Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172

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Applied Clay Science

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / c l a y

Gypsum: An additive for stabilization of swelling clay soils

Ik Yilmaz , Berrin Civelekoglu
Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, 58140 Sivas, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Low rise buildings are particularly vulnerable to ground movements sourced from swelling and shrinking of
Received 19 December 2008 the expansive clay soils. Geotechnical engineers have long recognized that swelling of expansive clays caused
Received in revised form 27 January 2009 by moisture variation may result in considerable damage to the overlying structures, and engineers should
Accepted 30 January 2009
take them into the consideration. The literature contains a vast number of stabilizing techniques such as lime,
Available online 20 February 2009
cement, and y-ash for treatment of expansive clay soils. However the use of gypsum as a stabilizing agent is
currently not clear. This paper deals with the performance of the gypsum as an additive for treatment of the
Keywords:
Clay soils expansive clay soils by means of swell potential and strength. Optimum water content for the best
Bentonite compaction of the bentonite was rst determined by standard compaction tests. Different quantities of
Gypsum gypsum such as 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by mass were added to bentonite and compacted in optimum water
Stabilization content obtained. Atterberg limits, free swell and unconned compressive strength tests were performed on
Swell treated and untreated samples, after a curing period of 7 days. Obtained changes in the plasticity, swell
Strength percent and strength parameters of treated and untreated samples indicated that gypsum can be used as a
stabilizing agent for expansive clay soils, effectively.
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Clays have the primary importance during construction on soils.

Many buildings are constructed with foundations that are
inadequate for the soil conditions existing on the site. Because of
the lack of suitable land, homes are often built on the marginal land
that has insufcient bearing capacity to support the substantial
weight of a structure. Land becomes scarce with growing of cities and
it often becomes necessary to construct buildings and other structures
on the sites where unfavourable conditions are present. One of the
most important characteristic of clayey soils is their susceptibility to
the volume change sourced from swelling and shrinkage. Such volume
changes can give rise to ground movements which may result in
damage to buildings (Bell and Maud, 1995).
Swelling potential of expansive clayey soils depends on reduction
of overburden stress, unloading conditions, or exposure to water and
increase in moisture content. Bell and Maud (1995) quoted that the
low rise buildings are particularly vulnerable to the ground move-
ments since they generally do not have sufcient weight or strength to
resist them. Geotechnical engineers have long recognized that
swelling of expansive soils caused by moisture variation may result
in considerable distress and consequently in severe damage to the
overlying structures (Basma, 1991). The clays most prone to swelling
and shrinkage are over-consolidated clays (Dhowian et al., 1985) and
Tertiary and Quaternary alluvial/colluvial soils (Donaldson, 1969;
Yilmaz, 2008).
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 346 219 1010x1305; fax: +90 346 219 1171.
E-mail address: iyilmaz@cumhuriyet.edu.tr (I. Yilmaz).
Damages and movements sourced from expansive clays generally
occur relatively slowly and do not cause dramatic hazards as
hurricanes, earthquakes, etc. Sometimes the damages from expansive
soils are minor maintenance and aesthetic concerns, but often they are
much worse, even causing major structural distress. When the soil
conditions are poor, it becomes very expensive to construct safely and
some methods of soil improvement are needed. Although soil
improvement is generally expensive, it is often cost effective because
it reduces the cost of the remaining construction (Coduto, 1999).
Especially lightweight buildings are prone to damage from
expansive soils. The magnitude of heaving and shrinking generally
varies across the building, thus causing problems similar to those
associated with excessive differential settlements.
Some common preventive measures can be given as follows;
a. Extending the foundations to greater depths,
b. The use of the extra reinforcing steel to foundations and slabs,
c. Drainage of the surface and/or subsurface water,
d. Pre-moisturizing of the soils prior to construction,
e. Providing non-expansive material,
f. Treatment of the soils with additives such as; lime, y ash,
chemicals, etc.
A review of the literature related to soil stabilization with cement,
lime, y ash reveal that extensive studies were published by many
researchers such as; Townsend and Kylm (1966); Broms and Boman
(1979); Terashi et al. (1980); Brandl (1981); El-Rawi and Awad (1981);
Kennedy et al. (1987); Transportation Research Board (1987); Bell

0169-1317/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.clay.2009.01.020
 I. Yilmaz, B. Civelekoglu / Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172 167

Table 1
XRD (whole rock powder) analyses results and chemical composition of bentonite.

