من وصايا السيد

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cT [Q g@ zdX zg T

edG
u
...n _he@ nf dU ...gA

eU =n]B @x
nT pY nghU S}> pe=
g g
eX j d T m }g]x
nY neL |w R n L
gdB T~x
...gUbL U B
...pY}cU }hU U Un_Y ngSR f=
...g=dS U B
phini {= phT}A
pdh\aU
dbU |w nÌ R H
...pUnH}U
T pah^fU dbU nj= }e _ x cU ghR ni
...pah^fU
ni n]hI }gb= e_Un= cx U pf U U U U ggfx

...phw}cU phÙ pehefU n\Ù {bU
5
...phw|eU pedK phan]U pxH ph[_U
ngY R bU Y w|A

S icx Y w|A
...U cU

...n hY n ^L n gfY n hUnL
|Y {hU
[U
b=
...pYnY hA fU Y {hU
_= b=
rhA U ngfY dL x}RneU bf> ni pfhaH Un_> dU l= bx b=
...U nY Y
QmaT XG }S|dT |wzX

GdT zdX g`H
|w}@ /v m[X
}caU R n hL ngifex x|dU nwnhS ]_> cex nhU

Un_> dU }_i i .ph=nx snfU R n L{= pT}U }U
w kw ad x x|U b x ed_x x|U x}hcU nf?{A
nY~U Y }hcU An d cx gU ..n_U nhU d ex x|U
o_x ilR d_U nY ..ph]U ~}Ù Y bdx |U d U |cw
..phUkeU Y }hcU dex ilR LU {bU
{= U|T An
ad eU nT oin@ R inT R pe nhi nfx |gU
nhi Y phdS
nQÙ Y px}T qinT }B oin@ R dwnU
..had eU hdwnU qf L Y }hcU de>
x|U hd[eU pe
}bU gfL }L P fU A
neT ed_x x|U T}ZeU eg>
n]U R nUn= e@ fUn= dbL R eg> nR pdJn= peg> c=
dJ aSY dL q? P f cU nH hdL bU @ qhY A
b= ad eU bR H }[i U ngdhH R {wn@ }caU
.P = n@ |U H LU d_U fU
n=}\U {_Y
x nhU lR nfw Y
cx {= yd[Y T
nY{fL beUn= {x
U {= pUkYU nedcU T
g@> nY{fL
LU pUkeU nedcU \x beU }nU nhdhaJ UA >
7
nedcU _= nfU _= ~}Q }hx }hcU h]x {S ..{bU
i~x nY c= |w dd \x _h]x {S h@ nYng>
mX i Q :bx Un_> dU cU
m` ? n v { g Q z< }T rB {bA Y g=dS R
Q q b dgQ m
hU _R{x |U {=~U T [ :{L}U] e T ` ew mX mX
.nB}U o[ U ]_> neL R bR nheU nY }x
d U pg@Y R LU phUkY dex x|dU {= :bi U|U
x gU {= }nU B Y beU nf= phUkY dex
naIl= }^f> U nhi phA Zh_x nhU n=} dex {e[x
}ZY odb= pbhbU i g@x x|U ed_x x|U kw U
bL }ZY odb= pbhbU i bd]x d[eU kw ...yafY bL
nfU }_hU pY{beU pxbU p_RnfU pbU }U pedcU bd]x yafY
:nai]o e g < K @ X g w o e g < K c v X c f g T pbhbU U

S { d[eU pe nhi nB |U }[U U .[
nin_I bx ]x U }Zfx H n]H neU d U
..dc^w fhkQ XaT |`P fcT :fU x}J R x}nU T n_I

[ meg<]
phHnbU ohUnH |w T _U
@> nY{fL i
|w T
dbL R eg> U nYng> @> nY{fL hU ngig@x U
@eU
_adU _R d]> hdL UnH S{
H neT o>
af L neT f _> nH neT > f_e= ..hU
.hinA
>nhSB hUnH}= a>}x ex |U ni T cU
nA AjR nH .nZU nYng> ohUnH Y }T T
A dH A pedcUn= hU ngig@x U g>nhH R{>
ngSQ dL de_x U U dL gUbL ya> h]> A
qbdQjR gad > @ ghnY nedK R InL gi \Un=
nY U L pdaÙ Zh_x w U|U nghdL nY B Y g=dS
nfU nI dL }[x pUnH}U oAn dL pUnH oAn[R qi
nY{fL peU
pedT gh]_x ix nY{fL hdL .g>nYng> g=nH
g_S }h`x fY od]> UnH U pedT ghU {bx
ieg x
|w hU {gx }hhU n hx{> U U T{x A ghdL }[x
pUnH}U oAn h= ph\bU oAn {b_U oAn h= }aU w
nA dL A pUnH}U }x {x}x Y h= p_afeU oAn
._RnfY U = }ex }@ pUnH}U _x {x}x Y h= >nhA
[ meg<]

9

Q ew X H Q eS m
e T mf w mw R :Un_> n> dU bx
P dU H nT {bR [ :ix] c T X z ^ = w
{ T z K
inT gR ng= ig@x inT x|U {x
hcZU n T @x
U nH dL bd]fx Y nU }hx fx R cZx
nfU {_x pUnH}U @ R nÙ }hx gew ncR neU
T
_ x dH |w .xngU hcZU nH c= P dU H L
R hdYn_U dU U hL{U @ R abx x|U nfU Y }hcU
g_Y B{U \R}x hU A n enS dH ~x rhA dhH

nfU ccZhU oxnT ngZU }hx = pbhbU R}_hU
A R
dU U nL{U xZU pUnY R hR A nY pi R pUnH}Un=
nfU h= eeU R g>L gT}A {ehU dhH R hdYn_U
pg@ I ph\S A n YT {A Y _ex nY{fL nfU _=
i|Bjx = cU |w p {L p R bS {x gilR B
..ned eU | B
U R pe R nhi qg@ U pdcZeU w |w
h=n>}eU hdwnU S Y phA neU rhA ned_U @>
g>nhA R T}x
(x{SnU) gi w nbH x{SnU
{bU haf> SY Y T}x
gf cU U
odJ SY Y ghUnH
10
|w .ghR e> U {b_U x}> B Y g=dS B h_x |U
ncR pcY eY R L{U R d]i nY{fL P dU H g@ nY
fL Ubx inT nY{fL U [I A hcZU _f[x T}ZeU
ij= = gLnfS nfU ai Y L~fhU }LnI fY }AnH nT ij=
|w pg@Y phahT P UH inH dU d L {S .Un_> dU Y H
|U U dL } gU qx w{x j= fx{= hcZU Y pdeU
=nA eg> ccI negY fL nfx cex i = nfx
`fx |U dH w |w .UA n? negY JnU dL gi {b_x
eS m e T mf w mw R :{U U \R}x x|U T = @x
{S cZ> cZ> cijI |gR [ :ix]ew X H Q
ci U dL fi cU q> U ohUnH nHU T cU qY{S
JnU pg@Y R nB U aSY R ~gi U U|U JnU dL
z K
Q dU }Y ne= ~U dL }[ Y b=jH nx{U
qinT negY
w nex |w {A dU {L [ :ix] c T X z ^ = w
{ T
pT}A T dL nA odbU b_U dL ngai }a> U pbhbU
YkeU T j= dU }Y Y }> H filR U|U nhU R ni
.SeU p= SeU b=
hccZeU @x inex qx |U
T
[ meg<]
11

x hhinfdU Y >nf= nf= >B iB cU oA fi

Un= ~hY inH dU w |U neU {d= w |U gfJ w{d= S
efx jx nfU neU > ..}= ngi inx UgH
ne@ odbU b_U ne@ n _he@ nfU chdR sfx {x ]_x yafx
}hT pfh`\U nf=}@
}hT {bU nf=}@ nfi ..pT}U _ZU nA
pxngfU R ni}_I cU nf>nAnH nfUbL R nwnf[i U ~@U nfeS
..ni phini R ngU ncY {bU }nfL w
A U
peU U Un_R sf> k> {> U w peU n \_= c\_=
dU dL bdi T Un_> .phan]U ph=~U phbJnfeU phin[ZU L {h_=
lR n _he@ nf n _he@ nf= dUnR dU Hn= di Y {=
rhA U Un_> n _he@ i nfilR qd A n _he@ }i
fR }>
bdhU
peU
dL dU Y bdx |U ni nfhR ni d]fx cex
.peU
dL d T cU Y
[ meg<]
***
12

Rnx YH Un_U nxnU dJ bA Y nT fi

YH }caU ex n hYH n eU nL cx heUnL
R H f_Y dL
}cU phUkeU ex ni U phYH peU ex nfU U
h U R nhU pedH @ Y nhUn= [ > U nxn\bU T R
LU {Tkx
.nai {Tkx |U HU
T Y gU nb? T Y d U nb? T Y a x j=
.~eU
nb?
Y pdhH w|eU B Y _x j= YH Un_U
phRnb? pUnT w|eU B @x = phYH B nbH nH

nH w U chU }^fU ng@ nghR d> ncR nghR f>

| Q H Q K me = kQ :Un_> US pbx}J dL TnZeU |w A R
o[_i R dU UnS neU d i j= U [ :nfU] G |T c T T

j]dU o[_i R H}U UnS neU di j]B nfaSY nT j]dU
c= gR c= yafY }cR c= H}U dU Y d]fi = hR nfZL

.}caU R b> c= kY SY
[ o@
mfw]

***
13

}cR f R qTnI
~L pe S ~L
|U hU |w c= fi
H T}U
{wneU hU |w R d]i |U hU |w R {fL
ngfY {_= U {Y
}_U R phYH pT}U R d]i |U hU
.A Y nfU }x
n]H nfU R d]i |U hU
R {hgI pT}A T
{wnY pS]i T R @Y fij= }_I fi
.n hRnb? n hHnhH d]fx |U hU |w pAnai T
R
R @Y ij= }_I nhU nR nY{fL fi
pf= ]U |w T
Y ~@ i }_I cU kw @ o]bH i L pfh_Y
}cR R j]B {S T @ phRnbU
phHnhU
pxngU
gT}A
.nfw hR qai
_I R nfw ngH}Q
R beU f[x nH dL h_x hU |w cU
B {=
B Y }hU R pbhbU nZT R pe pT}A cx H
.px}U
c> nY [Sj= }eU beU U >n_d ]> R hL fi
eL~x x|U _= {U R qhU w B = d]fx |U U

U ]HU (*)pS}efU {_eU U Y fx hdL enbU gi
.}J Y neL Y }h`[U nHU (*)
14
h_x |U beU [> i .nghR ghU }^fi R pe nfU

.U |w Y dL oL}Y bY w kw pT}A B Y
LU dL pafeU p=nZU
]U _= R {@ ai qSU R f cU
Y ni{= nY ec> }[U pAnH B{> R }hT Y }caU dL
{[U }Sn= {eY {hU {h_U {hgZU R e> |U p\gfU }[L B
nfi {bL nÙ In= deeU nfbx}J ni{= nfi ..}g]Y {hgZU
pUnA f U pUnA T Y Q}U dL ni{= neY }hcU hb> R ni}[i
SeU |w aS x|U [>
fi = xZU |cU pUnA _U

Y U U dL nfU gfx nf>nedT }Zfx Ln]H nf Y dU
hR {@ |U qSU R ilR U|U g>nYng> genI g=nH B
}T {@ filR nw{_= nY U >nhA n> {S }caU
Û |w pb]fY
.beU R Û |w Z> cex i p]bi Y
U {x
|U nZU hU |w Y nA >nf= nf= Y odJ fi
=nx L SY Y S
LU B SY Y }[U pAnH B{x
pT}_Y w pT}_eU d U new }h?j> q> bx ex

.hA {_= U }[f> H LU pT}A {b_i LU d U
[ o@
mfw]

15

@}eU }x
ngUB Y }x U {LnbU w ph_hZU ph_@}eU
}n_eU Un_U R hZU
c= B{x {x}x |U yafeU LU kacU
Y }i dÙ
]B T L {~U T L {h_= px}caU
Un
}_Zx U pbx}]Un= R qhU w B R H U n_dU {bx @
dL nS ij= Un_U nghR
.nhU R nfU TnZY x
dL p_hZU e> n> U ph_@}eU
B w ph_hZU
ph_@}eU

]B d U A T Y a > LU B R H
phfT ngU {nbU w pYn_U
c> pYn_dU
{nbU c> gU
.U U nY Yn]eU _= nhHnU
_U
.fU
SY w |U nY SY R dx i @}eU }_Zx
._SY R pYnY f_Y h[I
R fU
f_Y }_Zx
mX g c K }w } K b `h X ? z a T :Un_> dU nS neT cx
G Sm
.[ :p=U]g g eX j d T m j= y[i ilR |gU .S SY ]_> ngfcY _U ng\_=
nx ~a Y h@ Y n hL dex {bY
R }x h@ Y nSn]U
SY }afi nfhdL lR LU {Y
=ni }[i ni{fL bU
pT}U Y eU nfw }`? nfw }`? L ri }heU
nfhd_R pg@ Y nU nfhdL { H pe pT}A R bi nfhdL .nhA
nfhd_R nU Y B{i ]i U n= Y }T yai dL e_i
.|RnfU Y B{i
***
Y beU @ Y H phUkY ei nfhdL geU
U phdU snfU T ei ..beU }nU R ni @
{w U [i {@ o_[U Y [> fi ..U nfhdL ng}ax
nJnbH nY{[U }U Y }hcU ei U nY }cU
@ |U P fU nehH R pe nhin= {bi nfhdL
Y oHnf> U nYng> R pehZU T R nU Y }Tj=
md S a G
mQ T{ cQ :U dU nS U Y fUn= Y A fU

dL Un_U yax n]H }Y neT nbH [ :ZU] | X

17
S U A H dL Un_U yafU hbi L{i nfhdL H
g T
X c T | Ze :}ceU }RncU U n\U ad eU nfYnY
.[ :sU]}w } K a T c T | Ze
w
[ o@
mfw]

***
18

LU pT}A nx @ Y }U
nH dL e_U n _Y ni{= >{= {bU

w h U R ngYH pY
_> j= H B Y pY R
Y dei ne= YH U ki @ Y R qhU w B
nSn]U |w Y dei ne= R qhU w B ki phRnb? nSnJ
H cx dL e_i ? n> |w R hcUndU {U yai
.nhdU {LnS }cadU {LnS
nY qhinL
{S }_I {hS fL }i U n> |w R }H {S
ci }hT fdbx {S had eU pfxng[U x}ceU }A Y qhinL
= pT}A }cR H Zh_x U x|U kw had eU oin@ U fT
phA}U px}caU ngxhA nw]_x dL de_x {Yn@ Y InL
gfY }T S nT phYgaY pH H{x U x|U kw
{hb_U phYH {hb_U H{x U U R nhd_U SeU R w
(*)
o> }U R}U f_eU H neT phedL p H ph_hZU phw|eU
SY Y i| x gilR n aSY | x nY{fL gilR |gU .U U nY
._U }LnZY |x neY }hT R _U Y T}x gi = dL
bd> U pS{U R }`x nY n inhA |U U }hcaU R e_U
ex hhU hU nifL (*)

R}U f_eU R neT baU R nhdeL ]x |U U de_U }? R {Y dex neY {x}Un=
Y
.
19
}hQ }InY }hQ Un> R dB ci {A SY R ci fdbx i
ow|Y H nB @ Y eL ni f Y SeU R g_Y {bY
rhA Y }Ù R }ZU R }n_eU hU U RqhU w
Y H B Y gdTnZY sUn_> bd> U pS}ZeU [U x{b>
.RqhU w }> B
{S ci }L ni ng@ _SY R cZx {S c\_= nT
qhU ilR Un_U [Un= I Y }T }Y Y }T U|= A}
dL {Tk> neU cU U R I cU cx R pdcZY {fL
U|= fYkx x|U nfU {_> Un> oinU |w R pUjeU
pb=nH {hbL {b_> x|U x}B L pedc= ?{>
|U qSU R
!SeU |g= hU gij= pbA
.{b_U Y ]U pUn= U }R
]H U i
pUkeU }hQ nedcU Y }hcUn= { S
}U n? x|U cU
fcT :gU S
fh XaT |`P fcT (*)dc^w fhkQ XR zv
.(**)dc^w
nY pdcZY qhU c_Y dcZY
c_Y dcZY cU = ?{>
R H S R nwe?{A U phdU
B snfU R}_> ci
nfw }eU
= nH dL ~c>}> pfR _f {bR R qhU w
Y nghR hU I x{U Y nghR hU pbh } R ph[I nA
.I bU
. deU pY_U i n= (*)

. ehgU {~U eY (**)
20
cbRx hU H cx{gx dU jH :S H U pedT
|g= [ x nY }T R baU Y iH{>
eH nY h]U bdU
.peUnÛ pdeU
[ o@
mfw]

***
21

@ Y bd]i x|U w }T bU nfw :nS dL kw

n hUnY
}B x}aU {U nw U ph[ZU g_Yn]Y g>nAeJ
.eg x e@ngx {_x gU {x i nhU |w R R}inR n hwn@
kQ m Q } d c w X f e X
R zZT :gfL dU {> x|U nfw
.[ :p=U] \ w v mfe X \ ^ w T mf e X \ K
|w nY nU _h]x U x|U h]U n]U nI nfw
SY Y Y g@x ng= _h]x U pRnbU cdex U pegU
R {x{gU }caU nw }h?j> q> ]bH x|U Y pbheL pH
.g_SY R gS
px{gUn= gU dU L pY T gU eA ilR U|U
|> neT | x {S x|U kw {@ i cU ph[ZU
>n=nU
rhA Y nf U d \x {S phYH
pAnU R SY gai g\_=
pd[eU LU B Y }A R dB{x {S }_Zx }_Zx
{hb_U R dÙ

Y pUnA U {f> pAnU {@ fi d U B

.nhI gR R d U U R }i
[ o@ mfw]

22

di nf T {AU dU R c_Y di nfi dUn= bdi nfi

hini
R ni R c_Y bdi nfi ..U |w ph[I R c_Y
{h> rhA Y w hL ph== }_> ci n =
cx cex
.hini
rhA Y hR ph==}U

v mw R :Un_> US Y n S]i U pedcU dL bdfU Un_>
< | Yh c T z ^ h b e g < me e g < G o d c S T T m^ = m b T
mhi < zf H T a Q T = kQ c T X m <m< m [^ < me [ ^ < { w m g H
m b T v T m = :Un_> US [ :}eL ] d c X
} h me g T } h { T m< me X T R f e X d c J w { T @ v T m<
US [ :cf_U] d c X T h z@ b f T me f T b gT

z T S | H w
{c T zK m
{T f g T e X w e T z H z T :Un_>
m hm v g g R f e X i < T m { T e X w
Z h mh T mR w { c T X f < | R

.[ :{neU] | b w f h
phA}U
hbU w nehR ini >nhU SU R hdL bdi nY
nfw hdR % U [x {S phfx{U pehbdU pYn_U
]U R phSB

d> phhY pa L nfw hU YH
{ L dx hY
{

..|cw phYH
pa L L
23
pg@Y R {AU dUn= nex R U pedcU dL bdfU Un_>
n =n= gai d_x }ceU hR nx |U eUn_U ncH
nY phLne@
phHnhU
px}caU
gJ]B gbx}J B Y nfdU
..U U
p^LeU pecUn= wU R ri phed_U }{U U Un_>
}i |U Q hL ph[I R A w Un= {Un= pfU
dU }> |U hi
.U U nY hR {> dU {L i
bdi nfhdL nQÙ } R d_U } R U d]i nfhdL
.U pedcU dL phfx{U ]U R bdi nffh= {Ax nY dL nhU R
pdcZY w ghU Y nfdcZeR ghU YH
U nY
Y~dx nâ U _= Y nL cZ= Un_U R ghU (h}H)
= :Un_> US nY bi i U|U .
T m h[a> pde@ (h}H)
.[ :cf_U] f e X d c J w
{ T @ v T m< m
b T v
nghdL bdx U phdh}H
}{U nd= gi ghU pdcZY
{x}x UnÛ UnÛ n> {@ o_[U Y heUnK inT n e
.A R _Y B{x {x}x bU nH= hdL }ax
[ o@
mfw]

24

nA filR nHkeU
n ? xnZeU c> ]B nY

pHkY pHkeU _@ nA f cU naA nf= ?}x n h[I
Y nghe> hiS nfw c> fe>kY ni nghdL }Rx rh=
.ph[ZU nH
.nhU R hUkeU iT gU S fcU dh[a>
}ZY nfw hU
ngd_x U r_U gdU p}R nhU _x U n L cbdx U dU
Y phUkeU B R pT}A nhU _@ dU cU pHnfY
gZU |dU
ngcx}> Un=
nhU nfQ R nhU R UnH niU c> @
.dUn= ini @U = R {_U i
.hUkY h_> w hini
h_> f_Y
nSL Y iZf> iUb> ide_> nY T R hUkeU iT
:{fU d]fhU dU {x h= bi x phUkeU sni pg@Y x w {Q
g T ` e < ` S < m S | R [ :nRn[U] T X f h v
` R

.[ :}H]m g @ g c K
[ o@ mfw]

25

..}B fx nY cdgx gi n@ ni Y nf Y x}hcU pdcZY

wncR wnx g=nh? g=}I gYn_J gU _f[x }B
nY ni cU |cw nfU |cw Y~U |cw }[_U w{hUnb> g>nL
nf>nhA pbx}J nfdcI nf>nhA ni nfi w nY ni ni{A w
}cax
U nfU nx x}B
xn= R {x{@ Y nY ]fI R {x{@ Y nY ji ~i
Y nY nx pL} R {x{@ Y nY nw}hQ {fU R {x{@ Y nY
R}i {x}i i U U nY nHnhU ncR pL} R {x{@
n e e_i neU cU x}B {
{b_U h_i {x}i x}B
nf> ci i ci {x}i i x}BU ci dL
f[i nfU cex U {fL nf> ci nf> ci nfdbL ci
.gx{U nehR nfx{U nehR x}B Y Ynci nfUB Y x}BU [U
{x}> w }cR U|U U|T n\U Ync> nhU
fY db>
_\U qInL ngi nxSU ff> U pY ic>
neT n Yne> nga_ {hd> R qf_YjR pxS c> n> q U|=
.ai ox|> R {eU nfx |U _ex
26
S{[>
nxS }x eY
R nxS ci w p[bU
_f bU L {h_= R{w U [x cex {A }caU
bU
x}B Y n_i ni A nhdU bU
pT}dU bU
}cadU
bU
n_> f_Y nY R}_> ci bU
Y bU
n_> nfin_> chdR
phiinS p`h w nY h_\U Y bU
Un> f_Y nY h_\U Y
.h_\U dL bU
}]hU
[ mgT mhT]
***
27

nHj= |Bji U i nxS n[R d_U nHj= |B h=}Ù

ph_@}eU Y U n eUnL :nbx ..ni}Bj> U|U {bU
d_U
hU qaU ..phadU
SeU R b= f cU U hY nT }B Un_= bU
Y ci U nfhI :U nS phadU SeU R ~x |U hY~U |w
geU
..aS nfhZY :U nS incY R ni qhb= hcR n _Y
qY{b>
:Ubx afU nedL Y }hcU lR U|U nfaS i ZY x}B
ngi nLn= p=}]eU phf èU pdcZY w =}_U Un_U }ZU pdcZY
H eL Y gU nY nLnU Y n _H n H }gx nfU _> qinT
@ Y hdU nfx nei }aU nfx nwjU {hgfU J
.hdU |w R }`H
nLnU Y n ?? hLnH o]x gfY {AU lR n \x nineL
|w Zci }Y }B R n_ZU R}i ei gi i
f cU sgfY nfdU }x}dU p]B dex U nfba |U hL~U
=}_U Un_U R n_ai nH dL {bU Y }hT pheT dex nT
.n hI bx }ZU ]x U U|U
nB}H pY pY n_ai pY b_U pY ci nY{f_R
.{bi
h]i nfilR beU nî R fU pY beU nS pY
[ mgT mhT]
28

oi i nhU bx |U { e_i i U|U nhU oi i

U|U x}A n[x Y ni {g]\x Y { fR U|U ni
niU ncY S i nfb]fY R Zh_i |U SU |w { i
pHnhH L nf?{x {x}x |U SU i hR nhU pe^_U pT}A hR
}Y ..SU }hh`> R SU pT}A L ?{i {x}i i SU }Y
{Q }h`fR }hì
]i U }hì nfi nf]bx |U
e T g < mf T zh m w
]m c = c X | R a T ~ X z a Q | R b d w
c T X ? | = dT i = md S d T i w f hkQ d T i = hb = [ :}eL
.[ :nfU] ? | w mX
v Y Am Q b T ^ d ? z R m e T m e T f T m R w { T :Un_> bx
[ Q c T X o d ^ e< c a hmQ * g S T ^ h c T me @ T mR m hmdw
v } Q
b T md h * g ] K [ Q c T c T ^ = G f d w T
:}eL ]g eX j X eS Q mA v Q m = Q mg T w m\ g YT
bU pHnhH phin]hI pHnhH nfU Y U pHnhH .[
U Rn> S cU |> S ni phineA pHnhH w
.x}]U R T}> hT R}_U ch_S f`x |U chini bx
[ mgT mhT]
29

nY _@}U ed _> nY fb U bd]i nfw Y R

dL cdeL
cedL chU ..ed _> T }gÛ eH nY A {e> ..ed _>
..x T R {x{U L Z a> UnA c> Y ~@ ed _> |U
R bAR ]> swnfeU |w }_i cU ph=}U swnfY H ne=
H ? ph=}U swnfY }x]> R b_U hR d]f> cex nY T c>}S
eg > egax U ]U x n H h]L ..chUnH {bi
n hQ
c=dH cx ne=}R U|= gYng> U Ln> nÙn= ]U
..wnT de_x gi nhT Y x}hcU pdcZY nhT i
nhT Y }hT fx nhQ Y }hcU {i fR nfw Y
e_x
{x ax R nT dL {e_x T|U ]bx
cU
..nincY px dex ij= }_Zx nY U >jx nY{fL U|U
. {x{@ nT afU f[x nx Ù

bhbU ]U = yfx nehR eeU yfx {S nU Y }hT R
{S >nhA R pU]U pT}A {bahR ai R U]= yaf> {S ]U
nY }hT hR p_hJ U R
]U ph[I
ebhU
eeU d]fx
.]U ]U
od`x
30
chUnH {bi dH J p=}U }T ZR x U|U
ngi}g^> ci neU |w H ci dL {e_> ..cegR
n hI aZc> cd _dR ngiR}_> fT U A c> nY }\A pdhU T R
cU {x{@ n bR a> cd _U {x{@ n =dH c> cd _U {x{@
hL{eU {bL ..{d b> L{> R {= phA cx{U
wncR qhU p\R Y nfUbL ow Y gUbL qhU bL ciSax
aZchU {= phA dL ai gf cU }A Y nincR neU Y
.geU nY nYU nfZL i geU
hini
R }cR phUkY nL }cR dex ni cU ceeU Y
TncR ]> UnA |cw .{x Y pT}A R }cR phUkY
ngbd]x d_eU pedT R S}`> n e Uj> n> }b>
..d _eU {hU gi {S T{fL |edU }_U chdL nfU
Y n= U yai ned T ni n e |edU Zh_> UnA
Y }hT }_x ilR d_U R R U yafx nY{fL }T dg= fS d_U
.nhU |hed> cx niU {= ..U B Y ngdgx U nR
n =}Y .. {Y pH{eU cU n =}Y [U
chU dU dL ai
hR {[i
x}BU ngh]_i d_U hR d [i dU pxnL q> e_dU
U _\U nbi T {Y x}BU ngh]_i d_U pS{
Y hR }g]i
.nfhini
b>
de_> i c>n=nA R dU _ ci cU e ni
qaA U A phA}U n_U pfhcU pfhije]U }Un= }_ZR
U
.TnZeU Y }hT g@ U Tn@ n[L Y o[ L T
31
nY{fL f cU nhi{U hdL h\> nx~Un= nfUn= {x
nY{fL ninR
neS T eZU T H R}x
}Z> dU dL dS dbL

.n_U nY T
[ mgT mhT]
***
32

= _Y {A ed_U
dbL cx nf_Y n h_Yn@ n UnJ c>
U cx ed_U
dbL ph=}> R hUkY oin@ U cx {=
phT}U >nL ph=}> R SB
dbL ph=}> R phUkeUn= nA
.SU U nhU U }^fU R }B U }^fU R gi {x{> R
qi
= dbL R _\> nhehcU nx~haU R nT }Y qU qi
R UA nY T
neU A UA Y T R nw}h?j> }> pT}Y
nhA
>}î p_hJ R ng hSB
ngU }]U dH R nghSB
ngU phed_U

R pe{U hT}A
sni dL J R nghSB
ngU d_U h]_> eU
.d_U
qi
ngZU nf> nY{fL }cR R edL
nT }Y qU
qi U|U
hh_YnU
Y T ..x}B }h[Y }h[Y R nw}h?j> }> pT}Y nhA
R ni Y _R}x Ln]H hh_YnU
Y T nhi{U }Y
n> R g@>
d_U nHj= |Bj> nY{fL }]B qi
c> {bR nhi{U
f`x |U n> R g@>
nY{fL } c> {S ..d_dU n\eU
.nghfx nhU
naU A }cR cx U { = _Yn@ oUn]T qi U|U
33
]U nghR ex pAnH }Y qhU p_YnU }_> [U
R n\i }caU R n\i pUnA }hcU nghR h_x pAnH w =
ni _x |U \ eU
w ..nS_U R n\i paJn_U pT}A
}B `Hn= nghR }cax U pbx}]Un= }B R hini
x

.L{B
nfai yd[i R nfhUkY nfhUkY p_YnU }_i Y nfU {=

}nfL L {_i nfdB R [U SY R {i nY B Y nghR
@ p_YnU R ni@ chU
.U Y f i nY B Y naU
x dL e_x }B Y ni hR d _x n hL
.}B p=}> f`
qhU phSB }hQ nS_dU r_dU pAnH qhU p_YnUnR nfw Y
.phde_U ghUkY R iZh_x neL
]U `Zx L
pAnH
nR lR U|U ..hUkY hed _Y {Y @}> H ci
n hf@ n hHnhH n hLne@ nR nT H c>nh[I
R ii~>
nghdL d[> U SeU B Y cY bx H ..n hfY n xn[S
.ph_YnU c>ngI Y
***
34

gh]_i }cax dL nS gij= gaij= pbU ni ]_i

T{x {S gi w}hca> R {x ghdL j= }caU U oin@ U
dL ni =}i nY{fL ..}B n hI }B {x {S pbhbU Y n hI
g=}> }A dL x}B gaU g@nA dL g> }A
cx ngf= pbx{ c> U {fL x}B p=}> }A
@nx {S n xS n bx{ cx n eTnA n bx{
bU
bU
h= h`d> U bU h= }R nfw cU .._ T Y ghe>
ni n> }HnT n IA ci h= }R nfw a_ b> U

U Ax neT he> S nfw j= {UU Ax n ini nf Y {A T
cx
.nhU R hUbH
nex UB Y h]x @ U j=
hU x{bU hU h= }[U nA Y }hcU nai |w B Y
j= }_ZhU d]fx nY{fL ngY n= h= rx{U
B Y { w w}H { \R
n= j= i nT }T {UU }_Zx nY{fL ..new }H nY}x
fex n@nU |w U ^fx phaJn_U px{U phafU >n@nA L}x
{fL nA |w {UU h_x nY{fL n@nU |w U |afx _\U
hafY gai dL x{e_Y hd bY nxS sfi cex U
35
nY{fL ni{A
nghR h_x p=}> }H c> cex U|= w}hQ dL
h= LnaU B Y bU h_x cU a_ ci
p=}> ni{A
{b_U TnZeU Y }hcU dL od ì h]i |g= n= h=
d `x _h]x _x nY{fL neT ni ngZh_x U phafU
.gn= ngifx U TnZeU dL
}S U n> {S U nhU R ph_h]U pH{eU w }HnR
a_ nbfU ni L U n> ngf cU yd][eU f_eUn= p=nT
.paJn_U phibL
U ibL
oA
U ni peA U n> >S
[ mgT mhT]
***
36

gd T hedeU d T H @> p_ pdY

phHnhH nxn\S nfw
pdcZY pdcZY
T ..}[_U |w R
U h_> hedeU nxn\S T
pS}Y hedeU }? T
S T pAnY hedeU nAnH
R aU B
}^fi nY ..n> {hb_U B R d]fx hedeU
w nffY HnhU ni}S nf>{bY
nf>}? nf pxneA dL bdfU
ncH { T}hY ncH { bi nf_fe> pRU pUjY
R ci w nfi R nf>nRB w }B ncH
{ =
{A SY Y h}H @i Y nf_fe> U w i [U
hHnA |w Y dB R ~x ~x |U YH
SU
had Y hedeU _x d Y S w phxnU ph}eU
nT neL
.H px{= R edeU hdL
n_ai n HneA dc>
}Un= dY S L d c> ffcU {x
} nA L ~wn= dY bY L nx{Un=
phdY pAnH L
.nfY{S q> hR ngf>
f < c R m ^gd ? f = zwz H f e g < f G i < ghU L nf?{A
dU
md @ m` b T c K z H hedeU L nf?{A [ :}ZU] H
37
cU ...Y~gi U|T nf T nY{fL ni}[i U|U [ :yaU] f e g <
inT I nf=dS n _he@ nf> {x{I nffh= nfHj= n[R [U qU{>

.gfh= neA nfhdL {I
(ghU)
RnffU ncfU {AU n_I R ph\bU qhU :hededU bi
nfhdL n A}@ nfw ph\bU n \_= nf\_= YnfU
nfw nw{e\i
.g@i nfhdL }]B
nH dL }]U Y a fU }> nH dL }U {e\fdR

H cx T n_I
phw|eU c> ni{fL I T q> Yji
f`> A px}nZL phanJ phw|Y px}cR phw|Y nfw phw|eU nfw
.}AnfY }nZL U U>
S~e>
Y {= H

phw|eU
[ mgT mhT]
***
38

R
In_R g> L {h_= bd]i gi R qhU w pehS

pUnH}U
nT A gUnY gT}A gHnA w}cR R ngd T
gfY {A T
{> p UnH }x n i}S
dL yafx n bR
nai rhA Y pehS T
.nhU ni R phA}U hbU dL pUnH}U
neU U @}i {x}i ni}nA R ni~x w{x}i U|U
nT cU
neU R w@ nT n hnY d ex gi hR w~fU
gehS g>nedT ni~> ni~x p@n= i ..nhU }H wnf_Y
ncU oR
R }i
.g]B @ Y U gaSY wnxn
c> h= }aU w |w SY f cU paJnL hU hhUnH}U
oA

