1.

INTRODUCTION

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses
transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using
this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when
the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF
lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light
Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.

By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now a days the
manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight
comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON
time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of
using timer circuits or manual operation.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off
region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of
an electromagnetically operated switch.

Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF. The

system itself detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to
a certain value then automatically streetlight is switched ON and when there is
other source of light, the street light gets OFF. The extent of darkness at which the
street light to be switched on can also be tailored using the potentiometer provided
in the circuit.

1.1 PROJECT MOTIVATION

Smart cities and green technology are becoming one of the world agenda in
preparing for a better future. The smart street lighting system is one of the
technologies that support green environmental related work. The technology that
evolves with the advance in wireless communication and low energy street light has
become the foundation in the development of smart cities.

Apart from supporting works toward better future, smart city technologies allow
improvement in the area of response and maintenance where failures or
breakdowns within the deployment area is almost real time detectable, allowing
immediate response from the respective person.

Street lighting is one of the important parts of a citys infrastructure where the
main function is to illuminate the citys street during the dark hours of the day.

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There are several factors that should be considered for the design of road lighting
systems, such as a safety night for members of the public and other road users,
provide public lighting at a cost effective, reduce crime and reduce its impact on the
environment.

Generally, street light is switched on for the whole night and during the day the
street light is switched off but during the night time, street light are not necessary if
there is no traffic user. Saving of this energy consumption is a very important factor
these days as energy resources get reduced day by day. Alternatives for natural
resources are very less and our next generations may face lots of problems because
of lack of these natural resources.

Photoelectric control unit (PECU), wireless control system by using ZIGBEE,

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) controller circuit and microcontroller
programming control system is the previous automatic control system that has been
used. All this technique will be operated based on the decreasing or increasing of
light level. The system was declared either to switch on or switch off the street
lamp. The previous control system sometimes it does not operate efficiently due to
less sensitivity of the light, problem to the receiving part of the wireless system and
imperfect time to switch on and switch off the street lamp. Based on the
consideration of previous work and street lighting problem, the improvement of
street lighting control system was proposed by using Arduino microcontroller
system. The Arduino microcontroller system has some advantages such as
inexpensive, easy to run the programming, simple and clear programming
environment, have open source and extensible software and also have extensible
hardware. This is the reason why Arduino microcontroller has been choosen as the
controller for the system. Arduino microcontroller system is the device that can very
fast and capable of running thousands of lines of code each seconds.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

M.Abhishek et al [1] have implemented design of traffic flow based street light
control system with effective utilization of solar energy in the year 2015. They used
the renewable source of energy i.e. the solar power for street lighting. They have
also used 8052 series microcontroller and is developed by replacing the normal
bulbs with the LEDs due to which the power consumption is reduced by 3 times.
Sensors are placed on either side of the road which senses the vehicle movement
and sends the commands to the microcontroller to switch ON and OFF the lights.
Here all the street lights remain switched off and it glows only when it senses the
vehicle movement. Hence, because of the microcontroller, even when its night the
lights are switched off.

C.Bhuvaneshwari et al [2] have analyzed the street light with auto tracking
system by which one can increase the conversion efficiency of the solar power
generation. Here, the sun tracking sensor is the sensing device which senses the
position of the sun time to time and gives the output to the amplifier based on light
density of the sun. Sun tracking sensor is LDR, amplifier unit is used to amplify the

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LDR signals which converts low level signals to high level signals and the output is
given to comparator. The LM324 IC is used as an amplifier. Comparator compares
the signals and gives the command to AT89C51 microcontroller.

Gong Siliang[3] describes a remote streetlight monitoring system based on

wireless sensor network. The
system can be set to run in automatic mode, which control streetlight according to
Sunrise and Sunset Algorithm and light intensity. This control can make a
reasonable adjustment according to the latitude, longitude and seasonal variation.
Also this system can run in controlled mode. In this mode, we can take the initiative
to control streetlights through PC monitor terminal. In addition, the system
integrates a digital temperature-humidity sensor, not only monitoring the streetlight
Real-time but also temperature and humidity. The system is equipped with the high-
power relay output and can be widely applied in all places which need timely control
such as streets, stations, mining, schools, and electricity sectors and so on.
But in this work a wireless network for streetlight remote control is discussed. In
particular, the novelty of the proposal is in the location awareness of nodes, which
cannot self-localize themselves. Prototypes have been built using costly hardware.
The capability of the ranging measurements, the basis for localization, is not
characterized and showing some problems on the order of one meter. In near future,
location aware routing algorithms will developed that will improve the efficiency of
the network.
S.H. Jeong[4] describes about the Development of Zigbee based Street Light
Control System which control and monitor status of street lights installed alongside
load. Lights are switched to ON/OFF by this systems control command. Its local
status information is also monitored by control system via communication channel.
Status information which is monitored are on/off status information, energy saving
mode status, control group status information and safety related information, etc. To
transfer control command and status information between street light control
system and remote street light control terminals which installed at each light pole,
various communication media and communication protocols are using. As
communication media, wireless or power lines are used generally. Various frequency
bands from tens of MHz to Rebrands are used for wireless case. This Street light
control system can save maintenance time and costs and which can improve safety
level.

