Maths in Focus Ext 1 SOLUTIONS

Mathematics Extension 1
HSC Course
maths
Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
maths
Margaret Grove
Text 2010 Grove and Associates Pty Ltd
Illustrations and design 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Author: Grove, Margaret.
Title: Maths in focus: mathematics extension 1 HSC course/Margaret Grove.
Edition: 2nd ed.
ISBN: 9780070278592 (pbk.)
Target Audience: For secondary school age.
Subjects: Mathematics. MathematicsProblems, exercises, etc.
Dewey Number: 510.76
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v
Contents
PREFACE viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
CREDITS viii
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK viii
SYLLABUS MATRIX ix
STUDY SKILLS x
Chapter 1: Geometry 2 2
INTRODUCTION 3
PLANE FIGURE GEOMETRY 3
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 16
COORDINATE METHODS IN GEOMETRY 21
CIRCLE PROPERTIES 25
TEST YOURSELF 1 43
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 1 45
Chapter 2: Geometrical Applications of Calculus 50

INTRODUCTION 51
GRADIENT OF A CURVE 51
TYPES OF STATIONARY POINTS 57
HIGHER DERIVATIVES 61
SIGN OF THE SECOND DERIVATIVE 62
DETERMINING TYPES OF STATIONARY POINTS 70
CURVE SKETCHING 73
FURTHER CURVE SKETCHING 77
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 79
PROBLEMS INVOLVING MAXIMA AND MINIMA 83
PRIMITIVE FUNCTIONS 95
TEST YOURSELF 2 100
Chapter 3: Integration 104

INTRODUCTION 105
APPROXIMATION METHODS 105
INTEGRATION AND THE PRIMITIVE FUNCTION 117
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 120
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 123
AREAS ENCLOSED BY THE X-AXIS 128
AREAS ENCLOSED BY THE Y-AXIS 133
SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF AREAS 136
VOLUMES 138
INTEGRATION USING SUBSTITUTION 145
TEST YOURSELF 3 150
Practice Assessment Task Set 1 153

vi
Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 160

INTRODUCTION 161
DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 161
INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 169
LOGARITHMS 172
DERIVATIVE OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 183
INTEGRATION AND THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 187
TEST YOURSELF 4 190
Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions 194

INTRODUCTION 195
CIRCULAR MEASURE 195
TRIGONOMETRIC RESULTS 199
FURTHER TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 204
CIRCLE RESULTS 209
SMALL ANGLES 218
TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS 222
DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 236
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 240
INTEGRATION OF SIN2 X AND COS2 X 244
TEST YOURSELF 5 247
Chapter 6: Applications of Calculus to the Physical World 250

INTRODUCTION 251
RATES OF CHANGE 251
RATES INVOLVING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES 255
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY 260
A MORE COMPLEX FORMULA FOR GROWTH AND DECAY 269
MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A STRAIGHT LINE 275
MOTION AND DIFFERENTIATION 283
MOTION AND INTEGRATION 290
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN TERMS OF X 294
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 302
PROJECTILES 313
TEST YOURSELF 6 324
Chapter 7: Inverse Functions 334

INTRODUCTION 335
INVERSE FUNCTIONS 335
GRAPH OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 339
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 352
DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 363
INTEGRATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 370
TEST YOURSELF 7 373
prelims.indd vi 6/30/09 11:32:58 AM

vii
Chapter 8: Series 376

INTRODUCTION 377
GENERAL SERIES 377
SIGMA NOTATION 383
ARITHMETIC SERIES 385
GEOMETRIC SERIES 394
APPLICATIONS OF SERIES 410
PROOF BY MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 431
TEST YOURSELF 8 436
Chapter 9: Polynomials 2 446

INTRODUCTION 447
ESTIMATION OF ROOTS 447
TEST YOURSELF 9 464
Chapter 10: The Binomial Theorem 466

INTRODUCTION 467
COMBINATIONS 467
BINOMIAL THEOREM 474
FURTHER WORK WITH COEFFICIENTS 483
TEST YOURSELF 10 494
Chapter 11: Probability 496

INTRODUCTION 497
SIMPLE PROBABILITY 497
MULTI-STAGE EVENTS 509
COUNTING TECHNIQUES 521
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 533
TEST YOURSELF 11 543
Sample Examination Papers 552
Answers 562
viii
PREFACE
This book covers the HSC syllabus for Mathematics and Extension 1. It follows the same style as the Year 11
Preliminary course, and provides a thorough coverage of the HSC syllabus. The extension material is easy
to see as it has purple headings and there is purple shading next to all extension questions and answers.
The syllabus is available through the NSW Board of Studies website at www.boardofstudies
.nsw.edu.au. You can also access resources, study techniques, examination technique, sample and
past examination papers through other websites such as www.math.nsw.edu.au and www.csu.edu
.au. Searching the Internet generally will pick up many websites supporting the work in this course.
Each chapter has comprehensive fully worked examples and explanations as well as ample sets
of graded exercises. The theory follows a logical order, although some topics may be learned in any
order. Each chapter contains Test Yourself and Challenge exercises, and there are several practice
assessment tasks throughout the book.
If you have trouble doing the Test Yourself exercises at the end of a chapter, you will need to
go back into the chapter and revise it before trying them again. Dont attempt to do the Challenge
exercises until you are confident that you can do the Test Yourself exercises, as these are more difficult
and are designed to test the more able students who understand the topic really well.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to my family, especially my husband Geoff, for supporting me in writing this book.
CREDITS
Istockphoto: p 105
Margaret Grove: p 3, p 25, p 92, p 94, p 144, p 195, p 231, p 234, p 235, p 260, p 265, p 266, p 267,
p 268, p 269, p 274, p 322, p 414, p 415, p416, p 497, p 508, p 519, p 520, p 535, p 541
Shutterstock: p 21, p 251, p 301, p 335, p 514
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

This second edition retains all the features of previous Maths in Focus books while adding in new
improvements.
The main feature of Maths in Focus is in its readability, its plentiful worked examples and
straightforward language so that students can understand it and use it in self-paced learning. The
logical progression of topics, the comprehensive fully worked examples and graded exercises are still
major features.
A wide variety of questions is maintained, with more comprehensive and more difficult questions
included in each topic. At the end of each chapter is a consolidation set of exercises (Test Yourself)
in no particular order that will test whether the student has grasped the concepts contained in the
chapter. There is also a Challenge set for the more able students.
The four practice assessment tasks provide a comprehensive variety of mixed questions from
various chapters. These have been extended to contain questions in the form of sample examination
questions, including short answer, free response and multiple choice questions that students may
encounter in HSC assessments.
The second edition also features a short summary of general study skills that students will find
useful, both in the classroom and when doing assessment tasks and examinations.
A syllabus matrix is included to show where each syllabus topic fits into the book. Topics are
generally arranged in a logical order but there is room for some topics to be done in a different way.
For example, probability can be done at any time.
ix
SYLLABUS MATRIX
This matrix shows how the syllabus is organised in the chapters of this book.
Mathematics (2 Unit)
Coordinate methods in geometry (6.8) Chapter 1: Geometry 2
Applications of geometrical properties (2.5) Chapter 1: Geometry 2
Geometrical applications of differentiation (10.1 10.8) Chapter 2: Geometrical applications of calculus
Integration (11.1 11.4) Chapter 3: Integration
Trigonometric functions (13.1 13.6, 13.7) Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions
Logarithms and exponential functions (12.1 12.5) Chapter 4: Exponential and logarithmic functions
Applications of calculus to the physical world (14.1 14.3) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
Probability (3.1 3.3) Chapter 11: Probability
Series (7.1 7.3) and Series applications (7.5) Chapter 8: Series
Extension 1
Methods of integration (11.5E) Chapter 3: Integration
Primitive of sin 2x and cos 2x (13.6E) Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions
dN Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Equation k(N P) (14.2E)
dt
Velocity and acceleration as a function of x (14.3E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
x
Projectile motion (14.3E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
Simple harmonic motion (14.4E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
Inverse functions and inverse trigonometric functions Chapter 7: Inverse functions

(15.1 15.5E)
Induction (7.4E) Chapter 8: Series
Binomial theorem (17.1 17.3E) Chapter 10: The binomial theorem
Further probability (18.2E) Chapter 11: Probability
Iterative methods for numerical estimation of the roots of Chapter 9: Polynomials 2

a polynomial equation (16.4E)
STUDY SKILLS
You may have coasted through previous stages without needing to rely on regular study, but in this
course many of the topics are new and you will need to systematically revise in order to build up your
skills and to remember them.
The Preliminary course introduces the basics of topics such as calculus that are then applied in
the HSC course. You will struggle in the HSC if you dont set yourself up to revise the preliminary
topics as you learn new HSC topics.
Your teachers will be able to help you build up and manage good study habits. Here are a few
hints to get you started.
There is no right or wrong way to learn. Different styles of learning suit different people. There
is also no magical number of hours a week that you should study, as this will be different for every
student. But just listening in class and taking notes is not enough, especially when learning material
that is totally new.
You wouldnt go for your drivers licence after just one trip in the car, or enter a dance competition
after learning a dance routine once. These skills take a lot of practice. Studying mathematics is just
the same.
If a skill is not practised within the first 24 hours, up to 50% can be forgotten. If it is not practised
within 72 hours, up to 8590% can be forgotten! So it is really important that whatever your study
timetable, new work must be looked at soon after it is presented to you.
With a continual succession of new work to learn and retain, this is a challenge. But the good
news is that you dont have to study for hours on end!
xi
In the classroom
In order to remember, first you need to focus on what is being said and done.
According to an ancient proverb:
I hear and I forget

I see and I remember
I do and I understand
If you chat to friends and just take notes without really paying attention, you arent giving
yourself a chance to remember anything and will have to study harder at home.
If you have just had a fight with a friend, have been chatting about weekend activities or myriad
of other conversations outside the classroom, it helps if you can check these at the door and dont
keep chatting about them once the lesson starts.
If you are unsure of something that the teacher has said, the chances are that others are also not
sure. Asking questions and clarifying things will ultimately help you gain better results, especially
in a subject like mathematics where much of the knowledge and skills depends on being able to
understand the basics.
Learning is all about knowing what you know and what you dont know. Many students feel like
they dont know anything, but its surprising just how much they know already. Picking up the main
concepts in class and not worrying too much about other less important parts can really help. The
teacher can guide you on this.
Here are some pointers to get the best out of classroom learning:
Take control and be responsible for your own learning

Clear your head of other issues in the classroom
Active, not passive learning is more memorable
Ask questions if you dont understand something
Listen for cues from the teacher
Look out for what are the main concepts
Note taking varies from class to class, but there are some general guidelines that will help when you
come to read over your notes later on at home:
Write legibly
Use different colours to highlight important points or formulae
Make notes in textbooks (using pencil if you dont own the textbook)
Use highlighter pens to point out important points
Summarise the main points
If notes are scribbled, rewrite them at home
xii
At home
You are responsible for your own learning and nobody else can tell you how best to study. Some
people need more revision time than others, some study better in the mornings while others do better
at night, and some can work at home while others prefer a library.
There are some general guidelines for studying at home:
Revise both new and older topics regularly

Have a realistic timetable and be flexible
Summarise the main points
Revise when you are fresh and energetic
Divide study time into smaller rather than longer chunks
Study in a quiet environment
Have a balanced life and dont forget to have fun!
If you are given exercises out of a textbook to do for homework, consider asking the teacher if you
can leave some of them until later and use these for revision. It is not necessary to do every exercise
at one sitting, and you learn better if you can spread these over time.
People use different learning styles to help them study. The more variety the better, and you will
find some that help you more than others. Some people (around 35%) learn best visually, some (25%)
learn best by hearing and others (40%) learn by doing.
Here are some ideas to give you a variety of ways to study:
Summarise on cue cards or in a small notebook

Use colourful posters
Use mindmaps and diagrams
Discuss work with a group of friends
Read notes out aloud
Make up songs and rhymes
Do exercises regularly
Role play teaching someone else
Assessment tasks and exams

Many of the assessment tasks for maths are closed book examinations.
You will cope better in exams if you have practiced doing sample exams under exam conditions.
Regular revision will give you confidence and if you feel well prepared, this will help get rid of nerves
in the exam. You will also cope better if you have had a reasonable nights sleep before the exam.
One of the biggest problems students have with exams is in timing. Make sure you dont spend too
much time on questions youre unsure about, but work through and find questions you can do first.
Divide the time up into smaller chunks for each question and allow some extra time to go back
to questions you couldnt do or finish. For example, in a 2 hour exam with 6 questions, allow around
15 minutes for each question. This will give an extra half hour at the end to tidy up and finish off
questions.
xiii
Here are some general guidelines for doing exams:
Read through and ensure you know how many questions there are
Divide your time between questions with extra time at the end
Dont spend too much time on one question
Read each question carefully, underlining key words
Show all working out, including diagrams and formulae
Cross out mistakes with a single line so it can still be read
Write legibly
And finally
Study involves knowing what you dont know, and putting in a lot of time into concentrating on
these areas. This is a positive way to learn. Rather than just saying, I cant do this, say instead, I cant
do this yet, and use your teachers, friends, textbooks and other ways of finding out.
With the parts of the course that you do know, make sure you can remember these easily under
exam pressure by putting in lots of practice.
Remember to look at new work
today
tomorrow
in a week
in a month
Some people hardly ever find time to study while others give up their outside lives to devote all their
time to study. The ideal situation is to balance study with other aspects of your life, including going
out with friends, working and keeping up with sport and other activities that you enjoy.
Good luck with your studies!

