Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx

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Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly

perturbed boundary-value problems
Ram Kishun Lodhi, Hradyesh Kumar Mishra
Department of Mathematics, Jaypee University of Engineering & Technology, AB Road Raghogarh, Guna 473226, MP, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present paper, we develop a septic B-spline method for solving a self-adjoint singularly perturbed
Received 28 June 2016 two-point boundary value problem. This method is applied directly to the numerical solution of the prob-
Revised 7 September 2016 lems without reducing its order. The convergence analysis is also given and the method is shown to have
Accepted 28 September 2016
a convergence of order six. Numerical illustrations are given at the end to demonstrate the efficiency of
Available online xxxx
our method by using the MATLAB.
2017 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
2010 MSC:
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
65L10
34K10

Keywords:
Self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary
value problems
Septic B-spline method
Second-order
Two-point

1. Introduction applied mathematics which includes fluid mechanics, fluid dynam-

We consider the following self-adjoint singularly-perturbed
two-point boundary-value problem:

ey00 x pxyx f x; px P p > 0; x 2 0; 1; 1
with the boundary conditions
y0 a0 ; y1 a1 ;
where a0 ; a1 2 R; 0 < e  1 is a small positive parameter and f x
and px are sufficiently smooth functions. We use septic B-spline
for its solution. The application of exponential splines for the
numerical solution of singularly perturbed two-point boundary-
value problems has been described in many papers [15]. Numeri-
cal solution of singular-perturbation problems has received a great
deal of attention in the recent past.
The problem in which a small parameter multiplies to the high-
est order derivative is called singular perturbation problem. These
types of problem arise in several branches of engineering and
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ramkishun.lodhi@gmail.com (R.K. Lodhi), hk.mishra@juet.ac.
in (H.K. Mishra).
ics, chemical reactor theory, convection diffusion processes [69].
A few well-known examples are boundary layer problems, WKB
theory, the modelling of steady and unsteady viscous flow prob-
lems with large Reynolds number and convective-heat transport
problems with large Peclet number [1012]. General results about
the analytical solution of such problems are known and the bound-
ary layer behaviour of the solution has been investigated inten-
2 sively by many authors [1316]. Out of the four principal
approaches to solve such problems numerically, namely, the finite
element method, the finite difference method, the haar wavelet
method and spline approximation methods; the first three have
been used by various authors. Here we used the fourth one,
namely, spline approach to solve problem of type (1). A variety
of numerical methods are available in the literature for solving
second-order singularly perturbed two-point boundary-value
problems. For details one may refer many survey papers
[6,17,18]. Doolan et al. [19] have given sufficient conditions for
uniform first-order convergence of a general three-point difference
scheme. Surla and Stojanovic [1] have derived a difference scheme
via spline in tension and obtain the error estimate. Kadalbajoo and
Aggarwal [20] have discussed numerical solution of second order
singular singularly perturbed boundary value problems by using
fitted mesh B-spline method. Pandit and Kumar [21] have

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
2090-4479/ 2017 Ain Shams University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
2 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx

developed haar wavelet approach for numerical solution of two
parameters singularly perturbed boundary value problems. Bawa
and Natesan [22] have given a computational method for self-
adjoint singular perturbation problems using quintic spline.
Lubuma and Patidar [23] have presented uniformly convergent
non-standard finite difference methods for solving self-adjoint per-
turbation problems. Mishra et al. [24] have extended the initial
value technique to self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary
value problems. Kadalbajoo and Kumar [25] have described vari-
able mesh finite difference method for self-adjoint singularly per-
turbed two-point boundary value problems. Aruna and Kanth
[26] have studied a spline based computational simulations for
solving self-adjoint singularly perturbed two-point boundary value
problems. Khuri and Sayfy [27] have described a patching
approach based on a novel combination of the variational iterative
method (VIM) and adaptive cubic spline collocation scheme for the
solution of a class of self-adjoint singularly perturbed second-order
two-point boundary value problems. Saini and Mishra [28] have
introduced a quartic B-spline for numerical solutions of third-
order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary value problems.
Ramadan et al. [29] have described a class of methods based on a
septic non-polynomial spline function for the solution of sixth-
order two-point boundary value problems. Akram and Naheed
[30] have solved fourth order singularly perturbed boundary value
problem by septic spline, and Khan et al. [31] have also proposed
nonpolynomial septic spline approach for fourth order two-point
boundary value problems. Siddqi and Akram [32] derived a septic
with Rosenau-KdV equation by finite element method with quintic
B-spline basis functions. For recent application of splines, reader
can refer [44,45]. Here, we have proposed septic B-spline method
for solving self-adjoint singularly perturbed second-order bound-
ary value problems.
In this problem, we take px p constant and 0 < e  1.
Aziz and Khan [46] solved this problem by quintic spline method
and Khan et al. [47] have also solved this problem by sextic spline
method. We describe a seventh-order method based on septic B-
splines. The advantage of our method is that we get higher accu-
racy with same computational effort. The paper is organised as fol-
lows: In Section 2 a brief description of the septic B-spline method
is given. Derivation of the method for self-adjoint singularly per-
turbed boundary value problem is also included in this section.
Section 3 has been dedicated to convergence analysis. Numerical
results and discussion have been presented in Section 4. The con-
clusion is given in Section 5.
2. Septic B-spline method
We subdivide the interval a; b, and choose piecewise uniform
mesh points represented by p fa x0 ; x1 ; x2 ; . . . ; xN bg i.e.
xi a ih i 0; 1; 2; . . . ; N, where h b
a . Let us define
n o N
6
S7 p qt 2 C a; b such that qt reduces to septic polyno-
mial on each sub-interval xi ; xi1 . The Septic B-spline basis func-
tion is defined as