Manuel Burgos Payan et al[5] have described in detail about how the
replacement of sodium vapour lamps or high pressure mercury vapor lamps with led
lamps can save a lot of electrical energy in existing Street light lamp of Spain. This
paper contains detailed analysis of power consumption by different types of lamps,
features of these lamps and energy saved by replacing each type of lamp.
Distribution of the various types of lamps in Spain has been studied and estimation
of total energy cost saving by replacing them with LED lamps has been projected.
The major areas of focus are illumination technology and the benefits of using
reflectors for directing the light beam at proper location

From this literature survey, the methods each one has implemented and used is
simple and easy to understand. These papers and journals has given many ideas to

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further implement a much efficient system and make things automated. The
presentations are simple and clean with all the necessary information needed for a
basic learner or reader.

1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to design a street light control system using
microcontroller, which automatically turns on or off the street lights by detecting the
movement of vehicles during night and keeps the street light off during day time.
The working of the project is explained here.

LDRs are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on
them and that is increased in the dark. During day time when resistance of LDR is
low, the microcontroller will detect logic 0 and when there is not sufficient light
resistance of LDR is high, the microcontroller will detect logic 1.

So, the program for the microcontroller must be written in such a way that it will
check logic of IR sensor when microcontroller detects logic 1 from LDR and when
microcontroller detects logic 0 from LDR then keep the street light off without
checking the logic of IR sensor.

The IR transmitter is placed directly in line of sight with IR receiver, so that the IR
receiver continuously receives infrared rays. Once the IR receiver receives infrared
rays, the microcontroller will detect Logic 0. If the infrared rays are blocked by some
means, the microcontroller will detect logic 1.

So, the program for the microcontroller must be written in such a way that it will
turn ON the LEDs, which means here the street lamp, when it detects Logic 1 from
IR sensor and it will turn OFF the LEDs, when it detects Logic 0 from IR sensor.

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Consider the two IR sensors i.e. IR Transmitter and IR Receiver are placed on the
either side of the road. As per the circuit diagram, the IR receivers are connected to
the PORT0 and the LEDs are connected to the PORT2 of the microcontroller.

At the beginning, when there is no obstacle, the IR receiver continuously detects IR

light transmitted by the IR Transmitter. When a car or any other vehicle blocks any
of the IR sensor, the microcontroller will turn ON the immediate three LEDs.

If the car blocks the first IR sensor, the first three LEDs are turned ON by the
microcontroller. As the car moves forward and blocks the second IR sensor, the
corresponding next three LEDs will be turned ON and the first LED of the previous
set is turned OFF. The process continues this way for all the IR Sensors and LEDs.

1.4 METHODOLOGY
The principle behind the working of the project lies in the functioning of LDR and IR
Sensor.

LDRs are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on
them and that is increased in the dark. We use this property to keep the LEDs off
during day when there is sufficient light.

We are going to use a Transmissive type IR Sensor in this project.

In Transmissive IR Sensor, the IR transmitter and receiver are placed facing each
other so that IR receiver always detects IR Rays emitted by the IR Transmitter.

If there is an obstacle between the IR Transmitter and Receiver, the IR Rays are
blocked by the obstacle and the IR Receiver stops detecting the IR Rays.

So IR sensor is used to turn on light during night when there is a obstacle.

This can be configured to turn ON or OFF the LEDs (or street lights) with the help of
microcontroller.

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 2. ARDUINO
2.1Overview
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect
it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and
start over again.

Technical specs
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P)
Flash Memory
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

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 LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g

Schematics

Programming

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 The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software (IDE)). Select
"Arduino/Genuino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes preprogrammed with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for
details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the
Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2.

On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS
X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more
information.

Power
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

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 The power pins are as follows:

Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or
3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference
with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the
IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328P ports. The mapping for
the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and
has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A

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 maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid
permanent damage to the microcontroller.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-
TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the
Wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF
pin and the analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

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Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1
(TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins
0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via
a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the interface
toolbar. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering
of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on
the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board
after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with
which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before
sending this data.