562 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
Answers
Chapter 1: Geometry 2 8. +OCA +OCB 90 (given)
OA OB (equal radii)
Exercises 1.1 OC is common
1. +ABE 180 +ABD (straight angle 180 ) ` by RHS, $OAC / $OBC
+CBE 180 +CBD (straight angle) ` AC BC
180 +ABD (+ABD +CBD given) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
+ABE ` OC bisects AB
2. +DFB 180 (180 x) (+AFB is a straight angle) 9. +CDB +BEC 90 (altitudes given)
x +ACB +ABC (base angles of isosceles $)
` +AFC x (vertically opposite angles) CB is common
+CFE 180 (x 180 2x) ` by AAS, $CDB / $BEC
(+AFB is a straight angle)
` CE BD
x (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` +AFC +CFE
` CD bisects +AFE 10. AB AD (given)
BC DC (given)
3. +WBC +BCY 2x 115 65 2x
AC is common
180
` by SSS, $ABC / $ADC
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
` +DAC +BAC
`VW < XY
(corresponding angles in congruent $s)
4. x y 180 (given) So AC bisects +DAB
` +A +D 180 Also +BCA +DCA
These are supplementary cointerior angles. (corresponding angles in congruent $s)
` AB < DC ` AC bisects +DCB
Also +A +B (similarly)
These are supplementary cointerior angles. 11. (a) +NMO +MOP (alternate angles, MN < PO)
` AD < BC +PMO +MON (alternate angles, PM < ON)
` ABCD is a parallelogram. MO is common
` by AAS,
5. +ADB +CDB 110 (given)
$ MNO / $ MPO
+ABD +CBD (BD bisects +ABC)
(b) +PMO +MON (alternate angles, PM < ON)
BD is common
MN NO (given)
` by AAS,
+MON +NMO (base angles of isosceles $)
$ ABD / $ CBD
` +PMO +NMO
i.e. +PMQ +NMQ
6. (a) AB AE ( given)
+B +E ( base angles of isosceles $) (c) MN NO (given)
BC DE ( given) PM NO
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` by SAS, $ ABC / $ AED
` PM MN
(b) +BCA +EDA
(corresponding angles in congruent $s) +PMQ +NMQ (from (b))
MQ is common
+ACD 180 +BCA (BCD is a straight angle)
` by SAS, $PMQ / $NMQ
180 +EDA
+ADC (d) +MQN +MQP
` since base angles are equal, $ ACD is isosceles (corresponding angles in congruent $s)
But +MQN +MQP 180 (+PQN straight angle)
7. DC BC ( given)
` +MQN +MQP 90
+B +D 90 ( given)
1 12.
DM AD ( given)
2
1
and BN AB
2
` DM BN
` by SAS, $MDC / $NBC
` MC NC
ANSWERS 563
Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC. 19.

+DAC +ACB (alternate angles, AD < BC)
+BAC +ACD (alternate angles, AB < DC)
AC is common
` by AAS, $ADC / $ABC
13.
Let ABCD be a rectangle
AD BC (opposite sides in < gram)
+D +C 90
DC is common
` by SAS, $ ADC / $ BCD
$ ADC / $ ABC (see question 12) ` AC DB
` +ADC +ABC (corresponding angles in congruent $s) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
Similarly, by using diagonal BD we can
prove +A +C 20.
` opposite angles are equal
14. AB DC (opposite sides in < gram)

BM DN (given)
` AB BM DC DN
i.e. AM NC Let ABCD be a rectangle with +D 90
Also AM < NC (ABCD is a < gram)
` +C 180 90
Since one pair of sides is both parallel and (+D and +C cointerior angles, AD < BC)
equal, AMCN is a parallelogram.
90
+B 180 90
15. AD BC (opposite sides in < gram) (+B and +C cointerior angles, AB < DC)
BC FE (similarly) 90
` AD FE +A 180 90
Also AD < BC (ABCD is a < gram) (+A and +B cointerior angles, AD < BC)
and BC < FE (BCEF is a < gram) 90
` AD < FE ` all angles are right angles
Since one pair of sides is both parallel and equal, AFED
is a parallelogram. 21. AD CD (given)
AD BC (opposite sides of < gram)
16. +DEC +DCE (base angles of isosceles $)
Also AB CD (similarly)
Also, +DEC +ECB (alternate angles, AD < BC)
` AB AD BC CD
` +DCE +ECB
` all sides of the rhombus are equal
` CE bisects +BCD
22.
17. AB CD (given)
+BAC +DCA (given)
AC is common
` by SAS, $ABC / $ADC
` AD BC
Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal, Construct BE < AD
ABCD is a parallelogram. Then AD BE (opposite sides of < gram)
But AD BC (given)
Then BE BC
18. (a) AE EC ` +BCD +BEC (base angles of isosceles $)
(diagonals bisect each other in < gram)
Also, +ADC +BEC (corresponding angles, AD < BE)
+AEB +CEB 90 (given)
` +ADC +BCD
EB is common
` by SAS, $ ABE / $CBE 23. AD AB (given)
` AB BC DC BC (given)
(corresponding sides in congruent $s) AC is common
` by SSS, $ADC / $!"C
(b) +ABE +CBE
` +ADC +ABC
24. AD BC (opposite sides of < gram) Exercises 1.3

+D +C 90 (given)
1. Show m AB mCD 4 and
DE EC (E is the midpointgiven)
4
` by SAS, $ADE / $BCE m AD m BC
7
` AE BE
(corresponding sides in congruent $s) 7 4
2. Show m AC m BC 1;
4 7
< right-angled triangle with +C 90
25. (a) AD BC (opposite sides of < gram)
AB DC (similarly) 3. (a) AB AC 73 , BC 6 (b) 8 units (c) 24 units2
DB is common
1
` by SSS, $ADB / $BCD 4. Show m XY mYZ
5
(b) +ABE +CBE
(corresponding angles in congruent $s) 5. (a) Show AB AD 26 ,
(c) AB BC (adjacent sides in rhombus) BC CD 80
+ABE +CBE (found) (b) Show m AC m BD 1
BE is common (c) E ( 1, 2), CE 72 6 2,
` by SAS, $ABE / $CBE AE 18 3 2
(d) +AEB +BEC
(corresponding angles in congruent $s) 6. r 1
But +AEB +BEC 180 (AEC is a straight angle)
7. (a) 2x 3y 13 0
` +AEB +BEC 90
(b) Substitute (7, 9) into the equation
(c) Isosceles
Exercises 1.2 8. +AOB +COD 90

1. (a) 14 452 mm2 (b) 67 200 mm3 2. 3
90 m OD 4
2
OB 2
3. V 2x3 3x2 2x OC 14
2
OA 7
4. V r2 h OD OC
`
250 r2 h OB OA
250 Since 2 pairs of sides are in proportion and their
r2
h included angles are equal, $ OAB<;$OCD.
250
r
h 9. (a) OB is common
OA BC 5
7. V ] x 2 g3
3b2
5. V 5 r3 6. A AB OC 20
2
x3 6x2 12x 8 ` by SSS $OAB / $OCB
8. S 24 h2 1
(b) Show mOA m BC 1 and m AB mOC 2
3
9. V x ] 3 2x g2
4x3 12x2 9x 10. +ABC 90 and AB BC 2
So ABC is isosceles
10. 262 cm3 11. V 3h2 2h ` +CAB +ACB
But +CAB +ACB 90 (angle sum of triangle)
12. V 2h2 5h
` +CAB +ACB 45
1 Similarly, other angles are 45.
13. V (6x3 5x2 34x 15)
3
11. PR QS 145
14. (a) V 18x3 12x2 2x (b) S 54x2 30x 4
Since diagonals are equal, PQRS is a rectangle.
15. l h2 r2
12. (a) X ( 2, 2), Y ^ 1, 0 h
x2 y 400 750 r2 (b) m XY m BC 2
16. V 17. h 18. h
4 r 2 r So XY < BC
(c) XY 5 , BC 20 2 5
850 r2
19. l So BC 2XY
r
20. y 810 000 x2

ANSWERS 565
13. m AC m BD 1 1 1 5. +ABC +ADC 90 (+s in semicircle)

So AC and BD are perpendicular. AC is common
Midpoint AC midpoint BD d , n
a a BC DC (given)
2 2 ` by RHS, $ ABC / $ ADC
So AC and BD bisect each other.
` +BAC +DAC
So AC and BD are perpendicular bisectors.
(corresponding +s in congruent $s)
14. (a) Distance from X distance from Y 1 unit
6. Reflex +AOC 2y
(b) Z d , 0 n
1
(+ at centre is double the + at the circumference)
4
But +AOC 360 2x (+ of revolution)
1
(c) 1 units2 ` 2y 360 2x
4
y 180 x
xy 180
15. Midpoint AB: W d 2, 1 n
1 `
2
Midpoint BC: X ^ 2, 3 h 7. (a) +BCA +BAC (base +s of isosceles $)
+BCA +CAD (alternate +s, BC < AD)
Midpoint CD: Y d 4 , n
1 1
2 2 ` +BAC +CAD
` AC bisects +BAD
Midpoint AD: Z d , 2 n
1
2 (b) +ACD 90 (+in a semicircle)
3 ` +CAD 90 +ADC (+ sum of $)
mWX mZY
8 But + CAD +BAC (found)
So WX < ZY ` +BAC 90 +ADC
7 ` +BAC and +ADC are complementary
m XY mWZ
5
So XY < WZ 8. AB BC (given)
WXYZ is a parallelogram. ` +AOB +COB

(equal chords subtend equal +s)
AO CO (equal radii)
Exercises 1.4 ` +OAC +OCA
(base +s of isosceles $)
1. (a) +AOC +BOC (equal +s on equal arcs)
` +ADO 180 (+AOB +OAC)
But +AOC +BOC 180 (+AOB straight line)
(+ sum of $)
` +AOC +BOC 90
180 (+COB +OCA)
` OC = AB
+CDO
(b) +OAC +OCA (base +s of isosceles $)
But +ADO +CDO 180 (+ADC straight +)
+OCA (180 90 ) w 2 ` +ADO +CDO 90
45 (+ sum of $)
` BO = AC
+OCB 45 (similarly)
` +ACB 45 45 9. +XOZ 2+XYZ
90 (+ at centre is double + at circumference)
OX OY (equal radii)
2. (a) 40 ` +YXO +XYO (base +s of isosceles $)
2r OY OZ (equal radii)
(b) units
9 ` +YZO +ZYO (base +s of isosceles $)
3. OC OA (equal radii)
+XYZ +XYO +ZYO
+COD +AOB (given)
+YXO +YZO
OD OB (equal radii)
` +XOZ 2 (+YXO +YZO)
` by SAS, $OCD / $OAB
10. Let +BAE y and +DAE x
` CD AB
Then +BAD xy
+BDC y (+s in same segment)
+DBC x (similarly)
4. AB CD (given)
` +BCD 180 (x y) (+ sum in $ BCD)
OA PC (equal radii)
180 +BAD
OB PD (similarly)
` by SSS, $ AOB / $CPD
` +AOB +CPD
11. (a) Let +RQP x ` XE YE

+MQP 90 (+ in semicircle) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` +MQR 90 x AB CD
+QMR 180 (90 90 x) 1
` AX AB
(+ sum of $ MQR) 2
x (perpendicular from O bisects chord)
` +QMR +RQP 1
CD
2
(b) +RQP +NMR (+s in same segment) DY (similarly)
` +NMR +QMR ` AE AX XE
+NRM +QRM 90 (given) DY YE
MR is common DE
` by AAS, $ MNR / $ MQR Also, CE DC DE
` MN MQ AB AE
(corresponding sides in congruent $s) BE
12. +DAC +CDE (given) 19. (a) +ABC 90 (+ in semicircle)

+CDE +BAC (+s in same segment) +ODB 90 (OD bisects chord BC)
` +DAC +BAC ` +ABC +ODB
` AE bisects +DAB OB OC (equal radii)
` +OBD +ACB (base +s of isosceles $)
13. +FEH +FGH 90 (+s in semicircle) ` +BAC +BOD (+ sum of $s)
FH is common ` $ABC <; $OBD (3 pairs of +s equal)
EF FG (given)
(b) +ABC +ODC [from (a)]
` by RHS, $ EFH / $ GFH
These are equal corresponding angles.
` EH GH
` AB < OD
` EFGH is a kite
20. CE EG (OE bisects CG)
14. +ADB 90 (+ in semicircle) AD < EO < FB (given)