8
>
> x
xi
4 7 ; if x 2 xi
4 ; xi
3 ;
>
>
>
> 7 6 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 6 7
> 7h x
xi
3 21h x
xi
3 35h x
xi
3 35h x
xi
3 21h x
xi
3 7hx
xi
3
7x
xi
3 ;
>
>
h if x 2 xi
3 ; xi
2 ;
>
> 7 6 5 4 2
>
>
2 3 5 6
120h 392h x
xi
2 504h x
xi
2 280h x
xi
2
84h x
xi
2
42hx
xi
2 21x
xi
2 ; 7
if x 2 xi
2 ; xi
1 ;
>
>
>
> 7 6 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 6 7
> 1191h 1715h x
xi
1 315h x
xi
1
665h x
xi
1
315h x
xi
1 105h x
xi
1 105hx
xi
1
35x
xi
1 ;
< if x 2 xi
1 ; xi ;
1
Bi x 7 1191h7 1715h6 xi1
x 315h5 xi1
x2
665h4 xi1
x3
315h3 xi1
x4 105h2 xi1
x5 105hxi1
x6
35xi1
x7 ; if x 2 xi ; xi1 ; 3
h >>
>
> 120h7 392h6 xi2
x 504h5 xi2
x2 280h4 xi2
x3
84h2 xi2
x5
42hxi2
x6 21xi2
x7 ;
> if x 2 xi1 ; xi2 ;
>
>
>
>
>
>
7 6 5 4 3 2
h 7h xi3
x 21h xi3
x2 35h xi3
x3 35h xi3
x4 21h xi3
x5 7hxi3
x6
7xi3
x7 ; if x 2 xi2 ; xi3 ;
>
>
>
> x
x7 ;
>
> if x 2 xi3 ; xi4 ;
>
:
i4

0; otherwise:

solution of sixth order boundary value problems, Geyikli and Kar-

akoc [33] have discussed a septic B-spline collocation method for From the above expression, it is obvious that each
the numerical solution of the modified equal with wave equations. Bi x 2 C 6 a; b. Also, the values of
Lin [34] has given septic function method for nonlinear Schrdinger iv v
Bi x; B0i x; B00i x; B000
i x; Bi x and Bi x at nodal points are given
equations. Viswanadham and Krishan [35] have developed a septic by Table 1.
B-spline collocation method for sixth order boundary value prob- Since each Bi x is also a piecewise septic polynomial with knots
lems. Septic B-spline collocation method has been applied to the at p, each Bi x 2 S7 p. Let
numerical solutions of modified regularized long wave (MRLW) X fB
3 ; B
2 ; B
1 ; B0 ; . . . ; BN ; BN1 ; BN2 ; BN3 g and let
equations [36], Kawahara equations [37] and Rosenau-KdV [38]. B7 p span X. The functions X are linearly independent on a; b.
Lodhi and Mishra [39] have introduced a quintic B-spline method Thus B7 p is N 7
dimensional. Let Sx be the B-spline inter-
for numerical solutions of fourth order singular singularly per-
polating function at the nodal points and Sx 2 B7 p. Therefore,
turbed boundary value problems. for a given function yx (assuming to be sufficiently smooth), there
Moller and Zinsou [40] have studied the eigenvalue problem for exists a unique septic B-spline Sx satisfying the interpolation
even order regular quasi-differential equations with boundary con- conditions:
ditions. Triki et al. [41] have solved KdV equations with spatio- 8
temporal dispersion for analytically and numerically both. Karakoc < Sxi yxi ; i 0; 1; 2; . . . ; N;
>
and Ak [42] have presented a numerical solutions of Rosenau- S0 a y0 a; S00 a y00 a; S000 a y000 a;
Korteweg-de Vries (Rosenau-KdV) equation based on the sextic >
: 0
S b y0 b; S00 b y00 b; S000 b y000 b:
B-spline subdomain method. Karakoc and Ak [43] have been dis-
cussed the numerical solutions of dispersive shallow water waves Let