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The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads
on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

2.2 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and
its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A
microcontroller is available in different word lengths like microprocessors
(4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit microcontrollers are available today).

Microcontroller Chip

You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any
device that measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must
have a microcontroller chip inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in
automobile industry (microcontrollers widely used for controlling engines and power
controls in automobiles). You can also find microcontrollers inside keyboards,
mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test equipments,
microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and
waveforms. Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital
camcorders, optical players, LCD/LED display units, etc.

And these are just a few examples.

1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:

i. Central processing unit(CPU)

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 ii. Random Access Memory)(RAM)
iii. Read Only Memory(ROM)
iv. Input/output ports
v. Timers and Counters
vi. Interrupt Controls
vii. Analog to digital converters
viii. Digital analog converters
ix. Serial interfacing ports
x. Oscillatory circuits

2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing

system and functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it.

3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the
user.

4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily

understood by the programmer.

5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions.

6) Higher speed and performance.

7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security.

8) Easy to design with low cost and small size.

2.3Microcontroller structure
The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig .

Microcontroller Structure

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 CPU

CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction,
decodes it, then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into
a single system. The primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions.
Instruction fetched from program memory must be decoded by the CPU.

Memory

The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to

store data and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and
ROM (EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.

Parallel input/output ports

Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such
as LCDS, LEDS, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller .

Serial ports

Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcontroller and other
peripherals like parallel ports.

Timers/counters

This is the one of the useful function of a microcontroller. A microcontroller may

have more than one timer and counters. The timers and counters provide all timing
and counting functions inside the microcontroller. The major operations of this
section are perform clock functions, modulations, pulse generations, frequency
measuring, making oscillations, etc. This also can be used for counting external
pulses.

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

ADC converters are used for converting the analog signal to digital form. The input
signal in this converter should be in analog form (e.g. sensor output) and the output
from this unit is in digital form. The digital output can be use for various digital
applications (e.g. measurement devices).

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

DAC perform reversal operation of ADC conversion.DAC convert the digital signal
into analog format. It usually used for controlling analog devices like DC motors,
various drives, etc.

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 Interrupt control

The interrupt control used for providing interrupt (delay) for a working program .The
interrupt may be external (activated by using interrupt pin) or internal (by using
interrupt instruction during programming).

Special functioning block

Some microcontrollers used only for some special applications (e.g. space systems
and robotics) these controllers containing additional ports to perform such special
operations. This considered as special functioning block.

2.4 ATMEGA328

VCC : Digital supply voltage.

GND : Ground.

Port B (PB[7:0]) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low
will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending
on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on

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the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting
Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock
source, PB[7:6] is used as TOSC[2:1] input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if
the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.

Port C (PC[5:0])

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The PC[5:0] output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled
low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-
stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this
pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the
clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.

Port D (PD[7:0]) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.
The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the
clock is not running.

AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC[3:0], and PE[3:2]. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC[6:4] use digital
supply voltage, VCC.

AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

ADC[7:6] (TQFP and VFQFN Package Only)

In the TQFP and VFQFN package, ADC[7:6] serve as analog inputs to the A/D
converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC
channels.

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 3. LDR
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is
a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive
devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply
photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
There are many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most
commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling

on it.
3.1Working Principle of LDR
Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is
increased when light is absorbed by the material. A light dependent resistor works
on the principle of photo conductivity. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on
the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are
excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident light should have
energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to make the

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electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light
having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to
the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of
this process is more and more current starts flowing through the device when the
circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been
decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR .

3.2Characteristics of LDR
LDRs are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on
them and that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in
dark, its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can
be as high as 1012 and if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will
be decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is
increased the current starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance vs.
illumination curve for a particular LDR.

Photocells or LDRs are non linear devices. There sensitivity varies with the
wavelength of light incident on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a
certain range of wavelengths. Based on the material used different cells have
different spectral response curves.

When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the

change in resistance to take place, while it takes one or more seconds for the
resistance to rise back again to its initial value after removal of light. This

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phenomenon is called as resistance recovery rate. This property is used in audio
compressors. Also, LDRs are less sensitive than photo diodes and photo transistor.
(A photo diode and a photocell (LDR) are not the same, a photo-diode is a p-n
junction semiconductor device that converts light to electricity, whereas a photocell
is a passive device, there is no p-n junction in this nor it converts light to
electricity).

Types of Light Dependent Resistors: Based on the materials used they are classified
as:

1. Intrinsic photo resistors (undoped semiconductor): These are made of pure

semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. Electrons get excited
from valance band to conduction band when photons of enough energy fall
on it and number charge carriers is increased.