ED AO
+CDB 180 +ADB (+ADC straight +) ` (equal intercepts)
EF OB
90
AO OB (equal radii)
` BC is a diameter (+CDB angle in semicircle)
` ED EF
CD CE ED
15. +BDC +BAC (+s in same segment)
EG EF
AO CO (equal radii)
FG
` +BAC +ACO (base +s of isosceles $)
` +BDC +ACO 21. (a) OA OB (equal radii)
PA PB (similarly)
16. AC EC (perpendicular from O bisects chord)
` OAPB is a kite
BC DC (similarly)
` OP = AB (diagonals of kite)
AB AC BC
EC DC (b) OA 18cm
DE
22. (a) Since CE is the perpendicular bisector of AB,
it must pass through the centre of the circle.
17. OF OE
DE is the perpendicular bisector of AB similarly, so it
(equal chords are same distance from centre)
passes through the centre.
` $OEF is isosceles
` CF and GD are diameters
` +OFE +OEF (base +s of isosceles $)
(b) CE 28.125 cm
18. +OXE +OYE 90 (given) 23. AB < DC and AD < BC so ABCD is a parallelogram.
OE is common +A 180 +C
AB CD (given) (opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
` OX OY +A 180 +B (cointerior +s, AD < BC)
(equal chords are same distance from centre) ` 180 +C 180 +B
` by RHS, $ OXE / $ OYE ` +C +B
But +C +B 180 (cointerior +s, AB < DC)
` +C +B 90
` ABCD is a rectangle
ANSWERS 567
24. +B 180 +D (opposite +s in cyclic quad.) (b) +AOB +COB

180 90 (corresponding +s in congruent $s)
90
32. Let +ACD x
` AC is a diameter (+ in semicircle is 90 )
+ACO 90 (tangent = radius)
25. +DAC +BAC (given)

` +DCE 90 x
+BCA +DCA (given)
+CDE 90 (+ in semicircle)
` +ADC +ABC (+sum of $) ` +CED 180 (90 90 x)

(+ sum of $)
But +ADC 180 +ABC
(opposite +s of cyclic quadrilateral)
x
` +ADC +ABC 90 ` +ACD +CED
` AC is a diameter (+ in semicircle is 90)
33. +OAB +OCB 90 (tangent = radius)
26. OB OC ^ equal radii h `+OAB 180 +OCB
` +OBC +OCB y (base +s of isosceles $) +OAB +OCB +AOC +ABC 360
` +ABC +ABO +OBC (+ sum of quad.)
yz ` 180 +AOC +ABC 360
+ODC 180 +ABC +AOC +ABC 180
(opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
Opposite angles are supplementary.
` x 180 (y z)
` OABC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
` x y z 180
34. BD and AB are both tangents to the larger circle.

27. +BAC +BCA (base +s of isosceles $)
` AB BD
` +ABC 180 2 (+sum of $)
BD and CB are both tangents to the smaller circle.
+ADC 180 +ABC (opposite +s in cyclic quad.)
` BD CB
180 (180 2 )
` AB CB
2
35. AE BE (tangents from external point are equal)
28. +D is common
CE DE (similarly)
+DEC +ABD (ext. + equals int. opposite +)
AE BE
` +DCE +DAB (+ sum of $) `
CE DE
` $ ADB <; $ CED
` AB < CD (equal intercepts)
29. +DEC +DCE (base +s of isosceles $)

36. AD BD (D bisects AB, given)
+DEC +ABD (ext. + equals int. opposite+)
+ADO +BDO 90 (tangent = radius)
` +DCE +ABD
OD is common
These are equal corresponding angles.
` by SAS, $ AOD / $ BOD
` AB < EC
` AO BO
30. Let +FAB x (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
Then +BCD 180 x (cointerior +s, AF < CD)

37. (a) AE BE (tangents from external point are equal)
BCDE is a cyclic quadrilateral.
DE CE (similarly)
` +BED 180 +BCD
AC AE CE
(opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
BE DE
180 (180 x)
BD
x
AE BE
Also, ABEF is a cyclic quadrilateral. (b)
EC ED
` +BEF 180 x (opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
` AB < DC (equal intercepts)
+FED +BED +BEF
x 180 x 38. BC DC (tangents from external point are equal)
180 +ABD +CBD (BD bisects +ABC, given)
` +FED is a straight angle +ABD +ADB (base +s of isosceles $ ABD)
` F, E and D are collinear +CBD +BDC (base+s of isosceles $ DBC)
` +ADB +BDC
31. (a) +BAO +BCO 90
Also, BD is common
(tangent = radius)
` by AAS, $ ADB / $CDB
OB is common
AB BC and AD DC
^ equal radii h
`
OA OC
` by RHS, $ OAB / $ OCB
` AB BC AD DC
` ABCD is a rhombus
39. (a) +OXA +OYC 90 46. CB2 BD BE

(tangent = radius) BD (BD DE )
` AB < CD BD (BD 4BD)
(corresponding +s equal) 5BD2
` +OAX +OCY ` CB 5 BD
(corresponding +s, AB < CD) But CB AB
and +OBX +ODY (similarly) (tangents from external point B are equal)
` $OAB <; $OCD (3 pairs of +s equal) ` AB 5 BD
(b) CD 19.2 cm
47. +EBC +EDB (+s in alternate segment)
40. +OBA 90 (tangent = radius)
+DBE +BEC (alternate +s, DB < EC)
+PBA 90 (similarly)
` $ BDE <; $ BEC
` +OBA +PBA 180
i.e. +OBP 180 48. +EFC +EDF 90
` +OBP is a straight angle (+s in alternate segment)
So O, P and B are collinear. +FEC +EDF 90 (similarly)
` +EFC +FEC 90 90
41. Let +ECB x 180
Then +BCA x (BC bisects +ECA, given) These are supplementary cointerior +s.
Also, +ECB and +BAC are +s in ` AC < BC
alternate segments ` the diagram is impossible
` +BAC x
+ECA x x
49. (a) +EDF +ECD (+s in alternate segment)
2x
+BAE +ECD
` +ADC 2x (+s in alternate segment)
(ext. +equal to int. opposite + in cyclic quad.)
` +ADC 2+BAC
` +EDF +BAE
(b) D is common
42. CE is a diameter of the smaller circle (line through +ECD +BAD [from (a)]
centres passes through point of contact). ` $ ADB <; $ EDC
` +CDE +ABC 90 (+ in semicircle)
(c) +EDF +BAE [from (a)]
+BCA +DCE (vertically opposite +s)
These are equal alternate angles.
` +BAC +CED (+sum of $)
` AB < FG
` $ ABC <;$CDE
50. (a) AY BY (Y midpoint, given)
43. +EAB +BCA (+s in alternate segment) AZ AY and XB BY
+BOA 2+BCA (tangents from same external point are equal)
(+ at centre double + at circumference)
` BX AZ
` +BOA 2+EAB Also, CZ CX (similarly)
AC AZ CZ
44. Let +BCE x BX CX
Then +BAC x (+s in alternate segment)
BC
` +ACF 90 x (+ sum of $ ACF)
(b) AZ XB [from (a)]
+ACB 90 (+ in semicircle)
$ABC is isosceles (AC BC, found)
+ACF +FCB
` +ZAY +XBY
` 90 90 x +FCB
(base +s of isosceles $)
` x +FCB
AY YB (given)
Since +FCB +BCE x,
` by SAS $ AZY / $ BXY
BC bisects +FCE
(c) +AYZ +YXZ
45. +ACE +DEC (alternate +s, DE < BA) (+s in alternate segment)
+EDC +ACE (+s in alternate segment) +AZY +ZYX (similarly)
` +EDC +DEC ZY XY
` $ EDC is isosceles (base +s equal) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` by AAS, $ XYZ / $ AZY
ANSWERS 569
51. (a) OA is diameter of the smaller circle (line of centres 4. AB (7 4)2 ( 5 1)2
passes through point of contact A). 5
` +OCA 90 (+ in semicircle)
BC (7 1)2 ( 5 3)2
+BDC 90 (similarly) 10
+OCA and + BDC are equal corresponding angles.
AC (4 1)2 ( 1 3)2
` OC < BD 5
(b) EF2 AE BE Since AB AC x BC, $ ABC is isosceles.
AE (BO OA AE)
AE (3AE) 50 r2
5. h
(AE OA, given and BO OA, equal radii) r
3AE2
6. (a) +ADE 45 (corresponding+s BC < AD)
` EF 3 AE
+EAD 90 45 (+ sumof $)
(c) OC 3.5 cm 45
So $ADE is isosceles.
52. Let +CEG x and +DEF y
Then +BAD x and +ABC y (b) AE DE y (isoceles $)
(+s in alternate segment) CD y (CD DE, given)
+ DCE +CEG x (alternate +s, DC < FG) AB y (opposite sides in < gram)
+BCD 180 +DCE (+BCE straight +) AB < CE (given)
180 x So ABCE is a trapezium.
` +BCD and +BAD are supplementary 1
A h (a b)
+CDE +DEF y (alternate +s, DC < FG) 2
+ADC 180 +CDE (+ ADE straight+) 1
y (y 2y)
180 y 2
` +ADC and +ABC are supplementary 1
y 3y
Since opposite angles are supplementary, 2
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. 3y2

` A, B, C and D are concyclic points 2
7. +COB 2 (x y)
Test yourself 1
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
1. (a) AB AC (given) OC OB (equal radii)
So BD EC (midpoints) ` +OCB +OBC (base +s in isosceles $)
+DBC +ECB (base +s in isoceles T) 180 2 (x y)
` +OCB
BC is common 2
`$BEC / $BDC (SAS) 90 (x y)
(b) ` BE DC (corresponding sides in /Ts)
CB CG
8. (a) (equal ratio of intercepts)
2. (a) x 94, y 86 BA GF
(b) +A +D 94 86 CG CD
(similarly)
180 GF DE
These are supplementary cointerior +s. CB CD
`
` AB < DC BA DE
(b) 20.4 cm
3.
4 4
9. m BC 0
1y 2 5
2 4 3
1x mCD 7
2 5 6
3 3
m AD 0
1 6
c2 a2 b2
4 3
x 2 eyo
2
m AB 7
d n 2 1
2 2 BC < AD, CD < AB
x2 y
2
So ABCD is a parallelogram.

4 4
x2 y2 10. +DEB +DBE (base +s of isosceles $)

4 +DEB +CBD (+s in alternate segment)
x2 y2 ` +DBE +CBD
c So BD bisects + EBC.
4
x2 y2

2
11. DC2 BC2 122 52 (c) BE DE (corresponding sides in / $s)

144 25 ` AC bisects BD
169 +BEA +DEA (corresponding+s in / $s)
132 But +BEA +DEA 180 (straight +)
DB2 ` +BEA +DEA 90
` +C 90 (Pythagoras) So AC is perpendicular to BD.
So ABCD is a rectangle.
1
9.18 5.13 19. (a) AB: m1 , BC: m2 2
12. 2.7 2
3.4 1.9 1
+Y +P 39 (given) m1 m2 2 1
2
` $PQR <; $WXY So AB and BC are perpendicular.
(two pairs of sides in proportion, with included+s equal)
(b) (3, 2)
1
13. OA OD (equal radii) (c) (3, )
2
OB OC (similarly)
(d) 5 units
+AOB +COD (given)
` $ABO / $CDO (SAS) 20. (a) 500 4x2 6xh
` AB CD (corresponding sides in / $s) 500 4x2 6xh
250 2x2 3xh
14. Let +BAC x 250 2x2
h
Then +DAC x (givenAC bisects +BAD) 3x
+DCA x (base+s of isosceles $DAC) (b) V 2x2 h
` +BAC +DCA 250 2x2
2x2 e o
These are equal alternate angles. 3x
` AB < EC 250 2x 2
2x e o
+EDA 2x (exterior+of $ DAC) 3
+DEA +DAE (base+s of isosceles $ AED) 500x 4x3

180 2x 3
+DAE (+ sum of isosceles $)
2
90 x
+EAC 90 x x Challenge exercise 1
90
` +EAC +ACB 1. BD is common
+ADB +CDB 90 (given)
These are equal alternate angles.
AD DC (BD bisects ACgiven)
` AE < CB
` by SAS, $ABD / $CBD
So ABCE is a parallelogram.
` AB BC (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
15. ^ 1, 0 h So $ABC is isosceles.
1
16. (a) +A +D (+s in same segment) 2. (a) AD AB
2
+B +E (similarly)
AD 1
+ACB +DCE (vertically opposite angles) `
AB 2
` $ ABC <;$ CDE (AAA) 1
AE AC
(b) x 2.9 cm, y 7.7 cm 2
AE 1
`
17. (a) 4x 3y 1 0 AC 2
(b) 2.4 units AD AE
`
(c) 12 units2 AB AC
+A is common
18. (a) AB AD (given)
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their
BC DC (given)
included angles are equal,
AC is common
$ADE <; $ABC
` $ABC / $ADC (SSS)
` +ADE +ABC
(b) AB AD (given)
These are equal corresponding angles
+BAE +DAE (corresponding +s in / $s)
` DE < BC
AE is common
` $ ABE / $ ADE (SAS)
ANSWERS 571
(b) Since ADE <; ABC, Let +BAC = x