..UeU c> h= oeU

{ = SeU _h]U
Y .paJn_R oU nY SY U
n Anai h_hU nwnx f cU paJn_Un= }x {= paJn_U h_x
R i pUnH}U dex x|U dL nai B Y ngd T pUnH}U dL
Y h_i ngaH nYL Y } hT K R }hT nx{> h_i nf_S
:bi {x}i ngT{i {= U nxn\bU Y }hT }hèU |w T
dUnR [ :}B~U] z a X v m> c K mh o X c K mh m< mh z ? mh
.nfdS nT eU U R neT U nfU R}x Un_>
39
nfgR .nin= fS neT fbi nH dL cU nin= Y~U nY ~di {S
bH Y }cR {> h= }caU nxn\S R bH Y {d b> h= }R
Y j]B neUnR U|U j]B hR {> {S {x{@ }cR R {> {bR
LU f_Y R pdA}eU h_i nfhdL nfw Y ..Z= gU R}L gdS
nfU bL dB dU .pdA}eU fL e> nY = }>
nY cU
R b_U pT}A Y ni n h_hJ hdR {ei nfU }x U = bai
ned T }T pbhbU nfaZT ned T }T b_U nfT}A
ned T nfi Y pZSnfY
pg@Y R i U|U }T nf>nhA R {= pT}A nfbfB ned T }T ni{e@
R qhU w R e> U hbU |w Y }hT U ni nx{U
n YT |Bj> nY{fL qijR .ngd T phL}ZU ex i id_ax nY iUbx nY pehS
nY phL}I h= }nA ^>
{S ilR oh[> ]> {S }h= {b>
nY{fL cU n eHnA cx U U R SeU qx nY phL}I q_eH
hU @}U ngfL ow @}U Y dU nw}gJ pY[_Y nei Y d]f>
qi U {fL .hR }>
ncY d^dU hU = }ca> nehR @ JndU
wz@ :Qn[U nY nS neT Rn[U fhU Y pbhbU |Bj>
cT G qwz@ z? qwz@ z? qwz@ < qwz@ < qwz@

x{A gU S n Hni
g

nU L
h}@ L ni{@

|Bj> } cR cU
T pine\Un= }_ZU Y~d> {=
|U U w |w
.ng_e> pedT
[ mgT mhT]
40

pT}= pSL U nY T dL pafY phfx p Rnb? dex ni x{U UnL

inbU R phdh[aU ]U B Y nhU R ni R x{U
n ed
Y cx Y fx{U Un_dU {=
U|U ..U U nY hbU B
.nhU S R ni {@ R x{U pT}= [ x nY c=
lR nw}hQ pH{fgU nx~haU nhehcUnT }B nn[B nY
hUkeU
inY p_hJ = U|= pJnA afU L{x x{U UnL
}U w U @}x {_= n xn[S
n x ]_x nfU dL inY
{_= phHnhH
pRnb? U c> U n hHnhH
n x ]_x n[S R
T dex n ini ai [x
x{U Un_R U|U .}U w U @}x
ngcdex U phde_U phRnbU }U } R bx ni w = }U
B Y n[S R }x ilR n xn[S nT x{U UnL A
R pxn[S pUjeUn= [ x nehR }U afU ]_x n[S @ i
.nbeU |w R }U }hÙ ]_x neT fx{U oinU
dL }x }B d_U }x x{U :bi i U|U
}x x{U UnL dL R}_Y {A {fL bx ni T
n[Bn= [ > pUjY R ]_x x}B }U w
gx}= ~dx hdL }U w U @}x {_= >}=
41
{S i pT}Y phdeL w }U w U @}U phdeL n Y~ dY
}U w _= nfw cx {S n x }hU }U w _= U @}>
}bU
ai U @}> ? nZ> U {= U|U }B n x }x
dU n]B R pex}cU px fL }L nY |w U B Y }bU
Q v mH
c K S Q p X } K kQ | X :inH bx P fdU

.[ :}eL ] c T
hU d_U pYneL hU d_U x UnL zhI T
hU i _h]U
Y
phed_U
p@{U fex SeU ..}B dL jT w fx{U
d_U n _SY
d_U U nT ni jT
x{U UnL
..phfx{U p@{U fex ~U
w}x{bT {b x nfU dL _SY Y R d_x cex |U
d_R SY R ai U U cx U dL oAn I
B Y phed_U pehbU phfx{U pehbU U x A \R}x nfU
.R}i B Y dg@
[ mgT mhT]
***

..
42

Y phfx{U U J Y ned_U Y nfiB T y[i

=dH }[_U pÙ ed _> }[_U }= }cR j= hedeU habeU
{h@ cai egR {h@ nhU pT}A egR {h@ nfU egR
nT neY }T H dL yafY U n_UnR .. {h@ cYH egR
x
}cR cdex n x}hcU P fU Y R n afY
nx x
TnZeU Y }hT Zh_x }caU oAn nx
.TnZeU d> T R
î
{b_eU i nfi nfdcZY {b_Y U n_U }_> U|U
:feU S w neT n Yne> {b_Y nfU

ifK nH }eU _R nH

w Y n_x
> nY {

R pUjeU cU nB}H oi pA}U oi nfi nfdcZY
h Y w c T m G _c w w
{T :Un_> dU nS neT cfU d]fi
ci [ :~A]m g @ c Tm< ` S c T z@ Y w
v } Q v Y Am Q b T ^ d ? z R m e T f T m
e T m R w { T UjT
T [ Q c T X o d ^ e< c a hmQ * g S T ^ h c T me @ T mR m hmdw

43
b T md h * g
m\ g YT ] K [ Q c T c T ^ =
G f d w
.[ :}eL ] mg T w
dU U L{U pT}A R U cHai R U ~x Y T
R ngU SY Y pT}U dU @ Y p^LeU pT}A R U
in]hI =dH lR U cHai R ~x Y T ..dU hH
Q mA v Q mg T w m\ g YT
Q m = b T md h :bx dU
c T } = @m
Z T a w [ :}eL ]g eX j X eS
hU nÙ nY abx bU }U nLnH {I R [ :p=U]me ^ X
P dU H oAn nÙ ebx =n nI fh= gfh=
c T }h i Q me ^ X c T } = pfhije]U h_x dU H x~A nB
o d c S c ` T e < zw gc K e gb G
{ T o d c S ^ ? mv | = T
| ` S w
.[:p=U]mg c ^ T v c T
[ mgT mhT]
***
44

P

hdÙ odbU oAn _I nfU n> ni_I cx |fU

}_x gR}K {bx |U fU odbU _I
chU = HnbU odbU
.nfege=
bi h]i A nwInL U \U }K
oi {= R yfx egY ox |U ni :bi i
eK mX g c K }w } K b `h X ? z a T nfU oi
G Sm nfegY
fU g eX j d T mnYnew A }LnZY R nfdU in\A R phUnH}U
ngdx> _ZU {@U U ngUnB Y {= ngUbi nedT |w
nZi nY }T ng@ U nx |w afU B |Y }Y U
R ]Y nf= lR dU B R }nH nfi {b_i nfai dL
w | A m < b e h v R \U R }nH x}]U }hH

e w f h w v mg hzT
m g T Q f g ^ G w
{ T * md K
G T w d Q
:n \x inH bx .[ :gcU]m ê
.[ :}JnR]m e @ | Q c d K
B{U Y n=nA R B{i nfhdL :cU S afU S U|U
S dU nY nfai pHne= gi
nU Y n=nA }
i S
45
{>
d]fi ? nf>nbd]fY T U w nfai x}B pHne= gi

Y {hai ox nY |w pYn_U nhUkeU R x}B oHnfU
.R {gU pe
P fU }hU nf>nH
o e @ G c T
G Q b T mS z a T :Un_> US }bi n e nfhdL

.[ :~A] |gS c T | S | A g T c T ? | w mS d T
[ mgT mhT]
***
46

hex }hQ Y hex ai Y ni ex |U w {eU

H dL hedeU ex cex |U w {eUnR .\U Y
|w Y oL}U Zx ne= nB fi .nex phA dL hfYkeU ex
{bU phYH nhUkY Hnex x|dU nehH {eU L n_=
phUkY px d x nY{fL ? {eU R {x ni Ai nf
.{eU R }B ngehbx phHnhH pHnfeU n x{= n L L x ilR
B x}J qR}i nf=dS Y phA}U {eU h=nfx qa @ U|U
}ceU }RncU {_U lR U|U nLne@ n S}R nf_]b>
nf>}hY R
nfhdL nfw Y .gU nH T {S d T H U }= {S
jhw
Y dU Y {fU ni{@nY U nfxnY U _Un= nR{U nH T hgi
n hYx ?{fU
nf>nh=nx } cx fY od]fU nf>nh=nx nf>nhdH c= {x{@
H I {S .gai dL hUn[U = h_x ne= nf>nhdH dL nffh_x
}Y eB ngfY `x ni n= dL c> neUn= [U
P dU
R nf>[= ì _h]U Y |bU Y I hR bx R hU R
Y nfai Y nfhU oA
T dU chU nex }U Q {eU
n _Y dU Y nf Y {A T od]hdR {eU U B{i jR nfU
{A dU ^_fU
^_i {eU U B{i YkeU hB dL }cx
47
dL w h^_U w dU cx A nfU L nfx{A R fU }hQ
.d T }Y dL ehgx |U w
T}> R T{I cY}T c>S T~L SY w {eU
\U }acU nwnY R _h\> R U T}> ci U
ngi T}@nfA Y d]f> U nB}[U T c_af> U ncH
cRnb? ng= }_> U nedcU T c_af> U c=dS R h_>
dL nfAnai R [U R {eU aR...cSneL Y d]f> ngi
}[U dL U dL bi h]i = pS_U phUeI R dU
{ T :dU
> c T me < T mR w {hb_U h= =}x |U hbeU
.[ :nbA] h } w v f g c K A Q Xm a G

[ mgT mhT]
***
48

Y jhi nH dL d]fi Un_> inH dUn= nex B Y nfi

:}eL ]|w z R H S c K h :dU b> nY{fL i ..dU
h_> pUnA w U bU dU ngfex U phini >nSn]= Yk> [
n Y db> nehR phinex >n_d ]> R h_> hini B R
i }ca> h]> ilR jh> nY{fL i ...S Y dU fex ne=
}\B Y cx nY{fL {fL }hca> nY R qx
nghR ZcU nge= pdA}Y T ga> h]> ilR dS dbL R
K jhU ..R U U ngfY |af> }`? R |w U ngfY |af> }`?
I {dU I dUn= nex j= Ubx x|U w ]Y i Y
i }T SUn= ]=}x |U w dUn= nex {= SU Y }gdU
{afx
nY nY ai b > R >S fY {ai nilT i :U bx
nex B Y b_U R nx h_> h]> S nfw bU Y
_x U B Y SU B Y >nhA R pT}A U U
SU Y }w }x{> pUnA n h_S n hini n hL nfhL dUn= nex
_S T Y @}x SU U A SUn= n Jn> {x~x f cU
mw :inH bx [ :p=U]me ^ X c T } = @m Z T a w
i g w h c T X G i g = g
A G
w X Q v e<
49
b T md h :inH US [ :Hx] | Qm b T a T c T X
:}eL ]g eX j X eS
Q mA v Q mg T w m\ g YT
Q m =
dUn= >}Y i a_\x dU Y RB {A dU B .[
hJnhI T Y ni Y RB nY @U {e= @eU n>
Y U {bL Y ai }A hini `dx |U w U i
Y h]_x |U w dU Y RB dU Y n anB = ni
.nhU R bU nH dL hR }> h]> |U A}U
[ mgT mhT]
***
50

bx n\A bx Y .n\A zxn> bx n\A bx pedT bx Y

.zxnU nA R ngU @ n\A {= pY pY
cx phUkeU c> nY{fL .pUkY ngd_@ pedcU }A nffx
U pedcU .}x}I ngi pY}Y
}hÙ U > U pedcUnR .}A
{U> U pedcU .nhU x~>
pbhbU Z>
ngi pY}Y
SU Un>
x}B dL Yn> {AU eeU a h= n\Ù nfZU
ngi pY}Y
.nhU p_hJ U > phiB phini nS_U ]>
nZ> ngi pY}Y
}nU U U~> nh`]U dÛ {xk> U pedcU
.dÛ pYnS {_U {w R
e X o d c b < :Un_> dU nhi ^L Y i
L U
}h_U ngd_@ i
pedcU ph]U pedcU _@ [ :}eL] w | X < g d T d G
K xg
n AnaY x}B U }U B{> x~U ik> hhU H> U phinU
!pedcU |w peh^L w cR >n}Y dL [dU dU pf@ B{U
ci .nhi H{i .Zh_i }bi nfU |U nfxn> U }^ffdR
.h_i
oin@ R nw}h?j> {Y pedcU pehS nfR}_U nfhL zxnU |w nfZL U
51
.}ZU
}hU
ngdeA U neU pUnH pg@eU phinU ph]U
pedcU qinT {bU
i px}ZdU x}]U ng= eH}R P {eY
U Q {gL Y nhi
.U n_U
[ G cK mhmwm[R]
***
52

p?eU {hUnbU n_U }U pHnA }Y U pY >

nY{fL
.nhgi IU x}J R }hU R {> pxngfU Y i{> ngi U f_eR
ngxn> Y nh= pbh? pd qinT n_U {hUnbU
{bR ngi nw}hQ phLne@ phfx nxn\S Y ng> R hU ~Y}> ne=
n hI e> f_> {hUnb> nL }Y q nY{fL pd[U |w
ngfY {na= fYkx Y nghdL g>nhA fx |U U }î R A
.p_afY
T}> nY o= nhUn= nw{e>
U }U {bR ngi U hU
{e@
Y ngdB R nY T |U nw{hd@ pedêU [_U n Y nghdL
.}I pxhA

[ G cK mhmwm[R]
53

cUbL }h_> {A cUbL _h> n@ cUbL ]_>

A }hca> SY Y caSY d]fx A I T R }cR {A
pbx}]U |w R }cR ni nx :b> |cw qd_R neU {Q dU UjH
>n_ai aJnL `Z> i nY .phfU |w U qd> qUjH
nY{fL nfU U hY{b= }hx eT cH |{fL dbL }> hHnA
{ K X me K e _X h f Q :nfU U }hH
x|dU b> ngYnY b>
p`d= eU |w R {> {x ni [ :hw}=] H X c T
nghR cx U phinA nghR c> U pHnhUn= Yki i phHnhH
Y nfai |bfi {x}i i i}S I nghR cx U L}I cA
.nfU |L
Y {gU neR
dU U L{i {x}i nY{fL nhU R nfdeL T
T d_@ :nin Un_> inH dUnR nfU Y nf[d x nfR{w
:dU T _eH f g@ ni Y cai [d > R nhUn= T}cR
v { = mf h | = w * g T o T } T b < a = m e T mf w mw
]K H oKm
m b G m e T | = mf c d @ d @ [ = p ^ md K o ^ | X S
S
w { T mf w mw [ :sU] zwz H c T { K b T m b < v mX
T
| ]e Zei hT U nfU H}x dU [ :}ZU] c T a = e X
54
w { T mS hb = * c d ^ = md < |g A c T c T a = z _T p X z R mX ~ ` h
` T v T f `h vm
bx .[ :}ZU] a Gm h iQ c T h
v o e T m
o e T m
me T m w :U|T
x}J R iT pfU n Y iT f_x [ :}ZU] } m` T
.pfU x}]U ]]x x|U Y iT pfU n
[ o^dT ]
***
55

pT}Y
phUkY
H h_i phde_U nf>nhA R Zh_i ox nY
i
n hYH }cR ni}cR chU H gai w h]B R
H paJnL h_i phYH n SB nfSB cU H B
nH dL nf>nhA R }i
B phYH paJnL nfaJnL cU
.phYH nhA ngd T nf>nhA cU H
_= _ax neT \_= deU c> d c= deU c>
Y R dY >Yn_Y T R HnR > R dY gR nfU
|w |cU pehefU phÙ dL n]R R HnR }ZU n_]U L
R n edY c> inU U
.dU U L{U B
nY U
|^ d T m< |X i w | g T T K z w o X be
K f e w X b T

.[ :}eL ]| be d T
}acU {_= n edY x T dU U L{U B
y=}> j= }caU R d]f>
c> .hU |w R >nSnJ T R {_= n fYkY y=}>
KU
dn_= af= }cax n hini cx hedeU Yj= gx |U ni
n edY n ini cx = fJ wj= b]fY wj= {d= wj= }cax n hini cx
.cd< ~gcQ gdcdT Xi< fw
T X gd T hedeU Yj= }cax
56
R hededU }[f> hdL j= }_Z>
ind= {h= ncY
:bx rx{U U fcY nY db=
nZ> U cd< ~gcQ w cQ gdcdcT mw mew ? dG X
YT hU U H eY L nB qijR ew R hedeU
}i
ox |U U w |w P {eY H i T f cU
nA Y pUnA ex i SU L {h_= n ]B _U }_x ne= hR
{x}x dU phYS B J B gai A {x}x kw }]U
Ubx nY {x}> gR i hU dU Ubx nY |w .ngd T nhU dL yafi
dU Ubx nY nfU Ubx nY {x}> gR i hU dU Ubx nY nfU
:fU]@ w mX :Un_> inH
w @ v * f T K \e
nx{U
@fU Hn= new nfhdL }ax f_eU |w [
T
nfU nghR gax U pd[U pg@eU SY Y H U @ > U
{A H U x {A H Y nfx dbx hedeU
gU fx nY T R hedeU Y nfi n \x d_i {A H _\x
.nhU R gLnfY g>S gY}T g>~L
[ o^dT ]

uc uj
57

hei {= n b A nfw w pbhbA gai nfhdL

Y~di {=
_R{i U
Y SU e? _Y bi {= Ji {=
}hcU in_i }Zi
}i Uji w nf>n=nA Y
i}= dU nL}x w Un_> inH dU {fL fe? cU }hcU }i
qaS U
nH dL >nhA T R qbd]i f @ R dU dB{x
.d T U
{h= dU {x h= {Q
:}[_U]| ZTm < = T m< =
gaeU |w >jx nfw Y
}[Un= U Un= U h= eU |w U dL }[> .[
dL }[> _R{> U n=nA T e> f_e= }[>
_> hd_R dU R qx U Y nghdL [> cex U
o e Q ^ ? c T Q kQ nfU Y }hT neT dU |_T dU R |x
R k> nY{fL i }_> nA [ :cf_U] c T { ^ S m
e T
dU Y i nfU }Zx nY{fL dU Y i nfU x nY{fL dU
}> i nfU ed^x nY{fL dU Y i nfU A}x nY{fL
dU hH R {wn> i U|= A}U }aU n A} R cU dU x}J R
.dU pxnfL R dU pxnL q> U j> i
neT nhU { R @ni nY w }[U
bi ni nf>nhA T U
58
U ni_R{x {x}x x|U { bi nhU { bi nfU dU
U aU U ni_R{x }acU
nY{fL d T U U ni_R{x |U
Y R bA pHnhU R bA {hb_U R bA bA Y b>
}_> hd_R bA Y b> nY{fL ne@ R n[S R bA
dL }[i pdxJ pdxJ pT}_eU |w pT}_Y R i ai
._Y p T}_Y }B
oin@
yax {bR oin@
nfi ngfY gfi
{A pT}_Y nfw }cai
{= nfhdL |gU
R {@x U neT phdbeU nf>nhA T R U @ }x}U }x}U dL
Lne@ }x}U fY }x}U HnhU }x}U phneU nf>nhA
n YnÙ nfw nghdL }hi hT d _i {=
d _i {= n TI nfw
h]i A ngdei n Y nfw nghdL }hi hT
hT d _i {=
.~U~U nY qi
f X b c R X c A w { T X b =i w md T o e T c A z = @

c T | Z h X ^ X e X w
{ T G |T
a w @ T } T | [T mG i T
L x}ZU rx{U R n@ |U .[ :}bU]nw | R c T | Z h
X |T oT}ed< mdw X |ZT kQ |ZTm< bgcK :nS i QdL
^X | mdw Q |gA ^X z? Q |gA mdbQ zT
R qL~@ i ngd T >nhU }baU e_U de> i nf_Y }[>
.UA Y nhU }R T {bR q]bH b> ilR SY
[ o^dT ]
***
59

|Bj> n> phHnhU pUjeU B R }> phYL pUjeU

A nf]b> @ Y phfY pUjeU w nehR ngLn Y }hcU
}cU pU{U |w Yw Y Ynw }Y ci A penS nfU b>
wn[S Yw Y n ZYnw nin[S cx A }`[U pU{U |w
nf_S T cx A gHnhH Yw Y n ZYnw nfHnhH c> A
phh>}H nf_SY gnB}U n JnhA nf>}? g_S Yw Y n ZYnw
dU cU bi nf Y {x}x nfhh>}H ghh>}H SY
c T } ^ T bU
nfdB R ~i nf Y {x}x dU bi R}x
} e= mY = X c d T =j = c d T TmX f c T [ :ix]m ^gd ?

S c K h | g T zg < mY = X {= mY = X } ^ = mY = d X c d T

.[ :}eL ]|w z R H
{x}x nY{fL dU
R hwnaeU |w h_i nf Y {x}x U nfU {Tkx
ni}LnZY B R h_> nfdbL B R bU dU chU nfdbL B
R S
.nfT}A B dU chU ni}LnZY B R S dU chU
ngde> {hb_dU hwnaY }Y qhU phYH phi}bU hwnaeU |w
U {hb_U hwnaY ngi ng= }? jU L {h_= >nhA R d]f> ?
dbL R
}_Z> d_x dUn= n> }_> phA}U >S f[> ngU }x
60
.bU UnB B Y }>
ij= }_Z> d_x bU
{[e= n>n=
px_I pUnA px}cR pUnA >
j= {hb_dU {=
nH |w dL
hT }_U q> nY{fL _Y q> nY{fL q> h]> A
]>
U|= YnY {_U
SY R }`? Y }T Zc> U cex U {fL
b> nfw }h` pU@ nfw }h` pU@ {_U
dL y=}> h]>
sL~> n[S _= ]> HnhH _= }> f@ _=
hb> U f_Y lR SY R {_U
~g> q_]H _SY _=
nY R }B SY R Y~g> h]> i ed _> phA p=}>
.}B
ned T nU fe> U bU
pUjY w phA}U
bU
pUjY U|U

SeU @> }T ]> q_]H }T q> q_]H
}T }ca>
.}T
[ o^dT ]
***
61

dêU UnÛ h= nhU R}Y JnU U h= nhU

neT .R}Y ha_\eU x}ceU h= nhU .R}Y
qi nf_Y nhU nhdU f_Y R .R}Y hfYkeU x}RncU h= nhU
eY Y n @nB c> hcR n edY qfT h _eeU T Y nB
SeU R hU (\_= }cx nR) SY lR |gU hedeU
}_x xnhUnR . {= hU x}RncU hfYkeU h=
phJnhA S
h@ Y ~@ qijR n xnhA ai }_> hA U|U U {
JndU phdH

U
L ai ~_> JnU U
h= n xnhA c> nY{fL i JnU
JnU phdH
S
JnU qh]L S U q_fY i U f_Y
a_\x gi U
SY Y fx x|Un= bx _Y x|Un= bx
.U dL JnU bhR U SY
Y c> nY
pf U n Y c> nY nhdU nY |gU
gR pfU R cx U Y nfU pf U h= pb]fY nfw hU .nfU n
.nfU R
pY R B Y i w nf_SY nfaSY }_i {=
nfw Y
{x}x x|U Y i w pY R nR B Y i H
abx |U i na_ hedeU nbU n ah_ H nbU de_x
62
nxS edeU cx @ Y n xS H cx @ Y
{=

w }_fU U
U B Y U |w B Y nf_SY | i
hR }i
nehR {x~x ge@ Y i QhU ge@ Y i
.hdL bi nehR
[ o^dT ]
***
63

nZU R e> {S e> Y }_> qi e> ij= }_Z> nY{fL

}_> nY{fL pBhZU H R e> {S pUgcU H R e> {S
U {=
p}R }c> p}R >nhA }_> hdL lR >{Y qS
e_Un= n TnY d_Un= n TnY }eL _> @ Y ngfY {ha> Y
.dU nL {Lne= n TnY dU pLn]= n TnY
dL U _R}x cex }eL }_Z>

U U~fx cex hhdL
ilR }eL }> nY{fL }eL }> ngU }Y hdRnU aH
}U n@ R neU }x
neT }>
gU R hfH }Y d_>

R |x H {@ neT R |x n hI }eL _@ nhd_U
fY nfU {hax dL U }eL >
.nhU R |x n hI
>
{_= Y px}U hR h_x ng@ U }eL > {_=
H dL {h_U nhU = nfdU ya> cex xnZY U }eL
R }eL bx = {@ ex nY{fL ex }eL _> nY
< mX .{_= Y nw{d > cex U snfU B Y nhU
oRz T Kzw xTm zT mf< èw cK oR > K cdK \ah
>nhA yfe> nY {be= }eL }[_> h]> nY {be= qi owm?
nhA ai yfe> nhi{U R hR nfU } T | x nehR phin? nhA ai yfe>
64
nehR }eL R }hU }eL sni Y U bx cex nehR {h_H {UnB
.~@ Y ? Y niU Un_> inH dU {L

nfx |cw U nfU H |cw }e_U gai `fx |cw
nT {= pA}dU p}R ai yfex U A >nhA R }x

P dU H
@ Y nfU U dU pUnH d x @ Y ngfU hdU R }x

pUnH}U nH dL pU{U Hkx
@ Y nfU nhA R pUnH}U ~T}x
.{_= Y pUnH}U e> U {x{U nh@ hgx
@ Y
[ o^dT ]
***
65

oHn> afU nA {Y =nT R nfU Un_> inH dU H

oHn> .ng>nSL R ng_SY ngaSY ngUS ngUneL R ai
R >n=nA b> deL b> U {x}x dU d T U R ai
>n=nA c> ndU r_> nY{fL i nhi{U R U b> deL
.ngd T pfU R hdL nY U nY }_> pJ\Y
> n=nU e_U R bd]fx nfU

d]fx pfU }B cU
gai R}_x A g>n=nA ]\x A neU J pUnA R nfU
.}HnB w = w w ghdL nY gU nY
gQ m@ dK w Q bh :x}ZU rx{U R U|U
eL x R fT lR .dK gQ ~gT m@ w Q hb= Hw
eT e_= e_U bi g@> dL nS cilR hR nA
eL pAnH R i }B hU R y=}Un= hU |w R nU g@>
\_= yafx e_U n \_= \_= L{x e_U n \_= \_= ecx
e_U
.eL nA nfw pYnhbU x R cU Ync> phdeL R _= dL
hcR n [Sni nf=nA cx nY{fL

}a nf=nA cx nY{fL deci
@i hT dK m@ zP m@ dK gT {x~i hcR
66

cZ= nf>n=nA oi ni U nfi pYnhbU x nf>n=nA R }a[U
mfgcK |`dT i< mvTmI mfTmdKi< b`h Gm@ nhi{U R hS
ggbT ~gS ^= R vi= }= mfmaT mfmeQ X {A
adT d@ dT z^< mdT dK `h nGm@ X b_U bL
>nhA R h_x |U ni i f_x mX cT cK e d= v = X
=n\= dU b> Y \fx =}= dUn= >}x w dL @~Y dL
h]> hU pfUn= nhi{U pf U dU fdB{ x f e> fi bx h_x

e> pf U cU ng>gI ngni dL [x @ Y o eL
b g hmX i < ~ g T :Un_> US R phi}bU px R A nhf e> {L
m g T c T
X T z w < } w G d ^ w X m b T v hmX
w q_> beU eA = eA qi [ :nfU] |gZ h
pT}A R inY A KU }h[Y R qbd]i hUkY R
bx dU }h[eU |w pY{B R neL K> Y {= }h[Y
{ ^ w m Y w d T | ` _g Q c T 
h= R mvh
ni A
nY deL n=nU pLnH _@ hU R pLnH }ZL
oT nehR }^fhR ai nghR oHnx QnI ngfL d`Zx pLnH U c>
gH eU n hYx >n=nA y[>
nY{fL nwngi ngdhU R nghdL ngU
.{Y ngi pdgH pebU gH }]U
67
y[>
h]> U nw{fL hfU e> >n=nA qT}> cU
>n=nA pLfY {b_Y p_ hxeUn= n ngi >n=nA
p_hJ nghR }_> pbhS n=n= nbU hU b> h]> A n hYx
T X me X ~gT >nhA R T}> {x}> {x{@ {h nghR @U
{h
gcK cT zd@ eX cT }G |gA d K kQ Q `h nGmw
w S

nGmw @ ga dT X ?|T bw gT m= cT |`_G |H dK
<|YX w X d^\X w X c^gQ bw|YT w|YT oGmX X zH `h
.|@ X @ X cX w X
x :nS ai @}U oHnx hT QhfYkeU }hY H
> ph[I :hh[I nfw }L `h T ? X >
o Hn
{v ~`h mw :neU R n[U R ngU bhR o Hn > ph[I
^w gcK
geQ mdgQ gT {v K cmG cT z< gT [X w
p` h XjX @
pg[R g=zd@ cT |S gQ pcdK {T mX
Q dT z^< g]`@ zT cv Q ng_T |f]< g]`@ <|S eK
|S{gQ ê {T mX m dcX peK XjX ogP K p``S g`c X
agQ= cK |S
? }K
cT zd@ |gA eX |? h |S kQ eX mS mX
.=m^X |= cK }K ? cT |`_G |gZa= ogZ^X |S
}K
]> ned cR nfiB Y nfd_R hT dU ni}T nbi U nY nI {bU
phLne@ pxn[S SY phLne@ SY R qLf> ni nhA
ngd T ni SY qLf> ned T dU }U SY R phHnhH
R pdH f [x U ni nx |gU .{_> pdH qLf>
pYn_U
phLne@ nS_U R iB Y >n@ R ph[ZU >n@
68
L hUkY R edH R =}A R _SY R pYn_U phHnhU >nSL

.nL cZ= hedeU L hUkY R H
T}A {> phHnhU hUkY {> >nSnJ {>
R SnJ
A hU pxngi R d T U a [> n> keU ]B
|w deL |U }ZU
Y dU }a`> deL |U }hU dL dU {e>
.x}]U w
[ o^dT ]
***
69

ni{fL zxnU pT}U n ifL cU nwni}B pfH px pfU pxngi R `fx

n=nU [fdR p_@ qw {S ni}eL Y pdA}Y j= }_Zi
{S pfU R dU dL { bi nfd _dR nhU nfU n=nA
n=}S nA cU nT phneU pfU R i }T|> ..nfhdL nY nfU nY nfh[A
R inT w xjR n> SY nSL cU nT nI
w xjR nwedbH neT {x{U pfU dbH c_Y pfU }B
neT w|> fe\> w ph> pfU px{= R phneU pfU pxngi R
w neR bi R ne\U dei nf T ne\U dex nf Y Y w
ne\U w nY nf=|_x dU {x h= bi nY{fL cdei |U ne\U
zwz H c T cU
yh |w [ :}bU]g
@ ` P c T
w nY U dU }a`x eY c> U ne\U neR [ :{neU]m a ^ T
nedT f Y _e> j= ac> }cR dU =|_x eY c> ne\U
n Yni}= nwed_@ ng= _fS A cUbL U nwdB{ > UnA cU
.bL pT}A h]> pT}A nhU .c>nhU
}hcU gA}R L }_x
pfU nx{= R Unx nfU _=
T}x
w~}Q T @ Y [S}x }hT LU L h`hU }cUn=
_dx {=}_x B}[x gi pUkY }hQ pbx}]= ed cx {=}_hR
70
pdhU aR .}caU >j> }cU ow|> U {_= nY cU nebU
}h_i hedeT nfU {= |gU .hinY U Ux
}hT nfw pfU
x}B ]_i w n\U }_Zi i x}B Y fU |w
{x}x f cU {ei
nfd_x H nfnY Y dx nehR gfY |Bji

c= nfh[Z=
nfSBj= dU = [_i dU {A {fL bi nf Y
.nfU dU ngd_@ U sY}U
cfY dH neL pfU pHnfY R nfw Y
chUkY }T|>
nLn]U Y adH nY dL dU }T Tnxn]B Y dU }a`H

x{=n_U x nY bx neT }T dU U = _a>}> beU ]]B
n@m [Q mhzfK w dw c^? fcT :x T bx nY{fL
mfeT gcT gcK |X
X X mec^? gQ meccJ pR |gA me
.acA ocd? X
[ o^dT ]
***
71

R Hx c\_= nT pA
ng]U ngx :cU S afU S

{TjhU {@ x{x dL neU }x }eL J ^hR pHnf U
Hx c\_= .ph >ngJ yh dQ yh
ph >}S qinT w {x i }Y {L [U {h_hR [U R
[U R HH> fT n h LT n h H nT
> fY {x HH
nS dUnR n_U T
cU
ng]U
. dQ
Hx _U nfw cU pHHU pdcZY nfU A Un_> dU
nS_U pHnhUn= Hx cU [U pHnfU ng]Un=
Q Sm
Gm ? S dL {hxjU x
Y {hxj> phLne@
[ :}H] c K < T ~ [ :}U]e g Q i e <
a=
g T mX
{ T T e S | =
d c J w [ :}U] ]T X |gS e ?