2. Extrinsic photo resistors: These are semiconductor materials doped with

impurities which are called as dopants. Theses dopants create new energy
bands above the valence band which are filled with electrons. Hence this
reduces the band gap and less energy is required in exciting them. Extrinsic
photo resistors are generally used for long wavelengths.

3.3Construction of a Photocell
The structure of a light dependent resistor consists of a light sensitive material
which is deposited on an insulating substrate such as ceramic. The material is
deposited in zigzag pattern in order to obtain the desired resistance and power
rating. This zigzag area separates the metal deposited areas into two regions. Then
the ohmic contacts are made on the either sides of the area. The resistances of
these contacts should be as less as possible to make sure that the resistance mainly
changes due to the effect of light only. Materials normally used are cadmium
sulphide, cadmium selenide, indium antimonide and cadmium sulphonide. The use
of lead and cadmium is avoided as they are harmful to the environment .

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3.4Recovery rate
When an LDR is brought from a certain illuminating level into total darkness, the
resister does not increase immediately to the dark value. The recovery rate is
specified in k ohm/second and for current LDR types it is more than 200k
ohm/second . The recovery rate is much greater in the reverse direction , e.g. going
from darkness to illumination level of 300 lux , it takes less than 10ms to reach a
resistance which corresponds with a light level of 400 lux . A LDR may be connected
either way round and no special precaution are required when soldering.

1. Darkness: Maximum resistance, about 1Mohm.

2. Very bright light: Minimum resistance, about 100 ohm. The LDR is a
variable resistor whose resistance decreases with the increase in
light intensity. Two cadmium sulphide (cds) photoconductive cells with
spectral response similar to that of the human eye. The cell resistance
falls with increasing light intensity. Some of its features:
i) High reliability.
ii) Light weight.
iii) Wide spectral response.
iv) Wide ambient temperature range

3.5Applications of LDR
LDRs have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors.
They are used when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in
a camera light meter. Used in street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light
intensity meters, for counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt, etc.

3.5Light dependent resistor specifications

There are several specifications that are important for light dependent resistors,
LDRs / photoresistors.

These photoresistor specifications include:

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 KEY LDR / PHOTORESISTOR
SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER DETAILS

Max power This is the maximum power the device is able to dissipate
dissipation within a given temperature range. Derating may be applicable
above a certain temperature.

Maximum Particularly as the device is semiconductor based, the

operating maximum operating voltage must be observed. This is
voltage typically specified at 0 lux, i.e. darkness.

Peak This photoresistor specification details the wavelength of

wavelength maximum sensitivity. Curves may be provided for the overall
response in some instances. The wavelength is specified in
nm

Resistance The resistance under illumination is a key specification is a

when key parameter for any photoresistor. Often a minimum and
illuminated maximum resistance is given under certain light conditions,
often 10 lux. A minimum and maximum vale may be given
because of the spreads that are likely to be encountered. A
'fully on' condition may also be given under extreme lighting,
e.g. 100lux.

Dark Dark resistance values will be given for the photoresistor.

resistance These may be specified after a given time because it takes a
while for the resistance to fall as the charge carrier recombine
- photoresistors are noted for their slow response times.

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A typical light dependent resistor, LDR / photoresistor specification may be:

EXAMPLE PHOTORESISTOR
SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER EXAMPLE FIGURES

Max power dissipation 200mW

Max voltage @ 0 lux 200V

Peak wavelength 600nm

Min. resistance @ 10lux 1.8k

Max. resistance @ 10lux 4.5k

Typ. resistance @ 100lux 0.7k

Dark resistance after 1 sec 0.03M

Dark resistance after 5 sec 0.25M

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 4. IR SENSOR
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main
areas are sensing and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the
infrared portion is divided into three regions: near infrared region, mid infrared
region and far infrared region.

The wavelengths of these regions and their applications are shown below.

Near infrared region 700 nm to 1400 nm IR sensors, fiber optic

Mid infrared region 1400 nm to 3000 nm Heat sensing

Far infrared region 3000 nm to 1 mm Thermal imaging

The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible
light.

For optical sensing and optical communication, photo optics technologies are used
in the near infrared region as the light is less complex than RF when implemented
as a source of signal. Optical wireless communication is done with IR data
transmission for short range applications.