AD DE 1 Then +CDB = 180 x (opposite +s in cyclic quad.)
= =
AB BC 2 ` +BDY = x (+CDY straight+)
DE 1 +BAC = +BCY (given)
` =
BC 2 ` +BDY = +BCY = x
1 These are equal corresponding angles.
` DE = BC
2 ` BC < BD (impossible!)
` XY is a tangent to the circle
3.
8. 70 cm
9. (a) +OCA = +CAB (alternate+s, CO < BA)

+BAD = +BCA (+s in alternate segment)
+OCB = +OCA ++BCA
= +CAB ++BAD
Let ABCD be a rhombus with AD = DC = +CAD
To prove:
+ADE = +CDE (b) +CBA = +CAE (+s in alternate segment)
+OAE = 90 (tangent = radius)
Proof +CAE = +OAE + +CAO
AD = DC (given) ` +CBA = 90 + +CAO
` ADC is isosceles
` +DAE = +DCE
10.
AE = EC (diagonals bisect each other)
` by SAS, ADE / CDE
` +ADE = +CDE
(corresponding angles in congruent s)
(Note: We can prove other pairs of angles equal

similarly.)
4. 1189 mm 841 mm +EAF = +ACD (alternate angles, AB < DC)

+ADC = +ABC (opposite angles in < gram)
4000 +ABC = +AEF (corresponding angles, BC < EF)
5. S = 2x2 +
x
` +ADC = +AEF
(n 2) 180 Since 2 pairs of angles equal, third is equal by angle sum
6. Each angle =
n of
(180n 360) ` AEF <; ADC
=
n
= c 180 m
360 11.
n
7. Assume XY is not a tangent to the circle. Draw a circle

through, A, B and C so that XY cuts the circle at C and D.
a + a b + b
(a) Midpoint of BD: d , n = (a, 0)
2 2
0 + 2a 0 + 0
Midpoint of AC: d , n = (a, 0)
2 2
` diagonals BD and AC bisect each other at E(a, 0)
BD is vertical and AC is horizontal
`the diagonals are perpendicular
Ans_PART_1.indd 571 6/30/09 12:06:16 PM

(b) AB (a 0) 2 (b 0)2 16. Draw in OD.

a2 b2 Then +ODA +ODC 90
(line bisecting chord from O is = to it)
BC (2a a)2 (0 b) 2
OC OA (equal radii)
a2 b2
CD AD (given, D midpoint)
CD (2a a)2 (0 b)2
a2 b2 ` by RHS, $OCD / $OAD
AD (a 0)2 ( b 0)2 ` +AOD +COD
a2 b2
` all sides are equal +COA +AOD +COD
2+AOD
(c) BC CD (from (a)) But +COA 2+CBA
BE ED (from (a)) (+ at centre twice + at circumference)
CE is common ` +AOD +CBA
` by SSS $ CBE / $ CDE
` +BCE +DCE (corresponding +s in congruent $ s) 17. (a) (2 3 ) r units
So AC bisects +BCD (b) (2 2 3 ) r units
12. DE BE (digonals bisect in < gram) (c) (2 5 3 ) r units
+AEB +AED 90 (given)
18. FE EB and EB ED
AE is common
(tangents from external point are equal)
` by SAS, $ADE / $ABE
` circle can be drawn through F, B and D with centre E
` AB AD (corresponding sides in congruent $ s)
`+FBD is the angle in a semicircle
`+FBD 90
CP CR 1
13. (P and R are midpoints)
PA RB 1 19. 3R r units
` PR < AB (equal ratios on < lines)
Similarly PQ < CB and QR < AC 20. 188 mm
+QPR +PRC (alternate +s, PQ < CB)
DP DS 1
+CPR +PRQ (alternate +s, AC < RQ) 21. (a) (P, S are midpoints)
DA DC 2
PR is common +D is common
` by AAS, $ PQR / $ CPR
Since 2 pairs of sides are in proportion and the included
angles are equal,
14. (a) Let +OBD x
$DPS <; $DAC.
+ADB 90 (+ in semicircle)
+OAD 90 x (+ sum of $ABD)
DP DS 1
` (b)
+OBC 90 (tangent = radius) PA SC 1
` +DCB x (+sum of $ABC) ` PS < AC (equal rations on < lines)
` +OBD +DCB BQ BR
Similarly,
(b) OA OD (equal radii) QA RC
+OAD +ODA 90 x ` QR < AC
(base +s of isosceles $) `PS < QR
+AOD 180 2 (90 x) (+ sum of $AOD)
AP AQ 1
2x (c) (P, Q are midpoints)
PD QB 1
2+DCB
` PQ < DB (equal ratios on < lines)
15. +ACD +DGC (+s in alternate segment) Similarly SR < DB

+ACE +EFC (similarly) `PQ < SR
+DCE +ACE +ACD Since PS < QR, PQ < SR.
+EFC +DGC PQRS is a parallelogram.
+FCG +DGC +EFC (external + of $ FGC)
` +FCG +EFC +DGC
+DCE
ANSWERS 573
Chapter 2: Geometrical applications 14. p 12

of calculus
1
15. a 1 , b 6
2
Problem
dy
^ 0.25, 1.125 h 16. (a) 3x2 6x 27
dx
(b) The quadratic function has a 0
Exercises 2.1
b2 4ac 288 0
1. (a) So 3x2 6x 27 0 for all x
The function is monotonic increasing for all x.
17. y
x
(b)
2
18. y
(c)
x
4
19. y
(d)
x
1
1
2. x 3. x 0
4
20. y
4. (a) x 1.5 (b) x 1.5 (c) x 1.5
5. f l(x) 2 0 for all x
6. yl 3x2 0 for all x x 0
7. (0, 0) 8. x 3, 2 9. (a) (1, 4) (b) (0, 9) x

-2 5
(c) (1, 1) and (2, 0) (d) (0, 1), (1, 0) and ( 1, 0)
10. (2, 0) 11. 1 x 1 12. x 5, x 3
13. (a) x 2, 5 (b) 2 x 5 (c) x 2, x 5

17. d 1, n minimum
1
21. y
2
18. (2.06, 54.94) maximum, ^ 20.6, 54.94 h minimum
2 19. (4.37, 54.92) minimum, ^ 4.37, 54.92 h maximum

dA x2
20. (a) 3600 x2
x dx 3600 x2
3
3600 2x2

3600 x2
(b) (42.4, 1800) maximum, ^ 42.4, 1800 h minimum
22. y
Exercises 2.3
1. 7x6 10x4 4x3 1; 42x5 40x3 12x2;
x 210x4 120x2 24x; 840x3 240x 24
-2
-1 2. f m(x) 72x7 3. f l(x) 10x4 3x2, f m(x) 40x3 6x
4. f l(1) 11, f m( 2) 168
5. 7x6 12x5 16x3; 42x5 60x4 48x2; 210x4 240x3 96x

2 13
23. (2, 0) and c , 3 m dy d2 y
3 81 6. 4x 3, 4
dx dx2
3x 2 2 2 3
; f , p
x
24. x1
2 x1 2 x1 3 9 7. f l( 1) 16, f m(2) 40 8. 4x 5, 20x 6
1 d2 h
25. a 1.75 9. g m(4) 10. 26 when t 1
32 dt2
1 3 7 1
26. !0 27. !0 11. x 12. x
2 x x4 18 3
13. 20 (4x 3)4 ; 320 (4x 3)3

Exercises 2.2
1
1. (0, 1); yl 0 on LHS, yl 0 on RHS 14. f l(x) ;
2 2 x
2. (0, 0) minimum 3. (0, 2) inflexion 1
f m(x)
4 (2 x) 3
4. ( 2, 11); show f l(x) 0 on LHS and f l(x) 0 on RHS.
15. f l^ x h
16 96
; f m(x)
5. ( 1, 2) minimum 6. (4, 0) minimum (3x 1) 2 (3x 1) 3
7. (0, 5) maximum, (4, 27) minimum d2 v 2 3 3 2

16. 24t 16 17. b 18. f m(2)
dt2 3 4 2 8
8. f l(0) 0, f l(x) 0 on LHS and RHS
19. f m(1) 196 20. b 2.7
9. (0, 5) maximum, (2, 1) minimum
Exercises 2.4
10. (0, 3) maximum, (1, 4) minimum, ( 1, 4) minimum
1
11. (1, 0) minimum, ( 1, 4) maximum 1. x 2. x 3 3. y m 8 0 4. y m 2 0
3
1 1
12. m 6 5. x 2 6. (1, 9) 7. (1, 17) and ( 1, 41)
12 3
8. (0, 2); y m 0 on LHS, y m 0 on RHS 9. 2 x 1

13. x 3 minimum 14. x 0 minimum, x 1 maximum
10. (a) Nominimum at (0, 0)
15. x 1 inflexion, x 2 minimum
(b) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
dP 50 (c) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
16. (a) 2 2 (d) Yesinflexion at (0, 0)
dx x
(b) (5, 20) minimum, ^ 5, 20 h maximum (e) Nominimum at (0, 0)
ANSWERS 575
11. y Exercises 2.5
dy d2 y dy d2 y
1. (a) 0, 0 (b) 0, 0
dx dx 2
dx dx2
dy d2 y dy d2 y
(c) 0, 0 (d) 0, 0
dx dx2 dx dx2
dy d2 y
x (e) 0, 0
dx dx2
dP d2 P
2. (a) 0, 0 (b) The rate is decreasing.
dt dt2
3.
12. y
x 4. (a)
1
13. None: (2, 31) is not an inflexion since concavity does

not change.
12
14. f m(x)
x4
x4 0 for all x ! 0 (b)
12
So 0 for all x ! 0
x4
So the function is concave upward for all x ! 0.
15. (a) (0, 7), (1, 0) and ^ 1, 14 h (b) (0, 7)

d2 y
16. (a) 12x2 24
dx2
x2 r 0 for all x (c)
So 12x2 r 0 for all x
12x2 24 r 24
So 12x2 24 x 0 and there are no points of inflexion.
(b) The curve is always concave upwards.
17. a 2 18. p 4 19. a 3, b 3
20. (a) ^ 0, 8 h, ^ 2, 2 h
dy
(b) 6x5 15x4 21
dx (d)
dy
At ^ 0, 8 h: 6 ] 0 g5 15 ] 0 g4 21
dx
21
x0
dy
At ^ 2, 2 h: 6 ] 2 g5 15 ] 2 g4 21
dx
27
x0
So these points are not horizontal points of inflexion.
5. 2
13. (a) a (b) maximum, as y m 0
3
1
14. m 5 15. a 3, b 9
2
Exercises 2.7
1.
6.
dM d2 M
7. 0, 0
dt dt2
8. (a) The number of fish is decreasing. 2.

(b) The population rate is increasing.
(c)
9. The level of education is increasing, but the rate is

slowing down.
10. The population is decreasing, and the population rate is

decreasing. 3.
Exercises 2.6
1. (1, 0) minimum 2. (0,1) minimum
3. (2, 5), y m 6 0 4. (0.5, 0.25), y m 0 so maximum
5. (0, 5); f m(x) 0 at (0, 5), f m(x) 0 on LHS, f m(x) 0 RHS
6. Yesinflexion at (0, 3)
4.
7. ^ 2, 78 h minimum, ^ 3, 77 h maximum
8. (0, 1) maximum, ^ 1, 4 h minimum,

^ 2, 31 h minimum
9. (0, 1) maximum, (0.5, 0) minimum,

^ 0.5, 0 h minimum
10. (a) (4, 176) maximum, (5, 175) minimum

(b) (4.5, 175.5)
11. (3.67, 0.38) maximum
12. ^ 0, 1 h minimum, ^ 2, 15 h maximum,

^ 4, 1 h minimum
ANSWERS 577
5. 9.
6.
10.
7.
11.
8. (a) ^ 0, 7 h minimum, ^ 4, 25 h maximum

(b) ^ 2, 9 h
(c)
12.
13. 2.
3. y
dy 2
14. x0
dx (1 x) 2
(0, 0)
x
1
-1
2
(-3, -3)
4.
15.
5.
Exercises 2.8
6.
1.
ANSWERS 579
12. y
7.
1
-1,
2
1, - 1
2
8.
13. y
(2.16, 30.24)
x
9. 2 2
( 2.16, 30.24)
14. f(t)
10.
(2.41, 4.83)
t
1
( 0.41, 0.83)
1
11. y
6
5
4
3
2
1
(0.24, 0.66)
x
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
( 4.24, 0.1)
2
3
4
5
15. x
6
5
4
3
1
2 0, 2
4
1
h
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
2 5. Maximum value is 2.
3 1
6. Maximum value is 5, minimum value is 16 .
4 3
5
Exercises 2.9
1. Maximum value is 4.
7. Absolute maximum 29, relative maximum 3, absolute

minimum 35, relative minimum 35, 8
8. Minimum 25, maximum 29
2. Maximum value is 9, minimum value is 7.
9. Maximum 3, minimum 1
3. Maximum value is 25.
4. Maximum value is 86, minimum value is 39.