.[ :w]m e T b d Q
nY R n R}fY n eUnK {x kx j= egx cU ng]Un= HHx
72
R pHHU nA R T|_x Un_> dUnR pHHU
pHnf U ng]U
j= T|_x {hxjU x
eU {hxjUn= T|_x dU cU
[U
x Y Y =n> T|_x inH w Ln> x Y _ >
._Y }U
nhU cI nfw cU [U n_T {L R n cI nfw yh

phL}I ncA {A cU phfY phHnhU nhU cI phLne@
R |cw dU {A {fL nghR bi nfhdL
}Z> Tj> nehR Y T

.|d> }In_> d>
R S ng ZUn= |B Y i ng ZU {A {fL bi nfhdL
pA
ngx cfU |gU .nY}eU
Y ni ngZU }> Y nY}eU
phLne@ ph[I n hHnhH nT n eUnL pbU \ei ehR hLU
d T U L nfHnhH dU {h_= nT n x}S px}cL phfY
ci ni{x}x dU R pbU ]_i i }T nfbS
phLU pxbU pY
hR}feU {hxj> R wn> heUnÛ pxb> R nZ> U pY
phUkeU Zh_x x|U phUkeU R ng_SY U a>}x U pY
.dU Y U
[ o^dT ]
73

nfR}_x
LU {hb_U B |U {hb_U LU dei }\U
Y
nfR}_x nfR}_x
|U Lne@ HnhU LU p_x}ZU B |U L}ZU

R JnU U
]B phLne@ phHnhU SeU R }[U pAnH
.phLne@ phHnhU SeU
n> R ng= }i L nhS px w phLU pY @
U
oS}> nghL= h]> U {fL pY ngdhd\> nH dL JnB
}i ]B T nghL= h]> nwj]B Zc> nhbU
]_>
hc> pYU eL H{bY gi nbU }_Zx U|= nhbU R
phLU pY .gd[eU gYnY g> gU a [> yx{eU gU
}_> phLU pY pLnfS nH dL a [> n= g>
d ex x|U nbU ~_> nghR U
pUjY d ex x|U nbU R{> hT
.nghR JnU pUjY
[ o^dT ]
74

pHnfY }hQ pHnfe= ]U dL [S}x nfU Y }hT

Y T}x b_U R}_x neY }T ]U R}_x }hT
}T dL ngU ] B pHnhH gU {gU Y T}x neY }T sh\U
}ceU e_x nY{fL A pnU pYn_U bU T R {h_ Y
= nf>nhA nfUbL = fi nY d _i j= nfU ex gilR n edL ni]_hU
nH dL nfwnfY R nf= T}x n [Sni n edL p[Sni pR}_Y nfU {x}x
nfhdL |gU .phRnbU nf_SY px=}U nf_SY R gdU n H}A nf Y d_x
x{U j= }_Z> qfT .}aU nS nY rhA nf>nSnJ T }afi
}aU nS d> nedR S Y }T U nghR n> }hT nxn\S
}hQ U o_U R S \b> neU r_U i >nhA }>
p_afY = pdx]U nZU UnhU R {> }g> xJ hdU p=
ncH hU gU hU f cU xJ nZU hU yh .{nR
x]U hdU |w R n> i ._SY T dL }]hx nx |U
\> U p_eZU d> w edL hL x}]U U \> p_eI U
.hini Y R}x cex nY U \> >}hY R pU{_U SY U
[ o^dT ]
75

z ` d T g
w G = i hedeT Un_> inH dU ni
:yd[
.[ :}L]
n_R nfUn_R [U nedT nf>nedT cU nfYT R yd[ i
hUn[U bU Y cfR yd[i j= nfai L UkY i [U
eeU R nZi L UkY i hUn[U }hY R
yUn[U U }i
eeU @ Y de_x x|U bi
n[S R yUn[U nZfU }i
{HnaU U }i
pHnhU R
R nf_SY = ngd T nf>nhA L UkY nfi {HnaU nZfU }i
dQ d L :afU bx deU x R .nghR ni A nhU
{ R }eL nhi{U q=}B hUkY Y hU ai dL =n=
phUkY deA Un_> inH dUnR U|T qhU pUjeU d nfU
nxn\bU Y dL n R}_Y nT H }cfeU L gf> }_eUn= }Yj>
dL }cfY nT H pYn_U nxn\bU Y dL n R}_Y nT pnU
hdL pYn_U nfU nhA Y dL }cfY pnU >nhA Y
nfhdL gK K jX bc S bc S eeU phUkY e>

nB}H gdU p}R hU i ni}eL }e_U .nH |w dL d]fi
}e_U |w pT}A Y nfU dU nehR ni}eL phUkeU Y }gU
76
dU Y = }Zi hi |U .dU Y = }@ni |U keU }e_U cx
m@ zP m@ dK gTmQ dU nY nfhUkY ei |U
T G b c d K c T | g Q c d K R dU nS {S dK
:nf Y cU
[ :p=U] e X j d T
[ o^dT ]
***
77

|w ga> nA {A pa }S }={> }S }bU }S

U lR egR {A }]H }S pa ga> ]> U U pa[U
}={>
gR L }S }bU Y }h> nY }b> fY dU {x}x |U w
:}bU {
abx inT x|U dU oJnB |gU
bd`> [ :{eY]m
f T m` R
c R c K | a T | < z w Q

c>nS Y d_> UnA {h@ ega> UnA }bU L c=dS
@ Zh_> Td_x cU }ax gfY dJ }bU gaU n S
ngfL d[af> T{@nY R _e@ >nx Y } _U {U |Bj>
...{_= fU {gL R H {Y w {@neUnR

h > nf>nbU nfRn_> Y nfxi nfH{Y
ni{@nY
cU
dU {eU cx pLneU |gU {eU |w chR {@neU
dU qh= {eU cx pLneU d> fe> pLneU |w pLneU

nfhbU cU dU qh= U dU {Y U dB{x dU nL cU
dL ei dU b> dU pedT dL n_i nfhd_R {eU R

R dU B dU p_x}I B Y niY {eU R }T|fR dU p_x}I
}bU cx A }bU {= }YnL ni{@nY cU bd]i U
pg@U R _\i nT }Y nHU pT}dU nT }Y ni{fL
78
[U Y j]U JnU Y U nfU h>
nfh=
{w }bU cx =
bH U ]B Y fL nehR P dU H ph Â |gU
:n\Y }gI nghR
<mS = XmgZT baQ w |vmI cR oRm mge< cT TiGmQ
U B Y }={U LU }b= e> n\Y }gI [>
dU }x nehR nf>nhA R pT}U n hL [U nfZL h]i
nhU nfU hb> U {fL dU nT > B Y n\Y }gI nfZL
R Un_> inH dU p_x}I dL pT}U nfU hb> H B dL
Ri hT nfadB ni hT }_i U {fL hR }i
nY T
.U T
R i}bU U dL x}nU hhi}bU ci nfhbU
nf>{A cdR {Ai
}bU nfU lR nw{}fU }bU hwnaY U d]fi
UB Y U chdR i nfU }bU UB Y
nfhd_R x{U }caU R nf_Y adx x|U Y xn_i nf Y }bU
|U w }bU UB Y U cx
{x}x nehR x}]U nfU ]x
|Bji hT SU nhU @i hT Zci }bUn= U Y nfU dU
Y d T SU {i ~U~U SY R q
i hT nfai pT}U ~_U
nH |w dL .SU nR Y hdL }_i egai h]i nY B
d T ncH R}x H gafU ninS{ w Y gai h]i
}acU R}x H hedY inT U A gd T x}ceU R}x
nfw cx nH dL e_x H gd T x}RncU R}x d T
.heUn^dU }hT SY nfw c> Un_U R dK
[/ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
79

w {w } hQ dL g>nhA R nH x|U nf U _= L dU nf?{A

gi aZT dU U d nY{fL gf cU {gU dL gi x
{ T *
w md K w
| A m < b e h v R n]hZU R x}nH inT

:gcU]m ê e w f h w v mg hzT m g T Q f g^G

}hcU [ : }JnR]m e @ | Q c d K [/
G T w d Q
gi }I dL gf cU }hB dL gai x ne= nf U Y
}aU w nehR pR}_eUn= |Bjx U g i }ZU } hU h=
h= ~hex
nH dL JnU dL }hx nf U Y }hT nfw .}ZU h= }hU h=
pR}_eU Y cU {= U|U JnU U h= ~hex U gi U i
}nH dU R i w R}_> _h]> A d _U Y
yUn[U e_U nex Y {= _n n]hZU R i
.nex acx }aU nfdU nHjT }aU y=}dU nHjT
Y {= cU nex acx :odbUn= nex Ubx x|dU ngUbi
e_U YkY i dL {x |U w e _U nex oin@ U eL
:dY i dL {x |U w
80

g ^
A } > qi
U [_>
x{=

n_aU R }e_U |w

J n Sn
_ A T U
n
h]Y o
x
e
U o
eU

nfdU nHjT nex }bU Y px R Un_> inH dU }T|x U
R dU R n Un deL cx yUn[U e_U in@ U }T

R >nhLne@ R HnhH R >nSL R >Yn_Y R >nL
dU U d_> A }B }Bk>
@ {b>
edH R =}A
U x|U
Y fx |Bj> j= U
Y}A dU A dL nfY
\U x}J R g>nwn> T}x U }nU n]ddU gaSY _hx
.eeU Y dL y=}U pUjY >j> U {_= ? hUn\U
x}J R
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
81

eeU dx cU Tm<
= :}[fL nfw gaeU |w A
Y eeU dx cU \U Y eeU dx {= bU Y
Un=
Un=
_U g\_= nf U }T|x nf U x { = \U
Y = hx n\U hU }^fi gU R n bd _Y n hI hU U U w nY
{hb_U R U
Ubi nY de_i nY T R nf>nhA T w U oin@ T
}_> |cw dÛ Jn= d=nbx e_U R U }acU Jn= d=nbx
Un=
~d> hdL R nx = }T|>
U An R> U x

JnU Y }f> hdL ph\bU d> R U ph\bU |w R
w Un= n[xnR Un=
h> Un= }T|> JnU xgx
h> xne= h> w Un=
n[x Un= }hT|U Y }T
{U= }B T{A x neT n Yne> dhH R ngUn= h> xnL}=
.p xnL }hB
U }cfeU L gfUn= }_eUn= }Yn= Un= U w |w
A Un=
^x > dU }Y R nf U }hT|= dU U L{Un= Un=

rh= eeU R n xS U
cx A U nxn\S cU n hL eeU
.= nf U x nehR hR n
f U }T|x nehR U
nh> w eeU nh> cx
\_= x
Y eedU {= <
[ :}[_U]| ZTm =

82
}nU Y }hT ni d cx {S Un=
~U }[Un= n \_=
pxf_eU Y px{U Y }hcU ni d cx {S pxneU
gx ne= _eH Y }hT UnY Y }hT U
SY {bax {S
fY {gx _ {gx inhT {gx @ Y JnU hdL
bx afU } > nx{U
nY bx nL ni >nhA T {gx
gA }x x gd T nf U nx{U
nY n ah_ ni
g_SY }x x gU nf U pY
}x x
{fL h=Y icx x g_eH }x x phLne@
.gfTnY R hfY nf U
qaS lR d T U R nU Y }hcU ad cx Un=

~U
|w =}\x |w x |w nfw nfw Y _U n@ {A
_\> {bR {A qaS }Zx |w _eH {gx |w UnY n[x
_H dU }T :U bhU YkeU B >jx b> {bR qa_
xbx
|w U~U SY R q? dU {fL nY odJ dU dL T> dUn=
|w x}=n[dU dU {L
nY }T|x Se= xbx |w pedcUn=
b> ai b> A bR x{wnedU dU {L ne= }T|x

.~U~U SY R q> h]> U {fL Y{S
R eeU bU
nxn\bU T eeU nfU HnH
}I |w
Y dL {hb_U Y dL pnU nxn\bU T R pYn_U
eedU { = U|U .pHnhU Y dL ngU Y dL p_x}ZU
.n \_= \_= }T|x
Y n \_= \_= bx
Y
83

~ `h
X X ah T T X Y < b h c e T

mh c T mh T mR o g Z X f < m w { T * w | <mZT | Y < |d T

v T o d @ f < X c f g c K T * ^ ? g T
nf?{x dU w | <mZT | Y < [ :}bU] z f d T
.nfinex eL }gî UB Y dU {x}x nB nfw n inY nfw
w nY n_Y ni{fL nex _dR nex R Sn nfi hU{U w neR
ex nei _dR U U dU U nei R Sn nfi hU{U
S | w m e T n @ * T pnJ pxnL phdeL }Y nfhU pfUn=
w { T c T d c ^ g c Q f c R X w { T me Q z a T *
e ` w v me X T a w
fh_x |U w }[U .[/: cf_U]g b T d c ^gT R z
<m
e> e> nY}U e> i S{ {Tk> dL
c Tm< | mX | :dU hH R U T e> U
| md S | m Q :P {eY UH}U dU Y {i |w .[ :fU]

.[ :nbA] G |T X } ^ T T
S
}[U
}[i L{Y i S Y nhi } neT }
}i }[i f_Y hU acfi }[i f_Y hU n a_ hU
T nf Y {A T
{fhU Â chU ~_fi }[i f_Y hU pAnU
84
= Y nf Y {A
dU ni{x}x nY dL [i A }[U pAnH R î
SeU n? Y SeU p= Y SeU ~L Y hdL [i
.]U
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
85

x n ini nfx pbU n]Ll= _i Un_> dU

>nee> R y nfed _x
:fL bfR Y > Y }cx nT dU nhb> Y |w :bfU
x{wneU Y |w bfU cU x n ini nfx dU nhU Y |w
U }^ffU >nhA R pedcU pT}A U }^ffU edT efdR dU hH R
rx{U R n@ {S inY pS{ pT}A U U R }^ffU Y >
mvmK mK mfc ^cQ G
?|T S I T |]e= :x}ZU
.ohmX qwzT zZ< |A bT =mK |= |dT cK Yw
cx acx n Sn cx A n fYkY d [eU cx acx i
}cfeU nZaU L gf> phbhbU [UnR n fhY n fYkY chU n hd[Y
pUg= nbfU pbUn= _> nfw Y }cfY pinhU }cfY |cUnR
U
>nhA R phUkeU d x nx w {hxj> h]_R nY {A
L kY chU cU nxY Y Y dL n eTnA chU
US _x {S Y e> U|T phUkeU SY Y Y
nY U }î cU LY _> {bR nHjeU cx nY{fL LY U }^f>
.deL R {[U }> cex
nY{fL a[L n] nh
:nbx nB x}> nehR
{>
nS ni S}x nT x{B
dL nf> nh[U Y qinT =|x
86
U LY U }î w }î I
U :U bhU a[_U nU dL
U }î peA}Un= A>
bUn= A> U fhcH
Y }hT ng=nhi phahT ng=n bx Y{U Y }hT nfw
Y nfU {=
|gU pU_Y pbx}]= }> hT ng=n bx nedcU
:}bU]mg hzT g T Q T R ^w X m
m e T X
SU R S {i

= oUn]x |U {_U nedT {R hU e> nY{fL [
cU
dL deA {H nf U cU ng= oUn]x U px}U nedT nf U
px}U pU{_U ]_x kY n ecA {x}x i ncU ninhB n_U dK
|w }]x w {gU i nf U }x kY n ]B {x}x i nf dU
fY qA pnB n ij= dS R nY dL dU { g Z x xnf_U
nex dQ adx x|U nU _T gR {[U {L pinhU
.gLn\= ShU

U i [ :}bU] mZ T z T
= px fL }_> |U w |w

Ub= gL{B Y n> |cU T ex >{@U dS neL U qdB
ni |w phUkeU {H
dL } {I hU
gRnT dL _R
x bx Y SY R y wnf U }Y y nY p nB nf U
{A hdL }_x h]x |U d]eU TnU y }Zx
phdB{U hJnhZU U {h= ? _Y gaJL nf U _=
{B .g>nhY gU o> }x gUn[Y gU Ykx i k> ph@nU
nghR {R R _H phfU w neR ghdL UU y nf U
nY eeU R n\Ù {_U }Zi
.nf U B nR
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
87

@ Y dU = hdx w = p=bL hU YkedU pfUn= U

nb_U nY{[U pUnA nghR h_> U nB}H @ Y }>
e> nhU U bU h>j> pY{ ex UnR .beU R }ca>
h= @ nfw nT lR {A n g@
qinT H n g@ nfw }caR
}[fU nA Y pUnA nfw
.pex~gU nA Y pUnA nfw }caR
inex a> ]> hT }_> qijR }cR }ca> d_x U
U Y {b_> YkeT hd_R |gU .y]U R _Y }>
beL R
S afU fU
]> h]> i U pH{Y cx {S U
U S p[U h]> U {>
]> pg@ Rn[> U }T
>jx U beU R }bY
Y ]> h]> }eU >jx
{_HnR
fYj= > @na> cex ng@ nfw U bhU U
B inex ngUB Y }x YkeU niU pH{Y U .ngU
ex |U UnH}U
ni cx cex hT ngUB Y }x =}U

.n[i ngU bx A }Û o_ R UnH
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
88

mK mfc ^cQ vG fKS I T |]e= :cU S i

|?m`T |T
T ohmX qwzT zZ< v|A bT mvmK
Y Tjx w U R inex R cU {eU R inex a>
nY{fL nghdL fe Y U pinY kx w JnUn= nfU
x{A R n Sn x lR { [ x i x{A R { [ x w {x

R nA R A inY kx x p_[U nU R A
rhA y }cR nfh]_x n \x rx{A nfw .hdL c> o_[U Y lR
gQ S X mZA > :PcT G mR :Qn[U nY bx
z@ mA d {T .cX h K c m m aQmeX mS
.zK Q zZw H Q zK {S
|cx x YkeU naf U dL {> nYL ? |w
nex nY R ilR nH |w dL {g_U x {LU dx
R cU pxn_U w}wn^Y R nf U T nhA {i nfU {= pbU
n_I g>nhA R dex x|U Y nf U U nT H de_U
gTdH
.}wnêU U }^f> hdL phLne@ {LnS n hHnhH n _SY n hfx
T nY |A T cU n _he@ gY}> Y inY gd T nf U }A
R nafU w [x w QoUnJ = = d_U nedT |w }g^Y
89
T {T c [dT Tm[T
fh mèT v S{@ :nS pQU sgi
.ogah ff? ow f<cR T {dT
nY{fL i nH dL pUjeU nfU [x
neU |w R QnYnR
Y gw@ nedcU dA Y ngilR g>nedT R naf U w @>
nY{fL cU ncI A Y cZU R gTdH @U a
ngiT}x
R pfaU Y bd]fx gilR pfaU @ R T}x
x}J T
{hax @ Y nfw g> fx
w w nY T R
.nfw [U h> Y
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
90

L{i nff cU _U nf\_= Y {b_i {x}i {hb_U U L{i i

pT}U dL hhJ n]= h@nH icx hfYkeU d_R .LU U
T cU nS{ iB cU n Y T n hL T cU n hJ T
nU R ~i nfi {bL .nxn\S pd[eU }H pd[eU |A
eY
g>nhA B w }ZU
ZcinR }hU g= î nf T eY
}hcU
nfw {L n[R nS{ inT eY n\`= n[R nfU nA inT
cv mX cK ZT ncP :QhfYkeU }hY U of> pedT
@
cv mX cK m`T ncP cJ zaQ mhk< e J mh mG
.af= }Q zaQ mhk< m e J mh
f_x |P
}x{bU pUjY R hbhS x|A ci nfhdL }_i {x}i nfi
nS w}_i eU nf>nhA R g_ i eU nehH
pbU \ei eU nehH
|U SU R pUjeU neU T R nxeU T dL nfU
}aT }h[e= [ > q pbU ph\S w {_ T dL Zh_i
dY Y cR ngd T pY
p_hf i nfaZT nfU A eeU }h[e=
wY T A nf U _R h Y T phU{U nH
}>
hH R dU {L Y n_x nT i Zci
nf U nhA Y gfcex
nwn]L phfx phHnhH phLne@ ph[I Y T !gx}A ng]
91
nf U
.}B dL ph[ZU |w qaZci ? pbU T
paJn_U pJnU nH dL ]_> nY{fL n inY
]_> nY{fL pbU
Y}A cU S |gU .nfdbY ni}nU TnZeU Y }hT nfad c> ngilR
eU c>nhS ]_> we>}B e= b> cU nf U T

R |> x}R
U pbhe_U pbU SY Y Y T}>
e=}@
.LU nH dL nfU nhA R pYn_U p=}U
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
92

@ {L nT nfw Y .ngUB Y U {fU nfUbL }i { =

U
Y T ed>
U {= i }[= _eH dbL {he>
d _x h]x wnU nT wndU |L gU _x U dUnR
}K R h_x nT nY .fL R } x pUnU |w R dbU lR .}cax
dU lR dgx nY d _x R}_x neL jx h]x ph_hJ n
inH dU {x h= bx nefL ninR .J dL {Q |_x U
RS L UjhH = e_U U L rU {_= Un]hH Un_>
Y px}S U L {h_= nhU R T}A qinT neU JnU oin=
=jw :bx x}ZU rx{UnR U|U .|LU U R nY JnU
v :T magQ cK T :agQ d^= T T :T magQ oXmgaT w mhm<
Un_> inH dUnR .o_TmT oT ccQ :Tm^= TR |g`= T pdc ^=
nS qfT ij= hdL sx |_T YnY dg@ {b> qfT hdL sx
}ca> hdL }ax dbL lR U|U dbL x}> dL d_U dL
R }> nY{fL phUkeU @H i e> qY nY j> r>
nfU {= d _x h]x eU |L hU gUnR U
R .}cax pR}_Y B
nY }bfU pR}_eU B R ngT}fU nin[= nfLneH nfUbL T }afi
neU bbx cex nY efU U pR}_Y Y }bU bb> cex
93
{S U pR}_Y Y }caU bbx cex ne= }cafU U
pR}_Y Y
ph\S R n [B neU |w R {Q nU @fH nfi dU ni|A
T S j` T | Z T d T
c K < T ~ a=
g T mX :gU
}ca> U }[> U e> U .[ :}H] X e K mS
}[= hcR }[= qhL hT q_eH hcR q_eH
}cR hcR }cR
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
94

nfR}_x
LU {hb_U B |U {hb_U LU dei }\U Y
nfR}_x nfR}_x
|U Lne@ HnhU LU p_x}ZU B |U L}ZU

R JnU U
]B phLne@ phHnhU
SeU R }[U pAnH
.phLne@ phHnhU SeU
n> R ng= }i L nhS p x w phLU pY @
U
oS}> nghL= h]> U {fL pY ngdhd\> nH dL JnB
}i ]B T nghL= h]> nwj]B Zc> nhbU
]_>
hc> pYU
eL H{b Y gi nbU }_Zx U|= nhbU R
phLU pY .gd[eU gYnY g> gU a [> yx{eU gU
phLU pY pLnfS nH dL a [> n= g>
x|U nbU ~_> nghR U
pUjY d ex x|U nbU R}> hT }_>
.nghR JnU pUjY d ex
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
95

hU dU lR p_x}ZU B R }H i YkeT nL R chU

Y f U U nedÛ Y @}x H dU lR hU cx nY{fL
T c T {bU
i U dÛ nedK Y hbhU i U ZU nedK
Pm \T v ug T | ` S w
{ T e T T m
d c ]T { T
X f ? | w e X w
.[ :}bU]m d c ]T
T e T X f h ? | w
pnB pHnfY R H}cU px }bx cfY Y ngi}b> nx |w
hU
dU cx pUjY nY S> neU cU ph}Y phai

dL nhU R }i
i H}cU px }bi hT hU Qn]U cx
[ :ph?nU]g a d T T c T
dU Y nfhU cx
Qn]U
ni U
dU
nT hU dU cx deL }cR edT R n hb> T
.}Z= odS dL }]B q_eH hL nY ]_x ilR pLne@
R bw}> ngi _U [x {S U p_x}ZU L rx{dU _i ?
w @> qinT phL}ZU ncA [x ng>nY}Y R ng>n@
e cT | mZ < { v
zv m :bx dU hdL b> ngilR >gI ni
p_x}ZU hdL ~T |U }Y |w .[ :ph?nU] e R w a T o d @

dS yax dL e_x i fU }h[U h]_x |U x{U w
w nhU R = {g> cex |U fU T dL >nhA fhL
96
e cT | mZ < { v
zv m hR T}x nf dU dU {x}x nehR dU i
nS dU Y o d @
dU B R }h> cilR p_x}ZU B R >}H
nS [ :nhi]g e c G mX
d T m^ c T o d @ m :PUH}U dU
peA}U ngi [ :}eL ] f T pe T c T X o d @ md Q :n \x
}hU SY n_U SY ed> hT R}_x _x}I B Y dU
{_U U
Y }hU nxn\S Y p_x}ZU |w e\Y R U j hw
nehR
.nhU R U nxn\S T
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
97

HnaU YkeU h= ~hheU R}_x x|U nf U _U dU bx

SeU SeU ph[B R S{x gi hbeU }feU
cU fh= fh= }R x g T x w |w pxgU R S{x gf cU
afdU } nhi B Y yax U inH i dU {fL pUjeU d>
afdU } yR dU phS}_U phan]U phR}Ù px gU nH dL
yUn[U e_U nex :na hR c> nH dL nhi B Y
|Bj> qi [ :{U] w m aGm Q mS d S m eX j X mS d Q
dU ha[U h>nw B Y UH}= dUn= ]=}x |U H px w
d ^ w X m b T v hmX b g hmX i < ~ g T _= Y cU _x
[ :nfU] |gZ h m gT c T
X T z w < } w G

de_x x|U kw f_x [ :ph?nU]m gT @ | ? { T n @
w
gaSY B Y g>nSL gUneL gYT B Y nhU
xbU p_hJ R}_> A {h@ px dYj > nw}hQ pxn[S phHnhU
w { T n @ chU {x dUnR nU xbU p_hJ nIU
e X w { T mS f c ^ h T f_x [ :ph?nU]m gT @ | ?

|U f_h]x |U w f_x [ :ph?nU] G m TmZT c d K
}RncU _@ ceeU Y w = }acx Y = Ykx Y w fh[_x
} neU n fceY hU |w n_UnT h]eU _@ YkeUnT
98

_= Y gd T inT nh[_U B @
pLn]U B
pLne@ h]Y = nL = HnR YkY {fL nfU _=
dU H _U |w }î R cU }@nR }B {dU Y pY~dY
w gU nLnR phR}`dU U|T dU {fL ofdU nL }ax

.U |g= nf U ~U {Y eH |U dU
{ T mS f c ^ h m
c d K e X w gT @ | ?
w { T n @
R xnY hU [ :ph?nU] f =md X vm g X G m TmZT

i hH cA |w [ :fU] d b w mX mG eU nhU
.xY Y d]fx
G oT}ed< zeK dT dT hbw :QdL nw{T {S
_x U Un_> inH dUnR {UU QoUnJ = = dL ph |w
nH ni{fL cx A nwega> ox p]bi |w .eUnT eU
? .xbU xY Y dU nin]L nY nH dL nI h= xbU R
m
c T c A
d T :bx nx |w pxngi R Un_> inH dU
R U dL qYnS eU [ :ph?nU] T m<
}> {= ngbdB R U dL qYnS ngbdB
}> {= U dL ~T nw@ Un= eU
S } = :nH |w dL U nw@ Un=
dL ~ T
d ^ w X * | w |g A m
a X d ^ w d Q [ :}RnQ]p S md < ~ ` h
w nL dK U nx dU .[ :pU~U~U] | w | H m a X
c J p S md < ~ ` h S } = g T pYnhbU x n_I gSR }wnbU
.[ :}RnQ]m T w
| G c T g T
99

:b> nY{fL hbeU U dL n e x}cU }bU R ~hT}U

nw }> fY dU {x}x pedT ngi [ :p>naU]g | ZT
mh zv
a dT
R }\U p>naU nghR }b> pHnfY T R nw }> T R
i n R}fY n J} nfw n ehbY n J} nfw n e ai
dL hR [> |U hbeU }[U dL U {x dU Y od]>
= }> nehR Un_> inH dU o\Q L {_> n R dU pe_i
I dL ~T}x U neT pYnbH dL ~T }bU dU ph[_Y Y
[ :ZU] | X md S a G
mQ T{ cQ :UH}U nS {bR .}B
T mR w { T :dU dL d[x x|U hfYkeU L dU nS
| Y < h} = Q m = o b d T f g c K } e = Xm a G
> c T me <
@x
w dU bx |cw [ :qd[R] zK = eS T o e T m<
| ` Q T ^ = mQ m dga X I
^ =
| {
v :nfdU YT
}[U [ :n_i] a = b c ^ T < Sm b T cg G K b <
x{gx dU Y od]> |U _ > dU L{x |U w hbeU
dU @x |U eA SY U dU n HnH dU d_x |U hU
.hR }x hi U =n]B
R }Y nY T
nY T R dU {g_= ~U f_x hbeU }[U
100
R = }h> nY T nY T
R ]B R dU {g_= nRU gi
.nhU
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
101

nfhdL nxeU T
R }cai dL nx{U @i nY{fL nfi
ni ph[L dn_U ni ph[L >|U ni ph[L nf>n_eY
T}U =~U an]U ni ph[L hYbU ni ph[L {dU

.e^fY
Y d]f> pUnH nfw nh[_U eY R h_> nh[L nfw
R }>
nfhdL dU nhU B dU H pf H dU nT B
X nfU R ph[_U
ph[_U
phfw|U Y }i dL {h@ e_i
nY nedT Y .aeK X mdw o a < cA zaQ T n Z ^ = nZ ^ =
mf@m mfgcK >iw T ogZ^T
:Qx{=n_U x hU = dL
ogZ^T
X ~gT w|A R mgA X |gA XR |H ?|T |w
w U c]T cK XR g^w bT XR ?|T nw
R U B
{d= w o> YS o> U bx |U H H
bx cU U U bx H h=nY o> anJ o>
\R }x}I nT U A o> Y nghR _> pdA}Y U oU U
_R{x U oU = }hB nT U A }B ni Y
A Y }w }B S Y hYdêU dL YS Y heUnÛ h_>
.f g@ ni U bx n]hI U x H A
102
cx phUnH}U
phfw h_i cU ph[_U
phfw h_i ox
oA
H cx nfU T Y nfhU oA
nfai Y nfhU oA dU
nf phUnH}U
Y nf=}S ph[_U L ni{_= .}B I
Y nfhU
ngfY }x U nedcU q nexl= }i
nf b_= }cai
h]x U b_= }i
nfi pUn_R
}hQ ph[_U Y d]f> ngiT ni}h>
nY }hQ R i }bi
nY }hQ R i ni nY }hQ R nfdB{x {A
|U w UnH}U ni i {x}i
UnH d]fY Y db_= }cax
.h[L
|U w [_U
SY Y aJn_= }cax ni nefh=
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
103

Ubx x|U nf U |U nH dL T}x x|U nf U h= }R

dU U }hx x|UnR hL~U QnU UnÛ Y B :U
gR _Zi
hU _i |U =nx U nY .n]hZU ]fe= ?{x
:}eL ]g eX j X eS
Q mA v Q :{A dU Y U
Q m =
dL qdeL ]B R qT}> dU qS S dU qaB lR [
.{A = b> = > dL ...{x}x nY b> n dL [>
gR d T }Y UnY w dU Rni `fx |U w {A dU
cex {A nfw hU fex ]_x afx }\x qhex hx |U
Y hacx dU cU
.{A T dU Y hacx
T> :dU dL TU }ha> R rxnA _= R {S
_U }bU ohUnH T n@ {S {A dU Y n> dU dL
dL e_> id_x g= iRx j= }_Zx ni
x|U kw T
:Un_> dU nS neT w ggU k> dU Y g_h]> w{_>
neT nfhL gU [ :}L] b T m X m K c T
X K z = w
{ T
}e> neT }ex @ {x gU cU neT ni gU cU
A}> neT A}x a_\> neT a_\x [> neT [x
i ow Y bdx U U Y cYn@ {x{A Y gYn@ qhU
104
Y q bdB ...}R [ :}L] b T m X m K }> Y bdB
nehR h@ U UhH pah@ U H pa]i Y bdB pa]i
dU bU _= nghR _\U _= nghR pd bY nhA pahU pa]fU h=
Y gi{_> nedR gxbx neT cxbx ga_\x neT ca_\x |U w
T c T
X K z = w { T dU Y gi_h]> neU dU
^ e X { ae w m gH m
< {T f c w T ^ d ? T m <m< a c w
}Y Y U _@ {L = ? dUnR [ :sU] c \ d T n Tm\T
@m
Z T a w :UH}U neT U jhw n @}Y h\U Y U _@ n @ } R
e < zw gc K e gb G c T }h i Q me ^ X c T } =
^ ? mv | = T
.[ :p=U]mg c ^ T v c T o d c S c ` T | ` S w { T o d c S
oTmG|T mZh
pxneU phAnfU Y dY _ |U _\U SY R H}U nT
n]H U Y ng]hY R ngdY S U bU
SY R x}S qinT
InL = }baU hU Zh_x U x|U U ~gx }hbaU hhU |w
.dU pxnL}= dU l= ghdL }[fx n]H .ph_h]U nhU fÙ
f_Y hU pT}_eU R b> cex i nL}x dU f_Y hU
hA R h_> U {x}x dUnR .> cex i nL}x dU
nx}cU SY Y x}ceU x}B nf U dL d_> pxS phA
dUn= >}> ij= _ZU SY Y cU YkeU Y nx}cU R}x dUnR
x}B nY dL gR A}U eU
A R cx {= R dL
h h} = e f =
c K :Un_> dU nS w U dL {wnZU

xngU nY ]b> chdL U|U [ :}eL ]g eX j X eS
105
n bx}J cYnY U ]fY T nY ]b> jhU nI T nY
phLne@ cT}A R phHnhU cT}A R U nT H n
pg@Y R }[U pT}A nghR > pT}A px R pxngU cT}A R
iT chA}= c K iT d T ncH pg@Y R d T }acU
v R nf U ngx :US T}> = fYk> nehR dU b= nxS
eUj> neT Uji ni :UnS [ :p=U] g g e T z@ me < Z < | =
X ? | = [ :nfU] dT i = md S d T i w f hkQ d T i = hb =
dU pf @ dU }[i @}i i [ :nfU] ? | w mX c T
on[eU pdcZY nfU e> }U pdcZY nfU ex eUnR dU
dU H ngUnS Tm< Q cK n[P < bw T pdcZY nfU e>
ni i =}T R dU H H ngUnS cT g^< h < }h mX v
v= nfiY}x nU nfJj= nfie@}x nf U nT U A U bi
h_i bi dU dL yafi :nfb]fY w U .ngU zx[U
fe> n hA f _Y h]_> pex}cU pxnR .jhi dUn= A}U }aU
c T X G i g =
ngU _SY R >|U hg> n hHnhH n aSY
.[ :Hx] | Qm b T a T c T X i g w h
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
106

[ :bRnfeU]g eX j d c T TG | T } ^ T c T
:Un_> dU bx
dU ~L
Y bfx {A h]x nL SB {_ = ngU nedT |w
~x~L YkeU {A | x UH}U dU {x}x ~x~L H}U
H}U dU :dU |w Â {A ai |x YkedU dU {x}x
dUn= >}Y dU H}R ~x~L dU nT lR dU Y ~_U {> fYkeU
ohR af= ~x~L nT af= ~x~L H}U cx {= |gU
._SY aSY R ~_U SY {x
.dUn= ]>}x dU dL afx dUn= fYkx ~L fYkeU |cw
qi dU H dL Y
q ijR U
nex w neT n fYkY qfT
nx
qi _Y qi [ : yaU] ^ X w { T c T
G zd X
_Y
fYkeU nT .{A }hY {A n _eY {A n bx}R e>
inT Lne@ .dU H SY dL c_fhH U lR
cex hcR Ln> nT >~L dL Rn> cex hcR
geU
cU }B gU |x geU
hU ai R ~_Un= }_Z>
.gai w U |x
107

