3.

0
Fluid
Mechanics
3.0 Fluid Mechanics
3.1 Fluid Flows in Two Unit Operations
3.1.1 Saccharification

Properties of the fluid:

Fluid Liquefied starch slurry Water Glucose

H2O C6 H 12 O6
Molecular formula (C6H10O5)n
Molar mass (g/mol) - 18 180
Density (kg/cm3) 1001 996 1540
8.03 x 0.0043
Viscosity (kg/ms) 25
104

Vapor pressure (mmHg) - 42.2 -

Surface tension (mN.m-1) - 70.346 -
Melting point ( ) - 0 146

Boiling point ( ) - 100 410.8

(Source: J. P. Holman, 2010)
Reynold number, Re

Inlet 1:

Flow rate of liquefied starch slurry = 50 000 kg/h

Assume the pipe diameter of 0.20 m.

1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 50 000 kg/h x
3,600 s

= 13.89 kg/s

m
Velocity, v = A

0.2


2

= kg
1001 3 x
m
13.89 kg /s

= 0.4417 m/s

VD
Reynolds number, Re =

=
(1001 mkg )(0.4417 ms )(0.2 m)
3

25 kg/ms

= 3.5371

Since the Reynolds number is smaller than 2,000. Therefore, the flow is laminar.
Inlet 2:

Flow rate of water = 5555.60 kg/h

Assume the pipe diameter of 0.20 m.

1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 5555.60 kg/h x
3,600 s

= 1.5432 kg/s

m
Velocity, v = A

0.2


2

= kg
996 3 x
m
1.5432 kg /s

= 0.0493 m/s

VD
Reynolds number, Re =

=
(996 mkg )(0.0493 ms )(0.2 m)
3

8.03 x 104 kg /ms

= 12229.8

Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.
Outlet:
Flow rate of glucose = 55555.6 kg/h

Assume the pipe diameter of 0.20 m.

1h
Mass flow rate, m
= 55555.6 kg/h x
3,600 s

= 15.4321 kg/s

m
Velocity, v = A

0.2


2

= kg
1540 3 x
m
15.4321 kg /s

= 0.319 m/s

VD
Reynolds number, Re =

kg m
=
( 1540
m )(
3 )
0.319 (0.2 m)
s
0.0043 kg/ms

= 22849.3
Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent flow.

In the saccharification reactor, the parameters that have to take into

consideration is the surface area of the bioreactor. For fluid inside the tank, the
parameters that we should consider are the density, viscosity, velocity and the flow rate of
inlet and outlet.

The velocity of the flow is the parameter that alters the flow of fluid in the
tank. Besides, it will help in calculating the Reynolds number in order to determine the
type of the flow. Temperature is an important parameter that we must consider, since we
involved enzyme in our process. The controlled temperature must suitable for the enzyme
to react. Hence, the saccharification process can be successful.

The type of flow occurs here is internal flow since the fluid was flowing in a
pipe and it is completely bounded by solid surface (pipe). It is also an incompressible
flow as the fluid changes during the flow is nearly constant in the saccharification reactor.
The fluid in the saccharification reactor is considered as natural flow as the fluid is
naturally allowed to flow in a pipe to manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid by
external means, which is heater. Since the saccharification reactor operates for long
period of time under the same condition, therefore it is a steady flow.
 3.1.2 Fermentation
A large amount of glucose is transported into the Bioreactor (R-04). The
Bioreactor has an impeller to allow the component in the glucose to undergo anaerobic
digestion process with bacteria (Cornyebacterium Glutamicum). The condition required
is about 35oC and 1atm.

