2016 2nd International Conference on Control Science and Systems Engineering
RFID Sensor Placement Algorithm in Ubiquitous Computing
Jetendra Joshi, Munnangi Sri Harsha, Urijit kurulkar, Avinash Reddy, Dandamudi Akhil, Abhinav Goel, Byreddy
Nikhil Reddy, Amrit Bagga
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
NIIT University
Rajasthan, India
e-mail: name@xyz.com
AbstractRFID applications are used in the Internet of Things
(IoTs) which uses multiple readers to read the IDs of multiple
tags and form the RFID network. In such a network,
unguarded reader deployment may generate over-crowded
readers, cause interferences. The deployment is crucial for
RFID system performance Radio Frequency Identification (or
RFID) tags have seen its wide range of applications in the
recent years and has a very promising future. In the present
scenario, Ubiquitous computing plays an important role in our
daily lives and has a vast range of applications in many fields .
In this paper we have proposed a system which uses RFID tags
for guidance of tourists. The system uses RFID tags to guide
and inform the tourists about a given location and surrounding.
We have proposed an algorithm which describes the systems
implementation even for densely populated RFID Reader
based geographical area. The system requires multiple readers
and it collaborates to read the RFID tag data.
Keywords-radio frequency identification (RFID); sensor;
activity detection; localization network architecture
I. INTRODUCTION
Today radio frequency identification (RFID), has become
a widely used technology in practical applications [1-3], has
been considered as one of the main building blocks for
understanding the Internet of Things (IoTs) concept [4-6]. In
IoTs, most RFID applications include use of multiple readers
to read the IDs of multiple tags and form the required RFID
network. For example, a logistics or supermarket
management usually requires multiple readers to read the
multiple items in a specific area. To facilitate the operations,
it is important to arrange that to-be-deployed RFID reader
that includes their positions and power levels, by an optimal
topology design. Unplanned or Unguarded reader
deployment (for instance, readers are largely or randomly
deployed) may generate over-crowded readers in the network
and therefore interferences occur. When this type of situation
occurs, the deployment cost will increase rapidly and the
percentage of successful tag detection will tumble down.
Optimal RFID topology design, we must consider notonly
the reader deployment cost and the percentage of tag
detection but also the above two interferences into account.
Seeing that reader deployment plays a significant role in
RFID system performance.
Tourism is one of the major sources of income for many
countries. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a
978-1-4673-9872-5/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE 33
wireless technology which allows automated remote
identification of objects [6]. An RFID based system uses
wireless radio communication technology in order to
uniquely identify people or objects with tags. In the recent
days, RFID has found a wide range of applications in the
field of supply-chain tracking, library book tracking, parking
access control, retail stock management, airline luggage
tracking, toll collection, theft prevention, health care, etc. An
RFID based system mainly consists of tags or transponders
that has a unique identification number (ID) and a memory
which is used to store additional data like the producers
name, type or class of product, and also environmental
factors like temperature, humidity, etc., that are attached to
objects of priority or interest. The technological
advancements in the field of wireless communication
technology and electronics have motivated the development
of low powered and small-sized, inexpensive sensing radio-
equipped devices, reducing the cost of deploying monitoring
and tracking applications even in large-scale scenarios where
a large amount of data is collected from numerous different
locations. In painting or other exhibitions or museums,
people sometimes skip some of the exhibits because of less
information available in the description labels. Such situation
leads to the loss of interest for further desire of knowledge.
RFID technology is generally based on the idea of ID
matching. The RFID reader reads the tags and compares it
with the pre-stored memory. If the ID matched then it allows
access to a certain operation. There are cases when the
artifacts or different tags are very close to each other due to
which the RFID reader is densely constrained while
providing the information of a particular tag. This paper
deals with this problem of dense network and hence reader
matching solution is thereby proposed.
We have already been through the introduction of this
paper. In section II we have mentioned some of the research
work which has been going on related to our paper. In
section III we have laid down the problem statement which
we have primarily focused in this paper. The complete
system description and RFID Reader Deployment algorithm
has been given in the section IV. Section V explains about
the hardware used for our paper and the interfacing done
with the other modules. It also includes the algorithm by
means of which the system operates. Section VI explains the
system efficiency and also the techniques used for
optimization .Conclusion of paper is shown in section VII.
 II. RELATED WORK Step 1: Initialize the population size. Step 2: Calculate
The authors in [7] have made an automatic ware house the fitness value of each species according to the objective
system using RFID technology. In their paper they presented function. Step 3: Go through the selection process according
a framework of an RFID-based management system through to the fitness values. Step 4: Go through the crossover
application and integration of fast-growing IT technologies process to produce the next generation. Step 5: Take the
like that of RFID tags, wireless sensors and communication mutation process to avoid local optima.
networks to maximize the warehouse capacity and achieve a
better visualization of inventory control and data handling
management. The authors in [8] have presented an assistance
based system to locate lost objects, support blind and
partially sighted people with daily living activities and assist
in the rehabilitation of adults with acquired brain injury.
In [9] the authors have proposed a material tracking
system based on RFID technology. The authors of [10] have
proposed a vehicle speed assistance system with a new
Infrastructure to Vehicles (I2V) communication and control
system for intelligent speed control, based on RFID
technology for identification of traffic signals on the road.