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx 3

Table 1
iv v
Values of Bi x; B0i x; B00i x; B000
i x; Bi x and Bi x at nodes.

x xi
4 xi
3 xi
2 xi
1 xi xi1 xi2 xi3 xi4

Bi x 0 1 120 1191 2416 1191 120 1 0
B0i x 0 7
h
392
h
1715
h
0
1715
h

392
h

7h 0
B00i x 0 42
2
1008
2
630
2
3360
2
630
2
1008
2
42
2
0
h h h h h h h
B000
i x
0 210
3
1680
3
3990 3
0 3990
3
1680
3
210
3
0
h h h h h h
Biiv x 0 840
h4
0
7560
h4
13440
h4

7560
h4
0 840
h4
0
Bvi x 0 2520

10080 12600 0
12600 10080

2520 0
h5 5
h h5
h5 h5 h5

X
N3 where
S x ci Bi x 4
2 2
i
3 g 1 xi
42e pi h ; g 2 xi
1008e 120pi h ;
2 2
be the approximate solution of the boundary value Problem (1), g 3 xi
630e 1191pi h ; g 4 xi 3360e 2416pi h ;
where c0i s are unknown coefficient and Bi x0 s seventh degree spline 2
g 5 xi
630e 1191pi h ; g 6 xi
1008e 120pi h ;
2

functions. To solve second order singular perturbation boundary 2

g 7 xi
42e pi h ; for i 0; 1; . . . ; N:
value problem, the spline function evaluated at the nodal points
x xi that are needed. From the boundary conditions, we get the following equations:
Using Table 1 in Eq. (4), we have
c
3 120c
2 1191c
1 2416c0 1191c1 120c2 c3 a0 :
yxi Sxi 12
ci
3 120ci
2 1191ci
1 2416ci 1191ci1 120ci2 ci3
5 cN
3 120cN
2 1191cN
1 2416cN 1191cN1 120cN2 cN3 a1 :
13
mi S0 xi
Hence, four equations are still required. From Eq. (1), we have
1

7ci
3
392ci
2
1715ci
1 1715ci1 392ci2 7ci3
ey00 x
pxyx f x:
h
6 Differentiating above equation w. r. t. x, we get
0
M i S00 xi
ey000 x pxy0 x p0 xyx f x: 14

1
42ci
3 1008ci
2 630ci
1
3360ci 630ci1 1008ci2 42ci3
Putting x a then the above equation becomes
2
h
7
ey000 a k0 y0 a k00 ya l0 ;

T i S000 xi where k0 pa; k00 p0 a and l0 f 0 a. From Eqs. (5), (6) and (8),
1 we have
3

210ci
3
1680ci
2 3990ci
1
3990ci1 1680ci2 210ci3
h
8 g1 x0 c
3 g2 x0 c
2 g3 x0 c
1 g4 x0 c0 g5 x0 c1 g6 x0 c2
3
g7 x0 c3 l0 h ; 15
F i Siv xi
where
1
4
840ci
3
7560ci
1 13440ci
7560ci1 840ci3 9 g1 x0 210e
7k0 h2 k00 h3 ; g2 x0 1680e
392k0 h2 120k00 h3 ;
h
g3 x0
3990e
1715k0 h 1191k0 h ; g4 x0 2416k00 h3 ;
2 0 3

Gi Sv xi g5 x0 3990e 1715k0 h2 1191k00 h3 ; g6 x0
1680e 392k0 h2 120k00 h3 ;

1 g7 x0
210e 7k0 h2 k00 h3 :
5

2520ci
3 10080ci
2
12600ci
1 12600ci1
10080ci2 2520ci3
h
10 Similarly, we have
Moreover, mi ; M i ; T i ; F i and Gi can be used to approximate val- g1 xN cN
3 g2 xN cN
2 g3 xN cN
1 g4 xN cN
ues of y0 xi ; y00 xi ; y000 xi ; yiv xi and yv xi . 3
g5 xN cN1 g6 xN cN2 g7 xN cN3 lN h ; 16
Discretizing Eq. (1) at the nodal points xi , we get
where

ey00 xi pxi yxi f xi ;
Using Eqs. (5) and (7) in above equation, we have
kN pb; k0N p0 b; lN f 0 b;
e g1 xN 210e
7kN h2 k0N h3 ;