3
C6H12O6 (aq) + NH3 (l) + 2 O2 (g) C5H9NO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + 3H2O

(l)

Fluid Glucose Ammonia Oxygen L-glutamic Carbon Water

liquid acid Dioxide
Molecular formula C6H12O6 NH3 O2 C5H9NO4 CO2 H20
Molar mass (g/mol) 180 17.03 32 147.13 44 18
Density (kg/m3) 1540 609 1.331 1538 1.781 996
Viscosity (kg/ms) 0.0043 138 2.010-5 6.7 10-5 1.517 10-8 8.03 10-4
Vapour pressure - 10125.8 - 1.10 10-5 - 42.2
(mmHg)
Surface tension - - - - - 70.346
(mN/m)
Melting Point (C) 146 -77.74 -219 199 -78 0
Boiling Point (C) 410.8 -33.33 -183 205 357 100

Inlet:
Overall Flow Rate = 75617.2 kg/h
Flow rate of glucose = 55555.60 kg/h
Flow rate of ammonia = 5246.88 kg/h
Flow rate of oxygen = 14814.72 kg/h
Assume the pipe diameter is 0.3 m.
Average Density,
 flow rate of glucose flow rate of ammonia flow rate of oxygen
( glu ) + ( NH 3 ) + ( O 2 )
overall flow rate overall flow rate overall flow rate
55555.6
( 1540 kg/m3 ) + 5246.88 ( 609 kg /m3) + 14814.72 ( 1.331 kg /m3 )
75617.2 75617.2 75617.2

= 1131.43 + 42.26 + 0.261

= 1173.951 kg/m3

Average viscosity,

flow rate of glucose flow rate of glucose flow rate of glucose

( glu )+ ( NH 3 ) + ( O 2 )
overall flow rate overall flow rate overall flow rate

55555.6 5246.88 14814.72

( 0.0043 kg/ms ) + ( 138 kg /ms ) + ( 2.0 105 kg/ms )
75617.2 75617.2 75617.2

= 3.16 10-3 + 9.576 + 3.9210-6

= 9.58 kg/ms

kg 1h
75617.2
Mass flow rate, m

h 3600 s

= 21.01 kg/s

m
V=
Velocity, A
 kg
0.1
s
V= 2
kg ( 0.3 ) 3
1173.951 3 m
m 4

V = 0.2532 m/s

VD
=
Reynolds number,

kg
1173.951 (0.2532 m/ s)(0.3 m)
m3

kg
9.58
ms

= 9.3083

Since, Re < 2000. Therefore, the inlet flow could be considered as laminar flow.

Outlet 1 (CO2):

Overall flow rate = 16666.56 kg/h

Assume the pipe diameter = 0.15 m

From Table A-10:

Temperature (C) Density, (kg/m3) Viscosity, (kg/m.s)

0 1.9635 1.375 10-5
50 1.6597 1.612 10-5

( 1.65971.9635 ) kg
m3 kg
Density , = ( 350 ) C+1.9635 3
( 500 ) C m
 3
1.75084 kg /m

( 1.612 1051.375 105 ) kg /ms

Viscosity , = ( 350 ) C +(1.375 105)
(500) C

5
1.5409 10 kg/ms

kg 1h
Mass Flow Rate , m=16666.56

h 3600 s

4.6296 kg /s

m
Velocity , V =
A

2
4.6296 ( 0.15 ) 3
V= m
1.75084 4

V =149.632 m/s

VD
=
Reynolds number,

( 1.75084 )( 149.635 ) ( 0.15 )

1.5409 105

2550279.293

Since, Re > 4000. Therefore, the flow can be considered turbulent flow.
Outlet 2:

Overall flow rate = 58950.24 kg/h

Flow Rate of C5H9NO4 = 45370.08 kg/h

Flow Rate of H20 = 13580.16 kg/h

Assume the pipe diameter = 0.20 m

flow rate of glucose flow rate of glucose

( C 5 H 9 NO4 ) + ( H 20 )
Average Density, overall flow rate overall flow rate
45370.08
( 1538 kg /m3 ) + 13580.16 ( 996 kg /m 3 )
58950.24 58950.24

= 1413.14 kg/m3

flow rate of glucose flow rate of glucose

( C 5 H 9 NO 4 ) + ( H 20 )
Average viscosity, overall flow rate overall flow rate

45370.08
( 6.7 105 kg/ms ) + 13580.16 ( 8.03 105 kg/ms )
58950.24 58950.24

= 2.366 10-4 kg/ms

kg 1h
Mass Flow Rate , m=58950.24

h 3600 s

16.375 kg/ s

m
Velocity , V =
A
 2
16.375 ( 0.20 ) 3
V= m
1413.14 4

V =0.3689 m/s

VD
=
Reynolds number,

( 1413.14 )( 0.3689 )( 0.20 )

2.366 104

440665.55

Since, Re > 4000. Therefore, the flow can be considered as turbulent flow.

