Population Genetic Class

PLANT SPECIATION
Eka Wasi Al Mughni, Ihlas Ibrahim, Stevanus,
Dewi Fatimah, Ummi Mahmudah and Melin Ayundai
Presented on May 14th 2014

Faculty of Biology
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta
2014
 DISCUSSION OUTLINES

Concept of Species
Biological species concept
Genetic species concept
Phylogenetic species concept

Mechanism of Speciation
Isolation
Hybrid and Polyploidy
Allopatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Sympatric speciation

Plant Speciation (Case study)

 SPECIES CONCEPT

What does a species mean?

There are about 11 definitions of species build by scientists during centuries

Biological, Cladistic, Cohesion, Competition, Ecological, Evolutionary,

Isolation, Phenetic, Phylogenetic, Recognition, and Typological Species concept
 SPECIES CONCEPT-BIOLOGICAL S.C
Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations,
which are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr, 1940).

BSC: A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively

isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature (Mayr, 1982).

BSC: Species are the members in aggregate of a group of populations that breed or
potentially interbreed with each other under natural conditions (Futuyma, 1986)
 SPECIES CONCEPT- EVOLUTIONARY S.C

A species is a lineage (an ancestral-descendant sequence of populations)

evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary roles
and tendencies (Simpson, 1961).

ESC: A species is a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations which

maintain its identity from other such lineages and which has it own evolutionary
tendencies and historical fate (Wiley, 1981).

ESC: A species is a population or group of populations that shares a common

evolutionary fate through time (Templeton, 1989).
 SPECIES CONCEPT-PHYLOGENETIC S.C

A species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which

there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent (Cracraft 1983).

PSC: A species is an irreducible (basal) cluster of organisms, diagnosably distinct from

other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and
descent (Cracraft 1989).

PSC: A species as an irreducible group whose members are descended from a

common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining, or derived,
traits (A Dictionary Biology, 2004).
POPULATION GENETICS
VS EVOLUTION
Species concept can be projected
into 2 different level of analysis in
term of evolutionary biology.
Phylogenetic analysis which
analyze macroevolution and
population genetics which analyze
microevolution occurred in a
species in group of population.
 SPECIATION MECHANISM

Isolation
Geography
Reproductive
Temporal
Hybrid and polyploidy

Allopatric speciation
Peripatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
HYBRID AND POLYPLOIDY
 SPECIATION IN THE MYRTLE FAMILY
(MYRTACEAE): RAPID AND SLOW MODELS
 INTRODUCTION
Forming new species

Caused by reproductive
SPECIATION isolation

Evolutionary process

Myrtaceae Separate by ocean movement of

tectonic plate adaptes for long time and distance
(genetically and morphologically) if it meet again, it
cant produce fertile offspring
 Speciation Velocity
\

Range of
Geographic Area Time

Limited Wide Speciation by hybridization >>

geographical and ecological
speciation
Increase of Extinction Speciation increase
MODEL OF SPECIATION IN MYRTACEAE
Hybridization Faster Syzygium
speciation

Geographic
Less researched
isolation
Myrtaceae
Ecological
speciation

Evolutional Sub-family Leptospermoideae

activity

There are more probability speciation model occurred in Myrtaceae like molecular variation
in population. Many of the speciation model still unnoticed caused by recessive character
change. If breeding across population still occur freely, it makes more probability for this
recessive trait will show in the phenotype as new species.
 SPECIATION ANALYSIS

Phylogenetic analysis:
DNA barcoding/ DNA sequence analysis
Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ndhF
Allozyme
 DNA MARKER
Another example of speciation phenomenon: cryptic species of Kunzea in Australia
and New Zealand

Kunzea baxteri, K. pulchella and K. ericoides complex are different with K. capitata
and another species complex in Eastern Australia. It also have near morphological
relationship with K. ericoides complex, but its different genetically.

After compared with traditional taxonomy, there are some lack in variation
or
specific diagnostic characters to distinguish Kunzea species complex.
 INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER (ITS)

Located in DNA, like intron. Located between 2 coding gene.

It cannot solve the morphological difference berween Kunzea complex.

 cpDNA GENOME

Located in Tasmania and mainland of Australia

cpDNA from Monocalyptus in Australia more variable compared with Monocalyptus in

Tasmania which phylogenetically related by cpDNA in center of Victoria and West
Victoria

Variation in low cpDNA level and have a broad morphologic interdegradated between
Tasmanian endemic showed that speciation occur.
 ndhFcpDNA

ndhF chloroplast gene evolve rapidly Myrtoideae largely monophyletic and more
developed.

Derivation from flesh fruit occurred more than once.

Evolution from petals and its bloom note convergence and parallelism, an evolutionary
step produce different organisms that independently decrease the shape similarities.
 ALLOZYME

Genera of Eremaea member Myrtaceae using allozyme

variation in 15 polymorphic locus showed that almost genetic
variability on Eremaea sp. caused by difference in intra-
population than inter-population

Allozyme data which support morphological study indicate that

there are 5 species complex. From 159 pairs probable
combination between 19 taxa with morphological difference, 15
pairs showed little allozyme divergence.
 ALLOZYME

No allozyme difference connected with high speciation velocity

or trait with introgresive hybridization or gene distribution
between genera from hybridization

Phylogenetic analysis from allozyme data mainly consistent with

morphological data, except for the placement of E. purpurea
and E. Aff. Pauciflora
 CONCLUSION OF PAPER

Myrtaceae is an very old plant family and have a massive diversification.

Myrtaceae has evolved from primitive morphology in humid place and rain forests to
the specialized morphology in drought or semi-drought area.
 FURTHER READINGS
"phylogenetic species concept." A Dictionary of Biology. 2004. Retrieved May 09, 2014 from
Encyclopedia.com:www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O6-phylogeneticspeciesconcpt.html
Rieseberg, L.H. and J.H. Wilis. 2007. Plant Speciation. Science Review 317: 910-914.
Soltis, P.S. and D.E. Soltis. 2009. The Role of Hybridization in Plant Speciation. Annual Reviews in Plant
Biology 60: 561-588.
species concepts and the definition of species Retrieved May 09, 2014 from
science.kennesaw.edu/~rmatson/Biol%203380/3380species.html
speciation in plants Retrieved May 09, 2014 from
evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VC1iSpeciationPlants.shtml
Widodo, P. 2007. Review: Spesiasi pada Jambu-Jambuan (Myrtaceae): Model Cepat dan Lambat.
Biodiversitas 8(1): 79-82.