42ci
3 1008ci
2 630ci
1
3360ci 630ci1 1008ci2 42ci3
h
2
g2 xN 1680e
392kN h2 120k0N h3 ;
pi ci
3 120ci
2 1191ci
1 2416ci 1191ci1 120ci2 ci3 f i ;
g3 xN
3990e
1715kN h2 1191k0N h3 ;
:
where pi pxi and f i f xi are the values of px and f x at the g4 xN 2416k0N h3 ;
nodal points xi i 0; 1; . . . ; N . After simplifying above equation, we
get
g5 xN 3990e 1715kN h2 1191k0N h3 ;
g6 xN
1680e 392kN h2 120k0N h3 ;
g 1 xi ci
3 g 2 xi ci
2 g 3 xi ci
1 g 4 xi ci g 5 xi ci1
2 g7 xN
210e 7kN h2 k0N h3 :
g 6 xi ci2 g 7 xi ci3 f i h ; 11

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
4 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx

Again differentiating Eq. (14) twice w. r. t. x and simplifying, bN p2 b 3ep00 b;

we have
cN 4pbp0 b ep000 b;
 

e 2
yv x p2 x 3ep000 x y0 x 0
dN 3p0 bf b pbf b ef b;
000

0 000
4pxp x ep xyx
4 5
0 000 n1 xN 2520e2
7bN h cN h ;
3p0 xf x pxf x ef x: 17
4 5
n2 xN
10080e2
392bN h 120cN h ;
Putting x a in above equation, we have
4 5
n3 xN 12600e2
1715bN h 1191cN h ;

e 2
yv a b0 y0 a c0 ya d0 ;
5
n4 xN 2416cN h ;
where b0 p2 a 3ep00 a; c0 4pap0 a ep000 a and d0 4 5
0 000 n5 xN
12600e2 1715bN h 1191cN h ;
3p0 af a paf a ef a. Using Eqs. (5), (6) and (10), we
have 4 5
n6 xN 10080e2 392bN h 120cN h ;

n1 x0 c
3 n2 x0 c
2 n3 x0 c
1 n4 x0 c0 n5 x0 c1 n7 xN
2520e2 7bN h cN h :

4 5

5
n6 x0 c2 n7 x0 c3 d0 h ; 18
Take Eqs. (11), (12), (13), (15), (16), (18) and (19) together, we
where have N 7 linear equations with N 7 unknowns and writing
these equations in matrix form as follows:
4 5
n1 x0 2520e2
7b0 h c0 h ;
n2 x0
10080e2
392b0 h 120c0 h ;
4 5 AX B; 20
4 5
n3 x0 12600e2
1715b0 h 1191c0 h ; where A is a non-singular square matrix of order N 7; X and B
n4 x0 2416c0 h ;
5 are column matrices of order N 7, i.e.

n5 x0
12600e2 1715b0 h 1191c0 h ;

4 5 X c
3 ;c
2 ; c
1 ; c0 ;c1 ;c2 ;c3 ;. ..;cN
3 ; cN
2 ;cN
1 ;cN ; cN1 ;cN2 ;cN3 T ;
4 5
n6 x0 10080e2 392b0 h 120c0 h ; h iT
3 5 2 2 2 2 5 3
n7 x0
2520e2 7b0 h c0 h :
4 5 B a0 ; l0 h ; d0 h ; f 0 h ; f 1 h ; . . . ; f N
1 h ; f N h ; dN h ; lN h ; a1 ;

Similarly, we get and the coefficient matrix A is given by

2 3
1 120 1191 2416 1191 120 1 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0
6 7
6 g1 x0 g2 x0 g3 x0 g4 x0 g5 x0 g6 x0 g7 x0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 n1 x0 n2 x0 n3 x0 n4 x0 n5 x0 n6 x0 n 7 x0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 g 1 x0 g 2 x0 g 3 x0 g 4 x0 g 5 x0 g 6 x0 g 7 x0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 0 g 1 x1 g 2 x1 g 3 x1 g 4 x1 g 5 x1 g 6 x1 g 7 x1 0 ... 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 0 0 g 1 x2 g 2 x2 g 3 x2 g 4 x2 g 5 x2 g 6 x2 g 7 x2 ... 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 7:
6 7
6 0 0 0 g 1 xi g 2 xi g 3 xi g 4 xi g 5 xi g 6 xi g 7 xi 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7
6 . 7
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6 7
6 0 ... g 1 xN
1 g 2 xN
1 g 3 xN
1 g 4 xN
1 g 5 xN
1 g 6 xN
1 g 7 xN
1 0 7
6 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 ... g 1 xN g 2 xN g 3 xN g 4 xN g 5 xN g 6 xN g 7 xN 7
6 0 0 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 0 x x x x x x x 7
6 n 1 N n 2 N n 3 N n 4 N n 5 N n 6 N n 7 N 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 g1 xN g2 xN g3 xN g4 xN g 5 xN g6 xN g7 xN 7
4 5
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 1 120 1191 2416 1191 120 1