ANSWERS 581
10. Maximum , minimum 1 2 1 2

A d xn d yn
4 4
x2 y2

16 16
x2 y2

16
x2 (30 x)2

16
x2 900 60x x2

16
2x2 60x 900

16
2 (x2 30x 450)

16
x2 30x 450

8
Problem
30 6. (a) x2 y2 2802 (b) A xy
The disc has radius cm. (This result uses Stewarts 78 400
7 x 78 400 x2
theoremcheck this by research.) y2 78 400 x2
y 78 400 x2
Exercises 2.10 7.
1. A xy
50 xy
50
` y
x
P 2x 2y
V x (10 2x) (7 2x)
50
2x 2 x (70 20x 14x 4x2)
x
x (70 34x 4x2)
100
2x 70x 34x2 4x3
x
2. 2x 2y 120 8. Profit per person Cost Expenses

2y 120 2x (900 100x) (200 400x)
y 60 x 900 100x 200 400x
A xy 700 500x
x (60 x) For x people, P x (700 500x)
60x x2 700x 500x2
3. xy 20
9.
20
y
x
S xy
20
x
x
4. V r2h
400 r2 h
400
h
r2
S 2 r2 2 rh
400
2 r 2 2 r e o
r2 After t hours, Joel has travelled 75t km. He is
800 700 75t km from the town.
2 r 2
r After t hours, Nick has travelled 80t km. He is
5. (a) x y 30 680 80t km from the town.
` y 30 x d (700 75t)2 (680 80t)2
(b) The perimeter of one square is x, so its side is 490 000 105 000t 5625t2 462 400
1 1 108 800t 6400t2
x. The other square has side y.
4 4 952 400 213 800t 12 025t2
10. The river is 500 m, or 0.5 km, wide Distance AB: 10. V r2h 54
d
x 0.5 2 2 54
h

x2 0.25 r 2
distance 54
Speed 2
time r
distance S 2r (r h)
` Time
2r d r 2 n
speed 54
x2 0.25 r
t 108
5 2r
2
r
Distance BC: Radius is 3 m.
d 7 x
17 200
distance 11. (a) S 2 r2 (b) 2323.7 m2
Time r
speed
7 x 12. 72 cm2
t
4
So total time taken is: 13. (a) xy 400
x2 0.25 7 x 400
t ` y
5 4 x
A (y 10) (x 10)
xy 10y 10x 100
xc m 10 c m 10x 100
Exercises 2.11 400 400
x x
1. 2 s, 16 m 2. 7.5 km 4000
400 10x 100
x
3. 2x 2y 60 4000
2y 60 2x 500 10x
x
y 30 x (1)
A xy (b) 100 cm2
x (30 x) from (1)
30x x2 14. 20 cm by 20 cm by 20 cm 15. 1.12 m2
Max. area 225 m2 16. (a) 7.5 m by 7.5 m (b) 2.4 m
4. (a) A xy 4000 1
17. 301 cm2 18. 160 cm2 19. 1.68 cm, 1.32 cm
4000 6
` y (1)
x 20. d2 (200 80t) 2 (120 60t) 2
P 2x 2y
40 000 32 000t 6400t2
2x 2 c m
4000 14 400 14 400t 3600t2
from (1)
x
10 000t2 46 400t 54 400
8000
2x 24 km
x
21. (a) d ] x2 2x 5 g ] 4x x2 g (b) unit
(b) 63.2 m by 63.2 m 1
(c) $12 332.89 2
x 2x 5 4x x
2 2
2x2 6x 5
5. 4 m by 4 m 6. 14 and 14 7. -2.5 and 2.5
8. x 1.25 m, y 1.25 m 1 y
22. (a) Perimeter 2x y (2r) where r
2 2
9. (a) V x (30 2x) (80 2x) y
1200 2x y e 2 o
1
x (2400 220x 4x2) 2 2
2400x 220x2 4x3 y
2x y
2 2
(b) x 6 cm
3 y
1200 y 2x
(c) 7407.4 cm3 2
y y
600 x
2 4
2400 2y y
x
4
ANSWERS 583
1 2 x2 x5
(b) A xy r 2. (a) f (x) 2x3 C (b) f (x) x3 7x C
2 2 5
2400 2y y y 2 x2 x3
e oy 1 e o (c) f (x) 2x C (d) f (x) x2 3x C
4 2 2 2 3
2400y 2y2 y2 y2 3
2x 2
4 8 (e) f (x) C
3
4800y 4y 2y
2 2
y 2
x 3
8 8 3. (a) y x5 9x C (b) y 2x 1 C
4800y 4y2 y2 3
x4 x3 2
8 (c) y C (d) y C
20 3 x
(c) x 168 m, y 336 m x4 x2
(e) y xC
4 3
23. (a) Equation AB:
y mx b
2 x3 x 2
b 4. (a) C (b) C
xb 3 2
a
1 1 1
Substitute ^ 1, 2 h (c)
7x 7
C (d) 2x 2 6x 3 C
b x 6
2 ( 1) b (e) 2x 1 C
a 6
b
b
a x4 1
2a b ab 5. y x3 5x 6. f (x) 2x2 7x 11
4 4
b ] 1 a g
b ]a 1 g 7. f (1) 8 8. y 2x 3x2 19 9. x 16
1
2a 3
b
a 1 10. y 4x2 8x 7 11. y 2x3 3x2 x 2
(b) a 2, b 4 12. f (x) x3 x2 x 5 13. f (2) 20.5
24. 26 m x3 x2 1 4x3 1
14. y 12x 24 15. y 15x 14
d 3 2 2 3 3
25. (a) s
t
17. f ] x g x4 x3 2x2 4x 2
x3 2
d 16. y 2x2 3x 4
So t 3 3
s

1500 18. y 3x2 8x 8 19. f ] 2 g 77 20. y 0
s
Cost of trip taking t hours:
C ] s2 9000 g t Test yourself 2
] s2 9000 g
1500 1. ( 3, 11) maximum, ( 1, 15) minimum
s
9000 1500 1
1500s 2. x 1 3. y 2x3 6x2 5x 33
s
6
c m
9000
1500 s
s
4. (a) -8 (b) 26 (c) -90 5. 50 m
(b) 95 km/h
(c) $2846 6. (0, 0) minimum 7. x 1
8. (a) (0, 1) maximum, ( 4, 511) minimum,

Exercises 2.12 (2, 79) minimum
(b)
x3
1. (a) x2 3x C (b) 4x2 x C
3
x6 x3
(c) x4 C (d) x2 x C
6 3
(e) 6x C
1 5x3 18. (a)

9. c , 1 m 10. f (x) 6x2 49x 59
2 2
11. (a) V r 2 h
375 r 2 h
375
h
r 2
S 2r2 2rh
2r2 2r d n
375
r 2
(b)
750
2r2
r
(b) 3.9 cm
12. (a) (0, 0) and ( 1, 1)

(b) (0, 0) minimum, ( 1, 1) point of inflexion
(c)
(c)
13. (a)
19. (a) x2 y2 52 25
y2 25 x2
S 2x2 4xh y 25 x2
250 2x2 4xh 1
A xy
250 2x2 4xh 2
250 2x2 1
x 25 x2
h 2
4x
2 (125 x2) (b) 6.25 m2
h
4x
125 x 2 20. (a) (4, 171) minimum, ( 6, 329) maximum
h (b) ( 1, 79)
2x
V x h2 (c)
x2 d n
125 x2
2x
x (125 x2)

2
125x x3

2
(b) 6.45 cm 6.45 cm 6.45 cm
14. x 3 15. y x3 3x2 3 16. 150 products

21. x 1
dy
17. For decreasing curve, 0 22. f ] x g 2x3 3x2 31x 68
dx
dy 23. (0, 1) and ^ 3, 74 h
3x2
dx
24. 179
0 (since x2 0 for all x x 0)
` monotonic decreasing function
ANSWERS 585
25. y 10. r 3.17 cm, h 6.34 cm

x3
11. y x2 15x 1
3
12. 110 km/h
13. y x2 2x 3 (There may be other solution.)

1
14. (a) c 0, m maximum
2
x 1
(b) Domain: all real numbers x; range: 0 y b
2 2
(c) 0; 0
(d)
Challenge exercise 2
20x2 120x 1
1. ;
(4x2 1)4
8(60x 420x 9x 15)
3 2
15. (a) (3, 2) minimum; ( 3, 2) maximum
(4x2 1)5
x2 9
(b) y
3x
2.
(c) As x " 0, y " 3
x
As x " ! 3, y "
3
(d)
1
3. x ,x 4
2
4. 16 m2
5. 27; -20.25
6. f l(0.6) f m(0.6) 0 and concavity changes

x4 2x3 3x2
16. (a) f (x)
7. Show sum of areas is least when r s 12.5 4 3 2
1 7
8. 25
5 (b) (0, 0), c 3, 11 m, c 1, m
6 4 12
(c)
dy 1
9. (a) x0
dx 2 x 1
(b) Domain: x r 1; range: y r 0
(c)
17. 4 m 4 m 4 m
1 b3 b2 a4 a2
18. f (3) 22 19. (a) -2 (b) -1 8. x 2 4x C 9. C 10. aC
6 3 2 4 2
20. yl 0 at (0, 0); x3
11. x2 5x C 12. x4 x3 4x2 x C
(a) y m 0 on LHS and RHS 3
(b) y m 0 on LHS, y m 0 on RHS x5 x4 x 8 3x 7
13. x6 C 14. 9x C
5 2 8 7
1
21. 21 cm3 22. (a) (0, 1) (b) k 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .
3 x4 x3 x2 x6 x4
15. 2x C 16. 4x C
23. 2 3 2 6 4
4x3 5x2 3x5 x4 x2

17. 8x C 18. C
3 2 5 2 2
3x4 5x3 x 2
19. 4x C 20. x 3 2x 1 C
2 3 2
4
1 3x 3 x4
21. 7 C 22. C 23. x3 x2 C
7x 4 4
4x3 x 3 3x 2 3
24. x 2x2 C 25. 10x C 26. C
1 3 3 2 x
24. minimum 1; maximum
5
1 4 3 7
27. C 28. x 2 4 C
25. 87 kmh1 2x2 x 2x 4x
y3 y 6 t4 t3
29. 5y C 30. 2t2 4t C
Chapter 3: Integration 3 6 4 3
Exercises 3.1 2 x3 1 3 3 x4
31. C 32. C 33. C
3 2t4 4
1. 2.5 2. 10 3. 2.4 4. 0.225 5. (a) 28 (b) 22
6. 0.39 7. 0.41 8. 1.08 9. 0.75 10. 0.65 2 x5 2 x3
34. C 35. xC
11. 0.94 12. 0.92 13. 75.1 14. 16.5 15. 650.2 5 3
Exercises 3.2 Exercises 3.5
1. 48.7 2. 30.7 3. 1.1 4. 0.41 5. (a) 3.4475 (3x 4)3

1. (a) (i) 3x3 12x2 16x C (ii) C
(b) 3.4477 6. 2.75 7. 0.693 8. 1.93 9. 72 9
10. 5.25 11. 0.558 12. 0.347 13. 3.63 14. 7.87 15. 175.8 (x 1) 5
(5x 1) 10
(b) C (c) C
5 50
Exercises 3.3 (3y 2)8 (4 3x)5
(d) C (e) C
24 15
1
1. 8 2. 10 3. 125 4. -1 5. 10 6. 54 7. 3
3 (7x 8)13 (1 x)7
(f) C (g) C
2 2 1 91 7
8. 16 9. 50 10. 52 11. 12. 21 13. 0
3 3 4
(2x 5)3 2 (3x 1) 3
2 1 1 1 (h) C (i) C
14. 4 15. 1 16. 4 17. 0 18. 2 19. 0 3 9
3 4 3 3
2 1 3 2 1 1
20. 6 21. 101 22. 12 23. 22 24. 2 (j) 3 (x 7) 1 C (k) C
9 4 4 3 3 16 (4x 5) 2
25. 0.0126 33 (4x 3)4 1
(l) C (m) 2 (2 x) 2 C
Exercises 3.4 16
2 (t 3) 2 (5x 2)
5 7
x3 x6 2x5 m2 (n) C (o) C

1. C 2. C 3. C 4. mC 5 35
3 2 5 2
1 1 2 1 1
t3 h8 y2 2. (a) 288.2 (b) 1 (c) (d) 60 (e) (f)
5. 7t C 6. 5h C 7. 3y C 4 8 3 6 7
3 8 2
2 1 1 3
(g) 4 (h) (i) 1 (j)
3 8 5 5
ANSWERS 587
Exercises 3.6 376 39 758