XRD
Nasmectite (%) 81
Feldspar (%) 7
Quartz (%) 2
Calcite (%) 2
OpalCT (%) 8

Chemical composition (after Yalcin and Gumuser, 2000)

Silica, as SiO2 (%) 60.11
Titanium, as TiO2 (%) 0.39
Alumina, as Al2O3 (%) 18.77
Total ferric oxide, as Fe2O3 (%) 4.82
Manganese, as MnO (%) 0.054
Magnesium, as MgO (%) 2.38
Calcium, as CaO (%) 1.03
Sodium, as Na2O (%) 3.46
Potassium, as K2O (%) 1.75
Phosphorus, as P2O5 (%) 0.086
Loss on ignition (%) 6.34

reported that gypsum in a very nely divided powder form can be

used as a stabilizing material due to its relatively cost and reasonable
solubility in water. The rate of base exchange reaction is controlled by
its solubility in water with a high pH value.
This paper presents the performance of the treatment of the
expansive clays using gypsum by means of swell potential and
strength. In this study, different quantities of gypsum (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
and 10% by mass) were mixed with bentonite and compacted in
optimum water content determined by standard compaction tests on
Fig. 1. Location map of the bentonites and gypsum used.

(1988), Bell and Coultherd (1990); Locat et al. (1990); Kamon and
Nontanandh (1991); Basma and Tuncer (1991); Puppala et al. (1996);
Bell (1996); Mathew and Narasimha (1997); Edral (1999); Afes and
Didier (2000); Muntohar and Hantoro (2000); Akawwi and Kharabsheh
(2000); Nalbantoglu and Gucbilmez (2001); Ji-ru and Xing (2002);
Tonoz et al. (2004); Stavridakis (2005); Amu et al. (2005).
However it is very difcult to nd signicant literature on gypsum
as a stabilization agent for expansive clays. Ameta et al. (2007)
investigated for the economics of the use of limegypsum mixtures,
and swelling pressure changes were reported. FIPR (1988) found an
increase of strength of the phosphatic soil samples mixed with
gypsum after a curing period of 360 days. Bell and Maud (1994) had
mentioned about the effect of gypsum stabilization on dispersive
(erodible) soils particularly in earth dam wall construction, and

Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs: a. smectite lamelle and short prismatic clinoptiloties,
Fig. 2. Characteristic XRD graphs of bentonite used. b. loose packing, folded-lamellar smectite aggregates (After Yalcin and Gumuser, 2000).
168 I. Yilmaz, B. Civelekoglu / Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172
Fig. 4. Characteristic XRD graph of gypsum used.
the bentonite used. After a curing period of six days, Atterberg limits,
free swell and unconned compressive strength tests were performed
on treated and untreated samples. Changes of the plasticity, swell
percent and strength parameters were then obtained and results were
assessed. The results obtained from this study showed that the
gypsum can be effectively used as a stabilizing agent for expansive
clay soils. However swelling clays can be effectively stabilized with
Fig. 5. Compaction curve of the bentonite showing optimum water content and
maximum dry unit weight.
Fig. 6. Decrease in swell percent by cure time.
Table 2
Atterberg's limits of the bentonite used.
Property Value
Liquid limit (%) 237.3
Plastic limit (%) 50.5
Plasticity index (%) 186.9
lime, the cost of gypsum is approximately 23 times cheaper than
lime. Moreover, the waste from gypsum based products in industry
can also be used in stabilization of clay soils.
2. Materials used in tests and sample preparation
2.1. Bentonite
Bentonite samples were taken from 25 km north of Readiye
(Fig. 1). Bentonite used in the tests is natural, pure and sodium based
untreated material. It contains dominantly NaSmectite (Montmor-
illonite) type of clay mineral having very high swelling capacity. Small
amounts of feldspar, quartz, calcite and opalCT are also observed.
Characteristic XRD diffractogram can be seen in Fig. 2. XRDwhole
rock powder results and chemical composition of bentonite are
tabulated in Table 1.
As quoted by Yalcin and Gumuser (2000); smectite aggregates are
composed of bent/folded, thin, subhedral lamellae, as shown in
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the bentonite
(Fig. 3.a). These loosely compacted, folded aggregates (Fig. 3.b)
resemble Wyoming type (Grim and Guven, 1978) with corn-ake
texture as described by Keller (1978). The smectite lamellae are ~2
5 m long and they are associated with small amounts of short
prismatic clinoptilolite (Yalcin and Gumuser, 2000).
2.2. Gypsum
Gypsum used as a stabilizer to improve the some engineering
properties of the clays was obtained from the southwest of Sivas
(Fig. 1). As reported by Yilmaz and Sendir (2002), Yilmaz (2007a,b)
and Yilmaz and Yuksek (2008a,b); microscopic determinations on the
gypsum revealed that gypsum contains very low clay, calcite and
anhydrite. Obtained mean value of unit weight of the studied gypsum
(22.9 kN/m3) was very near to the proposed pure gypsum unit weight
(22.7 kN/m3) by Deer et al. (1962). This value supports the pure
gypsum characteristic of the studied gypsum (Karacan and Yilmaz,
2000; Yilmaz and Karacan, 2005).
X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out on the whole rock
powder gypsum samples, and gypsum content was calculated
Fig. 7. Variation of liquid limit and plasticity index with gypsum content.
 I. Yilmaz, B. Civelekoglu / Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172
Table 3
Inuence of gypsum content on the Atterberg limits of the bentonite.
Gypsum content 0% 2.5% 5% 7.5%
Liquid limit (%) 237.3 180.7 157.4 155.2
Plastic limit (%) 50.4 41.2 33.1 33.3
Plasticity index (%) 186.9 139.5 124.3 121.9
approximately 100% according to the X-ray diffraction determinations
and only negligible trace minerals being found. A characteristic X-ray
graph of the whole rock powder can be seen in Fig. 4.
2.3. Sample preparation
Samples for cation exchange capacity, free swell and unconned
compressive strength tests were obtained from the samples com-
pacted at optimum water content. In order to obtain almost the same
samples for all tests, Standard Proctor tests in accordance with the
appropriate international standard of ASTM D-698 (1994) were rst
conducted on the bentonite without any additive, and optimum water
content was determined as 41.8% (Fig. 5).
Samples mixed with various quantities of gypsum (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
10% by mass) were then compacted before tests by using the Standard
Proctor compaction effort at optimum water content determined.
Samples used in the tests were taken from the prepared samples after
a curing period of 7 days (Fig. 6).
3. Testing procedures and results
In order to nd the appropriate curing time for optimum
improvement, swell percent variation with cure time up to 2 months
was rst obtained by using the considered maximum gypsum content
(10%) for mixture. It was found that the most important change was
quickly occurred in the rst week (Fig. 6), and curing period of 7 days
was accepted as a cure time for optimum improvement in this study.
3.1. Atterberg limits
When clay minerals are present in ne-grained soil it can be
remoulded in the presence of some moisture without crumbling.