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects
of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as
detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather
than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared
spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of
radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by
the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and these output
voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

4.1 TYPES OF IR SENSORS

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4.1.1 ACTIVE INFRARED SENSORS
Active infrared sensors employ both infrared source and infrared detectors. They
operate by transmitting energy from either a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser
diode. A LED is used for a non-imaging active IR detector, and a laser diode is used
for an imaging active IR detector.
In this types of IR sensors, the LED or laser diode illuminates the target, and the
reflected energy is focused onto a detector. Photoelectric cells, Photodiode or
phototransistors are generally used as detectors. The measured data is then
processed using various signal-processing algorithms to extract the desired
information.

Active IR detectors provide count, presence, speed, and occupancy data in both
night and day operation. The laser diode type can also be used for target
classification because it provides target profile and shape data.

These sensors are used as reflective opto-sensors. Reflective opto-sensors are

either intensity based or use modulated IR. Intensity based sensors are affected by
ambient light. Modulated Infrared sensors wherein emitter is turned ON and OFF
rapidly, are less susceptible to ambient light. Reflective opto-sensors are used in
two configurations.
Break Beam Sensors
This type of sensors consists of a pair of light emitting and light detecting elements.
Infrared source transmits a beam of light towards a remote IR receiver creating an
electronic fence. Once a beam is broken/interrupted due to some opaque object,
output of detector changes and associated electronic circuitry takes appropriate
actions.
Typical applications of such sensors are intrusion detection, shaft encoder (for
measurement of rotation angle/rate of rotation)

Reflectance Sensors
This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing
in such a way that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is
reflected into a detector. Amount of light reflected into the detector depends upon
the reflectivity of the surface.

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This principle is used in intrusion detection, object detection (measure the presence
of an object in the sensors FOV), barcode decoding, and surface feature detection
(detecting features painted, taped, or otherwise marked onto the floor), wall
tracking (detecting distance from the wall), etc.

It can also be used to scan a defined area; the transmitter emits a beam of light into
the scan zone, the reflected light is used to detect a change in the reflected light
thereby scanning the desired zone.

4.1.2 PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS

These are basically IR detectors; they dont use any IR source. These form the major
class of IR sensors/detectors.
A passive infrared system detects energy emitted by objects in the field of view and
may use signal-processing algorithms to extract the desired information. It does not
emit any energy of its own for the purposes of detection. Passive infrared systems
can detect presence, occupancy, and count.

Passive Infrared Sensors are of two types: Thermal & Quantum.

Thermal type sensors have no wavelength dependence. They use the infrared
energy as heat and their photosensitivity is independent of wavelength. Thermal
detectors dont require cooling but have disadvantages that response time is slow &
detection time is low.

4.2 IR TRANSMITTER
Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations.
Hence, they are called IR LEDs. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the
radiation emitted by it is invisible to the human eye.The picture of a typical Infrared
LED is shown below.

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There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths,
output power and response time.

A simple infrared transmitter can be constructed using an infrared LED, a current

limiting resistor and a power supply. The schematic of a typical IR transmitter is
shown below.

When operated at a supply of 5V, the IR transmitter consumes about 3 to 5 mA of

current. Infrared transmitters can be modulated to produce a particular frequency of
infrared light. The most commonly used modulation is OOK (ON OFF KEYING)
modulation.

IR transmitters can be found in several applications. Some applications require

infrared heat and the best infrared source is infrared transmitter. When infrared
emitters are used with Quartz, solar cells can be made.

4.3 IR RECEIVER
Infrared receivers are also called as infrared sensors as they detect the radiation
from an IR transmitter. IR receivers come in the form of photodiodes and
phototransistors. Infrared Photodiodes are different from normal photo diodes as
they detect only infrared radiation. The picture of a typical IR receiver or a
photodiode is shown below.

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Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage, package, etc.
When used in an infrared transmitter receiver combination, the wavelength of the
receiver should match with that of the transmitter.

It consists of an IR phototransistor, a diode, a MOSFET, a potentiometer and an LED.

When the phototransistor receives any infrared radiation, current flows through it
and MOSFET turns on. This in turn lights up the LED which acts as a load. The
potentiometer is used to control the sensitivity of the phototransistor.

4.4OBSTACLE SENSING CIRCUIT OR IR SENSOR CIRCUIT

A typical IR sensing circuit is shown below.

It consists of an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an IC Operational amplifier

and an LED.

IR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An IC Op
Amp is used as a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the
output of the sensor according to the requirement.

When the light emitted by the IR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an
object, the resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the

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input of the op amp is at threshold value set by the potentiometer. The other input
to the op-amp is from the photodiodes series resistor. When the incident radiation
is more on the photodiode, the voltage drop across the series resistor will be high.
In the IC, both the threshold voltage and the voltage across the series resistor are
compared. If the voltage across the resistor series to photodiode is greater than that
of the threshold voltage, the output of the IC Op Amp is high. As the output of the
IC is connected to an LED, it lightens up. The threshold voltage can be adjusted by
adjusting the potentiometer depending on the environmental conditions.