n1 xN cN
3 n2 xN cN
2 n3 xN cN
1 n4 xN cN n5 xN cN1 On solving the system of Eq. (20) for c
3 ; c
2 ; c
1 ; c0 ; . . . ;
5 cN ; cN1 ; cN2 ; cN3 and substitute into Eq. (4), we get the required
n6 xN cN2 n7 xN cN3 dN h ; 19
approximate solution. All the computations are performed by
where MATLAB.

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx 5

!
3. Derivation for uniform convergence 1
2520E
3 10080E
2
12600E
1 12600E
10080E2 2520E3
Sv xi yxi
h
5
E
3 120E
2 1191E
1 2416I 1191E120E2 E3
In this section, a procedure is described which will calculate the 30
truncation error for the Septic B-spline method over the interval
where the operators are defined as Eyxi yxi h; Dyxi
0; 1. Here, we consider the function yx which has continuous
y0 xi and Iyxi yxi . Let E ehD and expand them in powers of
derivatives in the whole range.
hD, we get
We calculate the following relationship by comparing the coef-
ficients of ci i
3;
2;
1; 0; 1; . . . ; N
1; N; N 1; N 2; N 3 h
8
h
10
S0 xi y 0 xi

11
from Eqs. (5) and (6). We have yix xi yxi xi oh ; 31
151200 399168
S0 xi
3 120S0 xi
2 1191S0 xi
1 2416S0 xi 6 8
h v iii 109h
1191S0 xi1 120S0 xi2 S0 xi3 S00 xi y00 xi
y xi y x xi
560 181440
1 10
f
7yxi
3
392yxi
2
1715yxi
1 1039h 11
h
yxii xi oh ; 32
9979200
715yxi1 392yxi2 7yxi3 g 21
6 8
h h
Similarly we have other relations by Eqs. (5), (7), (8), (9) and S000 xi y000 xi yix xi
yxi xi
(10). 6048 33600
10
41h 11
S00 xi
3 120S00 xi
2 1191S00 xi
1 2416S00 xi 1191S00 xi1
yxiii xi oh ; 33
2177280
1
120S00 xi2 S00 xi3 2 f42yxi
3 1008yxi
2 4 6 8
h v iii h 17h
h Siv xi yiv xi y xi
y x xi yxii xi
630yxi
1
3360yxi 630yxi1 1008yxi2 42yxi3 g 720 3024 604800
10
22 h
yxiv xi oh ;
11
34
51840
S000 xi
3 120S000 xi
2 1191S000 xi
1 2416S000 xi 4 6 8
h ix h 61h
1191S000 xi1 120S000 xi2 S000 xi3 Sv xi yv xi
y xi yxi xi
yxiii xi
240 3024 226800
1 10
3 f
210yxi
3
1680yxi
2 3990yxi
1
3990yxi1 101h
yxv xi oh ;
11
h 35
1360800
1680yxi2 210yxi3 g 23
We now define ex yx
Sx and substitute Eqs. (31)(35)
iv iv iv iv in the Taylor series expansion of exi th obtaining
S xi
3 120S xi
2 1191S xi
1 2416S xi    
t2 108
7t2 8 v iii 12t 50t3
63t 5 9 ix
1191Siv xi1 120Siv xi2 Siv xi3 exi th h y xi h y xi
120960 1814400
1  
4 f840yxi
3
7560yxi
1 13440yxi
7560yxi1 t 2 1
5t 2 10 x 11
h
h y xi oh ; 36
840yxi3 g 24 362880
where 0 < t < 1.
v v v v
S xi
3 120S xi
2 1191S xi
1 2416S xi
Theorem 3.1. Let yx be the exact solution and Sx be the
1191Sv xi1 120Sv xi2 Sv xi3 approximate solution of the singularly perturbed boundary value
1 Problem (1) with the boundary condition (2) for sufficiently small h
f
2520yxi
3 10080yxi
2
12600yxi
1  
5 8
h which gives the truncation error of O h and method of convergence
 