3. units3 4. units3 5. units3 6. units3
15 7 2 3
1 2
1. 1 units2 2. 36 units2 3. 4.5 units2 4. 10 units2
3 3 2 992 5 9
7. units3 8. units3 9. units3 10. units3
3 5 3 2
1
5. units2 6. 14.3 units2 7. 4 units2 8. 0.4 units2
6 27 64 16 385
11. units3 12. units3 13. units3
1 2 3 7
9. 8 units2 10. 24.25 units2 11. 2 units2 12. 9 units2
3 25 65 1023
2 1 2 1 2 2 5
13. 11 units2 14. units2 15. units2 16. units2
3 6 3 3 5 344
17. units3 18. 13 units3 19. units3
1 3 27
17. 5 units2 18. 18 units2 19. 3.14 units2
3 3 2 72
5 5 5
a 4
20. units2
2
23. y r2 x2
` y2 r2 x2
b
V # y2 dx
a
Exercises 3.7 # ] r2 x2 g dx
r
< r2 x F
1 2 x3 r
1. 21 units2 2. 20 units 2
3. 4 units2
3 3 3 r
( r)3
> d r3 n e r3 oH
r3
1 1
4. 1.5 units 2
5. 1 units2 6. 2 units2 3 3
4 3
d n
2r3 2r3
2 1 7
7. 10 units2 8. units2 9. 3 units2 3 3
3 6 9 4 r 3
units3
1 3
10. 2 units2 11. 11 units2 12. 60 units2
4
1
13. 4.5 units2 14. 1 units2 15. 1.9 units2
3 Exercises 3.10
(3x 4)8 2 (x 3)3
1. (a) C (b) C
Exercises 3.8 24 3
(x2 9)6 (x2 4x 1)5
1 1 1 (c) C (d) C
1. 1 units2 2. 1 units2 3. units2 12 10
3 3 6 1 3 2x 2 1
(e) C (f) C
2 5 2 (x2 3x 1)2 2
4. 10 units2 5. 20 units2 6. 8 units 2
3 6 1
(g) C
9 (x3 1)3
2 2
7. units2 8. 166 units2 9. 0.42 units2
3 3
2. u ax b
2 1 1 du a dx
3 12 3
# (ax b)n dx 1a # (ax b)n a dx
2
13. 36 units2 14. 2 units2 15. ( 2) units2 1
3 # un du
a
d nC
1 un 1
a n 1
Problem
1 (ax b)
n 1
e o C
206 a n 1
units3
15 (ax b)n 1
C
a (n 1)
Exercises 3.9
3. x2 4 C
243 485
1. units3 2. units3 (2x 7)5 7 (2x 7)3
5 3
4. C
10 6
2 ] x 2 g3 (b)
5. 8 x2 C
3
10 (5 x)3 2 (5 x)5
6. C
3 5
(2x 5)3 5 2x 5
7. C
6 2
40 (x 4)3 6. 3 units2 7. 1.1 units2

8. 2 (x 4)5 C
3 2 3 1
8. 2 units2 9. 9 units3 10. 4
units2 11.
5 3 4 2
1
9. y (7x 3)12 206
2 (x2 1) 6 12. C 13. 3 units2 14. (a) units3
84 15
(3x2 1) 2 11 2
10. y (b) units3 15. (a) x p y 3 (b) 3 units2
12 2 3
(x 2)5
3 5
11. f (x) 1 (c) units3
15 2
1 3
12. (a) Domain: all real x 2 1 16. 36 17. 10.55 18. 85 units2 19. units3
3 5
2
(b) y 4 (2x 1)5 x6
3 20. (a) C (b) C
2 8
6 (x 1)5
Exercises 3.11 (c) 2 (x 1)3 C
5
3 1 15
1. (a) 1 (b) 7 2 (c) 0 (d) (e)
4 8 256
1 Challenge exercise 3
(f) 24.51 (g) 3
3
1 2
1 19 1. (a) units2 (b) units3
2. (a) 63.05 (b) 4 (c) (d) 12 35
4 72
2 2. (a) Show f ( x) f (x) (b) 0 (c) 12 units2
(e) 2 2 43 2 4
2
3. 27.2 units3 4. 9 units2 5. (a) 36x3 (x4 1)8
3 1
3. 10.2 units 2
4. units2 5. 65 536 units2
8 4 (x4 1)9
(b) C
36
211 40 2 2
6. units3 7. units3 8. 2 9. 6 units2
15 3 3 5 22x 1 2
6. (a) (b) 7. 7.35 units2 8. units3
(3x2 4)2 8 3
10. 64 units2
1
9. f (0) d
0
Test yourself 3
10. (a)
1. (a) 0.535 (b) 0.5
3x2 5x2 2 x3
2. (a) x C (b) xC (c) C
2 2 3
(2x 5)8
(d) C
16
1
3. 14.83 4. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 2
5
(b) 3.08 units2
5. (a)
17 17 215
11. units2 12. units3
6 6
3x 6 3 (x 2) 2x x 3
13. (a) (b) C
2 x3 2 x3 3
ANSWERS 589
2 2 8.
14. (a) 6 (b) 6
3 3
5 58
15. units2 16. (a) 3 units2 (b) units3
12 15
17. (a)
(b) 1.69 units2
18. 0 198 96
9. (a) units3 (b) units3
7 5
8a 2
19. (a) units2
3 1
10. 1 units2 11. f l(3) = 20, f m( 2) = 16 12. 68
(b) 2a3 units3 3
13. AB = AC (given)
Practice assessment task set 1 BD = CD (given)
AD is common.
1. ` by SSS ABD / ACD
` +ADB = +ADC
(corresponding +s in congruent s)
But +ADB + +ADC = 180
(+BDC is a straight +)
` +ADB = +ADC = 90
` AD = BC
Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC. 7

14. (a) 78.7 units3 (b) 1.57 units3 15. x >
+ACD = +BAC (alternate +s, AB < DC)
9
16. f (1) = 3, f l(1) = 2, f m(1) = 18; curve is decreasing and
+DAC = +BCA (alternate +s, AD < BC)
concave upwards at (1, 3)
AC is common
` by AAS ACD / ACB
` AB = DC and AD = BC
(corresponding sides in congruent s)
` opposite sides are equal
1
2. x< 3. x3 x2 + x + C 4. 24 5. 8 m
2
6. AC = FD (opposite sides of < gram equal)

BC = FE (given)
17. P = 8x + 4y = 4
` AB = AC BC
4y = 4 8x
= FD FE
y = 1 2x
= ED
A = 3x2+ y2
Also AB < ED (since ACDF is < gram) = 3x2+ ] 1 2x g2
` since AB = ED and AB < ED, = 3x2+ 1 4x + 4x2
ABDE is a parallelogram = 7x2 4x + 1
2 6 3
x9 Rectangle m m, square with sides m
7. + 2x 2 + C 7 7 7
3
18. f (1) = 0 19. 12 20. 0.837
Ans_PART_1.indd 589 6/24/09 9:43:55 AM

21. AB2 242 2 (x 4)5 8 (x 4)3

576 42. y
5 3
BC2 322
1024 43.
AC2 402
1600
AB2 BC2 576 1024
1600
AC2
` $ABC is right angled at +B (Pythagoras theorem)
(3x 5)8 1
22. C 23. 5 24. (1, 1)
24 3
25. (a) 1.11 (b) 1.17
26. ^ 0, 3 h maximum, (1, 2) minimum, ( 1, 2) minimum 44.

8 5
27. 2 28. (a) 1.58 units2 (b) units3
15 2
2 2
29. 12 30. 10 units2
3 3
31. +B is common
+BDC +ACB 90 (given)
` $ABC <; $CBD (AAA) Let ABCD be a rhombus with AC x and BD y.
+AEB 90
32. Show f l(x) f m(x) 0 and f m(x) 0 on both LHS and
(diagonals perpendicular in rhombus)
RHS of (0, 0)
1
DE BE y
2 3 2
33. 2 m 34. f (2) 16 35. 9 units2
3 (diagonals bisect each other)
1 1 1
2 (x3 5)3 $ACB has area x y xy
2 2 4
36. C
3 1 1 1
$ADC has area x y xy
2 2 4
37. 119.3 m2 38. f (x) x3 4x2 3x 20
1 1 1
` ABCD has area xy xy xy
39. (0, 1) maximum 4 4 2
AB AG
45. (equal ratios of intercepts, BG < CD)
AC AD
AG AF
(equal ratios of intercepts, GF < DE)
AD AE
AB AF
`
AC AE
2
46. f (2) 1
3
xn 1
47. (a) C
n1
40. +OCA +OCB 90 (given) d
OA OB (equal radii) (b) Since (C) 0, the primitive function
dx
OC is common could include C.
` by RHS $OAC / $OBC
3AB
` AC BC 48.
2
` OC bisects AB 7
49. 1249 units2
1 8
41. 20
2
ANSWERS 591
50. Let +ADB x 3. (a) 9ex (b) ex (c) ex 2x (d) 6x2 6x 5 ex

Then+BCD 2x
(e) 3ex ] ex 1 g 2 (g) 4ex ] 2ex 3 g
(given)
(f) 7 ex (ex 5)6
+A 180 2x
ex (x 1)
(h) ex ] x 1 g (i) (j) xex ] x 2 g
(opposite angles in cyclic quadrilateral)
+ABD 180 (180 2x x) x2
(angle sum of triangle) ex (7x 10)
(k) (2x 1)ex 2ex ex (2x 3) (l)
x (7x 3) 2
+ADB
5ex 5xex 5 (1 x)
(m)
So ADB is an isosceles triangle. e 2x ex
1
4 (6 6 1) 4. f l(1) 6 e; f m(1) 6 e 5. e 6. e 5
51. 52. (c), (d) 53. (a), (b) 54. (c) e5
3 7. 19.81 8. ex y 0 9. x e3 y 3 e6 0
55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (d)
10. c 1, m min
1
60. (b) e
Chapter 4: Exponential and

logarithmic functions
Exercises 4.1
1. (a) 4.48 (b) 0.14 (c) 2.70 (d) 0.05 (e) -0.14
2. (a)
dy d2 y
11. 7ex; 7ex y
dx dx2
dy d2 y
12. 2ex; 2ex
dx dx2
y 2ex 1
` y 1 2ex
d2 y
(b) ` y 1
dx2
Exercises 4.2
1. (a) 7e7x (b) e x (c) 6e6x 2 (d) 2xex 1
2
(e) (3x2 5) ex 5x 7
(f) 5e5x (g) 2e 2x (h) 10e10x
3
(i) 2e2x 1 (j) 2x 2 e1 x (k) 5 (1 4e4x) (x e4x)4

e (3x 2)
3x
(l) e2x (2x 1) (m) (n) x2 e5x (5x 3)

x3
4e2x 1 (x 2)
(c) (o)
(2x 5)2
2. 28e2x (e2x 1)5 (7e2x 1)
3. f (1) 3e; f m(0) 9e 2 4. 5

1
5. x y 1 0 6.
3e 3
7. y 2ex e 8. f m( 1) 18 4e2
9. (0, 0) min; ( 1, e 2) max 15.
dy
10. 4e 4x 4e 4 x
dx Exercises 4.3
d2 y
16e4x 16e 4x 1 2x 1 4x 1 5x
dx2 1. (a) e C (b) e C (c) e x C (d) e C
2 4 5
16 (e4x e 4x)
16y 1 2x 1 3
(e) e C (f) e4x 1 C (g) e5x C
2 4 5
1 2t 1 7x x2
11. y 3e2x (h) e C (i) e 2x C (j) e x 3
C
2 7 2
dy
6e2x
dx
1 5 1 2
d2 y 2. (a) (e 1) (b) e 2 1 2 1 (c) e7 (e9 1)
12e2x 5 e 3
dx2 1 4 2 1 4 1 1
d2 y dy (d) 19 e (e 1) (e) e 1 (f) e2 e 1
2 2 2 2
LHS 3 2y
dx2 dx 1 1
(g) e6 e 3 1
12e 3 (6e2x) 2 (3e2x)
2x
2 2
12e2x 18e2x 6e2x
0 3. (a) 0.32 (b) 268.29 (c) 37 855.68 (d) 346.85
RHS (e) 755.19
d2 y dy 1
` 3 2y 0 4. e4 e2 e2 (e2 1) units2 5. (e e 3) units2
dx2 dx 4

12. y aebx 6. 2.86 units2 7. 29.5 units2 8. (e6 1) units3
2
dy
baebx 9. 4.8 units3 10. 7.4 11. (a) x (2 x) ex (b) x2 ex C
dx
d2 y 1 x 1 4
12. e 1
C 13. (e 1) 14. e units3
3
b2aebx 3 2
dx2
b2 y 1 4
15. (e 5) units2
2
13. n 15
14.
Exercises 4.4
1. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 (e) 2 (f ) 1 (g) 0 (h) 7
2. (a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 12 (e) 8 (f ) 4 (g) 14 (h) 14