The positioning of the IR LED and the IR Receiver is an important factor. When the IR
LED is held directly in front of the IR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. In
this case, almost the entire radiation from the IR LED will fall on the IR receiver.
Hence there is a line of sight communication between the infrared transmitter and
the receiver. If an object falls in this line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the
receiver either by reflecting the radiation or absorbing the radiation.

5. TRANSISTORS
As one of the significant semiconductor devices, transistor has found use in
enormous electronic applications such as embedded systems, digital circuits and
control systems. In both digital and analog domains transistors are extensively used
for different application usage like amplification, logic operations, switching and so
on. This article mainly concentrates and gives a brief explanation of transistor
application as a switch.

The Bipolar Junction Transistor or simply BJT is a three layer, three terminal and two
junction semiconductor device. Almost in many of the applications these transistors
are used for two basic functions such as switching and amplification.

The name bipolar indicates that two types of charge carriers are involved in the
working of a BJT. These two charge carriers are holes and electrons where holes are
positive charge carriers and electrons are negative charge carriers.

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The transistor has three regions, namely base, emitter and collector. The emitter is
a heavily doped terminal and emits electrons into the base. Base terminal is lightly
doped and passes the emitter-injected electrons on to the collector. The collector
terminal is intermediately doped and collects electrons from base. This collector is
large as compared with other two regions so it dissipates more heat.

BJTs are of two types NPN and PNP, both functioning is same but differ in terms of
biasing and power supply polarity. In PNP transistor, between two P- type materials
N- type material is sandwiched whereas in case of NPN transistor P- type material
sandwiched between two N- type materials. These two transistors can be configured
into different types like common emitter, common collector and common base
configurations.

5.1 OPERATING MODES OF TRANSISTORS

Depends on the biasing conditions like forward or reverse, transistors have three
major modes of operation namely cutoff, active and saturation regions.

Active Mode

In this mode transistor is generally used as a current amplifier. In active mode, two
junctions are differently biased that means emitter-base junction is forward biased
whereas collector-base junction is reverse biased. In this mode current flows
between emitter and collector and amount of current flow is proportional to the
base current.

Cutoff Mode

In this mode, both collector base junction and emitter base junction are reverse
biased. This in turn not allows the current to flow from collector to emitter when the

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base-emitter voltage is low. In this mode device is completely switched off as the
result the current flowing through the device is zero.

Saturation Mode

In this mode of operation, both the emitter base and collector base junctions are
forward biased. Current flows freely from collector to emitter when the base-emitter
voltage is high. In this mode device is fully switched ON.

The below figure shows the output characteristics of a BJT Transistor. In the below
figure cutoff region has the operating conditions as zero collector output current,
zero base input current and maximum collector voltage. These parameters causes a
large depletion layer which further doesnt allow current to flow through the
transistor. Therefore, the transistor is completely in OFF condition.

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Similarly, in the saturation region, a transistor is biased in such a way that
maximum base current is applied that results maximum collector current and
minimum collector-emitter voltage. This causes the depletion layer to become small
and to allow maximum current flow through the transistor. Therefore, the transistor
is fully in ON condition.

Hence, from the above discussion, we can say that transistors can be made to work
as ON/OFF solid state switch by operating transistor in cutoff and saturation regions.
This type of switching application is used for controlling motors, lamp loads,
solenoids, etc.

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5.2TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER

Amplifier circuit, common-emitter configuration with a voltage-divider bias circuit.

The common-emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage (Vin)

changes the small current through the base of the transistor; the transistor's current
amplification combined with the properties of the circuit means that small swings
in Vin produce large changes in Vout.

Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some

providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both.

From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers

for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete-
transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and
audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and
amplifier architecture evolved.

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5.3TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
A transistor is used for switching operation for opening or closing of a circuit. This
type solid state switching offers significant reliability and lower cost as compared
with conventional relays. Both NPN and PNP transistors can be used as switches.
Some of the applications use a power transistor as switching device, at that time it
may necessary to use another signal level transistor to drive the high power
transistor.

NPN Transistor as a Switch

Based on the voltage applied at the base terminal of a transistor switching

operation is performed. When a sufficient voltage (Vin > 0.7 V) is applied between
the base and emitter, collector to emitter voltage is approximately equal to 0.
Therefore, the transistor acts as a short circuit. The collector current V cc/Rc flows
through the transistor.