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
With the increasing use of RFID technology in much
application. The use of semi-passive or active RFID
technology has a promising future since reading range
becomes much larger. It opens up a large number of
applications in remote sensing and monitoring is done. The
spreading adoption of RFID and its large scale deployments
have given importance to some planning and coverage
problems in this field. Tags coverage in RFID networks is
one of these problems that can be defined generally as
finding the number and locations of RFID readers needed to
identify a set of RFID tags in a particular area. Accurate
coverage is crucial in RFID systems as failing to cover a tag
may result in missing an important event and/or losing asset
and revenue. Is there any method that we can focus on Figure 1. Flow chart of the genetic algorithm.
designing a system that enables us to overcome these
difficulties and to propose an algorithm for efficient A previous optimization approach of ours, GAA is the
identification of objects that may be densely or sparsely hybrid practice of GA, SA (simulated annealing) [11] and
located. Is there any method to optimize the sensor GESA (guided evolutionary simulated annealing) [12]. It
placement so that efficient topology can be defined. involves only one operation, the stir operation, and four
parameters: the number of genes to be stirred (N), the
IV. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND RFID READER decreased number of genes to be stirred (n), the number of
DEPLOYMENT ALGORITHMS stirs (M), and the decreased number of stirs (m). G = N/n =
The major objectives of this paper is to deploy algorithms the number of generations. M decides the frequency of stirs
that uses full coverage with minimum number of readers and while m decides the decreasing stir frequency, in the stir
to propose an algorithm for minimization of the overlapping operation. Denoted by Stir(X, N), where X represents any
among readers in some coverage areas just like the case of an solution and N is the number of genes to be stirred, the stir
art exhibition, for instance, hence, we come up with an operation works as follows.
improved set of algorithms namely, Genetic Algorithm (GA) (1) Randomly select N genes (characters) from an X. (2)
and Genetic Annealing Algorithm (GAA). GA has three Change the values of the selected genes or their positions in
major operations: selection, crossover and mutation. It uses the chromosomes. (3) Completely stir the genes in the
the selection process, which covers selection and copying, to chromosomes to bring up all possible solutions scattering
select better fitness values into the next generation (common over the search space. GAA operates in the following steps:
mechanisms include roulette wheel and tournament), the Step 1: Set the four parameters N, n, M and m. Step 2:
crossover process to mix the species in order to produce a Randomly generate a solution X. Step 3: Generate a new
better next generation (common mechanisms include a single solution Y after executing the stir operation for X. Step 4:
point, pairs of points and even crossover), and the mutation Select Y if F(Y) is better than F(X) or select X if otherwise.
process to avoid the missing of excellent species. GA The figure shown below depicts the flow chart of the
operates in the following steps: Genetic Annealing algorithm used.

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Figure 2. Flow chart of the genetic annealing algorithm.
V. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND SYSTEM DESIGN
The hardware proposed in this paper comprises of two
parts. The users RFID Reader based handset consists of
Micro Controller Unit (MCU), 16 bit LCD screen, audio
codec attached with headphone, an RFID reader module of
125 kHz in the system and external memory. The MCU used
is ATMEGA 8515-16PU. The interfacing of the hardware
block diagram is shown in the Figure 3.
Figure 3. Block diagram of the proposed system.
The users handset is to be issued to the visitors at the
time of entry. As it approaches an object or place of interest
the users handset is used to identify the RFID Tag
Transmitter and whatever track is registered against the
RFID tag will be played.
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A. Algorithm
The track whose ID matches with that of the RFID tag is
played. The below given Figure 4, shows the sequential
working diagram of RFID based Audio System.
Figure 4. Sequential diagram of the audio system.
B. System Implementation
We have tested the algorithm on both the hardware and
programming is done on computer using C language.
Figure 5. Algorithm and system implementation.
The module testing will be done on the Linux platform as
shown in Figure 5. The hardware suggested in this paper is
tested for real time implementation in Artifacts in Art gallery
by applying the placement appropriate algorithm for.
Minimizing the overlapping of RFID readers.
VI. SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
A RFID reader system deals with large amount of data to
be analyzed by a MCU or a central computer system. Hence,
in order to increase the system efficiency and lower the
power consumption, the amount of data communicated can
be reduced without affecting the decision-making quality.
There might be chances of collision at times or might even
come across tags which are not useful across the system. The
simulation to evaluate the performance of optimization based
RFID sensor placement topology using genetic algorithms
GA, GAA is tested. Figure 6 shows the fitness value of the
algorithm GA and GAA.
Figure 6. Fitness value calculated by different schemes.
VII. CONCLUSION
We have described a system to integrate the audio
guidance system and RFID technologies. The reader
deployment plays a significant role in RFID system
performance; this investigation introduces a new approach is
built on genetic annealing algorithms (GAA). The learning
phase investigates technology compatibility with a simulated
RFID system. The development phase builds a system that
consists of RFID based Audio Guidance System for Tourists
and help in the promotion of Tourism Industry. It is targeted
for in-house exhibition monitoring and guidance. In this
paper, we have focused particularly on performance issues in
dense environments, such as those that can arise in factory
automation, supply chain and various smart environments.
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