{K
ai R ngZh_> qijR }B nwnx h]_x pUnA H R ~_U
nf U hdL J U A ai R |dU R}U qfT ~x~_U c> i
geU p x}U ai h_> geU nH c=
p Y}cU ~ _U

.pUjeU w d> A |> }LnZY \> ai b>
mfc S X XjdT T Q
cT
:Qn[U nY nS |gU
R ai |> }A gT `w
qU i f_x |w `h {w T
mX `h c bw
:QnS ai |x hT UnS }hcU R }h`[U
.g\w
RX
} ^T
n inhA |L R |L ng_x S Y b> }]\Y qU
nH |w dL aSY ~T}x QhU nY _@ |U |w
oT{T oc T g< :ge> g< } S zR KzT
<
K
zT

:nS nY{fL
meT cT <iw ._ pU |U pU |U nf Y nghw neU .oT {T me X mfgv

R nfh=}> p<mI @ fYkeU UH U|T bx dU T
.|bT mZX cK mcT oKmI |>jh X |fI z? ~_U A
neU U {_= gU nS ? .~_U SY bi { = pdcZY nfw hU
bg\K cT :gU nS nx = {x~x cA dL ~fx hdL }L
hU nY ]B U|= zg^T |R bT |R
gT{T m\K zg<
dL }ax {x}x x|U nY ph\U phL}I ngZU phL}ZU Q
pbh? dL hSU hdL }ax |U
.|U ni
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
108

B Y d]f> phHnhU nffxnfL nffx Y ~@ w nfHnhH

}U
}hU px}U {_U U
}bU ng= n@ U }hcU xnf_U
dL p@ ngi dL }[i
U phYH nfHnhH ~T}i ni nfi bU
n Y{bY
n _SY }hU ]_i hR h]i SY T R pedY dY T
]_i n Y{bY
n _SY px}U ]_i n Y{bY
n _SY U
]_i
.n Y{bY
n _SY pU{_U
ph\S c> nY{fL ngfL ~_f> h]> U nhI Y qhU pHnhU
|w R HnhU _S }> U nhB R px}U ph\S pHnhU
}ZdU yex |U Un_> inH dU L {h_= qfT U

_h]x dU Y n Hni {_x nfdU yex nhU R }x
}ZU bx nH dL e_x |U w ni |w dU Y n Hni
. R S
nY{fL i }Z=
f R ex {S }A
f R ex {S }ZU
inbU cU QnJ nT H Qn]U {> dL e_>
nhU dL ai }ax Qn]dU yax eY qijR T}> nI
.dU Y nfdU n hU
Qn]U _x
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
109

pdH U }U R n> i neT =}A Y ~@ w >nedT

ng= b> nedT U ngai }U R n> ilR {L S ng= b>
@ v T T a w m
^ T R
:UH}U dU nS |gU {L SY
[ :}H]m egX zK m T mS m\ g YT
h f e g < }e w m\ g YT

cex U \R nedcU Ubx = nT neahT nedcU Ubx
.nhdH f[> Y }hcU snfU b>
|cw nT neahT ng= {i R f_U nedT Y }[i nfhdL U|U
:Un_> inH dU nS {bR nf>nL} T R nU pÙ dgi nfhdL
me w T{ S c K | g _< z K c T g Q c T
X K z w w { T =

: n_i] c d ^ w hmS md < f e g Q f ^ ? | X f < T > f c d K o X b T
nH{bY o> i w pUjeU cR _R dx oU .[
R |w R Y >nH{bY }B ohR wY x}B
R fL pedT fY e> U pehI fY e> U |U PfU nT |cw
{x}x x|U { pAnU R }x f_dU yax nT |U qSU
...f_U B Y YH SU dL gaSY }ax
nfhdL
Y nedcU ni hT }_fR HnhU nf=n]B i
}hcU {gU pd[Y pUnH}U pd[Y B Y }Û p@nA B
110
}h_> nf>nedT c> = nf>n_ai L }h_> nf>nedT c> hU _i |U
.pAnU pT}A R pehcU pieU nf]B L nfhh>}H L
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
111

i :nfai ji dU {fU ohfU nhU R d]fi nY{fL nfhdL

~A i R pLne@ i R n[i i bx nf\_= Y n[i
]_i ni{x}x dU cU gUA Y nI U efx gi R
ni{g_>
nfbdB i ...dU nL i hU nei pa pa px nfai
nS neT n Yne> n[i dU nL i nf>n_H U kx nY T nffY
md S c T m
Zh hS e X w { T mf w mw :Lx}Y = h_U xU
h w T m R c T T mZh X g w c T w | X < g R
K m
{ T mh z w i Q o ` mI | ` S g
c K e X w | G e< X o ` mI pe X u Q c T m Zh

R nfT}A R nfU gU {i |w .[ :[U]w | vm J i Q v zK

ni hU i nf>nhA T R nfh[I B R ~i nfhdL nhU
Y nfw nT lR dU }[fi ni pLne@ }hZL }[fi nhU R
nfhd_R {wnx i dU hH R e_x i dU }[i >}[i c> Y nf U
U phL i dU hH R {wnY i B Y = [Z= }[fi
.dU @ Y YnL i dU
pnU nS_U B Y nf dU >}[i c> hdL YkeU ngx
U phinex pS_U B Y gU >}[i c> = g= ]=}> U
_ei nY{fL gH {i {S }Y |w .dUn= n \x g]=}> dUn= ]=}>
112
>}i x|U nf U }[fi n_U }@ {bR Hnei nY{fL o_ f cU
.nfinex nA dL A ph[_U n=}= g_Y
}bU Y px}S p x R nfaS dR hU @Y n _S ~x i
nfU ox}S }B pdn_Un= nfU ox}S new{A h[I h= }B ncY
}[fi h=
Y nf U Y cR nfinex = nfdnL = }Y nexn=
h[L
]`x nx hfYkeU _= pdn_U = dL nex = d `x
nbi bdx nx Yke= hU YkeU L rx{Un= dnL =
}Y .{
bx hT g@x hT afU }hU }B YkeU R _\U
dU n[i Y cx dUn= nex nH dL ni d]fx o_
L [afx hdL lR U|T cx A dU >}[i c> Y }[fx j=
nT |cw .pSL dU h= gfh= c> x|U nf U UA Y n f U T

g_eY T L d[ai x|U QhL _> x|U xU
nY |w dUn= eeU pd B Y eeUn= pd gU {_x dR
i b> acx R nf>n_I R bd]i S nfHai R Zh_i ni
}> nA ai U B = n_ZU nH dL dU n[i Y
x}B nf U }[f> i nhU R T}A R dU }[f> w ai

U |w L x{_eU
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
113

{eU R ngx k> n_T }e=

afU ngh]_> pedT qhU n fYkY c>
= .n\Y }gI R n_]U L nY sU U ngw|> pdA }e=

nY{fL n d n]hZU nhU n]hZdU T}> U }x nY{fL n d c>
|U beL R nex p= w |w .fx dL n> > U }x
h]i U nfi .>nhA nU _= R ad cx x}A ni d cx
n[U nY H {S .eU |w U nf_a> qi }ei
mdT |^w :QnS ai ni |x hT :neU |w R Q
ph>|U >{S H >{S gaU >~L dL RnA YkeT qijR .g\w
de> U {bU SY Y = hx nY B Y ng= d]f> U >{S
|U ni SY R bR >S Y }T qT}> i ngcx}>
= pahaB U b= fb> R U U p@nA ai Y x}B cex
hT :QU hS {S ._h]U
|x ngeA R ngT} > nghef>
hdL
nR n hI _a> .eX {^w mdgQ Azw :nS ai ni
= nf U g@ U rh= = n _fbY c> j= aSY R edT R }S
R = Yk> I R }> = fbY
i fY |_> U qA neU
.nhU R LnfS ex cex |U U w i }> I
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
114

R H pfaU B R }>
U nedcdU neU
nfhUkY
y a i
YH YH eU |w R phYH }{U
eU

SeU SeU |w R A cex nY yd[i nH dL e_i
c> j= }_Zi nfU { = .~_U
~_U nffex |U w U
bU
g]B
nhU
R hfYkedU cx UH}U w neT hfYkedU
dU ~_U
>{hbL c= gfx Y fYkeU }x Un_U R SY T eZx |U
nfhdL .dU d T nw}Y nhU d U cT c S wzT :chU _x}I ehS
U ng= d]i U pheUn_U UnH PfdU nT neT p UnH nfU j= }_Zi
nxn\S T cU nfYew Un_U R hedeU ew T cU d T Un_U
neT Un_U R x}ceU T nY bfU ninxn\S Un_U R ha_\eU
ncH nfw nfw pnU nf_SY R x}ceU T nY bi
bx nY{fL H }B SY R _\hR SY R _\x nY{fL
.}B SY R bx R SY R
[ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]
***
115

qbR qfT
H ni T >nhA R qUnA {bU
eeU R }x
deU ni dL qx {bU .p=}U R
phL nT H deU ni phSB h>|= H phSBj=
H ai Y {bx {= n eUnL nT
n hT}A }caY
}R j= px}U afU qfT |U SB oinU R nehH
R S @U R L pUnA U >
{S U dTnZY nfU dL
R |w qT @ Y {@ qfT SeU R o\Q dH
yYY pedT
U U nY @ pT}A
R }a>
n> nY{fL ai
? ai B R h= B R @~Y }x phL{U dL fi
.H ~e= }x
dU = rhA }bU Y U d _> |U P dU H Y ed _> nY |w
ni Zh_x nY o_ Y n Y h_x nT P H}UnR xj> AjR
dL yafx x nT i ngInL U nin_eU T Y Q}UnR Y
n>}x h= w n>}x A >|U _= Y ai }x nT n e nfU
.>nA R n h> n hini cx U UA Y nfU
ned_U Y dL HU hdYn_U dL [> filR nfw Y
dU H}= {bx h`d eU hhT}U d_U J Y dL
116
.ghHnA w}LnZY n\A nH dL nfU Y Zh_x U R
G Sm
X ? z a T :g_he@ nfU ox P dU H nT {bdR
:p=U]g g eX j d T mL fY dbx x|U nfU dL Ujx nT [
` h n v { = Q :U bU nx n@ U|U ..ghdL U jx nT f cU
[ :}JnR] |@ f gc K

[ mYT mgh]
***
117

YkeU ni oA ..n _he@ nfU oA dU H Y qed _> {bU

..nxn\bU Y } hT dL _Y yai YkeU }hQ ni oA .._Y n_>
x|U H nfU T dL n afY qfT = >nhA R ni Y {b_> U
.hR _Y adx }U R fibRx
phL{U _> U H nhSB Y }hcUn= ai |B qUnA
.gUbL U B{x S nfU dS U B{x
T qUnA ff cU }hT nhdH >nhA R hL filR _h]U
Y
R ngZL U =n> B Y iB T Y @ yh[U n> R
A }hT pY
}hT nAni nghR qg@ U nfU T dL nai
n x ni {bL fi nU |w Y {hax hedeU }hQ Y
U B{i nfhdL cU ai B R }hT }gJ ohJ }nfL dex nT
}ZeU oinU dL yafi hT }_i dS R }U _h=nfx ai neL
nh=nx U }^fi nfhdL dêU oinU {fL bi Y {= >nhA R
dUnR H L dU L {_> nfU }fH >nhdH U ni
ex nf\_= }hQ }[Un= i Un=
i nin Un_>
.nx{U
pg@Y R }[x ex
neT U
dL }
[ mYT mgh]
118

ni{hUnb> _i nfUnA x}B Y ni|B nY U {ZY nfi

_ZU {i i .g>nL x}B {hUnb> }h?j> q> nf>nL
{> hdL }B o_I nL Y Lna> {x}> nY{fL cU .Lna>
A }I Y nghR nY |Bj> A }hB Y nghR nY ..n_U |w p_hJ
R cx {S |w lR {_U h_i neT n_U h_i nfi nY \R}>
nex bL L }cR paS Y {= |gU .nfdbY ni}nA pd[Y
cfU {HnaU Y yUn[U nfU nfhU >jx nY T =}ì h]i A
}@ ..{hU o U bdx ilR YnY o U }]x nY{fL }h]UnT
pd[Y nghR }> pA nf> dL }ZA p@n@ }hJ fb>
U x |U o U bd> fY }g> U R}> ngi ng|Ù
o U I T bdi nff cU _h]U nw|Q ex |U nge@
nfhU >jx |U w bU nY px}U {hU n_U }U {hU
A nx ..A :YkeU n_I _@ dU .n_U |g=
^ T R
T a w m }bU R A pedT }Y T .A x

:fU] @ [ :}H] @ v T
v T m< f T m?

:cf_U] @ v T m< m
bT v T m =
[
{i |cw [ :}Y~U]b < X b g T } h mX @ ^ = [
119
h= qaS
A .nx deU Y dU {x}x |U w A
h= qaS hcR A } B A U
U hU
bL nfU dU dB neU
pUnH nfU dU H neU
cU .n\U RnfU h= yhbU U h= ~he>
U w nfUbL cU
.ng_Y Rx nY R}i ng_Y Rx nY bi U nH w nfUnH
e_U p_hJ dL h_> YngU dL h_> pUjY w pUjeU w
nfU hR h_x |U
phUneU
c>n=nU }@ phdeL R nghR d> p LnH U UnA

..T{hUnb> c>nL nU =
R dTj> nY R nL cU }cR
_d> nY R nS_U Y Zf> nY R d> nY R =}Z> nY
U n_U |w qaA hT }ca> neU }hT nL cU ..gd>
nLnfbU nH dL nwni nf_]H w n@ x Y nf_S
nwnf_> nR nfU nwnB x}B
n_U Y }hT R}_R U d_R ci {h@ nwH
bU
nghR c> nfR}K nfdaQ ng}R {S n }R nfhdL q} R
U p_[U
w ph[ZU
yYY h= Y }_i nfi nfh[I
nfU `dx jR nf=
U Y {eeU

{hUnb> o_I cU >nL o_I cU n_U
_x ni pUn lR |gU phxnU
{hUnb> >nL T px}caU

.ngfY d]fx U {LnbdU p_nB >nei ncR T
[ |X |eX o^dT]
120

ni{fL c> nY{fL }ai {x}i }aU oi i Ubx nfU _=

nc= nhU \bi dU ni{x}x gR ..}L }hQ }L R }R nHnfY
x dbL U x |U }aU }R ..U|T pUjeU qhU
oh`> }c> R }aU }[fx w _eY U SB U
n @ei ai Y _> feT >
dbL {ba> LU L
!nfU hdL \x
}An= Ax w {=}_eU }cU = Ax |U nY
fY }H Y}T U hx x}B }_> i
ci
phinY
pT ai Y _> ilR }c> nY{fL i x nY ..hdL

_fex dU ai Y qi }> {S fY }x gi .UA Y cU
R h_> .UA eU pT ai _> n@ dbL ]_> Y
.}cH qi eeU odS
|dT mH :yh[U rx{U R {S d T U }x
dU
.d@ \R zaQ |dT mH e<
X ?}=
>T z<m^S
..}U gdU g_Y U
dw Y d@ }RnR }a> fY {x}x dU
cU o_dU R ngx}A o_U
ai L .o_dU nA Y @n> nY T
121
>|U T R d]i ._ee= af= }\Y _U cx dL
}A cU gZ= |B hdL }x U |U hdL }x U dUnR >gI
U nS U U odx eeT }aT }\x nY gZU Y hdL
|T
X m g \ T m ^T | A T c T o e w | @ X R :nhU R d]i
.[ :}L]..o X mg a T w o Z TmA mg hzT m g T Q e X w
{ c T v R
dU nfhSB
b> pnB } R }aU nfU }[x {bU
n@nA \b> hA }R ni}T nY R }R .}hcU }aU }a> {x}x
}aU }R ghdL hR }U B{> |U A}U
}aU }R nfU
h]> hA }hcU
gx}A b> wY R}> nfU TnZY >
.ng@ R g>~L
gY}T
phini pUnA chU {ex
i = ph[I n_ai pUnA }Y
hU }aU
h]x nY{fL >nhA _I dbL nghR \x ni odS nghR yafx
ex
x}A h]x nY{fL p_Y yex pdcZY x
{Tkx
_i nw}ci }cH ngdTji pdT R nfA}R }[i nedR ...phUkY
nhdU x nfA}R
fU ]_> ngi }aU h_> eZU
qh]L qi nhU cU
af= [ > eZUnT qijR nghU @nx x|U nfU cU SnJ T
d]fx nY bR peU qhU .UA Y nfdU U x deL ..deL
nA |gU deL JnZi T R }x nY w peU cU haI dL
pUjY gai }B i ni n _he@ nfU {h@ hini
ga>
nfU p}R w nfhdL oL w w ..nfhU pfUn= Y~U
[ |X |eX o^dT]
122

nT ghdL bhR hdU >jx ghdL hb? n L Y~U }_x nfU _=

R xJ nT ngfU >jx n[U d]x Y S{[x R xJ
_= }eL ngfU }eL hdU cU .hdU ghU >jx hT S{[x
ne= ..qSU Y j? w nY ... neU qSU bi {x}i Ubx nfU
qSU n = n = _]b> A .._h\> A ..db> A qSU hU nH
dU pf@ R n_U U bx cex dU U dex cex
|gU .}B nhi{U }hB = |Bj> h]R {A pLnH R _R _a> {S
mf | K o e ? b < X | ` _X T K mG
:x}cU ncU R nfU dU nS
qSU nH [ :}eL ]g a d c T z K
m
d T

ngdb> {x{@ pfH b> nY{fL {Q >jx {S {fL |U
.pfU R i J pUn= ngdbH = nB}Hn=

g_Y nfZL n_Y }h@ n=}S n nfU nT T {h@ }cR
h\> cex ..qLn p}R w{fL qinT .. w xjR n fY
x}hT dL phneU pfU R p}R qLn neT pfU |w p}R cfY
U cex w
U hdL }_i |U }U w }e_U j= }B hUn= Yki nfi
}eL }c>
h]> i _> p}R U R ]H U dU
123
^ ? m
R :x}cU }bU R |gU U|= U dU yex U
:fYkeU]mf c mR v o d c S mf h S p S | = mdg
Q m Tm d K c ^ T *
|gU .}cx Yx ..}c> >nLnH ..}cx }e_U ..[
n=nU R S {> hT ga> {= R }^fx nU j= n b? qfT
U nY }_> i pb= dU @> h]> U ilR nghR S {> U lR
pb= b> h]> ilR >n=nA R n bhS qfT f cU .hdL nY
.}B R nhi{U R dU nY
eX xH
|dK cK S :>nedT _= R QdL nY bx
{fL neU nY fY od]x ni h>jx nY{fL mew dv cK
h>jx nY{fL ..ow|x A UnY dL Rn> n> {Y
n> UnY dL n hI h= c> UnY fY }x {x}x ni
}eL _> .nfx ew dL fY yI }eL dL T }x
pLnJ }hQ R }hB }hQ R _h\hR }eL }x {A _> .nH {=
m< :}B rx{A R bx ? .}B nhi{U n_H U fx nY }hQ R
|aQ R meP daG R X|v R <mH :< R <i<
rx{A nfw .neU hR h]> qS >jx {bR .=X R =mg@
ni cx ..mdfgQ dKmQ gQ d^w mfeT gcT :bx }B
U } x {_= _\x ? n xS y[hR }cx ? }` R n ah_
.ngfU hdU i _\x bx }cx }`[x d_x |U Y .}e_U
y=}> = h]> nY neghR e_> nA {@ dL hdU oSn_x necR
.ngeHY n\bi {_= ngfY {haU }h[L pgTnaU Y f[> neT }eL
h]i i .}B HY R ngA Y {ha> HY R ngfY {ha>
124
eL U x}BU T}i dL U ni}eL i nY{fL }e_U }h[L |Bji
inH dU {fL fQ R bi nfd_> phdeL sni U nhU R {d i
.nfUneL R nw}[_i ngfU nSn]U T }[_i nfhdL |gU .Un_>
nhfQ g=}= afi ~i }B gT }bi ~i nedL nfgR
>nY .wng@ sni dL h_i ~i nxS g_xnZY dL h_i ~i
.b= w}eL cU Y~U w|B
:QdL
dKmQ gQ d^w mfeT gcT nY bx nfw Y
neghR nY negfY |R >S fY |Bjx ...mdfeX {Q eX {Aiw mdfgQ
Q mw |G
gT Q mKmT |G
mX :bx ? bU }nfL Y
mS X :bx !|d^T Q geT |G
oeT Q fYT |G
|f YT

S qi Zex hdU m `R mS < m w hkQ mfeT gcT g\X

!\bf> _Y Ze> >nhA cU
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
125

Ub> R>
:meT mfw
:rxnA _= R
a= R X zeT R X :meT mfw ..{Q {_= {Q
~`h
U >nhA > qS h>jhH cT ne? Q pI|Q mX cK m=|@ mw
p}aU fb> hT }_> }eL ga> qi h_> nR }A
.fY
{i nfhdL j= n \x }cai ox neU |w R }cai ox
R n TnY nhi{U R n TnY }eL ni}eL _x U cex cZ=
nf>nhA
L {x nT nY{fL Qx{=n_U x nY fL }L nY |w .}B
mX h|dK
:B ncY nL R n\bi }e_U J f e> pUjY
LnJ R |Y nx }eL nT ..KmI Q oT{< |dK mS
m ^=|X |dK mS kQ xJ }eL hL fd_@nR nhU nxn\S T R
cK [P bw T aX w R gT e[RmQ ..m\gYcT
:UneU ~eA = nL R {S .bY hJ \Q hJ i
pg d^h gcK pdd= cdK pe @
|dK pcI
dX
ec^?
^`= h g^T = oX|bT G |T Q ogI mg@ gg@ eK
R pe pT}A d_> A }e_U ]B ..|gP mYw mX ^`w mY= mX
.@n> nY T R }e_U p]B \> j= U = pLnJ
126
Y nf_fex U ._Y = }@nfU }e_U |w Un_> inH dU nfw {bR
R {S .ni}eL ^fi ni f cU nhU R @ni nY h_i
XjdcT bw _ew QoUnJ = = dL hfYkeU }hY L rx{U
nY qi) Hm^X mfgQ |w oKmG < mfgQ ?mew oKmG mKmG >
L g@ nY aU UA Y nfdU Unh_U afU ocU U
mfgQ c w oKmG (A Y nT n}x dU x }Y U T .nfU
f_x) gKmT eg= cK K mfhkQ |X |gP Q mf={T g< `h g<
=n Y dnL Y pZR}aU pLnH ph_ZU p`dUn= nghei U
}Z= cU JnZi {x ai yx}x R px}U T U iB Y
nfU _= .e_U pLnH n_U pLnH dL L w }A R cx
]_x U T}U [U R hdU U n[U Y S \bx
dU {_x d[x e_U R h\bx }B _U dw de_U qSU
I R e_x {=}_U gdUn= S \bx Y nfw dw }ax
e_U R n_U R ngfU hdU n\S j]B d T |w cU U }hQ
dw A hdL {U A hdL =}dR j]B U T gdU R
S ni ^fx |cw .{A A h\> bU h= e@nR A hdL
nfU Y }hT .de_U =
n_U dw nLnU _= R }ax rh=
gi w g>n@ U pfUn= H phdnL TnZY Zh_x
TnZeU Y }hT dx {S new |w g@ w degx
U nY p@~U }i }i o@x {S p_[U {b_eU
phUkY nhU SY Y SY T R ni ex {=
|gU .U
pdegY pheT }Y qhU hUkY Y @ }L n @ c> nY{fL
hUkY Y _> >= }L n = }h[> nY{fL nhU R
127
wnL}> gg@> hUkY = ghb> ge_]> bR hUkY
ci hT d _i ox |gU .ghdL dS ya> hdL g=dS ya>
d T U R x{h@ hfYkY ci x{h@ n= ci x{h@ n @
\bi rh= pUnA nfS}`> gd T nfU Y x{h@ hfJY ci

R pY nxn\b= }cafU
phLne@ nxn\bUn= }cafdR .nU he@ dL
pfU |w w {> i neT .U T R pxn[S phHnhU SeU
_SY Y dL UneU {h Y dL }HnB ngi p=
ngi}B pY y= Y dL }HnB p= |w w px}aU
nB n =nx x}B dL hdL c_fx H pYU y=
.n dH x}B dL hdL c_f> H
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
128

R AeJ T _> .U nL gU n> x}cU }bU }L

:dU Y {_> n gU w qd_@ f_x ai w }> nhU
T}> [ :nS}aU] i Q v f T { = X p w
gS g c K b = ph
w x \R
=
x bx U cU _Y {> {I ^ L
{AU dU U
gU Sx nY{fL |w Ln> }e? ShR gU T}>nR
.ngbU
c K c T c v f T { = X p w | Q
:}B px R bx ?
z ^ < X w z f w d Q m Y P | Z < c K ^ ? c R ^ d G c K A c K
gax nfU Y ei L dU nf?{x .[ :ph?nU] | S { = Q c T
f cU {aY } ZU |w R }A |w gax n Yne> }Y
Y d]fhR o_[U SeU R hL qx dex > dex
hx |U w ni |w .dbL ]B nA dL d`R ai gI
f cU \U R _Sx f_Y hU .d \x i Un_> inH dU
phi lR = nbY x U w gU _@ nY{fL gU nB nY{fL
= Zex cex hUnR hbY B U hU gU h\hH i U
lR U|U .}B }B }J U {Q {_= }Ù U {Q }ZU U
nY{fL d_= \x {S dL }hQ Y ni \x {S .\x w x |U
129
[ :ph?nU] c R ^ d G c K A h]x
> cx
pbd`Y i jcR ex Y _fex ilR ni dL }]hH gU
Y _fex }cax Y _fex ilR d bL dS ni odS dL }]hH
X w
z f w d Q :bx Un_> dU lR |gU .ngbnbA dL nhI }x
hH > aUnR {gU hH U _@ dU [ :ph?nU] c T z ^ <
w {Q dU Sx A \U R }nH ^x hi lR |cw .gU

.>nhA R n
nfU _= L nf?{hR nH |w dL pUjeU @i nfd_x dU
..pfY _= R @Y nT n [I }T|x ww _x inT x|U
nhI nbA nex nbA }_x dU nx }_x d_U x{U n [I
cU dbL R edL ncR > R h_> ph\S U x U edL cU
d_U acx |gU .n hI {ax dR hdL }]h> qinT U w >gI
edL R }x ni _> U Y {= nex Y {= =
{ T i h f g c K =
:U R UH}U dU bx .> inex B Y
ngR}_x w ng= >}x U [ :}L]mf e X y c hm
Q me =mw me g =
me H T [ :}L]w ^ = i Q ngh_x
m _T X mb Q m\ g YT
n@{U U a>}x nfd_U nfI U f_x [ :}L]mf < me ^ Q | T
x}]U dL gU {i nei {gU dL nfU }i nff cU nf>nx Y nhd_U
..[ :}L] T zc A e b T
.g_R}i nfilR nH lR
dL yafx U >gZ= [U neU dL yafx U n= [U
g c K d = n
c b T d S c d Q v = T
T zc A e b =

hU ex _Y qed c> Y nfw ..[ :}L]q f c w
130
yfx n YnY qaS nY odcU nT UnR hU ex T}>
bL x{U hU i neU w x Y nA w |w .yfx K T}>
nxn\bU @x d_> ai B R _Y pUnA U {fL gU >
q |U .>nh[L B Y >n_ai B Y >gI B Y
nY{fL ni |w U|T cU ~x}Q w nfUnR ~x}Ù p=ne= pUjeU
q f c w g c K d = n
c b T d S c d Q {fL ~x}Q \U n w >
T [ :}L]me =mw u< < { S w { T a T X T qf c w S | =
_> U {dB gi eU |w gd Y dU nxv= =|T x|U

c= ng>gI c= [d> ..n= [d> :U bx dUnR ww
dU {x}x |U U dL >nhA U fx nY Y |B = nw}LnZY
d]fU dbL }chU ai eU Un_> inH dU dL yai fY
.nw{A nhi{U dL }[b> }B nhi{U eZU YA
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
131

nA = _aU U {A KnQ R{f> ^hQ ^T

w nY }K R ZU |w d]i x Y hÙ pUjY {>
|w ng= @> cex U ncR w nY nhadU w nY pHnfeU
nH dL h_i nf>nhA R Zh_i H ni nY |w pdcZeU
d c> nY dbL U bx S d c> nfYT nY nfdbL _i
AH }> }>
hT dbL U bx S }>
.o\Q {= }> hT inex dL yafeU dbL U bx S
.hd= eL Y o\Ù
< ncR Q zR = m\gYT X |d? n[_T :rxnA n@ |cw
|@
T ~èT agQ n[_gT ?|T o[Ù Y {I I .
{S .}>
hT }_U }ca> }caU ^hQ ^c> U w |w .cT
B Y }> geU hd= b= SeU @> U }caU bx
B Y dbL B Y }> h[L
B Y inex
.aJnL \Q
w pe nx nfed L PdU H nx nfed L dU nx nfed L nY |w
R RqhU
.g>nhA nY T
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
132

R
wj= ~di }hQ = {i }bUn= ~di nfU {= hedeT

R g>}hH R w}cR R }bU L S}ax x|U RqhU

h>jx |U U ex }bU nhbU nfw U nfw n e{R g>nhA
dU H {_= RqhU w Y pe adB Y x{x h= Y JnU
nfU nhA R }bU pT}A L}> U pUn[U pfhY nhbU d ex P
nH |w dL .U~U x~U Y }i Y hwnaeU a> U
w :phde_U px}caU nf>}hY T R S {i Y n e }hU B R nfU {=
eU
Y hR nY c= w }bUn= eU
}bUn= ceY
i
h]> Y {w Y nH Y swnfY Y }I Y hwnaY
w }bUn= eU f_Y hU }bUn= eU f_Y |w nS_dU
}hQ }S }b> pg@T h= R _\> ~Y}T { dL de>
~T}Y
nfU = {g> |U {gU d_> j= }bUn= e> dU
hdL nedÛ qbJ = \> |U fU d_> Ln
d c> R }h> YnY }bU _> j= = }e>j> |U nY d_>
.}bU R eL R d]f> }bU T qbR pedc=
RqhU w nhS w phinU nhbUn= ~d> U {=
U {_= ?
pbd]fY >nhS cU Y}A UA R dU nfY H}U nfY w x|U
133
Y ~U ghQ R gY~UnR w\A R inT lR g>nhS B R
m ^g\X fT m `TmX ewzT m ]Qm@ èT m em mfa`T X mS X gidex
T mX :b> U rxnA zc aw ^ccQ X |X
cT o@ mh bgcK @ fhkQ mewz@ T mfgQ ^?mQ o^RT
G|T meX mfa`T mgh o> mdc^T pYn_U rxnA fgcK
m= :nS nhi{U R gUB nY :dU H nx hS mghzT Q cAzw T mX
.bew cK v{@mQ T c^Q kQ m\cT
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***

R
P

134

R nw}hx |U w ngT}x
|U w eeU cx {S on[eU Y }hT R
o[_hR

ph[_U h_hU eeU d]fx nY{fL pnU pYn_U nfU nhA T
Y qijR U
Y bx}R nT lR n ]Y bx}R nT U A bx}aU ni T
}h> {_Y qijR JnU Y bx}R nT bx}R B Y i U
~d> i w pUjeU >nhS bx}R {bf> {_Y qU JnU Y
A Y Y~d> U dU {x}x nY R U
~d> eU ~d> nI
nx JndU o[_x ni _> ph[_U ~> qinT pUjeU
ph[_U pan]dU ph[_U pdn_dU ph[_U ni{fL jZi |cw U
i Ax
nH dL nhbdU nIU ph[_U pT}dU ph[_U ~dU
Ax nY R e\eU f_eU ~dx nJ ~dx ZU ~dx ni
}>
nY{fL U
}gx ph[_U }>
nY{fL U B Y nex =
h_x nfU R aU d]f> ph[_U }> nY{fL pU{_U b> ph[_U
o[_x |U ZU nT n x o[_eU
ni pbhbU L eL
R nfU
h]x A hfh_= }^fx YkedU {= {A h_= }^fx ni w U
.}x
hT {_U ~hY }x hT U ~hY }_x
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
135

b> i U f_Y n fYkY c> nY{fL i

px_U nh> nhU {
}R }x nY{fL dÛ nh> { b> nfU dL }a x U }x |U
f_Y nfU dL }R }x nY{fL }i nh> { b> nfU dL
nhU gZU n]i R }x |U nhU { y> i n fYkY c>
nfw peUnÛ bU { }x |U nhU neJ n]i R }x |U
nI pUnA eeU R nI pUnA c> n fYkY c> f_Y nY .nfw
SU pT}A L nI f cU nhU pT}A L nI i Y d]f>
hU
Y .p_hJ px_U p_hJ dÛ p_hJ }i _x nx |U
{S U JnU pUnA T L |I ncY T
R U cx {@ _h]U
.pfh_Y
S nH dL h_Y nH dL }]h>
ccT x{Yn[U hLU hY~deU hfYkeU U @x
rx{A nfw
agT
bc`G SK SK bc`G ^w @ oc<|P c<|_T occ<
.aG hmS RmG
|ZagT
|ZR
hmS RmG

}hcU n=}Q c> H nfw nfw >j> U {A TnZeU aU
.. ? n]= pfhije]U Y R nB}U Y R inT x|U nfU Y
R Zh_x nfU Y }hcU nT n=}Ù n@ A ...inT inT
RnH R Zh_x inT nfU Y }hT g]bU pfaU >j> UnL
136
...g_R}U pfaU >j>

