r ) r r R 3 z 3

5. For the condition where: h R, D; a 0, R, - R; and a 0.01D
R 2 R2 - x2
V f = Af L +
a
(
2 r - x tan
2 -1
) dx - A f
z
a w r 2 - R2
For the above 5 spherical heads equations:
r=
a2 + R2
2a
where, a 0 ; and a = r - r 2 - R 2 ( ) + or (- ) for convex or (concave)heads
w= R-h
y= 2 R h - h2
z= r 2 - R2 Page 53 of 75 WorkSheet: Reference Article
w= R-h
y= 2 R h - h2 Rev: 0
z= r 2 - R2
Torispherical (ASME Flanged & Dished) Heads
Jones is a senior process chemist for Stockhausen Louisiana LLC, Garyville, La. Contact him at
Dan.Jones@degussa.com.
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Art Montemayor Vessel Design Tips August 21, 2000

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

1. Calculating the maximum volume capacity of a vessel;

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

VOLUMES IN PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSELS

Name: General Purpose Tank

Item No: T-C-15 Vessel Volume

Cylindrical radius = r = 24.00 in.

Ellipsoidal Volume = Vell = 28,953 in3 125.3

Spherical Volume = Vsph = 57,906 in3 250.7

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Tank Inside Diameter (ID) inches 90.000 = 7.5000 ft

Tank HeadType Pressure

Head type selected: 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head Volume = 55.22 cu.ft.

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D L ) ([fZc)])

f(Zc) = Horizontal cylinder coefficient (from Doolittle tables)

a -sin(a) cos (a)

For Ellipsoidal 2:1 heads,

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Oct 31, 1999

The volume V of a liquid in a horizontal cylindrical tank is:

Note that the result of the arccos-function has to be taken in radians.

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Vertical Cylindrical Tank with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads

Partial tank volume = ( 1/6 p K1 D ) ([f(Ze)]) + ( 1/4 p D H3)

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

NGPSA Engineering Data Book 0.400000

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Partial Volume = (Total Cylinder volume)(Zc) + (Total Heads' volume)(Ze)

where, Zc = Cylindrical partial volume coefficient

1) V1 = {r2cos-1[(r-h/r]-(r-h)(2rh-h2)0.5}L .........(Kowal,G.; Chem. Eng; pp. 130-132; 6/11/73)

VDH = 0.0009328 h2 (1.5d - h) .......................Volume of a dished-only head, in US gallons

where, h = depth of liquid content in the horizontal head, in.

Vpartial = 0.00093 h2 (3r - h)

where, Vpartial = partial volume, gallons

Ze = -2 (h/d)3 + 3 (h/d)2 - 0.0016 (h/d) + 0.0001

where, Vc = total conical volume, cu. ft.

Page 15 of 75 Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Horizontal Vessel Heads' orientation Vertical Vessel Heads' orientation

For Horizontal Vessel Heads:

For Vertical Vessel Heads:

V = 0.01363 H2 L - 0.004545 H3 ......................(Chemical Processing Nomographs;Dale S. Davis;

where, V = liquid volume in the dish, gallons (excluding flanged section)

Page 16 of 75 Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Data Source: 0.600000

NOTE: These capacity coefficients

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

References and Sources:

(3) A. Montemayor personal files

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Diameter Head Volume in Cubic Feet Head Volume in U.S. Gallons

Trinity Industries, Inc.

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Electronic FileName: 76469885.xls.ms_office

Inches 60.00 Approximate area for nozzle attachment

Start of Knuckle Radius mm 1524

Key In the Head I.D. 75 Inches