12600yxi1
10080yxi2 2520yxi3 g 25 6
of O h .
Using the operator notation [48,49], Eqs. (21)(25) can we
written as
! 4. Numerical results and discussion
0 1
7E
3
392E
2
1715E
1 1715E 392E2 7E3
S xi yxi
h E
3 120E
2 1191E
1 2416I 1191E 120E2 E3 We have described a numerical method for solving self-adjoint
26 singularly perturbed problem using septic B-spline. It is a compu-
tationally competent method and the algorithm can easily be
!
1 42E
3 1008E
2 630E
1
3360I 630E 1008E2 42E3 implemented on a computer. The method has been analysed for
S00 xi y xi convergence and confirm by numerical results. Comparison with
h
2
E
3 120E
2 1191E
1 2416I 1191E 120E2 E3
other existing methods demonstrates the superiority of the pro-
27
posed method. We have implemented our method on four follow-
! ing test problems.
1
210E
3
1680E
2 3990E
1
3990E 1680E2 210E3
S000 xi yxi
h
3
E
3 120E
2 1191E
1 2416I 1191E 120E2 E3
Example 4.1 (See Doolan et al. [19]). We consider the singularly
28 perturbed two-point boundaryvalue problem
!
1 840E
3
7560E
1 13440I
7560E 840E3
ey00 x yx
cos2 px
2ep2 cos 2px;
S i v xi
3
2
1
y xi
h
4
E 120E 1191E 2
2416I 1191E 120E E 3
y0 y1 0:
29
The exact solution is given by

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
6 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx

  
exp
1
x
p
e

exp
pxe Table 8
yx  
cos2 px: Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Surla and Vukoslavcevics method [2].
1 exp
p1 e  N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
1/16 1.20E
04 7.47E
06 4.67E
07 2.90E
08 4.39E
09
The maximum absolute errors are tabulated in Tables 29 for
1/32 1.28E
04 8.00E
06 5.00E
07 3.14E
08 1.99E
09
different values of the parameters e, and N. In tables, we have com- 1/64 1.60E
04 1.00E
05 6.26E
07 3.92E
08 2.31E
09
pared our results with methods of [2,3,46,47,50,51]. Fig. 1 com- 1/128 2.34E
04 1.47E
05 9.23E
07 5.77E
08 3.72E
09
pares the exact and approximate solutions while Fig. 2 depicts
the approximate solutions of the example for different values of e.

Table 2 Table 9
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: present method. Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Kadalbajoo and Bawas method [50].
 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256  N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
1/16 6.091E
08 9.020E
10 1.390E
11 2.155E
13 5.218E
15 1/16 7.09E
03 1.77E
03 4.45E
04 1.11E
04 2.78E
05
1/32 5.043E
08 7.607E
10 1.178E
11 1.841E
13 3.276E
15 1/32 5.68E
03 1.42E
03 3.55E
04 8.89E
05 2.22E
05
1/64 7.662E
08 1.338E
09 2.149E
11 3.382E
13 6.495E
15 1/64 4.07E
03 1.01E
03 2.54E
04 6.35E
05 1.58E
05
1/128 6.600E
07 1.114E
08 1.810E
10 2.866E
12 4.496E
14 1/128 6.97E
03 1.75E
03 4.33E
04 1.08E
04 2.71E
05
1/256 5.301E
06 8.379E
08 1.441E
09 2.301E
11 3.627E
13
1/512 3.629E
05 6.663E
07 1.124E
08 1.826E
10 2.889E
12
1/1024 2.030E
04 5.306E
06 8.386E
08 1.442E
09 2.303E
11

Table 3 0.1
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Khan et al.s method [47].

 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256 0

1/16 1.224E
06 6.458E
09 3.407E
11 1.037E
12 8.881E
15

0.1
1/32 2.004E
06 1.683E
08 1.367E
10 1.093E
12 1.901E
14
1/64 8.898E
06 1.168E
07 1.203E
09 1.083E
11 9.076E
14
1/128 5.746E
05 9.984E
07 1.182E
08 1.141E
10 9.919E
13 0.2
Solution

0.3

Table 4 0.4
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Aziz and Khans method [46].

 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256 0.5

1/16 1.57E
05 8.79E
07 5.32E
08 3.30E
09 2.05E
10

1/32 8.27E
06 4.41E
07 2.62E
08 1.62E
09 1.00E
10 0.6 Exact solution
1/64 1.84E
05 8.67E
07 6.65E
08 4.39E
09 2.78E
10 Septic Bspline solution
1/128 1.03E
04 2.61E
06 2.23E
07 1.54E
08 9.44E
10 0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x

Fig. 1. Comparison of the exact and approximate solution of Example 4.1 for
Table 5
e 1=128 and N = 64.
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Aziz and Khans method [51].