Similarly, when no voltage or zero voltage is applied at the input, transistor

operates in cutoff region and acts as an open circuit. In this type of switching
connection, load (here LED lamp) is connected to the switching output with a
reference point. Thus, when the transistor is switched ON, current will flow from
source to ground through the load.

PNP Transistor as a Switch

PNP transistor works same as NPN for a switching operation, but the current flows
from the base. This type of switching is used for negative ground configurations. For
the PNP transistor, the base terminal is always negatively biased with respect to the
emitter. In this switching, base current flows when the base voltage is more
negative. Simply a low voltage or more negative voltage makes transistor to short
circuit otherwise it will be open circuited or high impedance state.

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In this connection, load is connected to the transistor switching output with a
reference point. When the transistor is turned ON, current flows from the source
through transistor to the load and finally to the ground.

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 6. IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

WE HAVE USED FOLLOWING COMPONENTS FOR OUR PROJECT:

ARDUINO UNO R3 (ATMEGA 328-PU)

LDR
WHITE LED
TRANSISTORS
RESISTORS
10K PRESET
IR SENSOR
JUMPER WIRE
BREADBOARD

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36 | P a g e
37 | P a g e
6.3 PROGRAM
For simulation we have used Proteus 8 and Arduino software (integrated
development environment). We have used Arduino for the following purpose:

i. To write code in C language

ii. To create hex file
iii. To upload the program in Arduino Uno R3

In programming we first assign the pin.

EXAMPLE: int LED1 = 8;

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Then in Void Setup() , we define mode of pin as input or output.

EXAMPLE: pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);

In Void Loop() , we write the main program to be executed in loop.

EXAMPLE: if (Obstacle1 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);

We write the following program in Arduino software and saved it.

progarm

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int sensorPin = A0;

int sensorValue = 0;

int LED1 = 8;

int LED2 = 9;

int LED3 = 10;

int LED4 = 11;

int LED5 = 12;

int LED6 = 13;

int isObstaclePin1 = 2;

int isObstaclePin2 = 3;

int isObstaclePin3 = 4;

int isObstaclePin4 = 5;

int isObstaclePin5 = 6;

int isObstaclePin6 = 7;

int isObstacle1 =LOW;

int isObstacle2 =LOW;

int isObstacle3 =LOW;

int isObstacle4 =LOW;

int isObstacle5 =LOW;

int isObstacle6 =LOW;

void setup() {

pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED6, OUTPUT);

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 pinMode(isObstaclePin1, INPUT);

pinMode(isObstaclePin2, INPUT);

pinMode(isObstaclePin3, INPUT);

pinMode(isObstaclePin4, INPUT);

pinMode(isObstaclePin5, INPUT);

pinMode(isObstaclePin6, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

digitalWrite(LED1,LOW);

digitalWrite(LED2,LOW);

digitalWrite(LED3,LOW);

digitalWrite(LED4,LOW);

digitalWrite(LED5,LOW);

digitalWrite(LED6,LOW);

void loop() {

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);

Serial.println(sensorValue);

delay(10);

if(sensorValue>=700)

isObstacle1= digitalRead(isObstaclePin1);

if (isObstacle1 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);

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 }

else

{ if(isObstacle1==0)

{digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);}

isObstacle2 = digitalRead(isObstaclePin2);

if (isObstacle2 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);

else

{ if(isObstacle2==0 && isObstacle1==0)

{digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);}

isObstacle3= digitalRead(isObstaclePin3);

if (isObstacle3 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED3, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);

else

{ if(isObstacle3==0 && isObstacle2==0 && isObstacle1==0)

{digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);}

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 }

isObstacle4 = digitalRead(isObstaclePin4);

if (isObstacle4 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED4, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH);

else

{ if(isObstacle4==0 && isObstacle3==0 && isObstacle2==0)

{digitalWrite(LED4, LOW);}

isObstacle5 = digitalRead(isObstaclePin5);

if (isObstacle5 ==1)

digitalWrite(LED5, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH);

else

{ if(isObstacle5==0 && isObstacle4==0 && isObstacle3==0)

{digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);}

isObstacle6 = digitalRead(isObstaclePin6);

if (isObstacle6 ==1)

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 digitalWrite(LED6, HIGH);

else

{ if(isObstacle6==0 && isObstacle5==0 && isObstacle4==0)

{digitalWrite(LED6, LOW);}

else{digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);

digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);

digitalWrite(LED3, LOW);

digitalWrite(LED4, LOW);

digitalWrite(LED5, LOW);

digitalWrite(LED6, LOW);}

delay(200);

6.4 SIMULATION
Now we opened Proteus 8 for simulation

First click on isis icon and then search for following elements.