In the bioreactor, the parameters that have to take into consideration is the surface
area of the bioreactor. For fluid inside the tank, the parameter that we should be
considered are the density, viscosity, inlet temperature and outlet temperature, velocity
and the flow rate of inlet and outlet.

The velocity of the flow is the parameter that alters the flow of fluid in the tank.
Besides, it will help in calculating the Reynolds number in order to determine the type of
the flow. Temperature is an important parameter that we must consider, since we involved
microorganisms in our process. The controlled temperature must suitable for the yeast to
culture. Hence, the fermentation process can be successful.

The type of flow occurs here is internal flow since the fluid was flowing in a pipe
and it is completely bounded by solid surface (pipe). It is also an incompressible flow as
the fluid changes during the flow is nearly constant in the bioreactor. The fluid in the
Bioreactor is considered as forced flow as the fluid is force to flow in a pipe by external
means, which is pump. Since the bioreactor operates for long period of time under the
same condition, therefore it is a steady flow.

3.2 Piping between Two Unit Operations

Properties of fluid:

Fluid L-glutamic acid Water

Molecular formula CHNO HO

Molar mass (g/mol) 147.13 18

Density (g/cm3) 1.538 0.994

Viscosity (kg/ms) 6.7 10-5 8.03 10-4

 Mass flow rate (kg/s)

kg 1h
h 3600 s
Mass flow rate of L-glutamic acid = 45370.08 x

= 12.60 kg/s

kg 1h
h 3600 s
Mass flow rate of water = 13580.16 x

= 3.77 kg/s

kg 1h
h 3600 s
Total mass flow rate = 58950.24 x

= 16.38 kg/s

Assumptions:
Diameter of the pipe = 0.20 m
Length of the pipe = 8 m
Material: stainless steel

[0.77(1.538) 0.23(0.994)][1000000]
1000
Total density, =

= 1412.88 kg/m3

Total viscosity, = 0.77(6.7 10-5) + 0.23(8.03 x 10-4)

= 2.362810-4 kg/ms
Total volumetric flow rate, =

16.38
1412.88
=

= 0.0116 m3/s

Velocity, v =

16.38
(1412.88)( 0.0314)
=

= 0.369 m/s

Reynolds number, Re =

(1412.88)(0.369)(0.0314)
0.00023628
=

= 69284.2196

Since the Reynolds number is larger than 4,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.

The flow of the fluid in the pipe is turbulent flow, pipe roughness is very important. From

the Table 9, the value of the roughness, for stainless steel is

Relative roughness of the pipe =

=
By referring from the Colebrook equation, the friction factor, f is 0.0119.

Pressure drop,

8 (1412.88)(0.369 0.369)
0.0314 2
= 0.0119

= 291.63 kg/ms2

= 291.63 Pa

Head loss,

8 (0.369 0.369)
0.0314 (2 9.81)
= 0.0119

= 0.021 m

Pumping power,

= ( 0.0116m3/s) (291.63 N/m2) ( )

3600s
1h
= ( 3.382908 W/s ) ( )

= 12178.47 W/h
 = 12.178 kW/h

Hence, the power input of 12.178 kW/h is needed to overcome the

frictional loss in the pipe.
4.0
Heat and Mass
Transfer

4.0 Heat and Mass Transfer

4.1 Identification of Heat and Mass Transfer in Two Unit
Operations

We have identified two unit operations that involve in heat and mass
transfer process that are dryer that dries the cassava chips and the
saccharification stirred reactor that produce glucose from cassava starch
slurry.
6.0
References
7.0
Appendix