 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
1/16 4.074E
05 2.532E
06 1.581E
07 9.878E
09 6.172E
10
1/32 2.005E
05 1.242E
06 7.746E
08 4.839E
09 3.023E
10
1/64 5.456E
05 3.429E
06 2.146E
07 1.343E
08 8.397E
10 0.5
1/128 1.834E
04 1.226E
05 7.689E
07 4.814E
08 3.011E
09 =1/8
0.4 =1/16
=1/32
0.3 =1/64
Table 6
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Surla and Stojanovics method [1]. 0.2

 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256 0.1

Solution

1/16 8.06E
03 2.02E
03 5.08E
04 1.27E
04 3.17E
05

1/32 7.11E
03 1.79E
03 4.48E
04 1.12E
04 2.80E
05 0
1/64 6.58E
03 1.66E
03 4.15E
04 1.04E
04 2.60E
05
1/128 6.36E
03 1.61E
03 4.03E
04 1.01E
04 2.52E
05 0.1

0.2

Table 7 0.3
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.1: Surla et al.s method [3].
0.4
 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
0.5
1/16 4.14E
03 1.02E
03 2.54E
04 6.35E
05 1.58E
05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1/32 3.68E
03 9.03E
04 5.61E
05 1.40E
05 3.50E
06 x
1/64 3.45E
03 8.40E
04 2.08E
04 5.20E
05 1.30E
05
1/128 3.43E
03 8.21E
04 2.03E
04 5.06E
05 1.26E
05 Fig. 2. Approximate solutions of Example 4.1 for different values of e and N 32.

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx 7

Example 4.2. Consider a singular perturbation two-point The exact solution is given by
boundary-value problem is    
x x
1
ph    i yx 1
1
x exp
p
x exp p :

ey00 x yx 1 2 e exp
pxe exp x
1
p
e ; e e
y0 y1 0: The maximum absolute errors are tabulated in Tables 12 and 13
for different values of the parameters e, and N. In table, we have
The exact solution is given by
compared our results with methods of [46]. Fig. 4 depicts the
   
x x
1 approximate solutions of the example for different values of e.
yx 1
1
x exp
p
x exp p :
e e
The maximum absolute errors are tabulated in Tables 10 and 11 Example 4.4. Consider a singular perturbation two-point
for different values of the parameters e, and N. In table, we have boundary-value problem is
compared our results with methods of [46]. Fig. 3 compares the
ey00 x yx x;
exact and approximate solutions of the example.  
y0 1; y1 1 exp
p1e :

Example 4.3. Consider a singular perturbation two-point The exact solution is given by
boundary-value problem is  
x
  ph
 i yx exp
p x:

ey00 x 4yx 4 2 e exp
pxe exp x
1
p
e
e
   

31
x exp
pxe
3x exp x
1
p ; The absolute errors at midpoints are tabulated in Tables 14 and
e
15 for different values of the parameters e, and N. In table, we have
y0 y1 0: compared our results with methods of [46]. Fig. 5 depicts the
approximate solutions of the example for different values of e.
Table 10
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.2: present method. Table 12
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.3: present method.
 N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
1/16 5.36E
09 8.60E
11 1.35E
12 2.51E
14 9.77E
15  N = 16 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256
1/32 2.72E
08 4.44E
10 7.03E
12 9.78E
14 1.09E
14 1/16 2.03E
09 3.24E
11 5.11E
13 8.55E
15 4.55E
15
1/64 1.56E
07 2.72E
09 4.36E
11 6.87E
13 1.21E
14 1/32 1.16E
08 1.92E
10 3.04E
12 4.98E
14 4.11E
15
1/128 1.08E
06 1.81E
08 2.95E
10 4.68E
12 7.30E
14 1/64 7.76E
08 1.24E
09 1.99E
11 3.14E
13 7.55E
15
1/256 7.52E
06 1.19E
07 2.07E
09 3.31E
11 5.22E
13 1/128 5.45E
07 8.22E
09 1.36E
10 2.15E
12 3.39E
14
1/512 4.64E
05 8.71E
07 1.46E
08 2.38E
10 3.79E
12 1/256 3.43E
06 5.91E
08 9.47E
10 1.51E
11 2.38E
13
1/1024 2.41E
04 6.41E
06 1.02E
07 1.76E
09 2.80E
11 1/512 1.81E
05 4.40E
07 6.63E
09 1.09E
10 1.73E
12
1/1024 9.92E
05 2.92E
06 4.98E
08 8.00E
10 1.28E
11

Table 11
Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.2: Aziz and Khans method [46]. Table 13
 N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256 Maximum absolute errors, Example 4.3: Aziz and Khans method [46].