This cohesive nature is caused by the adsorbed water surrounding
the clay particles. Liquid limit increases with the increasing of the
quantity of expansive clay minerals such as montmorillonite, etc. The
liquid limit and plastic limit values of the samples were determined
according to the procedure outlined in British Standard (BS) 1377
(BS, 1975).
Fig. 8. Swell versus time graphics for different gypsum contents.
169
Table 4
Inuence of gypsum content on the swelling percent of the bentonite.
10% Gypsum content 0% 2.5% 5% 7.5% 10%
152.8 Swell percent (%) 64.9 28.2 20.1 20.5 19.8
32.0
120.8
Table 2 tabulates the results of the Atterberg's limits obtained from
the tests on untreated and treated samples of bentonite. Change in
liquid limit and plasticity index of treated specimens with the
quantities of gypsum is shown in Fig. 7 and Table 3.
3.2. Free swell tests
In order to determine the swelling percent of the pure bentonite
and bentonitegypsum mixtures, free swell tests were carried out
thereon in accordance with the appropriate International Standard
ASTM D-4546 (1994). A 0.7 kPa pre-loading pressure and samples
with a radius of 75 mm were used in the tests. The sample in the ring
was placed between two porous stones, loaded with 0.7 kPa, and cell
was fully lled with water. After the specimen was allowed to swell,
readings of dial gauge were periodically (101530 s, 1246824
2628303248505254565872 h), recorded up to 72 h
(Fig. 8). The swell percent (S%) was then calculated as increase in
the height in relation to the original thickness of the specimen.
The results of free swell tests on the mixtures having various
gypsum contents and effect of the gypsum on swell percent of the
bentonite were given in Table 4 and Fig. 9, respectively.
3.3. Unconned compressive strength tests
Unconned compressive strength tests were also conducted on the
pure and treated samples. The specimens for unconned compressive
strength tests were prepared by compaction of the mixtures to
maximum dry unit weight at optimum water content. The specimens
obtained were 80 mm in height and 38 mm in diameter. The samples
were kept in polyethylene bags in glass desiccator for curing. The
samples were taken out from the polyethylene bags after curing
period, and the tests were then conducted in accordance with ASTM
standard method D 2166 (ASTM, 1994), up to failure or 20% strain
under a constant strain rate of 1.2 mm/min. The tests were repeated
on three identical specimens, load and deformation readings were
taken for each specimen. After the stress was plotted against strain
(Fig. 10), the peak stress was obtained, and the peak stress accepted
was an average of three values.
Unconned compressive strength values of the pure bentonite and
treated bentonite mixed with various quantities of gypsum can be
170 I. Yilmaz, B. Civelekoglu / Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172
Fig. 9. Variation of swell percent with gypsum content.
Fig. 10. Stressstrain curves for samples mixed with different quantities of gypsum.
seen in Table 5. Inuence of gypsum content on the UCS of bentonite
was given in Fig. 11.
3.4. CEC (cation exchange capacity)
Swelling properties of the soils are affected by CEC, in other words
the swelling capacity is closely related to the CEC. The amount of
swelling increases with increasing of CEC (Christidis, 1998). Al-Rawas
(1998) has also reported that the cations are the factors controlling
the expansive nature of soils. One of the fundamental differences
between clay minerals lies in the amount and kind of exchangeable
cations present on their surfaces and the excess negative charge of the
crystal lattice which these cations neutralize. The property of ion
exchange is of great fundamental and practical importance in the
investigation of the clay minerals. The cation exchange capacity of a
soil is the number of moles of adsorbed cation charge that can be
desorbed from unit mass of soil, under given conditions of
temperature, pressure, soil solution composition, and soilsolution
mass ratio (Sposito, 1989). For soils in which the readily exchangeable
cations are solely monovalent or bivalent, the index cation can be Na
+
, whereas for soils also bearing trivalent readily exchangeable
cations, Ba2+ is the index cation of choice (Yilmaz, 2004, 2006).
Often NH+ 4 has been used as an index cation.
However exchange or substitution of the cations depend on many
factors, valence is especially effective. Cations having higher valance
can easily substitute the cations having lower valance. Approximate
Table 5
Inuence of gypsum content on UCS of the bentonite.
Gypsum content 0% 2.5% 5% 7.5%
UCS (kPa) 58.7 73.1 77.4 79.6
Fig. 11. Change in UCS due to the gypsum content.
order of the cations according to their substitution power can be seen
below. Priority in the ordering of the cations depends on the type of
clay and ion, concentration of the ions in the water (Holtz and Kovacs,
1981).
Li b Na b H b K b NH4 b Mg b Ca b Al :
In this study NH+ 4 was used as an index cation. The cation exchange
capacities (CEC) of pure bentonite and bentonitegypsum mixtures