{B R Y
qcI
Tn> e
Y c=
Y h>

Y Tnx x|U h= g=dS Y cx x|U h= ~he>
~f> g@ e> Y{U qinT Y }> hT Y{U U }î gihL
}[_x |U nY nc= R n[U w dS Y cx |U gR {@ dL
nY phi}bU
px _eH TneU gR nfw p_Y nfw p_Y bU hfhL
X c A w
{ T X b =i w md T o e T c A z = @ :fYkeU }^fx
caw R bcR mS zaT [ :}bU]| [T mG i T f X b c R
mX Q v |w mdQ mf@|< fgcK g[= |gHmedTm< |Yew R|w
T ^Q X mf< |= (oi }hQ Y) |= |gP X gQ v mdX H gcK v
:}U]zg d T } w} ^ T c Tm< e X j w f e X d a h mX f<

dU _h]x {x}x gi Y~dY fYkY gi geg> w d> [
S|v nh cK | f=m? b< TiGmQ }hQ _h]x
c> {x}> nY{fL pUnH}T nhU ~d> {x}> nY{fL bg^G Sz=
f@ > @ Y _> nY{fL i eA Y dU Y n x}S
T X Y Y U {=
f_Y Y }[dU nY c=
{ T * w
w | <mZT | Y < |d T ~
`h
X X ah T
X c f g c K T * ^? g T mh c T mh T mR o g Z X f < m
w pUjeU .[ : }bU] z f d T v T o d @ f <
ai i dL n \x }[> ohw}U dL }Q dL }[>
.R}x {x}x |U hJnhZU dL }[>
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
137

p=nA}U p_U T p_U {R dU U _@ nhU c= h\> nY{fL

Y {U dU U bd]i jhU chdL }ax }x nY{fL p=nA}U T
g A G w X Q v e< mw :Un_> inH dUn= }hcU
[ :Hx] | Qm b T a T c T X i g w h c T X G i g =
nfU hTU _i dU nfA UbR nY T R nfU cRB
w { T m< h Q w z K m
b < c T ~gT

:US I c= chdL Ugx
n A n dS dU Y iT [ :}Y~U] m v X T md Q c T c [ w X h X
nT dU Y nT Y lR nhU nY T R n TdH pT}A }he bL
c T | Ze = [ :}eL ] b T n TmP Q c T S | Ze w _Y dU
H nS neT An[U ni T bhU [ :{eY] b X zR p w S | Ze w
T dL fhcH dU ~fhH [ :p=U]me ^ X c T } = :An[U dU
gYH R [dx x|U hedeU ginex R [dx |U hfYkeU
U {A }heU UH dL ngU~i neT ghdL fhcH dU ~fhH
T Y Bvi {x}i nf>nhA R H }i {x}i nY{fL nfi {A
rhA }hi nfilR phLU phYH nhbU Y d]fi {x}i Un_U R hedeU
.dU H eL rhA e_i dU H {wn@ rhA {wni dU H nH
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
138

} gai d_x gw|Y R Lfx x|U hededU bi

}bU gR R ng@ ow|eU :_= L g\_= ~> pbd`Y
ncU R H H R }î ng@ ow|eU pfU gR R
c T T | Q H Q K me = kQ :dU S U _eHnR pf U R
I}hU _U c\_= L x{h_= ab> ..[ :nfU] G |T

A d@ = nedcU nYng> n= An cfY {A T
{A>
UnA hR n> dU H T H {A pUnJ
Y Y }hT {b _x ne= {h_= Y oJn U U sni B Y
}T {AU SY Y U oJn U nT ncR Y }hT h\x
!_e> R n \_= c\_= nx nedR n_= U SY Y fY
}cR n[x } cR Y }T nfw w bd> R n \_= c\_= |x neU
}B } î pg@ L d> } î pg@ Y }T nfw w
T}cR T}> chdL }ax U cBlR }cadU [d> fT
dU nfed L {S ..pecUn= Un=
x}B Un> x}B }cR Y
:pex}cU px R neT g=_I Y x}RncU Unx inT nhi
nx i nT [ :w]..me T z? | S i Q me T m? z R
h mw T mR
U pf Un= |cw UnY Y d Y A x}RncU
dU ni}Y {S nhi phb=
139
.. @ v T m< m b T v T m = :Un= nf U ni
? o e T o ] K d T o d b T m< < g
f T m G T [ :cf_U]

x}RncU ni nf Y {x}x dU nT .[ :f U] @ v T m<
hedeU hfYkeU Y {x}x Un_> ilR ncU w ni
U Y }gi nedR dU nT dL bdx gi n \_= g\_= nx
neU R phw|eU neU R ?{> :_U nf\_= bx neU
Un> pgdeU }LnZeU Y nhHnU Y ni nfi phRU
!phi U d[>
}_x _ex nx ned_U nx neU
gfY {A T

..SeU R ng@ R }U R {A U }h[i nfd _dR }î pg@
pnU
cx dL }[
>nhY Un[Y >} nf Y {A cU i neU
hedeU yUn[Y [R R U B Y ne_H }acU nehU
}ai
ei nf Y dU {x}x nefh= p_h ZU hedeU yUn[Y L pf U

[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
140

phHnhH nhA qinT H phde_U nf>nhA R @ni nfw

cdex nY R {h@ ai }_x ni dL w phRnb? phLne@
af= ai }_x .pehS Y cdex nY SY Y cdex nY }cR Y
}U w B Y ai }_x ai n_= {x h]x nT
> .}B nY R d_U nY R @ ehS R}_hU
}U
> afU R}_Y B Y afU H B Y af=
U nfU = cx nY B Y fL nf U Ubx nY B Y af=
.ai ga> neY }T nfU egax _h]U Y hU i hdL
{x i :U nS QdL = U nY U I n@
:nS w nY :nS = gH w }I p?? {fL :U nS .
z@ zeK m_= {bdT hkQ .e<{b=
:bx {Y QdL nY nT .eX è< |K mhiQ e@zd=
Ax
A .dc^w mX T |`P e ]w mdX [Q ec^? fcT

b? }h_x ni d_R iegax neY }T ai gax ij= ghU
e\x nY{fL ai R i Z`x {S x}B x}B Y af=
nY{fL ai {fL i]bx ne= ph }hQ pbx}]= h[I
U
}hx {= ai R _\U JY }hhU n hai Y~gx Unx
141
.nghR bU
JY
nfU nH bhR
pedT ex zafhR {Y pedT ex _U
_\= }_Zx {_= fL kaci ph[ZU pYn\= }_Zx _Y
x|U w x}B Y gaij= gb? }h_x x|U kw ph[ZU
ngY{H U ohUnH |w .ghdL }]hx }B h]x
pHnhU cU SY R hd eY he= eUn_U }acU eUn_U ncH
._ZU pex~w R ngd `H pRnbU ne@
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
142

n _S cx {x}i |U nf_S T dL ] i {= U
|w R
}cai n xnY }cai
neT n hA }cai
nfd_> U phinA}U hR }>
T nfdTnZY _= _dR nfU n=nA R }cai neT dU n=nA R
U }^fU R }`x pxneU nf>n=nA U }^fU R }`x ni}hca>
w {Sni >nbi di nfi i ni}cR w phA}U nf>n=nA
|w Y aSY cx hT ni T }cR dU nY nfaSY cx hT ni}cR

_h]x w dU Y w{_i ehR }ì neU ni
}B L {h_U nhi{U n=nA dUn= }cai neU ni}[fx
x p_H TnY w}>nR e> x|U nhfQ x nhi{U R e>
ngni wS U ngni Y g_Y nw|B w }>nR{U d> T qw
T }=nU T n`]U T
deU T x phdU ngni ph=nx
T}> w{fL nY T x naU nghR }T U R `J x|U kw
.n=nU sni c= dU dbH w
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
143

{ T K m
f `h h m w w =

:Un_> inH dU bx
R }hx nY{fL gai ix x|U kw n> [ :nfU]
U A gfL R{> pex}U B R ph[_eU B R pinhU B
gfL n> iB >}hZL A Lne@ inT
pinhU SY Y nhU R T}x nY{fL nR SY R hfnU Y b>
=
m
dU nL dL Ùn= deL dU ph[_e= deL gai
dU m dg> m h A mS X n w { T K
c T f `h h m w w
ix gai ix x|U ox he? ox hfnU ox
.g>nhA nY he@ R Un_> inH dU ix gUA Y nhU
g>nhA R T}hR nY}eU
c>}x x|U he? ox dU
gw dU o@ nY T T}x dU }A nY c= |Bjx nH dL
hhHnhU Y gw pwn@U n Y gw nhfQ Y
B R }hx dU B R w w :}cR gfY I L n>
j= I L R{> deT [S w d> n]hZU
dH j= I L n> nR{U ohUnH Y dH
.{U ohUnH Y
m h A mS X n w c T f `h h m w w
{ T K m
=

144
qi g>
hcR he? hiU kw ox dU nT lR m dg>
_= nS dU `x Y `x dU ox Y ox |U w YkeU
Ù oU
SY L UjH {S =n _U R qhU w pe
Y o>
_T nT wzT v :U nS nex pUjY R
nY n> R }nH A
x cx dU `= Y `> dU oA
inH dU bx ? .dU \`x nY n> R }nH \`= cx dU
m g T Q f e K T m? jv hm v
R [ :nfU]mg hzT :Un_>
JnU L _R{x piU L _R{x x|U hYneU fT peceU
cU qinT piU L hY}eU L h_R{eU fT eeU B R
nincY T{fL qinT ghU }Y g@> ngUB Y _h]> S
nY Y bU _= U cx cex ngUB Y w}> _h]>
qi h_> nhi{U }e>
cU nfU dL x }aU U U nY n@
:Un_> inH dU {fL {Q bd> ? n fY piU kw h_x n fY
aS [ :x] | [ X me w zT g d ? v kQ z@ o g p h mS

_h]> w nfw Y}eU S nfw piU S dU nY
T m? jv hm v nincY T{fL w p A T{fL w Un>
f g c K b w X o X mg a T w f e K c T m
w d Q mghzT
mg T Q f e K
o>ncY nfw w YneU hTU cx Y [ :nfU] gS
dU g_a Zx x|U n_aZU A n_aZdU o>ncY nfw w nYnedU
gh]_x dU pdbY nSn]= gU qhU pdbY o>ncY gU qhU nfUn=
... U _aZx eU gh]_x dU U _aZx eU pSn]U
hm v [ :nhi] a ` YX g YA X v [ = d T ^ ` Yw
X o X mg a T w f e K c T m
w d Q mghzT
mg T Q f e K T m? jv
145
nY{fL i hU fi ox nY |w [ :nfU] gS f g c K b w
qUn@ i U ph]U :hh]B R qbd]i ilR piU L n>
gU nY{fL nfU qL{B i phinU ph]U }A w nB L
{x}x dU .h_h]eU [= he? kw deU [= nU |w
= pax~Y
px ei R nincR R U dL Rni nf Y
Z>
U dU {x}x ? .ph_S ph\Y phbhbA [U c> {=
nfU dL n i{L e x |w bA Y hU UA Y [U nfdU
hU w hJ gi dL nLnfS R pLne@ n [I B{> nY{fL qi
>{S q d d `H {aH nY{fL ghdL qx{L i U f_eR hh]=
Y R hU ni p\S R n x_I n haJnL gd_> R nfS dL
.phUkeU
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
146

pfU h= nRUn= hedeU d`Zx SeU _= R {L }i

SeU Y }hT R w}i pf U p_hZU >nbhU p_hZU pfU >nbhU p_hZU
dL edeU n[x A phS}_U nh[_U phehdS }_fU }hx
nfU ngU \x U H Y nH dL YS
ehdS
nH
ngnB U }U B Y {i |cw .g>nh[L R w~}Q R
n {i _= { g\_= pfaU |w pdhJ nfU R edeU
>
U }=neU ~g@ padeU ph=~U nh[_U pbdbU phHnhU
phehdS phdY S nU e_U eeU |w R |af> nY{fL
nedcU }> n Z> nLnI }Zf> nh[_U }hR phU
eedU [U }B pR }gbU eeU R nfU Y pR L{> phHnbU
qhU pdcZeU x}aU |w w = h}H qhU pdcZeU
d \x nfU h\x A [U |w pdcZeU cU ne_H
d]fU phinex phYH g>{A gi}S gdH fx g= fx
L R{x {x}x { ai L R{x {x}x |w pUjeU
~fi nfi gbgbx {L pdh[U nY U {fL |w { ai
nf T .SY T R }>
U oin@ T Y ni}n> pfaU R ninY
n hHnhH n T}I n hHnhH nU hR h_i |U U
{S
|w Y }Y ni|A
147
|U T}U
H |w d`Zx |U Un_U Y dL nx{>
n nJ= R }x |U na H nbi h_x {x}x
cx |U H pYnaU eU pUU nhU
} R n aKY
dÛ cx {x}x |U H phehdS phU{U nH
.w}gS nfU
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
148

Q
{x}i i .= [_i |U U i dU {L Y bi w ph\bU

Y h^_T ]T nYlT Qn hdL Y~dx |U nfU cU bi
d T U
nT QdL R n _eY d T nex nT {bU .H ne^L
Y Qn hdL Y~d> Y nx Un_R QdL ph[I eL R h_x
L {h_= pan]U SY Y Qn hdL ~d> {x}i nfi H SY
n hdL P dU H dL ai nw{fL QdL dL ai H
dL {x dL nfadB Un_> deU P dU H |hed> nT
h_S
dL dbL dL }cR dL QdL dL a i Un_> }eL
hedeU HU SB dL dU dL Anai dL >S dL
nY Ynx ngx |U od[U aSY dL dU hH R ng@ dL
.gdcdT X :bx nT |U QdL dU pedT
p d cG mX d cG
U Un_R nfadB _Y cfU ncR Y hdL bdi nY R d]ffU
nT hT ghU nA hT JnU nbx nT hT QdL }cR
.ghU }A R n eHnA
Y {U
R ni S R pxS
pT}A T pS ex QdL
|w R }i
hdL bdi nedR dUn= nex @ Y dU @
ni w U
dL
}bU dL
H dL Y nf>{A Y neU
149
dU [ :}eL ] b e g < me e g < G o d c S T T m^ = ... :bi
ngUbx nedR U _U c\_= bhU ncU w ngUbi ni
._U g\_= edeU
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
150

pUkY }hQ nedc= {x Y nfw nT B ngx R}L }cR

dcZY = nfU d cx dcZY qhU ngi ngUS cU ngdS {bR
b x dcZY = U|= nfU feg x dcZY qhU nfU gax
|fY c_Y qU nY :phUkeU SY Y ngUS w{fL nY c= dU nfU
nfU Y odJ i R}L {S phAn\U U fU U p_fU Y (*)pfH
y f L nfU T eH w hUkY }L i i{bfx
hU x}B neT [_e= qU i n h hU nY f Y {R nY
L oh@ >nh[B L cU {>
T c>L {bU hY[_e=
YncU ghdL p U hS A pY c= nfU cU S i kH
Y _eH {_Y
ilR {bi {fL nT Y phYH pAnU R pbU
dcZY qhU >nÂe= ai hU eH U
jhdR pÂY {fL nT
}[U R }hU dL n_fU c_Y b= dcZY cU Ubx nY
QdL {S }> i QdL nY nS {S hbeU
bT mS T hkQ hQ
nT mX iQ eX |T G T K z G bh
ai L ngUS QdL ngUnS eX |= Q |T mX mh
>nR hU pfH eeU chR }B pfH nfU Y >nR A b= nL R |w nT (*)

. nL
151
R cUbL _ .|fT mdw T paG |\`T cK zT h
cinex R chUkY
_ cUbL R cinex _ cH
.dU b> dU S
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
152

}bU |Bji nY{fL {U nfh]_x hT }bU U _eH

}bU |Bj> }bdU _e> d> f_Y nY R}_>
Y dU nH nT Y .ced _x nhdL R dU U f_Y nY R}_>
x |>nH xjR .dU {U h]_x |U nT Y dU ed _Y nT
U kw Y >j> U nedcU x H{eU x ed_eU
U }hQ nafU Y pinhU _\U Y n H n]hZU wn]L |U
{ eY
Y qd_@ U w =nT R dU R}_> ced _x dU
odb= d T Un_U @hU d T Un_U nY bx |U {eY dU H
R}_> c`= cT T TR :bhU ~L~x S
hY~deU hfYkeU h[deU p=n[U qd_@ U w |w }bU
z < c T S | Z h z a T
pdS w gTn_Y R }[fx dU H =
gi B Y }[i gf cU hdhdS inT [ :}eL ]o T h
|U ni |w QoUnJ = = dL ed _>
}bU Y bU
U
R aSY {x U]= U d ]x }cR dL h_x Un_U ~x
nY >S
T@ meT |S hzw}= :bx nY{fL Un_U T {x
QdL dUn= S i Un= S
i oY@ eK fR|`=
}K

QdL U]= LnI A }cR B Y S nT |U |w

153
nY{fL nfi |gU }bU B Y n xS ncR dU H {x dL }bU d _>
U phRn[U pbhbUn= bdi nfilR }bU dU U ei
cex U nhUn= pS}ZeU }Un= bdi bi ngfY a
S}> chdL fY bU |BjfU d _fdR nfed _x dU .K nghU }bx
c b T Q | w }bU R }ha> Hn= Ta_\x {x}x x|U T
Tfx {x}x x|U T U _d ]> [ :{neU] ^
X K
nx Hn= ngU nAnH T L U nAnH T L T{_x
{h@ gi }bU Hn= nfU _h\x {x}x gi pg=nZeU
nfed _x }bU S dU nfU nS i bU
nfed _x }bU
a>}> U in_eU T nfed _x }bU ~x~_U i nS dU ~_U

icR hA dU .cT Ai< ac = :nS rx{U nf>nh=
~L
icR ~x~L dU nxS icR S dU neA
.nedU icR hdU w dU ned_U icR hdL dU
X z a Q | R b d w
[ :}eL ]... c X | R a T ~
x|U T{A U }T|> {A nY cU {A ci A}@
.cdS bU U j> eU j> cf cU eU j> x|U T{A U A} >
.cdS bU S cfY S cdS bU } @ A} @
R TnZeU g@> nY{fL nwUS H n_Y T R nwUS
ncH pg@Y R TnZeU g@> nY{fL nwUS h}H pg@Y
dB{U dÛ pg@Y R TnZeU g@> nY{fL nwUS eUn_U

X z a Q | R b d w :{A {_= hededU dU nS neT US
a T ~
. c X | R
154
}h`Y
nhU dU _@ {bR {A B dL q> nhU Hjh>
e T g < mf T zh m w
nfU x nfhdL hR [ :}eL ]m c =
~gU nY Hjh> R {UnB qhU pex~gUnR |gU } i x ni x
|Bjx U ~gfx {S }[feU }[fU nY }]> R {UnB hU }[fU
nHj= |B }[fx {S ~gfeU }B nY R }[fU nHj=
R {_H T}> nhU R Hjh> |gU pex~gU Y d _> }[fU
bU dU Y |BjU _\U SY T R dUn= Tn@ chU .nhU
pg@Y R n e {_H c>nhA cU
.dU {L T
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
155

nf_eY R dU |w nH L {h@ ri w hR }cai {x}i nY

U >nbi U hedeT nibx |U _\U |w nH L YH
dU U {gZx newT U {L }B R {hU {A T e_x
eY ni}T nf>nH nf_J nfi d T U neU dU H {eY
SeU nH dL phUkeU hR }> nY R phUkeU B R T}x
phUn_ai phdbL R h_i nfi .hU nid jR nx{U
pg@Y R YH

R {gU }LnZeU R {gU b_U R {gU h_i ni dU
ghU i nfU L a_i nf^hQ ^ci dU nijR nedcU
A w U bi A w Un= R{i hdwnU L }_i
{b_x = pdcZY x h]x nbU A w Un= ni
nA dL e_x = peHnA phi U gfx cex nbU TnZeU
eeU R nehH nfU cU {= :bi ~i bi nf T |gU .snfU T
dL ba x nfdU {= {AU qhU R _ex x|U nehH {AU
c> piY p=n? {LnS U d[hU hR adx nY R nx nH
nx U nY |BjhR hdL nY U nY ni T }_hU g\_= Y g>nSL
.{A nx phUkY Y hdL neY }cfx
[ |X |eX o^dT]
156

Q
o^gYT gS :U nS }aH Y n@ {S =n {A x QjH

mX TiG :nS .p_hZU Y }hB hJ ni .dU{eU :nS SzeK
gS :nS . hdS :nS w}bR wnhfQ [x w f|a`T fmgeP oc
gS :nS . hdS :nS }baU nhfQ ~x w f|a`T fmgeP zvmYX
a= gS :nS . hdS :nS ?mw mX Q f|a`T fmgeP zKmX
nhfQ
[x |U deU eeU w _hZU eeU o^gH mhzeK h
|U eeU |w ghdL }cx gi~x gi{Lnx }baU
nS .hU d[x = Y~dx g_hZU {x}x RqhU w nT
gA ng? T zw S z@ zdw
:nfU _U Qn[U }a_@ nY
A bh a= gS :nbR . :nS KzgQ mYw mX mfeX {AigQ
T yax B Y nex B Y ph=}U B Y U _ax Y
._Y {Ax
ij= }_Zx }BU dS {A
}wnJ eY U U w {gUnR Un R H }]x nY{fL
L {i nfU {=
nY{fL pbx}]U |g= }cai .heU hR n_x bi
nY nS .w{i gd efU d]fi {x}i nY{fL RqhU w
S
@ z@ X T
:UA inT =n _U Qn[U
bh xR beX xgR S
z@ X xgaT megT e
= bh @
beX
157
pR }Y
qhU phUkY RqhU w U pfU .megT e =
pRU q> |U SUn= ngS{[> U SY R ng_\> U pRU
\x f_Y U n R}I c> Y {= hdL H c> pRU lR
H eH ocx nZU R pR \x phi}S px h= R pR T{A
~U i nfU ngx bx i nf_Y ng> I T}A H =~A
U
L {> R qinT .pRU |gU {h> >nhA c>
h_> qi B L {> R qinT JnU h_> qi
T eX w{T
mfw mw :bx dU .U bU n hYx
> pRUnR x~U
:[U]c^`= mX Ta= cT zeK m aX | S *c^`= mX Ta=
Qn[U nT .]feU YT p=ne= ngi qYn S pRU [
gcX cT Q g<mX | < A hS cT a= :=n bx
T}Y d_@ := g^_x nY R gU bx nT .R= }= gd@|X
nT nY lR nfdU d_> dU d_@ edY i p_hI i dU |w
dU {fL I T _> dU U {_[x R nfdU nT nY dU gR dU
.}ZU
{[x }ZU ~x Y
U pS{[U n [B pS{[U |U Qn[U nY nfg@x ?
yd[U d]inR {[>
.meT g< w dU ngx

UA Y nfU hR {Ln> nY }bU
UA Y nfU nSL Y {R nY
cex pS{ U lR
oXZT Smw :bx nT ? .dU U =}b>
X mèT = cT K ncaT _Y= mfhkQ mQT zT
Y =}U
n\Ù {_U {bU ~> qfT {< mX zZ@ z^T
.{
nfU Y {L {[H ilR U dL ai =}> UA
158
\Q }= dbL de> {x}> nY{fL dbL dex U \Q dex U Y
nY |w .\Q ni Y \Q B R }> >nR}[> _>
nT }bU B Y ng= > qhU w .H nY w qhU w
}h`= {A g > dÛ .c]Tm< |`J X |g< z@ |`J mX h mX :bx
U {_= ? .Y Y U U nY UnY n[> eZ> =}\> U
>nhH Y n]L >nfA Y dU n]L {S neU }B |U |w }>
qdB pfU U o= B nY fY |B .pfU B{x d_x nY
^Q |YT
|bew Q meTm< |YT ^`w h mX y=}U necxjR
nfU qi
{H cU e_> nY e_> }> b> > }\> qi .<
inbU L {Un= {> g= qd_R nY }B = _ahH nx
pan_U {[x {= R yx}U ~x Y .x{U L H L
{_= U }hU {[fU }hU Y cfdR }ZU
{[x ilR }ZU
~x Y
n eUnK nL Y .hA {_= U peU {[fU peU

Y cfU hA
B R _Y nH U hgU ex{b= >cH Yc= d^Y dL
mK X :bx Qn[U nY fY dU SY cx hcR dÛ
qi f_x h^X K }ew @ m \AmG gcK cT }w T c]X cK m dTmJ
A Y dU U =}b> > lR UnÛ n_> hA
nfw n` p e d K nfw .caSY }înR pUnU |w Y R negU pehS
UnK {fL {U UnK {fL }Y dêU cx {S .nT p e d K
hR dx neY U U nY UnK TnA {fL n _eY UnK = {fL n =
dc]w X gcK cT c G dc]< m dTmJ {K X YdêU eUnÛ
{fL H {fL hU n AH e> Un@ qi }]B |w
R bU |_> }g> pL e> pah }b> h= R Un@ S
159
T}A =~A U efx nT Y |_> nT n x h_\dU edK
dÛ bx nY{fL bhR UnÛ |_> hA i .>}hZL anJ
nL lR ed^x Y hdL dU d H ed^= n eUnK |L Y h= U [hH
bU
S Y {g ] \ x |U h_\U phUkY pY ex
? .U nx
pYcA n [I bU nT pLne@ n [I h_\U nT H
pY .b= ngxS Y ngah_\U |Bkx U pY }A pH{S .pg@
|Bkx U pY w dU ngfL }x U pY pY}eU pY pH{beU
gT{T :QhfYkeU }hY UnS nY |w .h_\U A bU
Y nghR
.eX T
{A @ g^ zeK aT T T
{A @ }w}K zeK
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
160

nfU _= hY }hQ n Sn {> dR n _Y nT}x pinY {[U

nfU gfe>jx nY R ninY R S{ [ x gf cU g>nedT R S { [ x {S
H _@ |gU hSn hU w |gU gaSY R =ncU w
hY n[U dU H ncR of@ U n f@ }hx pinY {[U
nex aZc> > nfU b> U RqhU w nedT n@
H LT J U }^f> R Yke= hU YkY w w I
rx{U {[= }B cU >nL }> }eU dL Zx nwnL nL ngd _dR
w =n _U Qn[U nY nS }@naU }U U pinY
QnTmI < < cK < c< mX |]h :}B I U pUnH `d x {x}x

c< m gcK
kQ
zeK oT}edT me= T{< hkQ X}TmQ cT G zeK oT}edT X
nY |w gX mZT mS zaQ ohmX zZTm< cT G zeK _c< mX
x hdL |c> |U ni nT nehH nf>nhA R Zh_i nfhdL ox
[U xZ> dL e_U hR Zx i `>

= b? `> qi =
{[Y
U w rx{= nB {> pinhB pinhU i }T Y f_x {fL
fex U pbU pinhB :hinhB B Y }> qfT i nT = qi
. ni |w Y ox neT ngY{b> U U pbhbU pinhB ni nwnx
[ |X |eX o^dT]
161

{ T X
w :=nT R dU nf?{A h=|cU U neH pUjY L
h=|cU U giv= bdx f_x [ :{neU] { b c T Km d G m v
Y g=|T R giS{[x |cU dL nSn= gi_Zx
An>}x x|U nfU kw qbex dU .eU p_hJ L x
e> U nedcdU An>}x h=|cU Y A g_x |U rx{dU
e X w { T mf w mw :bx dU h=|cU Y A ph>|U gd[Y
HnaU T |Bj> [ :}U]e g Q i e < Gm Q Sm
?
Jn= A w w x{A fh> cU x{A U neH R S}`>
nfU ed^> A {h@ rx{U fh> |T { w w

[ :}U]g Xmh c ^ Q mX c K Z Q o T mf < m X R g Z
=
ghdL nS R }`H h=|cdU neH phUkY R}_> >
_ X rx{U |w U `jR R Y gYcU x{[U
dS YnY c= d cx Y U `[> nY{fL i zK zaQ Imh T
mS kQ U \> U Z> qi nL SY |gR inhT c= i
K jw ImeT mS gcK TmR Q cT zK zaQ cT K jw ImeT
gx{A R h=|cU Y }`> nY{fL qijR m\gYT zK zaQ m\gYT
qfT n]hZU ilR inU U }cR U |af> gxnA ye>
162
pUjY qhU SeU pUjY w pUjeU dU U {gI b>
]_> nY{fL qi pdYn_eU R |T pdYn_eU R { nfw pedcU
? pfh_Y }I nH dL deL R ai dL n Y~U
naY pfh_Y
|U J}I R ncU {gL { bL R ncU qijR U|= a>
{[> hdL .gJ}I {fL fYkeU n YT qh]L i = qY~U
cA zK {S z@ > QmedT ow qh]L nY R
Y eL R neL n Y fT UnR .mA d
Y fT }ZU |g= a> chd_R }I dL _S neL
LU R A |cw .gJ}I R g>Yn_Y R h=ncU fT piU
.{UU A {L R n[U c> hdL pxn_U
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
163

e_U U LnH [ :}eL ] b < X | ` _X T K mG

de_> nY R dU }a`Y dL d[> U LnH pLneT }RjT
iZf> nY R }hB xnZY Y hR dB{> nY R pUn neL Y
R }hB }ZY nfw nT dU R p[dY p[UnB nSL Y

SY }ZY
nfw nT }hQ |Bjx A hU nH = rx}>
dL [> nY{fL i hU }B bx S hU nR {
Y
dU }a`Y n_U d T }hU dL qd[A {bR = Y }a`Y
R nhi{U R h_x |U ni }B nhi{U U e\> U w
w @ d> R }B R h_x >}a`Y R n R dU pY
nfU Y qfT lR nfw Y .ngR}J T Y n_Un= ex |U ni
|w .}aèU U hg> U w p=U p=U U nH j]B |U
}i {x}i nY{fL ngZh_i Un_> inH dU ni{x}x U phA}U w
dU n dL [i ngd T nhU R nfAeJ chU nhU R nf>nAeJ
|U }hcU e]U w |w .U{L dU }a`Y dL [i Y
n ini c> Y {= SnR R dU nA R h_> n ini fY _x
.}B w fL }hU }eL nx R fL }hU {x nx R h_x
bU pU |U dbU h_> fY o\`x {Q R fL }x hU
164
kx |U x}]U qR}L dU dL qd[A f cU nhgi
w U|R nwn}x U SeU R Y{S q > q_]H dU U
o e ? b < X | ` _X T K mG
:aU w U nfU T nfU
cd ex U pfU |w [ :}eL ]
m mf | K
d T
neY }Z> nZ> neY Tj> nZ> rhA ow|> nghR U _@ nwnx dU
gZ> nY hfYkedU nghR _@ Un_> inH dU nZ> ne= _f> nZ>
.L{x nY gai
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
165

}T pSnJ U fY nx U lR > nY{fL =n[L dL `

U pSn]U Y }T nb? eA R \_U ngR}[> U pSn]U Y
}\> I R pU]U Y hU n}U J R {hU ngR}[>
{S phU >nx n]hZU nb> w pU]U nfU b> }>
^cx |U ni }I T nH i }I
T naY o\Ù
eA Y hdL hax H Un_> inH dU lR dU n =nA ^hQ
nfhdL .pfU }aèU h]_x
nf\Q hc> nf=n[L {x}> dL _i

inH dU U }^fU U R U ni{ Hi
h]B
dU o\`x nY U nibx {S o\Ù U R dU pS}Y Un_>

o\Ù sni R }hcaU inU U ni}B dU ni}B
.I T
x}A {ba> ne=
o\Q p^d= >nhA {ba> {S >nhA T Tj> {S U
o\Q p^d= }> nY{fL }hcU Y in_> ne= o\Q pÛ R
dU o\Q dU o\ì nf\Q Y dL {i nfhdL |gU
f_x ib_U o\Ù n hibL n \Q cU U o\`> fY {x}x dU
d c> Un_> inH dU pLnJ L }> rh= \Q }>
.dU n}x eL R }>
dU nwn}x pedT
Y dL Zh_i = d]fi H ni{x}x |U nH w |w
166
TnZY Y }hT }_i i .pYn_U nf>nhA Y dL px}aU nf>nhA
o\Ù B Y { > Y px= nhU ph@~U nhU
nTnZhR nghdL }]U ai dL }]U |w _Y }]hx |U
TnZeU Y }hT {i |cw .heU dL d T qhU {w R
o\Q SY Y d]f> nei nfU >nbU U {SnU U b> U
nY U U khR b_U hR dex px}U ni hR dex
Y nfU {= |gU .=nhU }\B }> U }hcU aU Y kx
ni o\`x nH dL afU ph=}> o\Ù pUjY {i
R \Q }x dL \Q {gx dL ai = }x {=
R o\Q
o\ì ne= .b_U Y pL}@ \Q ]_x dL dU o\`x x}J
\Q ni ex o_ phLne@ nfLn p_[U nfLn Y
bL Y pL}@ \Q ]_> nA o\`> }e= cU pUg=
}T|x hd_R o\Q ni rxnA _= R ..nex Y pL}@
|cw hdS =n[L }>
{_b> nY{fL dx hdL n aS nT =

UnA gfx
\Q }x cex neL \Q nA R afU r=
.}Y de> h]> A >nhA }e>
A ph[_U

[ |X |eX o^dT]
167

@ Y Un_U }h`x @ Y dH nei UH dU H nY{fL

U pd[eU ai }hQ
U |w R }x eU _@ ni }h`x
ai }hQ nY .e_i x}J R i x}J R dU = }hx
:x}cU =nT R fL dU }L nY |w e_i dhH dU lR JnU U
f `h i < mX | g _w @ R c K mf d ^ h o d ^ h |g _X w T c T i < T
}hB d G c T
phJ nfU nhi c> nY{f_R [ :nai]g cK g
U
B Y T}x _= dS dL pafY g=dS pUn
inH dU lR {A dL {L R {A }cax rhA {_U }hU
.pe_f U ghdL hax H Un_>
dU lR U }hQ dÛ JnU n>n= g>nhfw wncR qU{> nY
|g _X w T c T i < T :}[x
}bUnR |gU .}h`x nY{fL e_i }h`hH