1/16 1.80E
07 1.16E
08 7.35E
10 4.67E
11  N = 32 N = 64 N = 128 N = 256

1/32 4.46E
07 3.07E
08 1.97E
09 1.24E
10 1/16 6.57E
08 4.38E
09 2.79E
10 1.75E
11
1/64 1.23E
06 9.46E
08 6.27E
09 3.98E
10 1/32 1.82E
07 1.30E
08 8.54E
10 5.40E
11
1/128 3.48E
06 3.09E
07 2.15E
08 1.39E
09 1/64 5.35E
07 4.20E
08 2.83E
09 1.82E
10
1/256 2.11E
05 9.93E
07 7.57E
08 5.01E
09 1/128 2.99E
06 1.35E
07 9.77E
09 6.37E
10

1
1

0.9
0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
Solution

Solution

0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 =1/8
0.1 Exact solution =1/16
Septic Bspline solution 0.1 =1/32
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 =1/64
0
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
Fig. 3. Comparison of the exact and approximate solution of Example 4.2 for
e 1=256 and N = 64. Fig. 4. Approximate solutions of Example 4.3 for e and N = 32.

Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
8 R.K. Lodhi, H.K. Mishra / Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (2017) xxxxxx

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10 9.81E
12 1.55E
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12 6.88E
14 1999;60:297301.
1/1024 1.56E
06 1.02E
11 4.09E
13 6.88E
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chemical and biological dynamics. Appl Math Comput 2005;163:116.
[9] Kan-on Y, Mimura M. Singular perturbation approach to a 3-component
reaction-diffusion system arising in population dynamics. SIAM J Math Anal
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[11] Naidu DS. Singular perturbations and time scales in control theory and
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2002;9:23378.
1/64 2.42E
06 1.83E
07 1.20E
08 6.30E
10
[12] Yaglom AM, Kader BA. Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and
1/128 2.37E
06 1.92E
07 1.28E
08 6.73E
10
turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Peclet numbers. J Fluid Mech
1/265 1.14E
06 9.96E
08 6.96E
09 4.51E
10
1974;62:60123.
[13] Bender CM, Orszag SA. Advanced mathematical methods for scientists and
engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
[14] Dyke MV. The perturbation methods in fluid mechanics. New York: Academic
Press; 1964.
1.1 [15] Nayfeh AH. Introduction to perturbation techniques. New York: Wiley; 1981.
[16] OMalley RE. Introduction to singular perturbations. New York: Academic
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1
[17] Kadalbajoo MK, Patidar KC. A survey of numerical techniques for solving
singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations. Appl Math Comput
0.9 2002;130:457510.
[18] Kumar M, Singh P, Mishra HK. A recent survey on computational techniques
for solving singularly perturbed boundary value problems. Int J Comput Math
0.8 2007;84:143963.
[19] Doolan EP, Miller JJH, Schilders WHA. Uniform numerical methods for
Solution

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
x
Fig. 5. Approximate solutions of Example 4.4 for
5. Conclusion
In this paper, a numerical algorithm is developed using septic B-
spline method for self-adjoint singularly perturbed second order
two-point boundary value problems. The developed method can
be utilized to improve a seventh degree B-spline for solving the
second order problem without reducing it into equivalent system
of lower order differential equations. The numerical results
demonstrate that the proposed method gives a better approximate
solution as compared with the previously applied methods with
the same number of nodal points. In addition, the proposed
method produces a spline function which may be used to obtain
the solution at any point in the range.
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Please cite this article in press as: Lodhi RK, Mishra HK. Septic B-spline method for second order self-adjoint singularly perturbed boundary-value prob-
lems. Ain Shams Eng J (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.016
9
Ram Kishun Lodhi is a Research scholar in the
Department of Mathematics, Jaypee University of Engi-
neering & Technology, Raghogarh, Guna (MP) 473226,
India. He received the M.Sc degree from Awadhesh
Pratap Singh University, Rewa (MP), India in 2011. He
has published three research papers. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree under the supervision
of Dr. H.K. Mishra. His research interests singular per-
turbation boundary value problems and Spline meth-
ods.
Hradyesh KumarMishra is an Assistant Professor
(Senior Grade) in the Department of Mathematics, Jay-
pee University of Engineering & Technology, Raghogarh,
Guna (MP) 473226, India. He received his M.Sc. degree
from University of Allahabad, Allahabad in 1997 and Ph.
D. degree from the Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology, Allahabad in 2008. He has guided one Ph.D.
student and at present three students are enrolled
under his guidance. He is reviewer of ten journals and
member of four editorial boards. Dr. Mishra has pub-
lished twenty four research papers in various areas. His
current research mainly covers Singular perturbation
problems, Homotopy Analysis method, Laplace homotopy perturbation method,
variational iteration method and analytical and numerical solutions of nonlinear
problems arising in applied sciences and engineering phenomena.