were measured by using the ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) method.
The basis of this method is the replacement of sodium (Na+) ions with
ammonium (NH+ 4 ) ions. In the tests, the soils were rst saturated with
the sodium ions and then replacing of sodium ions with ammonium
ions was provided by adding a solution containing ammonium at a pH
of 7. At the end of the cation exchange capacity tests, the amount of
sodium in the solution was determined by the atomic adsorption
method. Variation of the CEC with gypsum content can be seen in
Table 6 and Fig. 12.
4. Discussions and conclusions
In this paper, stabilization of the bentonite clay with gypsum and
inuence of the gypsum on the physical, swelling and strength
characteristics of bentonite was presented. The following main
discussions and conclusions can be drawn from this study.
1. The effect of gypsum on the improvement of the soil depends on
numerous factors, curing period being particularly important.
Appropriate curing time for optimum improvement was deter-
mined by obtaining the swell percent variation with cure time up to
2 months using the considered maximum gypsum content (10% by
mass) for the mixture (Fig. 6). It was found that the most important
change quickly occurred in the rst week, and curing period of
7 days was accepted as a cure time for optimum improvement in
this study.
2. A valuable decrease in liquid limit and plasticity index can be seen
from Fig. 7 which shows the effect of gypsum content on liquid
limit and plasticity index. Decreases in liquid limit and plasticity
index of the bentonite mixed with 5% gypsum were 33.7% and
33.6%, respectively. Replacement of monovalent sodium by calcium
ions leaded to a marked reduction in diffuse double layer thickness
leading to decrease in liquid limit and plastic limit.
Table 6
Inuence of gypsum content on the CEC of the bentonite.
10% Gypsum content 0% 2.5% 5% 7.5% 10%
80.1 CEC (meq/100 g) 118.7 106.2 92.7 82.2 71.2
 I. Yilmaz, B. Civelekoglu / Applied Clay Science 44 (2009) 166172
Fig. 12. Variation of CEC with gypsum content.
3. The presence of imbalance electrical charge, sodium based clay
minerals and CEC constitutes the swelling nature of bentonite.
Replacement of the sodium ion by inorganic compounds causes a
less ion exchange capacity, and electrical charge in soil structure is
balanced. As a result of the above incidents, swelling potential of
the clay decreases. The replaceable monovalent ions of bentonite
were substituted by the calcium ions of gypsum. Reduction in swell
percent of treated bentonite with 5% gypsum is clearly represented
by Fig. 9. Swell percent of the bentonite was decreased from 64.9%
to 20.1%, and it means that 69.1% decrease in swelling percent was
obtained.
4. It was observed that curing with gypsum improves the unconned
compressive strength of the bentonite. Failure tended to occur at a
strain of ~5%, generally, and slight peaks were obtained from
stressstrain curves (Fig. 10) due to the non-brittle nature of
bentonite having optimum water content. UCS tests on the pure
bentonite and treated bentonite with different quantities of
gypsum revealed that the effective improvement is obtained for
5% gypsum content and 31.9% gain in strength was observed. The
rate of strength gain is slow with gypsum up to 7 days but increases
considerably beyond 7 days curing, and maximum peak strength is
obtained within 7 days.
5. The cation exchange capacity of the bentonite was modied after
the addition of gypsum, and the replaceable monovalent ions of
bentonite were substituted by the calcium ions of gypsum (Fig. 12).
6. However swelling clays can also be effectively stabilized with lime,
the cost of gypsum is approximately 23 times cheaper than lime,
and the waste from gypsum based products in industry can also be
used in stabilization of clays.
7. It can be concluded that the gypsum improves the expansive clay
soils signicantly only up to an addition of 5%, above this amount
improvement being much less signicant and warranted by the
increased cost of the gypsum involved.
8. The results of this study have shown that swelling clays, and
therefore swelling clay soils, can be effectively treated by gypsum.
On application of these results to practical eld conditions, it has to
be recognized that thickness of the expansive clay soil can be
several meters, and that to be effective, stabilization of at least the
uppermost 1 m or so has to be implemented.
9. However the results of this study showed that the gypsum is a good
additive for improvement of the swelling clays, contamination of
the groundwater by the gypsum should also be considered, as
well as the use of sulfate resistant cement for adjacent concrete
structures.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank to CUBAP for the nancial support of the project M-
351. Authors are deeply grateful to Prof. Rodney R. MAUD (Durban,
171
South Africa) and the anonymous reviewer for their very constructive
comments and suggestions which led to the improvement of the
paper.
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