[ :nai] f `h i< mX | g _w @ R c K mf d ^ h o d ^ h
m ` T | f J
Un_> inH dU [ :}U]m e T z w p S md < | T | T Q
sni TjH JnU z]> nY{fL qi e_ J ng]> U p]U Y :bx
ai R p]U d> sni TjH ilR dÛ pJ z]> nY{fL JnU
_@ |gU .nghR dU _S hB }aA }aA Y |gU }hÙ nge_]> {_=
.wnhi R i~T}x nY B Y g>nhA R nfU {S Un_> inH dU
168
{ax x|U hUkeU kg= pSL nfU hU :nfU _= bx cex
nY{fL qijR SeU |w dex kw cU ed^x |U ncU
U
}> fL qc> JnU }> UnÛ Yn> d c> dÛ }>
Un^dU n cx}I y[> dU |g= ilR fL nR{U R d c> {gY
T w | X < g T c K g
K m | G e< X | ` S w { T ^ T
hmS mX ~ X K vm
T c ^ Q | be e w hmS * z ^ w hmS Z K md <
nfw pAnU aR }cfeU L w{A gfx [ :{neU] c ^ ` w
qedK d> peUnÛ phdS ng= |Bk> {S pYn[U px}T pYn px}T
|w .qcH |w qT}> d> qba |w q`J d> qcH |w
nxeU he@ dL dÛ }Zfx nY{fL ncY T R nfU g@x nY
.U L pY {> h_\U A |Bkx
T :bx x}ZU rx{U lR Y |w {> hA
oX za=
nghUkY
pHneY pY n]e= .aT X a@ mfgQ g^[cT {Ajw
U bx eUn= U pSL An[U bx qcx |w cU
{= }feU dx nbL {= UnÛ bx |cw H o_>
B Y }Zfx neT hTnU cH B Y dÛ }ZfhR {bi Zx
dÛ nL newT n_R ]i |R qcH |w hbJnfU ]i
.phfU R
|U rx{U n@ |gU nH |w dL ph\bU gai Y nfU {=
|cx x|U nfUn= n hdY eeU nT lR bgcK T w hb= mdS bx
ng@ dL |c> p@~U @ dL |cx ~U _= dL g\_=
g\_= |cx }hU nw dL |c> dL |cx
169
lR .._= dL g\_= nfU dL hHnhU |cx |cw _= dL
.eeU pH{Y R =}> TnU TnU >jhH x eR U|T }Y nT
dL e_x n=|chR hR }x |U qhU R =}> TnU
.pAneU }aU oA e_x nS}x nU _= R nix
= }_x }H nY YnA qhU U >jx }hU ow|x Y nfw hU
n]Q Y h= Y {UU |Bjx |cw }^fU n\`x }_> S}H i
hA w}nfL Y ne^feU ~A nS Jn_x U|T pS}Un= n hL}I
gU fY kx rhA R {ax a]x hA S}x dbx
}eU naY eeU R nL _I x n]eU pxngi R ..pxneU
U pYn_U }wÛ Y {HnaeU |w y[> .jdeU pxneU U }R> jRncx
U d]fhH {dU ncA d]fhH kw Y .{A Y ncfH bd>
n =nT eeU nT lR .gfY nxeU }nH dL UkeU nH}U
zx}eU Y pLne= nfU >jx dU .h=nT fY @}x x|U cx {= R
dL penbU hibU |w B Y pfh_Y hiS cdU dUnR niechU
.hibU |gU n bJ eeU pT}A }h> sni pY{bY
cU n H I cU

dTj> dR pdcZeU J ]> neY dTj> ci bx dU
p h mS o w | R X c T | :phRn_U dTj> dR U J U
c T mf R i Q c T ^ hi < | ` b Q m X zP mf R mfg =i w o e d \ X o e X
b X S
U ni |gU [ :fU] ^ e Z w hmS md < T
T m T
hSn[U nfai Y hSn[U ci nY{fL dU {g_= hSn[U ci
.nf= Y hSn[U nfUA Y nfU Y
[ |X |eX o^dT]
170

mX z ^ < X zf T m
e gT X me T }h mX d b w w
{ T :Un_> dU bx
[ :}bU] e K T w T m
f e ^ c w c T f e ^c b T Q m
e cT me g <
}hQ n ee_Y n eUnL nT H n edL dex ni cU phUkeU dU ex
{S n edL dex dL pYne_U c> {S .pYne_Un= hU d_U e_Y
{fL cx Y d_x Y w geU ZU .d_U Y nR dL c>
f_> U zT |fJ :rx{U R .p_x}ZUn= pR}_Y }cR dL
Tm^T c^Q phLne@ phHnhU phSB px}caU nR}i T
.hdU hd_dU qSU dY ni bx h]x dcK |f]w
U
pedT bx hdL I U A nfU R edL rhU
d]fx hdL
nY{fL i aSY > wI nUn= nfU e@ U A nfdU
.e@ngx {=
R hL{eU n> {U n>
{ d @ cx n e nT SY R UnH}U niU {= |gU
}? kx pd oAn cx = nZU oUn= }? jx heH
oe^T gc^Q d c K Tm^T |f]gc Q X Q zT |fJ ..I nghR
{ T :b> U phi}bU px Y naH fU
me T }h mX d b w w cT
nfw [ :}bU] e K T w T .....m
f e ^ c w c T f e ^c e gT X

x{U R ed cx _Y L cU R}x Unx nfU _=
171
w { T :gfL dU nS x|U ghU nA w neT pR}fY pbx}]= cU
nY _hx f_x [ :}eL ] gc R m ed > f hmd w c T z f ^ < | Yw
hfh_Y ni ngi_hx pRnb? Y dex nY _hx dU nT Y dex
Un^dU gai _hx kw .g>nR}i gw pY{U nwaKx A
T peInÙ p]ddU gai _hx }fedU gai _hx
f gS } w o X mg a T w f g T | ]e
w c T f d c b w | A
Q f T
A
.[ :}eL ]g { K f T
T
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
172

.gSnfL dL nfU gK dL =nS ehU dU _x U dU H

cT ZK X zdX zK dT z^ < cT mI X zdX T

nU
nY n {A {S .|w w pUjeU .<|R p<|R
me`< zK ..zgG :bx w p_cU R cx {@nH nY Q
:bx dU phZB Y dU {x h= cx me`< |gaQ
me`< e gbX
X ? g ` dT
X \ @ gcadcT ? g` dcT gR cw
X G
mX mwm\A |S |dK | S mdc S cw @ gcadT
dL
{@ dU H {@ {hH w{A U bx LY }egf> <
bi nY hU = U eL }w~U >{@ oUnJ = =
|w nc= R p_[U pUnU |w h_> c> U b> qfT i
eK :QnY ohx w}nZ_= gf= d_x x|U cU @Y

cA m gY@ zK mS T KmI dT oeT cT cA z? X < |S

.U w |w .m gH|R zgG mS T mZK dT meT
{ X w f e g < m
Q ni nfw hU pYnhbU x R
h
U dU .eL nfw oi nfw hU [ :fYkeU] T m w
T G b c d K c T | g Q c d K R
:nS f cU c=ni {S bx

meT mfw :nS i dU H L [ :p=U] e Xj d T
173
H acA X z@ g< cT g< ~gT h mX zX zw dX dw

w |w .pwfT pgZK T d^T |H eK < Qzw |gA < g\^w
[ :}Y~U] c d K \ g T p S | H T :UH}U dU nS U
= T e X me ^ \ a T > * g
g d g T m< e X mh { A * w
mR ^ < me g c K a = T

U bx dU H [ :pSnU]w @ e K z @ X be
} ?m X md Q *
e_> nY e_> > [_> dU H U of> |U qi U dU
H L ogU = R dU ~i {bU H{S R dU d_x {x}>
.pgT v me X mdcG :dU H nS H dU
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
174

H}U ninL U nghU dU ninL U phYH nhU ni nfU {=

neT nf=dS R eU phdeL fei nfhdL n hSB nf= nfai fi nghU
fe> U nx}ZU U ya> U px Y |Bj> nY R dS Y fe>
px n \x |Bj> hdL >nhA dL \b> U phdbU p=fU {A
\i T}A `d> p=i }h?j> q> bx Y dS fe> U phA}U
_= L rxnA Y }hT nfw .n \x odbdU n >Y nfw phinex
:nfU _= L dU bx odbU qhe> U nhI
| X f <c R Q
@= odbU }Y w }eU |w hU [ :}bU]m | X c T v } Q
:cU bx dU A}U @= odbU }Y ex nafU cU neU
dL }Zx dU [ :nai] c R | d T g <
w c T d c K

nZx hT ngUx w dU {h= dS n\i dU p=nS q> dbR dS
dbU od bY w dUnR dU L jfe= dS }_> R nZx hT nw}hx
_@nR d T dS L}x d T dS dL }ZhR dS }eU h= x w
R >nbaB R >n\i R n T}Y d_@ dU {h= > SY Y dS
h= fh= pSL eY {A dS U B{> dU x}J R hHnA T
_x}I R fx R UH dU =nx |U }B {x}x nY{fL dU
_= nH dL dS ebx kw {x}x nY{fL ehS R nhU R
175
{U
U phU nn= dS }T U
nghU n>}x U n
kw nhdH h= pinbY phdeL R n e B A}U
U
nghU n>}x
_afx A g>}Q }h?j> q> dS bx A g>nh=nx h=
.px_ZU >nhA R nw}hx Unx U pU_eU nedcUn= dS
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
176

g@ [ :nai]o u A be X d c J w
{ T g Z
= o e Q a =

H {> pfR px L n _he@ phUkeU de> nH dL SeU
U pfaU fL R}fhR gfx R nfU oh[> U pfaU R U nT

U L hbeU HnhU U L R}fhR gfY R nfU oh[>
Ì nfU hU \_= }cx nR pfaU nY b> eU n[S
oin= nfU oin= i }B I d>nbx x|U nfU I i
{I qS R nfU pLne@ ni {S n_U yx}UnT pfaU }B
B{> {hU T n]> nfU bR nfU {S x|U }x gR yx}U
nA R dbf> nY R n_I nfU {x~> U _U B Y hU T
phLne@
}U .}A nx o@x nY T Y o]A Y pan_U
= ng=n } R }[f> cex }A w phfY phHnhU
SY T h= ne> B c> o@> U nS_U _a= H> ngi
hU ngdB R T}x }U }hx x|U .eeU R SY
pR gf cU g= p[Y }U sni cU eeU L pd[afY pR
L dU bx |gU ngbeL R eeU h_x eeU eL R h_>
{ T g Z
d c J w = o e Q a =
:hi{U neU }B neU
pfaU = _fe> _h]> nY T R chUkY de> o u A be X
177
}n> }eH Y nw_fe> n> Y
{x}x x|U T
}> U nHjeU SU B R }H ngi ng= bd]fx nghR }ex

.ngd T nhU }> d T SU
T}> nY{fL o u A be X d c J w { T g Z
= o e Q a =

cwn@ }> nY{fL pfaUn= cx{x T}> nY{fL pfaUn= cfU
T}> nY{fL pfaU pd[eU cUY baf> nY{fL pfaU pd[eU
ic> U TnI ci dU nbL }^f> chdL lR |w
nw}eH R pfaU R TnZY ijR ngx{= R pfaU R hTnZY
aSeU n hL edcU n hL cx Y niU {= |gU qinT pfR
ne=}R LU B R cx U U aJ_U n hL >nS_U n hL
phLne@ >nSL B Y pfaU R dB{hU nfU da`x a`>
}cai nfU {= ._Z> U pfaU R{x |U ni c> A |cw
inH dU nbL |i nfhdL hdL {bf H nfi nb_U {x{I dU
R m> >w * z@ < { K { ^ w { X g Q nbL dY hU |U Un_>
.[ :}aU] z@
[ |X |eX o^dT]

u c

178

g c vm
T K | K |^ T m< |X ` ^ T { A
:Un_> dU bx
|Bjx U gi dwn@ gU Zh_x n Hni nfw [ :}L]
T R ni nfw .{I}U nHj= |Bjx U gi ngaH d_U nHj=
ni L x eY }hcU gfY {hax eeU SY Y SY
w}x A db_x [_x ni L }cax d_afx
n ini _R{x gR |gU .gLn g>nAeJ gLneJ pY{U
n? lR }hx A eeT pLeeT ZT U }_hU
n]]eU > A B{x |w B{hU ~wn@ p]U qinT
|Bj> pd[Y a_U cx rhA n_I d_@ ` ^ T { A .pL~eU
n}x dU x |^ T m< |X
|U Un= L= |B cU p@|=
neU d=nbx {x}x gi gfL }L g c vm
T K | K

bx Un_> inH dU nfx |cw n_ain= n_ai g= g@
A m h v c K Y dw w :}B px R
f Im {T d @ |T m K
hdwnU R}_x gi [ :nS}aU]m X G T mR c vm T
U Un= U SY Y wnaU SY Y g_Y ?{hU giJnx
.n_ai n? nZU nU p`d= ?{x hdwnU cU phi
R .pd?neY pbx}]= dwnU }hx nY R _aU h_x Sn_U ni
179
Y U ~i {_Y qU _ZU }h_U
pUnA U dbL {x
R @ni f_eU |w g@
.pYn_U neU T
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
180

ginU cx U hfYkeU @ > U |w R }hT rxnA nfw

phUke= d cx YkeU niU {x}x dU n in_U
n =nH
n Yn I
{fL nY x}B }_x |U gR x}B h= fh= H}U w cUnR
]_x dbL L [U ]_x |U w x}B {fL nY R}_x
w :=n[L L [U ]_x |U w inex YnbH L [U
w nY nfU }_x |U w pnw pdSnL n[L }>Y n[L w
n YT YT cx YkeU Y {x}x dUnR |gU .R{w w nY nxi
kY cU cx f_Y
hd_R d c> i kY
c> Y {= cUnR ]B Y ~@ deL Y ~@ YT }_>
c> neU }B pbx}]= d c> pbx}]U |g= d c> neU pxnQ U
x Y edT {> Y {= pnw c> neU pahfL edT
ngH{> Y {= >n_ai Y d]f> dbL Y d]f> w d]f>
R {bR deL Y ~@ nhU R T}A Y ~@ YT {h@
|S cdK X XS nw T X (hdL dU H) hfYkeU }hY rx{A
.<{K |[@ mwm\A
{=
= }>
n hI }L = = gd> I }Y
cU }_>
|U cU nfw :U {L cU aR nH |w dL U {>
181
{b _x @ Y }x |U cU nfw pdcZY x @ Y }x
TnZeU x |U cU n> w n> nY YkeT qi pdcZeU
L{> gYH L{> wnxn\S L{> SY U g= kx nfdU
U f_x nfU >n_ai Y d]f> i nhU R }hcU g>nxnQ
.n hI U ex H n hI e> nhU R }hcU nxn\bU n hI
fL {> .^hQ aZ> ew T cx x R n edY qfT
{x}> I H ngfY Sj= pedcU }> {x}> pedc= I
hS Y edT c> {fL pdcZeU qhU H neY
}Tj= >
R{> @ Y }> edT o]U _Zx |U nbU L
YT d]> U|U dc> gZ> .{U p_U R dB{x U nfU
^hQ aZ> nH dL YT d]> SU {b_x nH dL
}^fx kY n ini qfT nehH
SU YT {b _hH w }ca>
pedcU qinT g=n[L > ng_Y T}x @ Y edT nfU
lR U U nY pfaU n> R gRhH T}x n[L }h>
h= }R nfgR }]B c> phdU snfU }T c> phUkeU
h= }R n_ain= keU d cx h= n_ain= n_U ni d cx
}R h= fh= pdcZe= ^hQ aZx {bR ^hQ aZx {x}x n_U }aU cx
keU cU eeU R }h` pdcZY pxjT ngd A nfU h]x }B
k> {S ngd A L nfU ~_x H> pdcZeU lR ^hQ aZx nY{fL
.g@hU gd T nfU bx }hT I U phdU ngni
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
182

[i A p]bfU |w ~T}i nfi nfdcZY

{x}i nfi }> = Y R }cai
ne> ndU pRnî de> U ngLne@ R p=|geU pY pdA}Y U
dU ? .}A pUnA ex oU
_U g\_= nfU }A phdeL
nY{fL cU .nfU h= {_U {x~i hfYkeT nf Y {x}x Un_> inH
i hU hUkY qhU pUjeU nfw YkY i {L nfU y[x
n phUkeU e> = x}I ni i }B nL
{= ghdL d c> geZ> g>
.A i {L
f dU H nx :nS fL }x nY R P dU H U @ n@
nY{fL i :ph |w feX z^T nbQ meT n= :U nS
Y UneL Y Y dw Y @ Y nfU Y h_>
T
hdL gdS bR gH i g>
g_Y h_> nY{fL nfU
Y Y}T U x Y n_x ni U {L U UhH

h]dU cUn= @ Y d cx I h= }R nfw .>nx}A dL `\x
ng@ n> p@~U |w _I HnbU cUn= @ Y d cx }B
Y h_> h= }R nfw .}B L dx n ah]U n YT d cx nY{fL
hdL }a> nhU cU bh]x w fL n [Q Y{x {g]\> ni
Y Y{x ni Y h_> h= _Y h_x
Y U e_x dS T
183
e_i ni neU dS U ya> }x Y}> }x i dS T
c=
_= gnf= pdcZY n= _= cx neU nfU nfw}chU ni{fL nY
gi gUne_U
pdcZY e_U n _= g>n@~U pdcZY
.B hH
x dR R nx ni }[x nT hA hb=nU neL~U _= }T
n e ni R nx b> i :nS e> U U nS x U R nx
@ U qdS U qijR (peU f_Y e> pedT) finfx
|U eH R}L |U eH |w
. hi {bU Y = nx ineH
nfx peUn=
f= nfx |cw n= _= |cw e_U n _=
pedcUn= ni }x nY neU peUn= dYnL nfx peUn=
@
_h]x _= pbx}]U |g= nfdU nfai ì neU ph]U
}> {b> p@~UnR n hHnS nT ~U n hHnS w= nT }x
|w dex }]\Y gZhL pebU }x U n \x ne_U hdL
.SU
keU e_U oAn ~U ngegai ox p]bi nfw
x ni dL n ini d x U dU nfU Y pLne@ }x{x |U
h= }R ni w ni qi YnL |w eL oAn |w Y}T U
qi U|T hU x e> neU hU x hU >
_= cU n xf_Y n b A p@~U dL ~dU _@ dU p@ |w
qi .. ..}eU phini T Ù
ox A U nY :Ubx
f g c K { T X f T
@ h= fh= }R phini R ~T
pUjY R ]U R [ :}bU]o ? f g c K m ? |c
T | ^ d T m<
184
o> h= }R {@x R }B nhI R nY nU @~U U

o>
f= o> h= }R nfw hU n@ p@ o> @
}B f[Y R YnL dYnL o> h= }R nfw hU n@ =
bA .}B I {fL n aKY {fL n aKY o> h= }R nfw hU
pahKU phUkeU bA e_U bA ph@~U bU fU =
|gU pS_U |w }a> A Y U nY B Y p]dH U _>
ghU hx w {g]\x x|U n= Y }hT oSn_hH dU
e_U n Y }hT oSn_hH Y }hT oSn_hH A }h`=
p S md < ~ } = g T :bx dU nhUkeU n
` h S
.[ :}RnQ] g T c J
|U ZU w ~egU w Y [ :~ e gU]
} d T } d v b T w

{S nU _= R ZU oU _]U nH Y nfU R _]x
>}hZL Y h= oi neR I Y qadB n aLn\Y oU y[x
Y |w R phL}ZU nxn\bU h= > nedR U nH Y w n L}I
nx phL}I pbx}]= pUjeU @x Y niU {= |gU {@ pbhS
.d T U R inU dL `\x =n[L dL `\x nghR
[ |X |eX o^dT]
185

|w Y qcdY negY i .. ]= T n LnI T {w T n eUnL T

ya> qi afU nhU ya> L ~_R B {= qfT na[U
..ni odS y=}> geU
..hdL nfU dS ya> nY {be= nhU
U dS y=}> U f cU ni SY f_U bUn= y=}> {S i
i UB Y hdL }YvhU }B d]fhH {baH ilR LnfS y=}>
fcY negeR x {= R gbeU }Y dL `\eU n> _x
Y U {= = |Bj> U {= R R}U nH dL >nhA R }>
yR .ghdL bd`> nfdU dS yaR dH |w nex n ini c>
h_> A YkeU }hÙ dS yR _Y n_> A A YkedU dS
x}J }S U >{L {he> dL x}]U U x{w dL U|=
pS{[UnR nfU Y pS{ T .g=dS y=}> w nfU bL U
n Rn@ =dH nT ix nfU nT .gUbL d c> h]>
L @= w}In_> g= bd> nY{fL pYn= }_> qfT g_Y
ne= _fbhH nfU j= e]> U cex hcR hH ~Y nA J
R chU U dS yR _fb> {x}> Y Y d c> S = b>
q=|@ lR nfU dS |> h]> A peU n_eU hfhL
|gU b]fe= gUbL |> h]> ilR SBj= nfU dS
186
gUbL U edT > e= qinT {U eU w P dU H nT
S T
m ] Q pe Yc= f T pe T c T X o d @ md Q :U dU bx
:}eL ] T @ X [ ` h }LnZY R n c P
c a T g inU R
.{A _> ne U [
c> hdL qi U |w R }x
UH}U dU |cw
dbL R g= bdU
aeU dS R g_Y d]f> A nfUn= hR}U
R QoUnJ = = dL |ed> {S pAaeU >nedT aeU
X ^ca< |gP z X |YT nS dU pH{Y
zZ@ :nf Y ni cU
nfdU n \x gAjR
x nfdU .z
dL }? kx cex U lR g_Y }ZU
_a> j= }ca> R _Y }ZU
d_ax
.g=|> h]> U|= g_Y nhU R bx}J
deU fex dU x{R .A dH dL x}cU }bU ~T {bU
|x oU pUjeU |w {Tkx x}cU }bU nU pÙ Ù c>
}L R H _Y d> |U ni qH ilR |gU oU
dR >nH{bY
> R H [I R H dw R H
}L ohH ni |w {x{@ pdcZY oc> H = pdcZeU
>nH{bY ohH dw qH dw ohH }L qH
ai R n? }[fL |x ai R n? }[fL >nH{bY qH
me w T{ S c K | g _< z K c T g Q c T
X K z w w
{ T =

`\> pdhH hU oUnR |gU .[ :n_i]... f c d K o X b T
ilR UnUn= }T o[_> ned T }T H ned T i ni pLnfS dL
>nH{bY L R{x ninR afU L nR{U pUnA Zx U _R{>
187
afU L nR{U pUnA R ni cx nY{fL ai L R{x neY }T
= pLnfb= bd> pLnfS pUjY c> U {fL pUjeU lR >nH{bY L
rxnA _= R {S n i{L |x {L pUjY pUjeU c>
feg< z^T bQ meT =
RqhU w pe L
nH Y pdhHT nU dH e_x _x |U ni
dL nS w {L } cx H ni w nfU Y >nhA R nRU
U|= pdcZY > dR neU U n[U Y qH U w} cx
nghR peU Y {S nghR ]feU Y { S nghR pedc= oU
{H cU
a > h]> ilR b]fe= i}Y Y ~Y pi}eU Y {S
.ngh`d> ]> U nfU {L
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
188

ni }`x U nhi{dU nfh]_x Un_> inH dU {x}x

d T X me T }h md S mghzT
qinT [ :ix]m mg T X md h :nghR
R fY |U T nghR nfdU }? pRn@ p=nx phY
< c Am Q U neU ~i neU {_i o= }\> |=
|U qei ngSneL ngwR |U qR [ :ix] m h
@ h=}U n@ m ^ h m ni U qU>
e T S i w md X
U @}x }_ZU cx nY e@ Y U mf Q | A
{ A

h=}U U @}x nfU }_ZU fY Ax dbx A h=}U
An>}hU h=}U ne= gihL _ ehU }]_U h=}U y bZfhU
mf c v J p e w mf Q | A
{ A @ R
gLn T
g T mh | X mvm nL~eU ]S dL nS mf gc K m
= R f h

T q]Sn> zgZ @ mvm e c ^ Q dU pan_U nx}U >j> mf h
i S I x U [Ù T qd= T q]Sn> nw
a T m w Z ` h T{ S I nfw cx U ijT ~ X m < _= T

.[ :ix] | b ` w
BhI }TnR x}U qx =nI }TnR h=}U qx
}eL Y fU Sn> hT }TnR Sn> nI qx
189
neT bhH i }eL Y x }B }înR }ZU Y pS }B q]bH
px nghR qhU p=nx phY }@ ngd T n[Q c> neT .pS }B q]bH
>
neT .nhdU p\i nghR hU U|T {@ n[Q cR nhdU n?
o]A U R qi hT }înR o]A U |U [Ù _=
nghR nfU {S> o]A U }ZU > neT = qh[L H qdeL
h=}U qS }^f> U }ZUnT qijR n Un qdeL nY nY U >
qi .{x{@ Y x}KnfdU pg= cU {x{@ Y nhU {x{@ Y }\U
}bU R b> {S e> {bR nex phA bU pxhA }eL qh]L
}\fU hR r_hU pYnhbU x R >jx yUn[U deL cU }i n Yn^L
.[ :}U]g eX
c A :U bhU nhU
< mv
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
190

nH U neL }ZU neL {A phUkY dex neL~U

ge}@ T Y Q}U dL ghU aA~> x|U kw U nH }ZU
kw gi_h]> dU [_x x|U kw gLn T Y Q}U dL
=nT [ :ix] z ^ = mh mw eS mX nfi nY :cU Ubx pYnhbU x
T{wnZi U cR}_i i {= .nfi{_> fT ci L{> i i
w }bU R cU |w nf?{x
bx i ni|x dU i U Y
{Q .eL pYnhbU x U >j> S nhi{U |w R dÌ o> :nfY cU
ni fL >nS qfT ni R nx :hH .R}L :_> Y cU bhH
|T |T eL qfT =nA dL nfU S qfT {e= yH
qfT
.R}L :U
nhU pT}A R }bU gafU afU S cU S n e i
nT}ZU kw w Y .YnbU Y nghin_Y fi }T }bU gai
L }i >nL }> dU ph[_Y U nfU L{x x|U gi
.hU L nfU {[x
x|U hbeU }[U
R
m R R nA dL Un_> inH dU [_i neU
K me S b e g < me e g < zgf H c Tm< ` b Q * z ^ = mh mw eS mX v uS | H
L R{x |w :cU |w bx dU [ :ix]g c Qm _T b = m K
191
c = Tme v
pUjeU Y }gx nx U hUkY }cfx ai
d> Unfw .deL ni T }x nfw [ :ix]p ` c G mX ~ ` h S
T
nhi{U R nghdL \Y nY f_x qadH nY ai T }> f_x
T U Y fx{Y Y >{d= Y {A T n@ gd T c T
Y nT}I Y [ :ix] | ` w hmS mX f e K T
v X c T
.U T Y oxnT
R}i phb= ni{fL ~> SeU w |w
phb= ni{fL ~> nT}ZU T
nfn\Lj= >
U nf=db= {A>
U nfUb_= nhi{U R dU U @}i
dU U i p}R ni{fL ~> .hU }> U nfaSe= _h]> U
R hU nf_@ nfU bx dU dU ~i ne= e_i dU U @}i
Y nf>n=nA @}fU .c>n=nA _@ U R c= n A}eR nhi{U
>n=nA \x n]H Y lR _Y nf>n=nA \fU dU
T
x Y{S qR dU Y >n=nA
..{S ~>
[ |X |eX o^dT]
***
192

:Ub= x}]U L dd R}i >j]B cxnfx dU

| ` _w c T c T o d @ X \ e a = f `h c K Q | G w
{ T m K mw R

fL >{_= nL nx :cU dU bx [ : }Y~U] m ^gd? h{T
e X j g T T g g c Q m
K K ng
zT ? nw | R h kQ U Un_R
cU bx chdL x {x}x dU [ : }bU] zH | w f c ^ T <
>j]B cbx}J R ehbHnR R}i Tj]B >j]B
U TL{x U|U chdL x {x}x i .Tj]B y U =R
cnS{ cneL Y gZU _ x x|U nY .hU @}U U p=U
dhe> cfY {x}x gilR cUA Y nfU T c@ cn=}S
x|U Y dU Y }h> w n> neR ..n eh^L hY x}]U L
gZU _ x
:U Ubx U {x{@ Y hbeU x}]U {= :U bx dU
h=|cU Y |T h\nU Y B nfU Y Y ..{A _>
x|U Y [A |B heUnÛ Y dK hR}feU Y }i
Y }A T
_ x x|U . U nY dK T Y g[[A |Bjx
Tn= >jx {S .ehb> cU {x}x p`dU |g= ?{x gZU
Y chdL Rnx w dU x}J dL pYnbH cfY cU Ubx
193
~A _= Y nYcU _= Y }=neU ~g@ Y }hT
Tn= >jx ..cb]fY cx}S R n`]U Y ne^feU nT}U
w cU {@neU U w|> ..hdL i nY T}> :cU UbhU chU
ngf cU cHn> R weU R c> ~g@ weU U
{x}x gi U chdL Rnx .cS}> R {@neU R c>
chdL x {x}x dU nw_ > cfY {x}x gZU _x
v
^ = ^ = mQ m dga X I| {
b < | ` Q T :cU bx
bd`fU {eU U >j> dU T{x}x [ : n_i] cg G K
}g]> {eU R }g]> cfY {x}x f cU nhU pT}A L hR
}i T Y caJL }g]> }I }aT T Y cUbL
ci neT :cU bx U cfY dU {x}x ..U T Y caSY }g]>
cUbL qH> lR }g]U neU
U w|> T{@ zH>
}gJ Zh_U }g]U {eU R U Un_R T}LnZY cA
.nhU pT}U }gJ _ZU }gJ }caU
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
194

... A e X j d T md h:Un_> U S {x
y gU
B nfw
[ :}U]
L @}x }RnT d_x hB Y T{A BnR
.n_U nex B
{ o[_x w { o[_> d>nbx w d>nb> nH d_R

~U |U phini phini w Y w n]hZU ph[L
U|U f_Y
R ni > U w phininR .}hZ_U pe^feU pT}U pan]U
. }B nfU afx |U gU afx j= U ye> ngdB
cU anJ = T}A = =~A = >}hZL = ai = T
n =n= nghR }> } R L = > hR > n fH Y |w _>
ewnax g_Y wna> A nx wn> A nfU dL yafx
gU n> .wj]B nfU Zcx U B Y j]B ZcU _Y
.}R h= nY R nai phdeL nex Y _fex |U w eeU {U
}i
nfLnf> Snfi nfadB nfR nai d _i ni dU
inH dU SY Zci nfxnQ dU nL nfi SY Y nhU R
pUjeU pdgU SeU R p_[U SeU R _SY qinT H Un_>
.}B pYH nhi{U pYH ai nf= Y pfh= dL ci w
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
195

h]i qS nfhdL >jx {S hR }cai h]i qS nfhdL >jx {S

}ZfH niS U n _he@ ow|fH eU Y pi{w R i .= }cai nY |a fi
{b_x Y cfY w U R Zx Y cfY w .nf= h= nfaSY U n _he@
{x
f h p g X h :UH}U dU ngUnS {S U {b_x Y cfY hU {UnB ij=
nf= {x h= bfH niS U }ZfH n _he@ nf T [ :}Y~U] g X
nf= {x h= bi w JnU Y U
Y niS U } Z i nfi w :}cafdR
neY
I niS R B{x w gI nfU b> w nf>gI Y nfinex Y
}cR n@ Y Zh_i nY nY Y ei neY ei neY }Zi neY Tji
gZU }ZU n_]U nf w nY :cai UjH e_= U R
qdT hT :nU >nR nfU {b > I nfU {b x w nfw nfU {b
> U
U R ..qeUnH hT q=nA hT q_eH hT q=}I hT
dK m@ zP m@ dK gT :QdL nY bx
a= ={T nv{= dK :gcdK g< mX m H :bx Qn hdL {i |cw
e`w gêT c^T mX :n \x bx .|? aw hjX nv{= dK ^=
nY R nfw n> nhi{U nhU nhJ nfhdL }x
U Un_> dU .!a= {T
.nfhUkY Y nfinex Y {][x
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
196

w { T ^ ? :x}cU =nT R nbR ph[_U h_i dU ni{x}x

nfhdL dU }A ..[ : yaU]...og cvm T o g d@ o g d T f <c R Q | ` S
=n fU ngY~U neT bU pedT ~di nfU phdwnU ph[L
phHnhU nfaSY R nfw n> nfhdL }A neT .ngdw ng= A inT
R |gU .px}c_U phfY
pxn[S
nf>nY T R phLne@
nY{f_R beT v Q bQgG bwzwi< S|= :x}ZU rx{U
hUkY B R T}A = @~Y B Y T}> n AH de>
UnhL ai = e> hdL {fL dU inY UnR .dU nY
.n R}fY n eUnK = e> ai w = e> h_\U = e>
{fL pinY neU .pinY |w L dU UjhH = {fL dU pinY i
JnU U nfU |@ R nfU nhA nR R UnY }> R
aK> hbeU L _fe> hd]edU = }> }x dU ..xb>
U fY {x}x i .hUn_U pY{B L _fe> heUnÛ pY{B R
pinY |w \> x }înR {fL pinY neU
U dU lR R}> {xk>
Un> n> nY{fL aSY U|T
dÛ }acU n> JnU |> U
{xk>
x}A d]x
rxnA R {bR .nhU nY T R {_U nex Un>
197
{x}x >nYnew A cd< ~gcQ gdcdT Xi< fw
T X :pax}ZU
n hai Lna> Y U {=
R .hini
>n_ai ng_\> fY dU
R hL R }cR R e> Y {= SeU Y SY T Y
g_Y }ca> wnxn\S T A> n _he@ hedeU w
HnA
{fL nY c= w}[f> h]> hT ai R ]> gU }ca>
deU ni .nhU R }[fU nincY Y
~@ ij= }_Zx {=
.pY Y
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
198

dU Y hL}I T {ex i q=n? ngd U ph]U pedcU w H

hU A nY{fL dU dU H }ZU
nT U A }Z= }cR hU gR
a = T
hU qhA nY R n R}A bf> n R}A ~> :U nS UnH}=
: pSnU]g = T e X me ^ \ a T > * g d g T m< e X mh { A *w
mR ^ < me g c K
qdR hU = dU A nY I b> n R}A ~> [
U {> f cU g> > nY = _af> nY nfdU b> R }A
@ v * f T K \e w mX
:hU = dU A nY R nfU
p_x}I qinT hA dU pedT H nT lR [ :fU]@ w
d> hd_R dU p_x}I w ngY}A ngUA T
cU R H

.Y}A cU dU A
cex dY nedT dL }_> {S cU }_> R px}A U
ngij= Yk> {_= = pedT dL }_> hT cU oh[x ]x
f T b w |X T G c T [ R o e X j X X j d T mS mX
:edT
x}A = U R px}U U qhU ..[ :~A]v | X X | g T
cU .= q_fS |= ~d> = fb> U |w R}> nfU nY
|U gaU dL dU {eUnR ngegR .= nedcU }U JjJ
R :>nx YncA }Hj= dL dU :bR ngega> U pLnJ U x
199
T{ < T w d T m^ T c T =md X m
| H *g g X b h =
.[ : n_i] g d c d T m h | X
oh]U w dU S .~U U gR US }hQ I T q=nU w dU S
nfw Y .d T ~w d T rU gR = [ x I T .>}e? d> |U
e cT m
:hw}=] | S { w f c ^ T m c T | [ w ... :dU bx hR
X
eL heL
H beL c= H Y~U :bx ilR [
R oh]U }eU h]_x i dU {S {Y d T cU R {eY i dU
Y~UnR }B nhi{U R e_i |Q dU h]_x neT }B R nhi{U
.}acU pedT Y~d> H pedT
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
200