(i) 1 (j) 2
1 1 1 1 1
3. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2 (e) (f ) (g)
2 2 4 3 2
1 1 1
(h) (i) 1 (j) 1
3 2 2
4. (a) 3.08 (b) 2.94 (c) 3.22 (d) 4.94 (e) 10.40
(f ) 7.04 (g) 0.59 (h) 3.51 (i) 0.43 (j) 2.21
ANSWERS 593
5. (a) log3 y x (b) log5 z x (c) logx y 2 4. (a) x y (b) x y (c) 3x (d) 2y (e) 2x (f ) x 2y
(d) log2 a b (e) logb d 3 (f ) log8 y x (g) x 1 (h) 1 y (i) 2x 1 (j) 3y 1
(g) log6 y x (h) loge y x (i) loga y x
(j) loge Q x 5. (a) p q (b) 3q (c) q p (d) 2p (e) p 5q (f ) 2p q
(g) p 1 (h) 1 2q (i) 3 q (j) p 1 q
6. (a) 3x 5 (b) ax 7 (c) 3b a (d) x9 y (e) ay b
(f ) 2y 6 (g) 3y x (h) 10y 9 (i) ey 4 (j) 7y x 6. (a) 1.3 (b) 12.8 (c) 16.2 (d) 9.1 (e) 6.7 (f ) 23.8
(g) -3.7 (h) 3 (i) 22.2 (j) 23
7. (a) x 1 000 000 (b) x 243 (c) x 7 (d) x 2
(e) x 1 (f ) x 3 (g) x 44.7 (h) x 10 000 7. (a) x 4 (b) y 28 (c) x 48 (d) x 3 (e) k 6
(i) x 8 (j) x 64
8. y 5 9. 44.7 10. 2.44 11. 0 12. 1

Exercises 4.6
1 1. (a) 1.58 (b) 1.80 (c) 2.41 (d) 3.58 (e) 2.85 (f ) 2.66
13. (a) 1 (b) (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 5 (iv) (v) -1 (vi) 2
2 (g) 1.40 (h) 4.55 (i) 4.59 (j) 7.29
(vii) 3 (viii) 5 (ix) 7 (x) 1 (xi) e
2. (a) x 1.6 (b) x 1.5 (c) x 1.4 (d) x 3.9
14. Domain: x 0; range: all real y (e) x 2.2 (f ) x 2.3 (g) x 6.2 (h) x 2.8
(i) x 2.9 (j) x 2.4
3. (a) x 2.58 (b) y 1.68 (c) x 2.73 (d) m 1.78

(e) k 2.82 (f ) t 1.26 (g) x 1.15 (h) p 5.83
(i) x 3.17 (j) n 2.58
4. (a) x 0.9 (b) n 0.9 (c) x 6.6 (d) n 1.2

(e) x 0.2 (f ) n 2.2 (g) x 2.2 (h) k 0.9
(i) x 3.6 (j) y 0.6
5. (a) x 5.30 (b) t 0.536 (c) t 3.62 (d) x 3.81

(e) n 3.40 (f ) t 0.536 (g) t 24.6 (h) k 67.2
15. Curves are symmetrical about the line y x. (i) t 54.9 (j) k 43.3
Exercises 4.7
1 1 3 2x
1. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
x x 3x 1 x2 4
15x2 3 5 10x2 2x 5
(e) (f) 2x
5x 3x 9
3
5x 1 5x 1
1 8 6x 5
(g) 6x 5 (h) (i)
x 8x 9 (x 2) (3x 1)
4 2 30
(j)
4x 1 2x 7 (4x 1) (2x 7)
(1 loge x)4 (l) 9 c 1 m (ln x x)8

5 1
(k)
x x
16. x ey
(m) (loge x) (n) 6 c 2x m (x2 loge x)5
4 3
1
x x
1 loge x
Exercises 4.5 (o) 1 loge x (p)
x2
b
1. (a) loga 4y (b) loga 20 (c) loga 4 (d) loga 2x 1 x3
5 (q) 2 loge x (r) 3x2 loge (x 1)
x5 xy x x1
(e) logx y3 z (f ) logk 9y3 (g) loga 2 (h) loga
y z x 2 x loge x
1
p3 q (s) (t)
(i) log10 ab4 c3 (j) log3 2 x loge x x (x 2) 2
r
e2x (2x loge x 1)
(u)
2. (a) 1.19 (b) -0.47 (c) 1.55 (d) 1.66 (e) 1.08 x (loge x) 2
(f ) 1.36 (g) 2.02 (h) 1.83 (i) 2.36 (j) 2.19
(v) ex c loge x m
1
x
3. (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 1 (f ) 3 (g) 7
1 10 loge x
(h) (i) -2 (j) 4 (w)
2 x
1 1 2. (a) ln (4x 1) C (b) loge (x 3) C

2. f l(1) 3. 4. x 2y 2 2 loge 2 0
2
x loge 10 1 1
2 (c) ln (2x3 7) C (d) loge (2x6 5) C
5. y x 2 6. 7. 5x y loge 5 25 0 6 12
5 1
(e) loge (x2 6x 2) C
8. 5x 19y 19 loge 19 15 0 9. d , loge n
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 4
10. c e, m maximum
1
3. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.7 (c) 1.6 (d) 3. 1 (e) 0.5
e
4. loge 3 loge 2 loge 1.5 units2 5. loge 2 units2
11. (a)
6. (0.5 loge 2) units2 7. 0.61 units2
8. loge 3 units3 9. 2 loge 9 units3

2 4
10. 47.2 units2 11. e (e 1) units3
2
1 2
12. (a) RHS
x3 x 3
1 (x 3)

(x 3) (x 3)
(b) 2 (x 3)

(x 3) (x 3)
x 3 2x 6

x2 9
3x 3
2
x 9
LHS
3x 3 1 2
` 2
x 9 x3 x 3
(b) loge (x 3) 2 loge (x 3) C
(c)
5
13. (a) RHS 1
x 1
x 1 5

x 1 x 1
x 6

x 1
LHS
x 6 5
` 1
x 1 x 1
(b) x 5 loge (x 1) C
2
12. 13. (a) 3x ln 3 (b) 10x ln 10
(2x 5) loge 3 3 2x 1
(c) 3 ln 2 23x 4 14. C 15. 1.86 units2
2 loge 3
14. 4 ln 4 $ x y 4 0 15. 3 loge 3 $ x y 1 9 loge 3 0 Test yourself 4

1. (a) 6.39 (b) 1.98 (c) 3.26 (d) 1.40 (e) 0.792
Exercises 4.8 (f) 3.91 (g) 5.72 (h) 72.4 (i) 6 (j) 2
1. (a) loge (2x 5) C (b) loge (2x2 1) C 1 4
2. (a) 5e5x (b) 2e1 x (c) (d) (e) ex (x 1)
1 1 x 4x 5
(c) ln (x5 2) C (d) loge x C or loge 2x C 1 ln x
2 2 (f) (g) 10ex (ex 1)9
5 x2
(e) 2 ln x C (f) loge x C (g) loge (x2 3x) C
3 1 1
3. (a) e4x C (b) ln (x2 9) C (c) e x C
1 3 4 2
(h) ln (x 2) C (i) loge (x2 7) C
2
2 2 (d) ln (x 4) C
1
(j) loge (x2 2x 5) C
2
ANSWERS 595
e2 1 4 6 1 x
4. 3x y 3 0 5. 6. e (e 1) units2 10. e 1
C
3
e 1
2
2 3
6 6
7. e (e 1) units3 d 2 3x
6 11. (x loge x) x (1 2 loge x); 18 loge 3 12. C
dx loge 3
8. (a) 0.92 (b) 1.08 (c) 0.2 (d) 1.36 (e) 0.64
13. (a) (1, 0) (b) x y 1 0; x loge 10 $ y 1 0
9. e (e2 1) units2
1
(c) f 1 p units 14. 0.645 units2
10. (a) 2.16 units2 (b) x ey (c) 2.16 units2 loge 10
11. (a) x 1.9 ex (1 loge x) xex loge x

15.
(b) x 1.9 e 2x
(c) x 3 1 loge x x loge x
(d) x 36
ex
(e) t 18.2
1 3x
16. e 1
C
2
3 6
12. (a) (e2 1)
2
1 17. y ex e x
(b) ln 10
3 dy
1 ex e x
(c) 8 3 ln 2 dx
6 d2 y
ex ( e x)
dx2
13. e4 x y 3e4 0 ex e x
y
14. 0.9
15. (a) e (e 1) units2 1 6 e8 1

18. (e e 2 )
3 3e2
(b) e2 (e2 1) units3
2
19. y 3e5x 2
dy
16. (a) loga x5 y3 15e5x
dx
k2 p
(b) logx d2 y
3 75e5x
dx2
17. 2x y ln 2 4 0 d2 y dy
LHS 4 5y 10
dx2 dx
18. (0, 0) point of inflexion, ( 3, 27e 3) minimum 75e 4 (15e5x) 5 (3e5x 2) 10
5x
75e5x 60e5x 15e5x 10 10

19. 5.36 units2 0
RHS
20. (a) 0.65
(b) 1.3
20. f (x) 3e2x 6x
Challenge exercise 4 21.

1
(e2x x) (2e2x 1) loge x
x 1 x
1. 2. e C 3. 2e
2
(e2x x) 2 2
4. (a) 2.8 (b) 1.8 (c) 2.6
9 c 4e4x
1 m 4x
5. (e loge x) 8 6. 0.42 units2
x
2
7. 8. 12 units3 9. 5x loge 5
2x 3
1 x
22. y e
2
2
Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions

5. LHS cos cos sin sin
3 4 3 4
Exercises 5.1
1 1 3 1

1. (a) 36 (b) 120 (c) 225 (d) 210 (e) 540 (f) 140 2 2 2 2
(g) 240 (h) 420 (i) 20 (j) 50 1 3

3 5 4 5 7 2 2 2 2
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)
4 6 6 3 3 20 12
RHS sin cos cos sin
5 5 2 4 6 4 6
(h) (i) (j) 3
2 4 3 1 1 1
+
2 2 2 2
3. (a) 0.98 (b) 1.19 (c) 1.78 (d) 1.54 (e) 0.88 3 1

2 2 2 2
4. (a) 0.32 (b) 0.61 (c) 1.78 (d) 1.54 (e) 0.88
LHS RHS

5. (a) 62 27 (b) 44 0 (c) 66 28 (d) 56 43 So cos cos sin sin sin cos
3 4 3 4 4 6
(e) 18 20 (f) 183 21 (g) 154 42 (h) 246 57
(i) 320 51 (j) 6 18 cos sin
4 6
6. (a) 0.34 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.83 (e) 1.14 3 4 1
(f) 0.33 (g) 1.50 (h) 0.06 (i) (j) 0.16 6. (a) (b) 2nd (c)
4 4 4 2

4
Exercises 5.2
5 6 1
7. (a) (b) 2nd (c)
1. 6 6 6 2

6
3 4 6
1 1 7 8
3 8. (a) (b) 4th (c) 1
sin 4 4 4
2 2 2

2
1 1 3 4
cos
2 2 2
4 3 1
1 9. (a) (b) 3rd (c)
3 3 3 2
tan 3 1
3

3
cosec 2 2 2
5 6 3
3 10. (a) (b) 4th (c)
3 3 3 2
2
sec 2 2 2
3 3
1 3 1 1
cot 1 3 11. (a) 1 (b) (c) 3 (d) (e)
3 2 2 3
13 12 3
1 1 3 3 4 3 2 31 12. (a) (i) (ii) 1st (iii)
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 0 (f) 6 6 6 2
3 2 8 3 2
2
22 3 2 2 2 3 6
(g) 2 3 (h) (i) (j)
2 2 2 1 1 1 3
(b) (i) (ii) 3 (iii) (iv) (v)
2 2 3 2
1 6 2 3 1
3. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) 4
4 4 2 4 5 5 7 5 4 5 7
13. (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) , (e) ,
3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 6 6
6 2
4. (a) (b) 3 2
4 14. (a) sin (b) tan x (c) cos (d) sin x (e) cot
ANSWERS 597
2 3 5 3 1 2 ( 3 1) Exercises 5.5
15. (a) (b)
6 4 12 12 2 2 4
6 9 3 2 125 75
1. (a) 8 cm2 (b) m (c) cm2
2 (cos sin ) 4 3
sin 3 cos cos sin
16. (a) (b) 3 ( 3) 49 ( 2 2 )
2 2 2 (d) cm2 (e) mm2
4 8
1 tan x cos y 3 sin y cos 3 sin
(c) (d) (e)
1 tan x 2 2 2. (a) 0.01 m2 (b) 1.45 cm2 (c) 3.65 mm2 (d) 0.19 cm2
(e) 0.99 m2
17. (a) sin2 (b) sin (c) tan d n
3 3 9
3. 0.22 cm2 4. (a) cm (b) cm2 (c) 0.07 cm2
(d) cos2 sin2 cos 2 (e) tan 7 14
4 3 5
18. cos x ; sin x 5. 134.4 cm 6. (a) 2.6 cm (b) cm (c) 0.29 cm2
5 5 6
2 4 3 5 7 7. (a) 10.5 mm (b) 4.3 mm2

19. (a) x 0, , , 2 (b) x , , ,
3 3 4 4 4 4
3 25
(c) x (d) x (e) x 0, , 2 , , 8. (a) cm2 (b) 0.5 cm2
3 2 2 2 4
9. (a) 77 22l (b) 70.3 cm2 (c) 26.96 cm2 (d) 425.43 cm2
20. (a) x 2n p (b) x n (c) x n ( 1)n
3 4 3
n
(e) x n ^ 1 h , 2n
10. 9.4 cm2
(d) x n p
6 2
11 121 396 121
(f) x n , n ( 1) , n ( 1)n
n
11. (a) cm (b) 22 cm2
2 2 9 18 18