I. Arduino Uno R3
II. Switch
III. Resistor
IV. Led Yellow
V. Torch LDR

Then the connection is made as shown in fig below

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IR Sensor library is not available in proteus so we have used switch in place of IR
Sensor. Because switch also gives 0 and 1.

After that we opened our program in Arduino software IDE and verify it by clicking
on tick mark in left upper corner. Then copy the location of hex file as given below.

Th
en double click on arduino uno in proteus and paste the file location(copied above)
in program file. Then run the simulation by clicking on leftmost button in left bottom
corner.

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 WHEN AMOUNT LIGHT INTENSITY IS LESS THAN CERTAIN VALUE

WHEN AMOUNT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON LDR IS GREARTER THAN

CERTAIN VALUE

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6.5HARDWARE IMPEMENTATION (PROTOTYPE)
We have used breadboard for the connection.

We first took IR LED and place it in the breadboard then use the jumper wire to
ground the cathode (small terminal) of IR LED and connect the anode(long
terminal) with one of resistor(330 ohm) terminal and connect other terminal of the
resistor to the power(+5 V).

We took Photodiode place it exactly opposite to the IR LED in such a way that both
IR LED and Photodiode face exactly opposite to each other.

Then cathode of Photodiode is connected to the +5V and anode of Photodoide is

connected to one of two terminal of Preset (10 Kohm) between which resistance is
constant and other terminal grounded with the emitter of Transistor (BC547) and 1
Kohm Resistance is connected between base of Transistor and third terminal of
Preset (resistance between this terminal and one of the other two terminal is
variable resistance). Then collector of the Transistor is conneted is 1Kohm
Resistance and other terminal of this resistance is connected to the +5 V.

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After that Anode of White LED is connected to the 330 ohm Resistor and cathode is
grounded.

Then 5 more such connection are made.

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Now we took jumper wire to connect collector terminal of the transistor to digital
pin 2 of Arduino and other terminal of 330 ohm Resistor (which is connected to LED)
is conneted to digital pin 3 by jumper wire.

Similarly digital pin 4, 6, 8, 10,12 are connected to the collector of transistor of

next 5 connection and digital pin 5, 7, 9, 11 , 13 are connected to the next five 330
ohm resistance whose other terminal is connected to the LED.

For the LDR circuit , one the LDR terminal is grounded and other terminal is
connected to the 1 Kohm Resistor which is conneted to +5V . Then the terminal of
LDR which is connected to the resistance is connected to the analog pinA0 of
Arduino by jumper wire .

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 7.RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Finally get the result what we wanted.

i. During night when there is vehicle on the road: few LED ahead of vehicle
glow.

ii. During night when there is no vehicle on the road: no LEDs glow.

iii. During day : No LED glow wheather there is vehicle or not

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 CONCLUSION
In this paper Smart street lighting system is described that integrates new
technologies offering ease of maintenance and energy savings. The proposed
system is appropriate for street lighting in remote as well as urban areas where
traffic is low at times. Since this is a sensor based system, so it is self controlled and
automated system. The system works solely in the darkness, avoiding waste of
energy throughout sunlight hours when the resistance across LDR is low and
microcontroller does not allow LEDs to glow. Sensors enable the system to operate
solely when necessary. System employs highly economical LEDs replacing the
conventional bulbs to ensure correct illumination and assure energy savings.

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 REFERENCES
[1]. M.Abhishek, Syed ajram shah, K.Chetan, K,Arun Kumar, Design and
implementation of traffic flow based street light control system with effective
utilization of solar energy, International journal of Science Engineering and Advance
Technology, IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue 9, September -2015

[2]. C.Bhuvaneshwari, R.Rajeswari, C.Kalaiarasan, Analysis of Solar energy based

street light with auto tracking system, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol 2, Issue 7, July 2013

[3]. A New Streetlight Monitoring System Based On Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE 2010

[4]. Development of Zigbee based Street Light Control System S.H. Jeong, S.B.
Choi, H.S. Ryoo, D.K. Kim Korea Electro technology Research Institute 142440178X /
062006 IEEE

[5] Manuel Burgos Payan, Fanscisco Javier Correa Moreno and Jesus Manuel
Riquelme Santos, Improving the Energy Efficiency of Street Lighting. A Case in
South of Spain, 9th International Conference on European Energy Market EEM, pp1-8,
2012.

[6] www.enegineersgarage.com

[7] www.elprocus.com

[8] www.electronicshub.com

[9] https://en.wikipedia.org

[10] www.youtube.com

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