_R{hU dU > [ :}ZU]z _T p X z R mX ~ ` h | ]e

T c T a =
qY{S nY dU {fL {h }_> U Un_> inH dU Y RB
> h]> qijR eU n@ A dU nY afU
c T a = nfU L {_x pf U dB{x {h de> i Yn=
cx {S dU {x h= bH {Q [ :}ZU]z _T p X z R mX ~ ` h | ]e T
.pfH Y }T pfH cx {S db> }gI cx {S db> n Yx {Ù
h= nghR b> U p}aU R {Ù qY{S neU L R ^> geU
R >n=nA ox x T R ni dL f_x neY = {x
nbU hU R \Y hT neU hU R }cax dU Y >nSL
oHni hT d _fU P dU H L neU _eH ..dbx hT
nT P dU H }x ni{h }_i h]i hT nfai
m< mw :U|= }hQ {hU U|= ai = {hU
n= x
>n=nA oA zP <mT v fQ nGm = R `h nGm@
nA w ng= dU q_J pLnJ T ng= dU qh[L ph[_Y T
|w R n> n=nU nfU nA }T {fL nhU
hdL gx U lR ai qHnA ai oHnA neU
>n=nA R y=}U nU }_x R ai oHnx Y . {Q nU
201
nA n = nT nU _x nA }HnB ai lR
o_[hR ai oHnx |U nY .fY {x~x y=}U dL Rnx
.o_[U SeU U R hdL }]\> Y {Q nU hdL
R `h zP <mT v fQ nGm= R `h nGm@
ai = {fL ehS w nY {S w nY eA w nY :=
h]> dR fxY qdb? eY c> U lR ]x dU ~hY
SY afU {x pYnhbU x i~hY a x |U I dL [>
n ahaB ai qx lR ai ~> Y U {= |gU .dU peA R
.pdhb? ~heU R a T cU deL b> nR UneL R
_SY cU UneL Y {x~> nR {h@ pdhb? UneL qx
.dU {fL pehS }T n >n? }T
:nfU } _ x nY{fL |S |^cT }f= = R `h
}_U x nfw [ :pSnU]o g Qm A be X ` = | ^ = { X w
T}}H } _ > H neU neU n@ }L hU }T
dL cUneL } _ > H [ :n]U] | | T c = w :dU {fL
:c>nedT T } _ > H dU nY pah R neL {b> x dU
mX z? mvm Z @ |g S |g _ m
_w m b T { v m
X ...
}_dU ai ~g@ [ :gcU] z@ < c ] w |m @ c d K
dL hR Yj> h]> SY R qfT dU dL q } L A }T
x }T }_dU ~g> dU {x h= h^_U SeU @> qi ai
.phRnB dU dL a> rhA }_>
m eXjX z^T bw nf Y {A T
oJnx dU H jT m< mw
202
b> .bw|H w|YT oGmX X zH `h nGmw @
nU R pS{U c> hT [A h]_> [A |BjU cx}I Y
w pUjeU lR |gU }h`[U }bU A oS}> nH dL e_> i
{bR cx}I Y =nA R }B i ai oHn> hdL
nU nH lR ai Y nU jH cU >nB _>
.pYnhbU x dU nY }h[Y ad c>
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
203

dU H L fL }x nY R QdL nY L bfx rx{A nfw

z^< mdT dK `h nGm@ X (Sn_U w hcU) ggbT
~g S :P
hT hfYkeU }hY nx :@ nbR }BU deL _x ai oHnx dT
gi ngfU nfx S X > x :Q n@ ai oHnx
[i pLnH = |Bjx nfx S nfx deL Y @ nT{U aS

gcK [X w {v
~`h mw :mR `h T ? X > x pLnH

hR qdeL |U neR hU ow _dU nY nfw hU z< gT ^w
hU |w nT nY }eL Y x nf_Y qw }e_U Y p_]S nf_Y hU |w
eH neT nY >nhA R n hA
neT e_U R hU |w ow w Ynx phb=
Y~U B R ow
w =zd@ gT {v Q cT |S
ai Y d c> YkeU ngx

dU {eA w LU SeUn= }T ndUn= dU }T hU |w R nT
<|S eK p` h gQ XjX r@ pg[R {eA o@x nY T Y
nY n x}S nT n@ nT YkeU |w g`c X Q dT z^< ]`@
YkeU ox}bU YkeU nU naJ qhL w ai nx naJ U

XjX ogP p``S wnL}x Y U p@n= w pxnL Y gT}>

m dcX peK YkeU L nR{Un= H o_> {x qdS qcH

204
|S
cT zd@ |gA eX |? h |S gT {v Q pê {T mX
|= cK }K cT |`_G |gZa= ogZ^X |S :}cI agQ= cK
_\U nbi }_> h]> A ai oHn> w gx nY .=m^X
nf U n> hwi }Y Y fY dU nY R dU n> ai R
bA Y hdL afU nY R ai n> bA Y hdL gUnY R
dU _@ neT nfU B{= ngJ> n bA hdL afU _@ dU lR
{ T mf w mw .{_U Ùn= ged^> n bA hdL nfdU
a = e X w
R {Ù qY{S nY }î [ :}ZU] z _T p X z R mX ~ ` h | ]e T c T
{h@ {h cx {bR }Y Y b> nY R dU > cU }>
e\> h]> rhA b> nY R {h dL Rn> hdL cU
.neU R fe neT e> S >nhA bY R y=}U afU
Y b> nY R dU b> { = ai oHnR dU b> { = |gU
{ T mS hb = *
w c d ^ = md < |g A c T {x{@ Y c T a =
eL
R n[U R c= }T fYkeU ngx [ :}ZU] c T h
hU R }Y eB nghd[i U [U |w nfU dU _@ {S neU

H R }T|fU e_U {i S n[U R }T|fU n e }T|fU

nfYx chU hU {i S dU }T|fU e_U R }ì {_= ngfU
chU hU }B R }T|fU n n> nfYx chU hU H R }T|fU n hb>
A
dx ~= h_fU qS T R dU }T|i A n Yni n n> n hL nfYx
.dU }T R nfinY T dL
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
205

{bfi >|U {bfU d _fU hR h_i {x}i |U inex U

|w R
nLneT nfai {bfi hR nfJ}R nY R hR nij]B nY R }RjT nfai
pLnI nfx{U c> hR qJ}R nY R pLneU hR j]B nY R
Unx x|U Y ci }hh`> pLnI = }L j]U pg@Y
dL g>nhH
ngi dL wn]B [x wn]B ax
|B n H{bY
j]U _x nx g\_= A nfA ngi
g>nhA }b>
cex hcR nfU ai R phH{S j]U
.dU Y nf_SY R nfai R }cai nfhd_R dU R }cai
nY{fL |gU
cx nY{fL .inex phUkY R inex A R }caR n fYkY qfT
deL B Y hfYkeU U > hcR hfYkeU e_U n ifL deL
n hL n bheL {bi nfai {bffdR |gU deL B Y ai U > neT
Ln R ni pT}A \> U {LbU Y dU nfed L nY B Y
}bU }Y R ai }î nfai }Y }bU cx ox .>nSL
w neL Y hU > nY R i}S @ g@ w }_> nA
R i}S bL dbL w hHnA Y = fx nY R i}S odS dS
Y }bU H}x nY R phi}S nT}A >nT}A w ncR Y hR }cax nY
.nin@ }Y }eU c> neT nfai }Y }bU chU pT}dU sYni}=
206
nH dL g_S }h`x |U hhi}bU cfU @ni nY |w
SY qinT {hb_U R px}cR SY qinT H neU T R }bU
nei SY qinT SU R phT}A SY qinT _ZU R phaJnL
hU ni|BjhU ph[_U @ nfh>jx {bR nfai U ffU .nfU hU efx nY R
R ph[L T lR nf>nh[L
Y afU .hU nfe\hU
phUn_ai @ nfh>jx
}_fU dU }T|fU .nfU R phUn_ai cR nf>nhUn_ai Y a fU .nfU
nei |w w SY U nfhei {i h]i A nfai
dU }> pT}U |w w pT}A nfT}>
]x dU }x
i ai {bf> d _> h}>
{x n aSY | > ij= }_Z> ne=
...hdL }R UA Y U hR U
nfU U pfU U nf= k> U w w {fU
nf_SY T U }^ffU
w }^ffU nf\R ni{hxj> T U nfaSY T U nf>nei T
U }^ffU
dL j]B dL i
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
207

phini dL =}i
i nf_eY R nfai }hì
dL e_i { =
h]x dL =}i
nf_eY R nghdL nf_eY nfh=}x nghdL nin= nfh=}x
Y dL nI Y dL U ?neY I nfw cx ni{A
.phLne@ pxn[S phfx{U phHnhU SeU R nLneU
U x}B nfU > _> pAnU niU nbx nY{fL
cex eeU in@ U |U }@nU y=}x =}x cex
Y bfx Â Y bfx Y }B qi hR xn_>
A
pAnU neU _SY }B @ `d> {x}> neU x}B
:nfai B R }[> phini cU }BU > U > cex
dL ngai }a> phini .ne@ {A ni nhbU {A ni x}BU
.nfU nhA }> nfU
{bY
dL }]hx x|U eeU R .ni bx ~U qhU R
i Ubx nfU Y }hcU o_ZU i Ubx eeU
\> qLn]H ngi nf>}Y phini .g>}Y R nx eY }B
dL e_> = }h`= bdx ni _> nffh= nY R phHnH aU
dL e_> = U|= ac> nfU h= ~@U hbR }hQ L d[R
i .x}B n> phi{L n A nfai B R d>
hdL }ca>
208
nRU nL~fU }h> `d> ]b> }B eb>
ni ox Y {fL inY H .U B Y }U
}R H cU afU x}B {fL nY f ex Y {fL inY ai
hB {fL pe_i {> w {U .p]Ù h= {U h= hUnA h=
hB {fL pe_i {> jR p]Ù nY .hU bf> fL ngU f e>
`> pe_fU |w R hB Y U cx fe> U b> oR
}Y |w .w{fL nb= Y dY U cx dL w{fL nY f e> j= nfU
_a> neU U cU ni pe_i f e> nY SB L}I
> dU pe_i ni |gU pd?neY phin? pe_i dex dU n> U
z` e T < m d c b T zX | T mS T R I ngfY bfx gd T nfU

[ :gcU] zX cd< me ? T < m d c S z` e= R | T
.[ :fU]...mv Z = c T o d ^ h z ^ =
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
209

mX | g _w @ a < mX | g _w c T :w pbhbU |w nfU dU {T

|gU p_nB ini @U phT}> _@ dU [ :{L}U] f ` hi <
Y nfL~i }A ci nfU cex pYn_U neU R fR .]U
{_Y
qY neR .{A dU {hL nfhb= x}BU px_U nfai
U ilR x}BU ai h> >|dY >gI LneJ @ Y
Y ai }A f cU {L bR px}U n_I T R qbd]i
}A b> ngU {x}x }A > dB dU j= }_I x}B pxL
nHjT px}Un= qfY }A b> {x}x }A inhT dB dU
h]x ilR {_hU hdL J cU dR > R dbL R
nY{fL Q n[U }a_@ nfYnY fL }L nY |w .n hI x}A Y nfx
gcK pSz= mfT | omh <mh T@ gd? cK |@ |T
:nS
. |K |gTm< z G |f R |G |b= T nmZdT
{_x h]x dR inhT B R px}U phdbL h_> nY{fL

.{@ }B }nA ai neL Y }[> px}U {A
c> px_U {A }x h]x dR ai R px_U qZL
{x}i nY{fL |gU .> Y ~@
nfSneL R px}U ~i nfhd_R }i
~fi nH dL e_i nfhd_R nf_S R n_H R}i {x}i nY{fL
210
dL ~T}x neT B{U dL ~T}x H nT |gU .nfHai Y n_H
AzTmS R ^`< |T :pR}_Y pedT Q dL nYU .nU
i m|T > < d^T > md> Im< Q A S cK f^X gQ
ilR n iR {_x R A
Y b> x}B {_x n Hni }> hA

{_x dÛ Z> phai dL U {> i ]B }> U U A ?
c> {x}x dU .dÛ R >S {> U U A ? ilR n iR
.nhU R T}A R n eUnK c> {x}x neT hdbL R n eUnK
h bU
oinU R hbUn= fYkx nfdU {x}x dU B{U Y {> H R
n_H @i nY{fL nf>nhA pT}A R {Tki {x}i nY |w .A}U

}a> {x}> |U n_H nfhdL }Ù }ZU }ax {x}x |U
.nfhdL B{U R eUnÛ }ax {x}x |U n_H nfhdL phihg[U
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
211

w deL p_hJ B Y afU dbU ai R h_x ni dL

chR dU }x deL {Q dU |L YjhR dU }x deL
ilR U dL }bU R dU {Tkx nY{fL {Q dU |L SY R
{h_= phUn_ai h>|U pUnU |w ai R h_> d_x |U U {x}x
hT ai oS}U fY n anB ^> fY {x}x dU e_U pUjY L
c= de_= inex {Tk> hT =}= Y~U cx hT deL cx
~dR dU Y n> \fR dU Y n> .pnU pYn_U Ln
dU @ nY T _aR dU Y n> }A T }R dU Y n>
A X mX
~ ` e T f h < ma X m :pex}cU px >{T nY |w hdL
dU ai nx :afU b> ? dU n> [ :nLnfU] f T K
R hdL Y}A
nY R U _@ nhI hdL o@ nhI hdL }A
q_J = dU }Y
nY ai nx q_J .pLn]U R pfU hdL @ nY
pf U n U ? h]_hH dU lR T}R fL dU ngi nY
lR T}R hdL dU @ nY d_aR hdL dU Y}A
nY ai nx qh[L
dU pe^_= _I Y n bd]fY = Y RB chU .nfU ]H YnY
RB cx U|= pYnhbU x R =|L ]B Y ]H ]B Y
dU U =}bx |U U ~d> } hR }_Z> n hdeL n RB dU Y
212
.n]hZU Y =}bx dU L {_x |U U L {_> = d[x
cx { = pf U R Yjx nT ai R U h_x niU { =
rh= >nSL US UneL T R Un_> inH dU Y RB
Y nfU hdL }_x nY R \R}> db> nY R nhbeU w cx
.nSL SY Y hdL nfU }_x nY R SY nhUkY
pd[Y U qinT nS{ inT n=}S inT H nfU T
nH dL pUjeU jH fi gU S n hI fY dJ w{fL
dU nB i .f L = }x f L =
}x w f Y edJ nY
h fY dL U .=nbL ]B {Y }L fi heUn_U
neT ~x f cU ZU _= fxkx {S c]H pdcZY U hU
}U w Un_> inH dU n cU c_Y ni neT U~>
heT nL R QhfYkeU }hY fL }L nY |w .U w ]H
bx U n_eU nH dL \Q L dU H L {> nY{fL
\G Xmah [P K bw T kQ :>nhA R ni ng=
g^[T zK mh < gbQ zgG mw dT T a= mX {v
n e dU ni{x}x U|U gbdT gbdT |gaT gT{T
x }T|i
A pYnhbU
nhi{U R }ì nfi w nfdcZY ni{fL U |w {Tjx
e_i nfi dU |L }T|i nfU |L }T|i nfi }B fi
_= dL [i @ Y dU = nfU dL [i dL
ne ni{fL hU i n e }T|i
}B }T|i nY{fL nff cU nx nfi]_x nY
{A dex w pÛ {_= ex Y ai dL Yjx nf Y Y eU Y
:U nS hU {A n@ U n ine
pLnH {_= = ad T nY R dU L
213
@ hT nw{_= pLnU |w S @ in@ nY :U S x {_=
qdeL ne= dU
i U nS Y cU p=U x
ph[_eU _x nf Y }hT
.U {_= p=U f> ne= > S e> ne=}R p=U {>
dUn= n e }ca>
inH dU = n e }ca> hdL }ax nex
f_Y hU =i }T jh> dU Y n> f_Y hU .Un_>
qh[L {S qfT > dL e_> U f_Y = b> U
R }Y hbx A qh[L {S qfT bx}J y[> dL e_>
dU n> f_Y .dU dL >nhA yaf> A dU x}J
oS}> ^>
U [U dL ai _> A nw}h`> ngeTn> ngHn> ai
.Un_> inH dU ngx

[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
214

n@ i pah B i YkeU ni odS R nfw cx {x}x dU

neT pLn]U U _R{> ph[_eU Y _fe> dU Y pahB {fL c>
neT dU peA}= n@ U cx =nbL c= Sn_x {x}x dU nT U
}hY nw{T f= nebU ph R {bR .Rncx {x}x dU nT U
T m QA cT A
QU nY {UU h R QhfYkeU

gc aT h{< gQ T m? cT
pÀ gcaT |<
<{^w gQ
Y _feU dU Y U phA x{U > T |`_w ?
n e }T|>
fbU Y jhU Y _feU dUn= n@}U phA }i
X Q gRm^dT zH
w hA aQ dU nb_U {x{I dU
U }T|> od@|T ` ^T X Q gd@|T @
w oda
e T mbeT
n@}U d_x jhUn= U ]bx A >nhA R U
.nfU _= _ax neT ph[_eU R {eU
}>

}]U
oin= d _> U p]bfU :h]bi e> nfU ph[I
@ R >nhA R }hT n_Y qc> ni :nY ni bhR U R
qZL ngc> pex}@ {@> dU @ SjH hT dU peA
j=
Un_> inH dU SjH hL j= nfU dL H dS >nhA

q_S fi dU ph[_Y R }h[eU dH ohR hSjH @
215
j]B |w nfU _= }cax |cw .p_SU |w Y gi cex
nS Un_> inH dU .dU peA Y ni jhx \bx gaU |w
o d @ X \ e a = f `h c K Q | G w
{ T m
K mw R :nfU kgU

| ` _w c T c T
lR . [ :}Y~U]g @|T ` _T v h m ^gd? h{T
}U Y }hT R qJ> >nhA R n_eU R qR}H {S qfT
d T T mX | ` _w < | Yw | ` _w c T :}_> hdL lR
dU peA Y jh> dU peA Y fb> R [ :nfU]...m Y w
.~gc< eK mfT m\w oXmgaT w Q od@ cT
Yjx nfU _R n@}U oin= d_R }]U Y phinU p]bfU nY
fex dL e_x pLnJ R hR }cax |U eUn= dU peA}=
}x i~x nebU o_dx }eU }Zx nY{fL ph[_Y L ai
sU
[U }x nY}eU
_ax heUnÛ h_x d^x
T
hU h^L }hT Un_> inH dU :bx U {_= .nT~U eU
^L }T inH dUnR fHnx A ni Y fHnx b_eU Y
gx nY{fL {A |_x
dU hU bx ni R pf @ R }cax Y
x> n@U }> U ph[_eU R {Y U U _R{hR dU
.n \x }]>
|w ...p=U
|x i Un_> inH fL dU }L |U gR eU ni nY
o d @ ? | w | A { w m dmR z?m
G g c T mh p hmR v X
}B
.[ : }Y~U] ... <
|U qSU R gR }B L new{A [afx h]B R }x
w
U i R dU peA @}x }B R dU nbL nx }B hR |x
216
gR oi f cU oi|x dL e_x gR i L a_x dU lR oi
nfU `fx nY |w n@}U U dS R hR U R dU peA @}x
.hdL nfai =}i
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
217

inH dU = {x nY T R phL }S }bU }bi Y nfU { =

m e T mf w mw :b> U px |w ni}S lR pYnhbU x w L Un_>
md K o ^ | X S v { = mf h | = w *g ] K H o Km o T } T b < a =
T
m b < v mX m b G m e T | = mf c d @ d @ S [ = p ^
hd_R nx |w }b> nY{fL .[ :sU] zwz H c T { K b T
~U~U cx nY{fL nfw ai _> hdL SeU U }\>
R n Hni nfw ~U~U SY R n fe]Y c> }cR .afU
A}U

nexn= gHai qijeJ x|U w }T ~aU Y dU gfYkx pYnhbU x
x|U nfU kw .dU }x |U yUn[U e_Un= dU pe= dUn=
^ ? *
o e d \ d T ~ ` e T mf w mw ex S gfY {A T dU oJnx
:}aU]e ? c A * m K Q c A mQ *o g |X o g

< T

S [ :sU]g ] K H o Km o T } T :U bx nY{fL }cR
T [
hf e]eU Y T gR SeU U R qfT U ai nx :afU
ai R }cR dU |L Y n RB ~U~U Zh_x x|U Y dU }=
A n> }cR .nfw pfhije]U dL [> hT }_> A
dU B g_R{x nhi{U R dU Rnx x|U dU nhU {Q n>
f g c K A Q U dU x Y~dx dU _h]x U nhi{U R
218
pYnhbU x Y c> dU Y nU T [ :}bU] h } w v
R ~> } B pYnhbU x nU c> dU }cY Y Y T
d]i {x}> nY eL x}A
c= |B m@ dK gT e_U pAnH
nfw cU .aSx {A x}A |B I c= hn_Y c= e}@
pYnhbU x YjR dU Y n> negfh= n> Y { = hRB
Y{b> ox B pYnhbU x nR dU }cY Y Yn= >
w Y [ :ix] h } w v f g c K A c T mg T
.U w bU [ :ix] a w hmS e X w { T dU nhU
kw I T R =nA x iRnx dU S}x x|U B
:qd[R]Xm a G { T i~x w ghdL B
> c T me < T mR w
{ T .U
me < T mR w dL {= w nfw nfw Y (=~x ) [
.[ :nbA] h } w v f g c K A Q Xm a G > c T
v f g c K A Q m Tm d K | A gT c Tm< X X ...

_@ f_x [ :nfU]cT f ? c G [ :{neU] h } w
T _@ dU _xnZY T _@ dU >n_d ]> T _@ dU >nhA T
A [ :}bU] X v c T f ? c G X d = dU >nei
v f g c K A < zeK | ? c Q hi R A deL R
}B hU dUn= fY x|U }_i nY{fL [ :}bU] h } w
B kw fY w dU gw@ edH x|U n Un deL
nhi{U R ni}Y }={i
hcR .i~x w ghdL
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
219

|X kQ `h X meT h|_w :QhfYkeU }hY bx

nfhdL SnU |T eL qi :bx L{x |w fh X gT Zw
w w i w w w Y Y dL bx |U |w .nfY dL
U n ine Y _> A R Y pYnhbU x U dU bx .
^ = e X w
{c T | ` S w
{T mR {A ph]B ex {bx {A
f h H X vm w m\ A X g c Xm < v mX Sm
w m\ A d e T me c gG
hmS md K o X mg a T w T i g T f Tma > X ma > f T ma > c d g T * < m
b T
.[ :cf_U] | ` w
}gK dL nxn]B ex ni T .{A nxn]B ex h]x {A
dU Y =}bx w de_> eL c= ai R }cR . {A S{[>
d `hH {A eH i dU H Y hfx w fL {_x
o X mg a T w g
= f c S
{A pYnhbU x bH {A hdL {dU
S | = | X Sm e a c A md S | Q mh d ? z a T
[ :x}Y] | Q
m = ~ ` h S =i = w [ :n_i]... S f J Sm e T A mX
ai dL n e nw}T
ni .px |w f_Y nY [ :fU]mf ` h K
nR YnY {@x ai L YneU cH {A qi :chdL
< m S | R mf ` h K m
= ~ =i = w nR gI {@x
` h S
220
}_ZH n e }cR |cw [ :}H]m g @ g c K g T ` e < ` S
ed L |U nL R Qx{=n_U x nY nfYnY .h_> |U SU
|gZX bw b< T mdQ :bx UneU ~eA =
oe? G Q paÀ zR ec=m= Xmw eKm= `h
>jx nY{fL H R cx |U }n]U Y eU ex f_x dT
T mdQ H dL bx U {_= H dL f@ haA e>
b< zT g[T b< |R odc]T b< `h |T b< b<
ca> Xm@ gT m hmw|K |R X ?|T b< mw |gbh |be X jT
Q T
| gP iH TmdH K |A egdw K |X |]h |fJ cK

o b @m *| ` X {X w ? *ge _w i H {X w f e X | X b T .hiH

.[ :L]| R mf a v | = *| P mf g c K { X w ? *| Y X
nfecx nY pnU pYn_U nf>nhA R n e }_Zi ox U |w
R }cai j= px_U |w R h[dY ci nfhdL nf=}U nfxL w
cx n UnJ qfT lR .Un_> inH dU Y nfRB Y n S]i niY T
dL e_> }@n> qfT SnR nY pfU }B >ngI e> ew
h@nfU ci }cai nfhdL cU .>n> R y@nfU c> nH
= X mX i Q }B R nf>ngI |Bji A nhi{U R dU nY R
o e ? Q* g<m@ X h pe
e J h * g<m S | R mv a g Q egd g < < m S
o g Tm T mw
mX * Q ` c G md < m gev < | H c S*
o g h mf Q \ R *o g TmK
mw * g<m @ mX T * g<m S T e g T mw a g Q Tmd Y < < m S = X
> * c _Q { A* ghm\ c G e K c v* gTmX e K e P mX *o g m a T p h mS mf gT

Xj w mS h * b c Gm
Q m K ^ G mf K oc c G Q > * c g T
221
*
g v g T T ~
d@ me vm b d T m^ I c K
g c Q *g w *
g ] ^ T c Tm<
.[ :pSnU] jIm T c S i w *
g c P X m ^ I
[ : |X |eX o^dT]
***
222

Q
nH w dU nT cx d Y oh]B cU d Y UnL cU `fx

Q dL = _x nY U p Rn nhH }ha> n âA }S ehd_> R

g^_> nA oTmZT A cK f< @ :@ q= n_Y
nhSB nh=nx R SB sgfeUn= |Bjx U g_R{>
nehR B nhdH R g>nhA R edeU = |Bjx nehR phYH
v|H
v|gA fTmeX meT }h ngfL {_x hededU `fx
gh]_> x}hU Z> nH dL }hU B R nfU ~i
gik> gUnfY gU~f> hdL lR }x}ZU nY }hU R gU~fY
R}> hdL cT |= |gP Q `^T Q|Tm< gcK U dL
bgT U dL a_U }?kx }Z= a_> hdL in@ hd>
G mfhkQ cT T XjdT |^X ZT ZT dv |S
R hU Ax |U e_U e> [U nLn= wzTm< |R z^<
T
A d T _S R dU nY \A d T inhT R dU \= qS

meT |S U U nY igI }Z= nR d[ax
R dU ^_hU e^L SY R dU L n e g?{A |A gT cTm<
gUSj= U dL dU }cZhU e_i SY R dU L g?{A g=dS
q< > cT nw
md< d^T cK fT R hkQ o]KdT = gUn_R
oLx h]x {d= UnL nY I cx nY{fL gdc^dT fgQ
223
oLx h]x {d= L
hdL lR pAnU T kY pAnU
w dex nehR wed _x @ Y nfU R g x h`d Y =}x
oXT cT Q = pYn_U ]U R hnaU R gehd_> p}R
\x |U nZU bU
SY dU }Y R aSY chU
zf^Tm< mQT qwzT z cT a< g I Y U
@ ggT od@ mT `@ T {< ohmgT |= ohmX
À g_T ]S mT X }T |A n@ X |ZR d^T
z@ meT
i nT lR c^Tm< c^T |Tm< |T o<= nh bT
cx nY{fL }h[Y R oi|U {b_x S }H R p=> dU {AjR }H
.d_U R p=> dU {AjR n hfdL oi|U
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
224

|T
X mdfRQ ~gT mcZA :fL nY dL P dU H bx
U R dU H}= {bi nfhdL cT m^T | [T
cTm< |YT H
hU |gR fY ~@ i |U hU R nfhUkY }_i nfhdL d T
JnU nbi L H pxneA L H U L{U L kY
pg@Y R S c=
{x}x Y T }U
L ~L U }[i U
. H hedeUn= Hn=
gK
K jX S bc S :PdU H nS :pA ngx

Y n S]i _SY = SnJ = nhS nf Y {A cU chdR

mf< {= cv G mf< }^=
odw|S oT Q gT nP|h mh fcT nL{U
KmI T mKzT X {wnZU Y w |w mfgQ mec^= cv mèT
.|A mghzT oX|S mf< meR|= cgG T maT
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
225

nh]_Y pe? hU n aSY pSL S

_R I U of>
d b x U d_ax U i {h@ }_> n hI hU of> .pfU |w p
{Tk>
oh_= nB }T|> w phÙ phÙ Y }]B w ngUn= e x |w
oh_= nB }T|> gR ngU nY nfU L Y f cU hR @Y
U > |gR phÙ Y }]B ngU }_x |U hR i d_> hR hU
}h`>
j= hU > ngU R nefh= eU hL }H Zc> j= ZU
w eU |w ]R .phB phH U ph]U ph_SU >
U nh[ZU T R nfU {U phLne@ [U n= U kx i
U d_a> U nY p@ }Y U of> nY{f_R SU R }>
R ne= ph@~U nhU n= R nZ> U|= ilR dbx d_ax U nY
j= pSL R phdn_U nhU R e_U |w e= b> {S ngJnbH
nehR nS_U {b_R _ax U bx U ne= |w L {U gh=j= gSL
h= Yn_U U R Lne@ HU U Y {Y gfh=
U of> nY{fL ]B ph\bU ~> nw{Yn= ]U {e> {bR nfU
nLn= U Y {Tj> U i Ubx U nY {b_x U nY ow|Y n>
B{i nY{fL qi nfi w nx h= w|eU an]U }[U pdcZY
hdL c> ilR ow|eU |w L dbfi nY h?= }[U |w R
226
c_f> ne= phdH ]_> {fL {b_x n hI fL bf> nY{fL
.}B ow|eU SY dL
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
227

nfi K
phLne@ pYU pbhbU phLne@ nS_U phSB
~U |cx nY{fL nf>ngY nfn= Y |cU d _i fR nghdL =}i
|chU dL |cx nY{fL ng@ dL p@~U @ dL
pxUn= |cU }x d w gh= dL
{S x}hcU A }@
.n hdH n Ln]i ]_> ngilR ZU |bi U A w
phHnhH phLne@ phSB nL U ni i pA ngx U|U
dU {_> pT}A peUn= dU {_x odS pbhbUn= dU {_x }cR phfY
[U [U qhU H R n_U hbeU U R }hUn=
T R U \> d_a> j= A nY T R dU \> w cU bR
n Yn_J n aSY pSL n Y qinT H T}> j= \`= nY
.U U nY n =}I
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
228

pe T c T X o d @ md Q :bx nY{fL dU T U ei Un_>

S U nfU ex R inU R hdU qfT [ :}eL ] f T
peU n\i nfU x R dS R hdU qfT YT R
Y nfU dL ] x {Yn@ n hHnS }Y n dS x gR dS R
md Q ngd T >n\i R nfU Y h_x n fhU n dS x gfcU R
T @ X [ ` h n c P m ] Q pe
c a T g S T f T pe T c T X o d @
.[ :}eL ]
pUnH}U B R hdYn_U cU
|w
n_U bU R hdYn_U cU
R
nY phHnhH nxn\S phLne@ nxn\S qinT H pYn_U nxn\bU B
negY ni phini pbhbA Yn_U gax R ngi .U U
R phini _= nfw }RncU R n ini bx >{hbL nei nT
U|U ox}bU w neT phini Y n hI h_x {h_U ni h[I

n ini T gJn> nfU L{> nY{fL nY pf= phini x{U ni cR

yYY Y dS R ex nY B Y hini U nfU }_hU
dS R
h d U inU chU inU R n ini T nfU Y dYn_> R g@
Y @}x nfU lR ind= nfU dL S i h]dU hS}U
nfU }S Y A pedcU R bU ox _]= ni >S
229
_ > R hU
f_Y dS R h_> nY{fL i dS R p^dÙ bU
.hdL yaf> U nfU dS lR nfU
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
230

P
[hU
x R nf Y {A T dx SU |w R }cai { =
h[I
B R n bfY ni T dx Un_U e> x
SY
cdR ngd T pY
}[> > }_x > R ai hU
Zh_i neY }hT d]U gU R a ffU Un_R p_H nfYnY nR
eZU }Z> rhA {eU [U R d]ffU Un_> ..{HnaU gUn= deY
pinY ei {x}i hedeT nf>nhA R h_i A fU {U nfh]_R
.SU U eU dL nfh\S nw}_i nfRnT dL dU H
P
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
231

jx H dU bL x}B ow neT bL U ow dU
Y dbL dhU cU nfU Ubx nY T eH U bx i dbL
ncR R d]fx A b_U |w SnfhU nfU bL f> nY T
Y n hI bx {_= nghU [x U ph=nx snfUn= nfS B Y
Y n hI }caU |w Y n hI nx }caU Y n hI }caU |w
cex U pU w dbL = dU nY U p A hU x}B b_R
sgfeU dU ]L U|U ng= dU Un]x cex dU {x h= ngY{b>
a=
c K < T ~
S j` T | Z T d T g T mX :Un_> US R
.[ :}H] j X e K mS T
}cR cx {hdbU dL }cR f> U {x}x Un_> dUnR
neL UjhH dU U|U {= }cR ni }cR = gH }cR
d h me S T T mR
gi nfU w L dU nf?{A
{S }cR neL qdbL
j= S L nf?{A [ :deU] | g^ T
m Q me S mX a ^ h
ng= _ex gU ng= gbax b_U dbUn= }eU n =dS gU
{e@ gihL {e@ gUbL {e@ {bdR ng= }[x hL gU
.nL {hUnb> Y g_S = }x nY Y bd]i gLneH
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
232

L nf_> nY T
T L ni{bL nY T L {Q nfUjx H dU
dU ]B B }aeU |w Y I cU nfdS nY T L hU nfhei nY
Y |w R dU ]B |U U Y bi nfhd_R dU e H sgfY
nhU L nfU L nfai L nfhUkY .dU eH |U sgfeU Y
:fU]mf ` h K m ` h S =i = w {Q }cU nfhUkY
= ~
[ :n]ai] c T { X w | X
m gH ~
` e T ~ ` h cd = w [
< m S | R [ :}RnQ] g T c J p S md < ~
` h S } = g T
.[ :}H]m g @ g c K g T ` e < ` S
ngZU }T ned T ngd_i j= nfUbL }i nfhdL U|U
J pUnA R ngd_i d U }>
n e }cai ned T nQÙ
}bx |U U
U [i A n e ni n e }hZi n e }bi
.H sgi pf U sgi }bU sgi w |w JnU hU
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
233

w eeT }RjT pYjT nhU R nfhUkY pA ngx

}_Zx Un=
Ykx |U ni U pedT bi U d _i
oin@ R ngUbx hd_R dU p}R nfw qinT lR hUkY U

JnU U h= xnhU w ]bx x|U qinT oiU Y
c< :QKncU nY rx{A R PfU L rx{U R {bdR
mh meT X mh a= mR :o^X mX :pcR o^X b= |gA R |gA
bw Q |H zh |gA zh nbx}J zh mdv mdh meT X z@S
U pedT b> hdL U SY aR |gT zh X bgT n@ |YT
[ :gcU]| ` b g c Q mH X X j g c Q mH d Q b < X T R
= }e_U =} R nT Q n hdL cU afU S oA

^L w dL } c R cU n eh^L d T ng@ R nT neT n eh^L oA}eU
{x{@ b= fU ]i {bdR }caU |w w QdL Y nfU bx neR
= }cax nT f cU dA}Y = dL }cax U nhU }cR i
meT |A nhU pUnH w H pUnH w dL pUnH UnH
z^= T UnY odJ R = ewz< cA ? m g^G fgA oa`
cK z R =|< mghzT X |Q phL}I }hQ UnY = cK |wmadT
U hU nhi{= >}B n= |U w nfU }B lR |cw ^< |A
234
dU bdcJ
S|A QdL nY bx oh[i }B R

.=|L R gd_x = eA}U p}R px heUn^dU _x
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
235

hedY nf T nfhdL dU }cY Yjx dUn= Ykx |U ni dL

nx{U
c> nY [SjT }acU nx{> R }> pAnU hfYkY
nfU qinT nfhdL nx{U c> nY }TjT ncH nx{> R
nbH pg@ Y }acU nbH ni}cY @i }ceU phfw pdhU px}bL
.pg@ Y ncH
|U ni afx i m dcX |SmX X me X ~gT :PfU bx
Y @}x hededU > U pbx}]Un= n]ZU }ceU nex
.YH eeU
:aw PcT G p^dG h T QdL nY bx |cw
T :bx |^T |bX pebT meT Q ohmgT o^wzT |bdT
|bdw Q m dcX mS X :bx PfUnR |^T v pebT a T
H meT Q o^wzT |bdT aw g|? p^dG hkQ zw
x {L n\`= {bA T Y n ehdH dS cx dedU {x}x
n c a < c T = X * e < m X ` ew w :dU S }bi U }I

Y = px{[U p=|U Y n ehdH hU n _J [ :}_ZU]g c G
dB{x px{[U p=|U Y {x nfU _R (phinex p=|U)
}>
rhA phinex p=|Un= hdY icx {S gf cU nhaZeU
236
@ Y ngd T phSB n=}ceU
}_U R inex {U }Y {>
.niU phA}U
Y {= gU ph[fUn= }>
ngd_i hfYkedU nf=dS yai nfhdL
cQ acA Q cT xZeTm< gcK rx{U R {S Ù R }>
dU Hnx eU hS ogZh wzT
hS {S eX [Q d^< ac=
px R gdcdT oKmdT wzT Q odT <mbT TG|T cT :nS
.geXjdT od
bU h]_x |U w |w {Ax
nY |w eeU ex |U w |w
px}hgZ> pbx}]= ]= hY}i R ni{A j]B rh= ynfi Y {=
R
zaQ oghK ]K X h zaQ |G mA K X ^_i ni =
.!H B w |w qhU hmH
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
***
237

cU L{i nY T = |Bji nY T R hhi}S hedY cfU :pA ngx

U nin= R}x nY B Y hR dU e@ {bR }bU B nfSB
{A }[B {S hSn[U hUn[U hh]U x}hU nfU n[Y
R dU H i gR |aT ac A mS :ngUb= bd B PfU n@
g T c T ? | w mS d T o e @ G c T G Q b T mS z a T :dU S

R }bU cx U i w [ :~A] |gS c T | S | A
!n A n A nfT}A R pY }hB nf=dS R }cR n edL nfUbL
Y gaY T R H cx w hedeU ci f_Y
nf>nhA T R ni{w YncA Y cA fxnfL Y fL T ehwnaY
> nY nfx{U hU hU nfedH nfi nf=}U bfU pYn_U pnU
< T m R ]B B
nfU hU >nedT nY pedT nfU hU
b h = R [ : }bU]g d T m^ T | T p d c G m
R c G
m h | X T{ < T w d T m^ T c T =md X m
| H *g g X
Qm e d T ~ Q me g c Q T Q [ :n_i] g d c d T
.[ :haa]eU]
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
238

d Y }cU Y I dS R b= }w d Y pA ngx
= f e = T dQ ngU pehS > lR } T pT}A >nhA R b= }eL
K f e = ZT
z^< cT X }w T |bedT mY`T K

Q dL L rx{U R [ :cf_U]| bed T mY ` T
XmgR X T ~gT mR \^T T Xmg X T ~gT m
.v|\Q mgS h {@ |fT n^T
pUnA R h_x {= d [x nY{fL ni lR pA ngx U|U
nR}i Y B{U R nY T U }h`>
rh= phA phSB J
dL dS dL hax |U A}U haU |w T ex dU nY RS
.n _Y c> hT ed _> dU >nL A
@ gd? Q :(heT nL) R Q dL nY fL }L nY |w
f_x @ gd? Q }h=n_U _= d]x hT i Â m ^X
JnZi SY R deL SY R h= R ai R U {ba>
ph=}> U n> |w lR _h]U Y .ngd T A R eU T
nhdL Y ni bx |U w pfU Y hd= }B |U w } cU
.Un_> inH dU ]bH dU {> eR dU } cU
[ :~XmT }T zeT]
239

{HnR SU }Y nT SU }YU d> :U bx H

phdeL lR nfw Y .}h` > nA = SU }YU d> n ah_
H nT hS}> hY}> phdeL qhU H R }hhÙ
ph\S
cU }hhÙ ph\S pY{U nU _= R U }cfx
R c K mf d ^ h o d ^ h |g _X w T c T i < T :|U ph\S
w }hhÙ
f_> (f`hi< mX)pedT f_> nY [ :nai] f `h i < mX | g _w @
nhUn= SL c> U hbU hna> f_> paJn_U B
}caU B
.x}Bn= SL

hU
ni ni w hU SU bx H neU |w R
}h`>
f_eU hU SU }hÙ hU ni }h`> {= U|U
dL .}cR }h`>
}I }h`> H }h`> = db> hU
ni
U phfw|U
}hh`> SU }hh`> phdeL R }ax H lR nH |w
}caU R qinT H px}caU
H }hh`> ngUB Y SU }x

Y }> SU }hh`> ph\S ..U }hQ Lne@
HnhU

ngdxU |U L rU SY Y }> ngf cU hS}U hY}U SY
|@ c> Y
.}ZdU {= }hdU |@ U
[ |T a^T m\A]
240

hU nw{S nhU n\S ni Y {> U gai i

|gU ..ni{S nin\S f[i x|U fR ni L [afY n hI
eL phi ngi ngd T nhU L nf?{x L dU nf?{x nY{fL
f a w{ g T m e T z w p S md < | T | T Q m ` T | f J :ni
{ T ^ < f a w{ g T [ :}U] ^ ? | w f c ^ T c d K { T ^ <
phi w Y ..qdeL nY _= |> ni ngx i nf_Y c d K
R eeU pbx}J phi eeU pT}A phi w eeU deL
X zP mf R mfg =i w o e d \ X o e X
p h mS o w |R
X c T | :T}>

hmS md < T T m b X S
T c T mf R iQ c T ^ hi< | ` b Q m
_S nf_Y _f[x inT ne= dU ngS [ :fU] ^ e Z w
T vm
b e d c J mX :qi d e> |U =nU SU phi w w}U

}x}I }hB c> nY{fL i [ :fU] d c] w f `h hmS
}A
c> nY{fL {S n\S new }ZU }hU U f_Y hdR
..{S n\S Y |w hU n hfQ }hbR n ini c> nY{fL {L
gaY px}cR
phAni Y U R }U
.nw{S
nhU n\S f[> qi
nY{fL dU .nhdU dU h]> nhU R dU cA ex {bU n\bU
nhU R phicU fU
B Y nhdU ] x nhdU ]x
241
.nH {A w ni
w ni .phU f cU phU
{Tkx `dx {bU n\bU
oi nff cU H r= U nx rx{U |w nT ne= ..phU ~@
pxnhB Y R ngd T nhU _x H {TkfU }caU U }hZi
dU lR |U ni {h= ngd T nhU _x phicU Y }hQ n _J
nA nhU S p_h]U S U |L niU bx {x}x
nH Y fcY {S dU lR ngSnJ } > nA nw}H Zc>
Y S hU cU bUn= _ZU ni ]L |g= .d T U
mh :b> U px R {i nY |w cU Y S w = ni
a` H mf e c d w g < i Q m
T
m
c K o h mX me | K
d T
Y dU [ :~A] f ? m Xc J mS h mh mf c d @ mf e X

dL ng}L {S phUkY hdcU phUkY f_Y ohmX
q}L U f_x pxnfcU f= cU n hA n } L neU
ngdeA qLn]H ne U nU dL dL neU dL pinY
ni cU ..phUkeU
}x{x h]x |U b_U de> ngi
f cU ngd S ind= ngdbx U {_Hn= ngd S ngd S hdL q}L nY{fL
[ :~A] f ? m Xc J mS h nbx ox neT ng= bx U
}hx {x}x H lR .ngdeA dL nS nT ngbx}J L }i i
h]> i cU R n xS }[fL e> nilT ilR bUn= _ ZU
nH |w dL .SU }YU dx R}x ilR |gU .cU }h`>
.}hhÙ phdeL L nfhUkY gai
[ |T a^T m\A]
242

nU phLne@ nU nU T @x eedU {=

..n[S
{_U R Lne@
{_U R HnhU
{_U
R px}aU
d T SU @> L kY qi fY nilT kY qi
.}hÙ
} x H R ni dL neU |w R .e= kY
nY S b> neU n \R d T eeU nT U }ae= U ]i
}\U Y hU .R}U d_hU {A > }hU eeU
c b w nS qfT hdL R}x {A _Y cx R}U }^f>
R}Un= eeU @> hdL [ :}bU]mf ^ G m ` h c T
nghdL > dU {x}x U Y |w cU d^dU nh`]dU }cfedU
}^f> nY{fL i x}B }^f> >[= U U @> hdL
c> {S nU _= R ..i}^fx }B cx ne= x}B
nx f cU sx ox
}[x ox U|T pAnU
ni T
b]fx hxY nfw {> {S {A h>jx }^fx |gU x}R
Y
d x {AU [U ]fx {nR nfw}B }aU }^fx {A
T
.ngSneL Y }x ne= [U
|w neU nY {A
nA = x}B }^f> U bx H lR U R
% pf= U hUkY ne>
{S ..f> U cex bR qi }ci
243
ne=
}B fY }x ne= {A I Y ph@nA }wn^Y b>
n]eU pxngi R f cU dbL g > U xnS Y }hT UA }hx
ni {S nU _= R .pAnU R }x n > _x h]hH
pAnU
qe pAnU {w pUnA R ni B B ngx
rx [U
nU _= R .. fL r> U ni
Y n= bdhU
[U {@i geU [U L r> L
{
ngU cx qbd]i U }hU w T :zxnU Y
n\R R pbd _Y qhb= pB}[U cU R p B} qinT = ng]hY R
ox nf_S R ..ng_Y nfbd]i nwnf_eH pfH U {_= i nf@ zxnU
R }caU |w L ni }L neU |w R nH |w dL }cai
: H K nx ix nhLn= {A
R R [U
}
i ni

n\aU
R n bd _Y bhU
eÛ {e U R n An=
` pagU
n R hU j
U d S R
h
h_x nhT
L
e[L }
n cR L n = }

d > {gU \ Q
x { L
eU {
n i
L hU }nA

[U
cU
ne [U
_= c> {S Ax ^x

nS B Y ni eL bx ngebx A Ax ^x

.
244
ni{A nf T U A U
pedT bi L ci nfhdL |gU
w|I Q Y@= :QdL nY bx neT Ai nfhdL
ZAx U ikx hdL ni .gbTmG oc aT T

.JnU
[ |T a^T m\A]
***
245

A >nhA n> pYnL phUkY

ex
|U ni pA ngx

x nghR d _x pH{Y R
n_U jZU R e_x |U ni nghR =}
pA}U U ni ne=
n>}x B}x
px}A
dex n_U SU R
U pA}Un= nfai yei nfU x nff cU n]_dU nf> S {> U
.r_U p\S R bU nB}H U nf_R{>
rx{U nghR n@ U pbx}]U dL JnZi { hU n>}x r_x e_x Y
T R <
mfgQ ?mew oKmG
mKmG XjdcT :bx |U x}ZU
>

mfgQ | w oKmG pLfeU
n_U @ R dU Y p[UnU phA}U >nhA
mf={T g< `h g< c w oKmG ng>n@nA >nhU nghR fx nghR Hm^X
ai h= d > gKmT e g= cK K oKmT {v | X |gP Q
n@nU JnZi { > dU n_U JnZi {> @ Y ng>|U h=
odS Y f x nT {U }B nin= n hf_Y ai }_x Y |gU .nhU
J pUnA h_x U {= }cR B Y >nhA sf x nT {U >nhA
pLnf[U c> @ Y SeU T }

> nSn]U T }af>
pe
.nw]>
nwei
T R nhU f`> T}A T R ni
f`> p Lnf
ci nf>nSn]U nafH pUnA R ci cU afU A nY U|U
sf
niS {x{U pe
i h]i A phA}U px}caU
pT}A pUnA R
246
{ex

nfT}A ni}cR B Y }cx beU R nf>n_d ]> Y fx n @ni
yaf> U pxhU nSn]U T
R {Y }nfL Y h]_i nY B Y

.bedU nhdU
n> ] i {= R p hUkeU h_i {x}i nY{fL
p=n? H dL nhU p T}A ~ T}
x |U h]U cU n Ynî nhU ]_x
ng>n? nhU ]_
x cex |U w p_H nR dL pfhY {LS dL
U }nf_U p_hJ B Y pxngfU B }_i px{U |fY i .ng>S
px{= w hT U S gf> x U S {> x Y U S px{U c>
.}hU B w hT U S }hU
[ |T a^T m\A]
***
247

nincR w} x {S nin@ w} x {S o_ U _i o_ U pA}=

i

c> nY{fL A }U p A nfh]_x ilR n hUnH o_U
cx nY{fL cU
R UnH}U
}U nR ni h_x nY{fL .U Y }[> nf>\L T
Y hAi nfT nY |w Y odS R A}U }aU
h_x ilR >nhA
Y ng= }\
x nT U nU Y nY{S qh Y nY{fL PdU H pedT
n[P bw T
< :=
oJnB }I U }gK {fH hT}ZeU S
h= dU{L {U y= nY{fL QhU nY neT .Tm< Q cK
h_i |U ni w A}U }aU .cT g^< h < }h mX v
:nS x{x
.U }nfL T dL hR od `fR n_U hR
{x nY dU ni sf
i {x}i pA ngx U {_= U S
pT}A HnA dS db_= yafx |U ni w dU ni pedT Y
}Y U ni {U hR dU x |U {hdbU nai dU dL >nhA
R nf=dS R nfUbL R dU cx cU ngR nx U nhI Y I
}hcU ni h]fR d]eU p S}I nfh]_x |U fU nf>nhA nfHnA
nY{fL .neU ni@ _a= ngd T {U ni dei U {U Y
hwU
U p hefY p hini nfhini
c> cdR hU efi dU dL yafi
|w T B Y nghR nfh=} U nfhdL ngUB Y } Zx U
x U h==

.nf>nhA nfY ng= \x nehR ngUB Y nff\x U ph=}U
[ |T a^T m\A]
248

nfU nghex px{hdb>

n bJ B R h_> dU nL
od]R d T ni nSn]U ngd T nhdU > ngi = nL
nL d_U
R nfU Y R @ Y }U
T nL nfU sA n\S
x}eU nL o]U cx |g= nL pnU pYn_U
g>nY
}x
Y |w T w {A }Z= U T nL pHnhU nL
.dU U p =}S hR d]f> dB R }hU B
d]fx n_U
e_U w nU
e_U n_U e_U h= }aU
phini
R dU U n x}S chU dU U p=}S ni = >jx B Y
:pUjY gai nfw Y .U U nY bU pT}U pR}_eU d_U

n_U R d]f> [ :mw{T] z ^ g T ~h ac A mX
T p
{bU :bx Un_> inH dU ..nhU R }> U p_HU pdYnZU
hb> nH dL nhU R T}x @ Y U i qbdB
nfed _> nY |w .dU {x h= }hdU p }R ngd T nhU c> R >
}hU e_= hU ni }bx |U dU U p =}S d [i nY{fL [U nx
cT mgK `h X cT T cT n@iQ cT mgK cT nL w |U
. |G pg< v cK A
[ |T a^T m\A]
249

\x nY{fL w nhU R nf>n@nA nin> nhU pehS pA ngx

hU |w R fi a`x
S }cax x T R nHU dL H ni

nhUn= Y dL ni odS
qR
pR}_Y dL dL ni qR
bL
pdcZY dY dQ q_]H {x{@ p}R
dL ni S
qR
n]H i hU }B R ai U ni Ax U SY dL }]hH
dbU _= yax ne U _= f[x Y{U _= cacx
j= ni }_Zx nY{fL n hI nfU ]_> qLn]H hini
}_Zx
lR >nhA R Zh_x nfU Y }hT _> qLn]H nwn\S U >nhA
nxnai U x
hdL [i |U neU T }fH .n_U w d>
peU ped U phinU }^fU b> cU dTji |U n_]U T |cw
nY{fL i nhU w U bx d _x |U b_U {> U {hU
.n> |w R }cai nfhdL h_U R }cai
[ |T a^T m\A]
250

i d T }hU dL d T }_eU dL ngd T nhU dL yaffU

Y dL phini pT}A A}Y R i B B ngx
A}Y Y pdA}Y R i d T U n_U Y dL cU JU |w
R x}ceU nH T _\eU
phini ]>
ni nghR @x
neU |w R i _SY nbH R x}A n[Y R hini }gS
S
d_U R S
nfai bU
f[i Y nfU {= pa_\Y _ZT
nAnU R S
T n[S R S
pHnhU R S
}U R
bx ni x d _x h]x w wn@ cx ni x
w nhU L ~_fx ni x n xS cx h]x w n ah_
f[i phUkY nfhdL pUjeU .nhU B R e_x h]x
nf>S
Ync> bU
Y }B hU nx nY nf Y {A T ]_x
Ynci
..nf>S
nf>nSnJ
B Y }x |U }U |w T @i nY{fL gai nfhdL
nfhdL }cU bU
nHj= |BjR n Rn_ inT kw }cai
bU
bU
nH L ni{_= nff cU nxS nY qS R nf T nfi nxS jR
R nxS ci h]i i {x{@ Y .na_ nfjR
nf_SY T
c> geU }hhÙ nfU c> geU bU
nfU c> geU
251
Y U he@ R nfhdL nfhini nfQ nfhini
dL nai nfU
hA}U eA}U ~x~_U bU dU dL yafi U {_= Y U S
f[i @ Y {h_= d]fi hT nxS ci hT fY gdi |U
w |w a U x}J |w yaU x}J w |w dU R ngd T nhU

dL A aU dL A nfYnS R nfi R n e bi nfi nfU x}J
pT}A a U @ Y p T}A nf>nhA T _i nfhdL U|U e_U }hB
T G b c d K c T | g Q c d K R
e_U }hB U U @ Y
.[ :p=U] e X j d T
[ |T a^T m\A]
***
252

dU }h`= nY T b > dU d c= d> {eU R h_>

bx >ex cU I T w {A dU n@}U Y w {A dUnR
_Y d > A cU ec= {@ ex {bR dU Y qfT .dU
{ T cT zdT
:_Y Qx{=n_U x nY nL neT _Y h_>
? { T cT zdT
mK T n w T | g P K T | g P K
eX | S i Q g T ec S { T cT
zdT
m? c A | g P ? T | g P
e K eP v T n = { T cT zdT
he gf g Q m e T T ec b w T
z e K H zd @ < | Q T n h h i S @ e K c w { T cT zdT

.z d < @
g T mh| H mh meg T | g A < m^h ^ e Tm< meg T n =
h{Tm
T ^ e d w Q xgR d ^ < me K g =i w w
| S c X }w
} w T zKm
h mQ u< megc K [ ` = d ^ e< meI
d ] K d c @ mX = X

. zg^ X m z X X | S
dU Y {eU R h_x nT |U Qx{=n_U x nY w |w
ninbA }]i nfhd_R dU Y {eU R h_i pA
ngx ni
|fU
nf>nh[L
Y {eU R }g]fU
}]i nfhdL dUn= nbA |w T
nfhd_R {eU nfdB dUn= pbd]eU peU
Y nbd Un= nh[_U
|w
253
T d]fhU nf>nx}nZL nf>nhanJ nf>nh=~A
nf>nh>
nf>nhini
T Y }g]i
zdX zfH PdU H pa w neT n Yne> {A pa[= nf Y {A
w rhA Y ngna dU px_U eL nL i {L i zK
h a w * X | b X m K < UH nT |gU nfU nY px}U {Y
.[ :nhi] c d ^ w | X i < v a T m<
n d }A ngd_i ni{@nY {e
i nfhdL U|U pA
ngx
fc S cT
cT mgK peUn=
}ax
n Lfx ngd_i =
}hUn= }ax
.Tmg^T f^`h cT T f@

[ |T a^T m\A]
***
254

n\U RnfU pAnH B{x nY{fL H dL {> }nfL nfw

nY{fL nhU R |Bjx dL {bU x{U lR
peeU }Û U jhg>
niU cex U pxn\U
}nf_U R fÙ Y }hcU ~x i
px pehS rhA pUjeU w |w n_H pfhijeJ pA}= ng_Y h_x
TnZY sUn_> nY {be= ni Y R}> nY {be= w pxn\A
pT}A
dB{U SdU phdB{U niceU
p=}U _a= [i i ni
Y RnfU R }nU }[_U R }eH dL nS H HU
..neU R nS nT neT }B nhU

{bU nincY L {i
}[Y cZ= U ni nfw
YH Un_U wk>
}aY {L nfgR YH Un_dU phLeU
H R h>}H
R}Ù
_SY ...n\U oinU R {ex
nghdL bx U }hcU px neU >nincY rx{U x{bU heUn_U
rhA }hT px}Z= pSnJ TY fY {_Y nf Y R eUn_U n[S
R hKU p_dU pd=nbU hxeU ne= YH
Un_U ncH {_
x
TY ngRB dL ph_h]U phfh_U
}dU TY pRnT nY
pYnS dwk>
n\A nhf= ph_SU niceU |w ..dY fQ
}U
|w x> UB Y h]x |U }ZU neU fÙ Y }hcU dex
255
ieU w nY nY..
A
S U phehwnaeU
ph_x}ZU
px}caU
]U
lR {AU pY
}ZY R phLeU
ph>|U
nincY hK> Y
S~eY edeUnR {AU pYU {A nx @ {L R ecx U
A n _he@ dU = n[L U {AU U wL{x H Y
? dG X feX ~gcQ gdcdT Xi< fw
x X :bx i
ox H f_x neY cd< ~gcQ w cQ gdcdcT mw mew
Y de_U
_ZU
}caU
deU ph[I
LnaU c= R h_x
.}B deU
w|\T Q mR^X

Y hcdgY U hfY Y hedeU > w nS_eU Y
R Âi nY |w x{d bY U hL{Y
pxn[S nhU Ai T
|Ù U
T dgi fR yd U pgU nhU Ai
ei nfhdL }a> U phU{U
n[eU }h?j> q> n \x }i
nhU
nfU dx {S ne= n[S n[S |w pT}A nfhdL }a> nin[S
.ph@nU
phdB{U
}hcU TnZeU
nhbJnfeU
nh[_U
nhH nfgR {AU nhQ U pRn
y {bR nx}nZ_U
phfJ } qinT H pbd`Y } nf Y cU
.phehdS px}nZL phYS
[ |T a^T m\A]
***
256

....................................................................... }x{[>
...................................... LU phUkY
dex x|dU h

.................................. _U
pg@Y R }[U }\= h

.....................................xgU hcZU pg@Y R h

..................................................... nfU nI U h

................................................ YH Un_U U h

..................................................UnH}U
hU U h

............................................... ph_hZU ph_@}eU U h

................................................ U
hU U h

...................................................Y nS{ h[i
..............................................UA Y \ai
eU h[i
....................................................... ncU w h

.....................................................>nHkY
h

.............................x}B n@ni nY ni {_= h[i
.......................................... b_U pY pY
c> j= h[i
..................................nhU S {x}x eY
U {_= ph[i
........................................................... hed _edU h

257
............................................... hh_YnU ]dU h[i
........................................nf= }An= x{UdU h

...........................................YH SU h[U h
.................................. R qhU w B ngdH R h

....................................................... fx{U Un_dU h

...................................... phed_U U J U h[i
............... P dU H d ex phfx{U
h
d_U ]U
................................................ dU h= }w {_= h

...................................................jhU pg@Y R h

..............................................pedcU phH{S
}A ph[i
..................................{hUnb> }Y
U ninxn\S > h

..................................... }h[eU }x}b> R b_U hc= h

................................................ phUkeUn= ~Un= h

............................................. }[U Un=
~Un= h

.............................nÙ xnZY @ R bUn=
eUn=
h

.....................................JnU U
h= nhU {_= h[i
............................................... nineL Y naHU h

............................................. afU pHnY }\= h

.................................. {x{@ pfH px{= pfU ngi {fL h

..px}h[eU nxn\bUn= x}aU n_U R pHHU Y }x|U R h

........................................ phLU pY c> j= pYU
h

..................................... }aU nS H {_= h

258
.................................. n Un n _eY eeU cx h

............................................. }={>
}S }bU }b= h

.......................................... JnU U
h= ~hheUn= h

.................................. i}bU
U gae= eUn=
h

.............................................. S
U }[U
x= h

............................................. pbU yfe= }U
{_= h

....................................... YkeU pH{Y U nLn= h

.................................. nafU w na pR}_Y }\= h

.................................................... LUn= d Un= h

..............................................gU pinY }\= h

........................................ phLU pY
c> j= pYU
h

............................ p_x}ZU n> R n_U px{gU R h

......................................... nI hhb> pR}_Y R h

.......................... dU {g_= ~U hbeU }[U R h

..................................... ph[_U
phfw L n_= R h

........................................... dU dL {U TUn= h

.................................. phHnhH
phA
pehS ~_U
nLn= h

.......................................nffx Y ~@ nfHnhH R h

............................................... nf>nedc= _eU
R h

........................................... dU {fU p=nH R h

........................... nx{U
pg@Y R p=[U }\= h

............................................. pfaU Y }x|U R h

259
..................................................hhUnH}U
nL{dU h

.............................................peU
U L{U R h

..........................................pd bY nf>nh[I
cU h

........................................ b_U {A e }aUn= h

.............................. {w ow|x A qSU neHn= h

.....................................}BU pL~Y ninhi c> j= h

......................................... gU nL L n_=n= h

.................................................... hÙ ^T R h

........................ RqhU w }hH }bUn= eUn=
h

............................................ JndU o[_U
{_= h

................................ U dL {ZU
dL }[U R h

...................................... nhU ew ni}n> nY{fL h

.................................... hedeU h= U }\= h

..............................................ai ni pR}_e= h

................................................... nbA of = h

.......................................hfnU L nR{U {L R h

....................................p_hZU pfU
h= >nbU {_= h

............................phan]U L {h_= Q d_=
~U h

......................... pUkeU }hQ nedcU J L {_Un= h

..................................................}bUn= eUn=
h

.......................... U Y R nU b_U hc= h

.................. _hI Y Q n[U nY {x}x nY pR}_e= h

260
.................................................... {[U ~Un= h

......................................... HnaU T he> R h

.......................................dU ocU e_U R h

.............................o\Ù {fL n[L {x}> }\= h

......................... {[fH nfi dÛ Y }x|U R h

...................................nR}i pg@Y R ned_dU h
..............................................ofUn= }BnaU {_= h

................................}U nhA odbU nhA h_i j= h

...................................pfaU R SU Y }x|U R h

........................................hdwnU pg@Y phahT R h

...........................ph[_eU R SU L ndU U R h

........................... ndU pRnî de> U pY
ci j= h

.......................... ngUbL ocfU nfU dS oci j= h

..............................}bU R nhi{U Y naHn= h

..................................U neL Y A~U {L R h

................................................... dU U _Un= h

......................................................{SnU {_= h

............................................ nhU p}R neHn= h
.................................. pY Y ~@ ij= UnH}U _Z= h

.................................................. dU pedT ~Un= h

....................................... dU Y nU oh>}> R h

................................................ afU pHnY R h

261
.......................................>|U {bfU phew pR}_Y R h

.............................................. phini
L {_U
R h

............................................ nfx}A
dL {hTjU R h

..................... dU Y U }caU {U n\H R h

...................................nB}U U h= U R h

..........heUn_U }U
nfU bx x pfhije]U h[> }\= h

j= h
................................ {A nxn]B ex ni T
Q hfYkeU }hY ph B Y nL{U h`d edU h

............................................................@ = n_eU
.............................................n_dU afU nexn= h

..................................... ngU |cU L {_U R h

..................................phLne@ nS_U phSB R h

.........................................cU hU U L{U R h

.................................. P dU H pinY e>
R h

................................ gH bL nfdbL cx j= h

.................................................... U
n> R h

..................................... n _he@ nfhUkY U
R h

................................ y[fUn= hfYkedU nf=dS yai j= h
............................................ }bU nf bd B cx j= h

..............................................} cU L n_= R h
.................................. SU }YU H {L R h
................................ ni{S nin\S f[x Y i nfij= h

262
............................................ dU hH R hdYn_dU h

.................................... ]iU p]Y pA}U R h

..........................................o_ U pA h_i R h

....................................ngd T nhdU > n_U R h

............................... n_U } H
nhU pehS pR}_Y R h
................................. aU nai x}J dH R h

............................ }hU Y n Lfx {eU Y _i h

.......................... pxn\U phYH }nf_Un= |B R h

..................................................................}gaU
***
263

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من وصايا السيد

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Available Formats

T o^\T

...n _he@ nf dU ...gA

QmaT XG }S|dT |wzX

}caU R n hL ngifex x|dU nwnhS ]_> cex nhU

x hhinfdU Y >nf= nf= >B iB cU oA fi

Rnx YH Un_U nxnU dJ bA Y nT fi

. deU pY_U i n= (*)

@ Y bd]i x|U w }T bU nfw :nS dL kw

di nf T {AU dU R c_Y di nfi dUn= bdi nfi

..}B fx nY cdgx gi n@ ni Y nf Y x}hcU pdcZY

nHj= |Bji U i nxS n[R d_U nHj= |B h=}`U

oi i nhU bx |U { e_i i U|U nhU oi i

nY _@}U ed _> nY fb U bd]i nfw Y R

gh]_i }cax dL nS gij= gaij= pbU ni ]_i

gd T hedeU d T H @> p_ pdY

In_R g> L {h_= bd]i gi R qhU w pehS

pT}= pSL U nY T dL pafY phfx p Rnb? dex ni x{U UnL

Y phfx{U U J Y ned_U Y nfiB T y[i

hd`U odbU oAn _I nfU n> ni_I cx |fU

hex }hQ Y hex ai Y ni ex |U w {eU

Y jhi nH dL d]fi Un_> inH dUn= nex B Y nfi

bx n\A bx Y .n\A zxn> bx n\A bx pedT bx Y

p?eU {hUnbU n_U }U pHnA }Y U pY >

cUbL }h_> {A cUbL _h> n@ cUbL ]_>

hei {= n b A nfw w pbhbA gai nfhdL

|Bj> n> phHnhU pUjeU B R }> phYL pUjeU

d^eU Un^U h= nhU R}Y JnU U h= nhU

nZU R e> {S e> Y }_> qi e> ij= }_Z> nY{fL

dL U _R}x cex }eL }_Z>

oHn> afU nA {Y =nT R nfU Un_> inH dU H

> n=nU e_U R bd]fx nfU

hcR n [Sni nf=nA cx nY{fL

ni{fL zxnU pT}U n ifL cU nwni}B pfH px pfU pxngi R `fx

pHnfY }hQ pHnfe= ]U dL [S}x nfU Y }hT

|w ga> nA {A pa }S }={> }S }bU }S

[/ RdT odcbT :o^dT ]

w {w } hQ dL g>nhA R nH x|U nf U _= L dU nf?{A

R dU R n Un deL cx yUn[U e_U in@ U }T

qaS lR d T U R nU Y }hcU ad cx Un=

x n ini nfx pbU n]Ll= _i Un_> dU

@ Y dU = hdx w = p=bL hU YkedU pfUn= U

mK mfc ^cQ vG fKS I T |]e= :cU S i

L{i nff cU _U nf\_= Y {b_i {x}i {hb_U U L{i i

@ {L nT nfw Y .ngUB Y U {fU nfUbL }i { =

hU dU lR p_x}ZU B R }H i YkeT nL R chU

HnaU YkeU h= ~hheU R}_x x|U nf U _U dU bx

:b> nY{fL hbeU U dL n e x}cU }bU R ~hT}U

Ubx x|U nf U |U nH dL T}x x|U nf U h= }R

B Y d]f> phHnhU nffxnfL nffx Y ~@ w nfHnhH

pdH U }U R n> i neT =}A Y ~@ w >nedT

i :nfai ji dU {fU ohfU nhU R d]fi nY{fL nfhdL

{eU R ngx k> n_T }e=

YkeU ni oA ..n _he@ nfU oA dU H Y qed _> {bU

ni{hUnb> _i nfUnA x}B Y ni|B nY U {ZY nfi

ni{fL c> nY{fL }ai {x}i }aU oi i Ubx nfU _=

nT ghdL bhR hdU >jx ghdL hb? n L Y~U }_x nfU _=

R AeJ T _> .U nL gU n> x}cU }bU }L

nA = _aU U {A KnQ R{f> ^hQ ^T

wj= ~di }hQ = {i }bUn= ~di nfU {= hedeT

b> i U f_Y n fYkY c> nY{fL i

p=nA}U p_U T p_U {R dU U _@ nhU c= h\> nY{fL

} gai d_x gw|Y R Lfx x|U hededU bi

phHnhH nhA qinT H phde_U nf>nhA R @ni nfw

pfU h= nRUn= hedeU d`Zx SeU _= R {L }i

oHn> afU nA {Y =nT R nfU Un_> inH dU H

@ Y dU = hdx w = p=bL hU YkedU pfUn= U

nh]_Y pe? hU n aSY pSL S

hU nw{S nhU n\S ni Y {> U gai i

nincR w} x {S nin@ w} x {S o_ U _i o_ U pA}=

n\U RnfU pAnH B{x nY{fL H dL {> }nfL nfw