(g) x 2n p 11 11 (18 )
6 (c) 22 cm
9 9
Exercises 5.3 12. (a) 5 cm2 (b) 0.3% (c) 15.6 cm
25 7 13. (a) 10 cm (b) 24 cm2

1. (a) 4 cm (b) m (c) cm (d) cm (e) mm
3 2 4
2. (a) 0.65 m (b) 3.92 cm (c) 6.91 mm (d) 2.39 cm 20 4 (18 5 )
(e) 3.03 m 14. (a) 8 cm (b) 3:7
9 9
2
3. 1.8 m 4. 7.5 m 5. 6. 25 mm 7. 1.83 225 105 15 (7 24)
21 15. (a) cm3 (b) 180 cm2
2 2 2
7 175
8. 13 mm 9. 25.3 mm 10. SA cm2,
9 36
125 35 Exercises 5.6
V cm3
648 1. (a) 0.045 (b) 0.003 (c) 0.999 (d) 0.065 (e) 0.005
Exercises 5.4 1 1
2. 3.
4 3
3 2 125 3

(a) sin d x n sin cos x cos sin x
1. (a) 8 cm2 (b) m (c) cm2 (d) cm2
2 3 4 4.
3 3 3
49
(e) mm2 3 1
8 cos x sin x
2 2
2. (a) 0.48 m2 (b) 6.29 cm2 (c) 24.88 mm2 (d) 7.05 cm2 3 1
Z 1 x
(e) 3.18 m2 2 2
1
( 3 x)
4 7 49 2
3. 16.6 m2 4. 4 5. 6 m 6. (a) cm (b) cm2
9 6 12
6845
7. mm2 8. 75 cm2 9. 11.97 cm2
8

10. , r 3 cm
15
(c)
(b) cos d x n cos cos x sin sin x
y
4 4 4
1 1 2
cos x sin x
2 2
1 1
Z 1 x
2 2
1
1 2
( 1 x)
2 2
2
( 1 x) x
2
3 2
2 2
tan x tan

(c) tan d x n
4 -1
4
1 tan x tan
4
(d) y
tan x 1

1 tan x 1
x 1
Z 3
1 x
5. 1 343 622 km 6. 7367 m 2
Exercises 5.7
1. (a) y 1
x
3 2
1 2 2
(e) y
x
3 2
2 2
3
-1
x
(b) y 3 2
2 2
-3
2
(f) y
x
3 2
2 2 4
-2
x
3 2
2 2
-4
ANSWERS 599
(g) y (b) y
4
3
2 x
3 5 3 7 2
1 4 2 4 4 2 4
x
3 2
2 2
(h) y (c) y
1
5
x
3 2 x
2 4 5
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1
(i) y
(d) y
3
3
x
3 2
2 2 x
3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
(j) y 3
(e) y
1 6
x
3 2
2 2 x
2 4 5 2
3 3 3 3
-6
(f) y
2. (a) y
1
x
2
x
3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
(g) y 3. (a) y
1
x
2 4 5 2
3 3 3 3
x
- 3
- 3 - 2 -
4 4 2
4 4
(h) y -1
(b) y
7
3
x
x - 3 - -
3
-
3 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 -7
(c) y
-3
(i) y
x
- 3 - 3
- -
4 2 4 4 2 4
2
(d) y
x
3 2
2 2
5
2
x
- 3 3
- - -
4 2 4 4 2 4
-5
(j) y
(e) y
4
2
x
3 2 x
- 3 - 3
2 2 - -
4 2 4 4 2 4
-4 -2
ANSWERS 601
4. y (e) y
8
2
x x
2 3 4 3 2
2 2
-8 -2
(f) y
5. (a) y
4
1
x
3 5 3 7 2
x 4 2 4 4 2 4
3 2
2 2
-4
-1
(g) y
(b) y
1
x x
3 2 3 5 3 7 2
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
(c) y (h) y
x 1
3 2
2 x
2 3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
(d) y
(i) y
3
x 2
3 2 1
2 2
x
-3 3 2
-1 2 2
(j) y 8. (a) y
5 5
4
4
3
3 2
y = 2 cos x
2 1
x
1 3 2
1 2 2
x 2 y = 3 sin x
3 2
3
-1 2 2
4
5
6. (a) y
(b) y
1 5
4
3
x
-2 -1 1 2 2
1
-1 x
3 2
1 2 2
(b) y 2
3
3 4 y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
5
x
-2 -1 1 2
9. y
-3
2 y cos 2x - cos x
7. (a) y
1
x
y = sin x 3 2
1
2 2
x -1
3 2
-1 2 2 -2
y = sin 2x
(b) y
x
3 2
-1 2 2
-2
ANSWERS 603
10. (a) y (e) y
3
2
2
y = cos x + sin x
1 1
x
3 2
x -1 2 2
3 2
2 2 x
-2 y = sin x - sin
-1 2
-3
-2 -4
(b) y
Exercises 5.8
1. (a) y
2
y = sin 2x sin x y= x
2
1
1
x
3 2
2 2
1 x
1 2 3 4 3 5 6 2
2 2
2 y = sin x
-1
(c) y
There are 2 points of intersection, so there are
2 solutions to the equation.
(b) y
2 y = sin x + 2 cos 2x
x
y=
2
1
1
x
3 2 y = sin x
2 2
1 x
P P
-P -3 -2 - -1 1 2 3
2 2
2
-1
3
(d) y
There are 3 points of intersection, so there are
3 solutions to the equation.
3
2 y =3 cos x cos 2x
x
3 2
1 2 2
2
3
4
2. x 0 3. x 1.5 4. x 0, 4.5 5. x 0, 1 (m) 3 sin 2x sec2 3x 2 tan 3x cos 2x

2x cos x 2 sin x x cos x sin x
6. x 0.8, 4 (n)
4x 2 2x 2
y 3 sin 5x 5 (3x 4) cos 5x
(o)
sin2 5x
(p) 9 (2 7 sec2 7x) (2x tan 7x)8
(q) 2 sin x cos x (r) 45 sin 5x cos2 5x
1
1
(s) ex 2 sin 2x (t) cos (1 loge x)
y = cos x x
cos x
(u) (ex 1) cos (ex x) (v) cot x
sin x
x
3 (w) 2e sin 2x 3e cos 2x
3x 3x
2
2 2 e3x (3 cos 2x 2 sin 2x)
y = sin x 2e2x tan 7x 7e2x sec2 7x
-1 (x)
tan2 7x
e (2 tan 7x 7 sec2 7x)
2x

7. (a) Period 12 months, amplitude 1.5 (b) 5.30 p.m. tan2 7x
8. (a) 1300 (b) (i) 1600 (ii) 1010 2. 4 cos2 x sin3 x sin5 x
(c) Amplitude 300, period 10 years sin3 x (4 cos2 x sin2 x)
9. (a) 18 3. 12 4. 6 3 x 12y 6 3 0
16
sin x 2 2 3
14 5. tan x 6.
12
cos x 3 3 9
10
8 7. sec2 xetanx 8. 8 2 x 48y 72 2 2 0
6
4 9. y 2 cos 5x
2
dy
0 10 sin 5x
January February March April May June July August dx
(b) It may be periodic - hard to tell from this data. d2 y
50 cos 5x
Period would be about 10 months. dx2
(c) Amplitude is 1.5 25 (2 cos 5x)
25y
10. (a) 4
10. f (x) 2 sin x
3.5
f l(x) 2 cos x
3 f m(x) 2 sin x
2.5 f (x)
2
d
11. LHS [loge (tan x)]
1.5 dx
sec2 x
1
tan x
0.5 tan2 x 1

0 tan x
tan2 x 1
am
am
m
am
am
pm
am
pm

5p
5p
0a
5p
8p
0
0
.55
.55
.55
.48
.48
tan x tan x
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
.4
11
11
11
11
11
11
tan x cot x
(b) Period 24 hours, amplitude 1.25 (c) 2.5 m RHS
d
Exercises 5.9 ` 7 loge (tan x) A tan x cot x
dx
1. (a) 4 cos 4x (b) 3 sin 3x (c) 5 sec2 5x

(d) 3 sec2 (3x 1) (e) sin ( x) (f) 3 cos x 12. d , 3 n maximum,
(g) 20 sin (5x 3) (h) 6x2 sin (x3) 3 3
5 5
(i) 14x sec2 (x2 5) (j) 3 cos 3x 8 sin 8x d , 3 n minimum
3 3
(k) sec2 ( x) 2x (l) x sec2 x tan x
ANSWERS 605

13. (a) sec2 x (b) sin x (c) cos x 1 1
180 60 900 (b) sin 2x + x + C
4 2
14. y = 2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x
1
dy 14. (a) (1 cos 2x) (b) ( 2) units3
= 6 cos 3x + 15 sin 3x 2 8
dx
d2 y 15. y = 2 sin 3x
= 18 sin 3x + 45 cos 3x
dx2
= 9 (2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x)
Exercises 5.11
= 9y
1 1 1 1 x3
1. (a) sin 2x x + C (b) x sin 2x + +C
15. a = 7, b = 24 4 2 2 4 3
3 7x 1
(c) sin 2x + C (d) x sin 2x sin x + C
Exercises 5.10 4 2 2
7x 7 1
1. (a) sin x + C (b) cos x + C (c) tan x + C (e) + sin 2x + tan 7x + C
2 4 7
45 1 1
(d) cos x + C (e) cos 3x + C (f) cos 7x + C 1 5x
3 7 (f) sin 2x + sin x + +C
4 2
1
(g) tan 5x + C (h) sin (x + 1) + C 1 1 1
5 (g) cos 2x x + sin 2x + C
2 2 4
1 1
(i) cos (2x 3) + C (j) sin (2x 1) + C 1 1
2 2 (h) tan x + x sin 2x + C
2 4
(k) cos ( x) + C (l) sin (x + ) + C
2 x 1 1 1 1 1
(m) tan 7x + C (n) 8 cos +C (i) sin 3x + x + sin 2x + C (j) x + sin 4x + C
3 2 4 2 8
7 2
x 3 (2 + 3 )
(o) 9 tan + C (p) cos (3 x) + C 2. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 8 3
1 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3
2. (a) 1 (b) 3 = (c) = 2 (d) (e) =
3 3 2 3 12 8 24
1 1 3 1
(e) (f) (g) (h) 2
2 4 5 3. ( 2) units3 4. units2
8 8
1 2 1 1
3. 4 units2 4. = units2 5. 0.86 units2 5. (3 + 8) units3 6. (a) (x sin 6x) + C
3 2 6 4 2 6
(b) (x + sin x) + C (c) ; x sin (2x) E + C

1 1 90
1 2 2
6. 0.51 units3 7. units3 8. etan x + C 9.
4 24
sin 2ax) + C (e) d x sin n +C
1 1 3 5 4x
(d) (x +
2 2a 2 4 5
3 3
10. 3 = units2 11. 2 2 units2
3 3 7. (a) sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
1e8 3 3 o 1
12. (a) (b) = (16 9 3 )
#
b
V = y 2 dx 4 3 2 24
a

8. (a) sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x 3x)
= # 0
2
cos x dx
= sin 7x cos 3x + cos 7x sin 3x
+ sin 7x cos 3x cos 7x sin 3x
= ; sin x E
2
= 2 sin 7x cos 3x
0
1
` [sin (7x + 3x) + sin (7x 3x)]
= (sin sin 0) 2
2
= sin 7x cos 3x
= (1 0)
1
= units 3 (b)
10
(b) 3.1 units3
1 1 1
9. (a) cos 2x + C (b) sin x + (x sin 2x) + C
4 2 2
13. (a) cos 2x = cos x sin x 2 2
= cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 1 1 1
(c) ( sin 4 ) + C (d) x cos 2x + C
= 2 cos2 x 1 8 4 2
1 1
c sin 3 + 3 sin m + C
cos 2x + 1 = 2 cos2 x
(e)
1 4 3
(cos 2x + 1) = cos2 x
2
1
10. (a) (2 2 3 1) units2 (b) (2 3 ) units3
2 4
Ans_PART_2.indd 605 6/30/09 12:09:23 PM

Test yourself 5 15. (a)
5 25
1. (a) cm (b) cm2 (c) 0.295 cm2
6 12
3 3 1
2. (a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
3 7 5
3. (a) x , (b) x ,
4 4 6 6
4. (a)
(b) x 0.6
3 2 ( 6 3 3 )
16. (a) units2 (b) units3
2 24
17. 2 units2 18. 4x 8y 8 0 19. y 3 cos 2x
20. (a)
(b)
(b) x 0.9, 2.3, 3

5. (a) sin x (b) 2 cos x (c) sec2 x (d) x cos x sin x
x sec2 x tan x
(e) (f) 3 sin 3x (g) 5 sec2 5x
x2 1 1 3 3
1. 0.27 2. e1 o 3. r 64 units,
1 1 2 3 6 512
6. (a) cos 2x C (b) 3 sin x C (c) tan 5x C
2 5
4. (a) Period 2, amplitude 3
(d) x cos x C
(b)
1 2 3 4 3 3
7. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 12 12
3
8. 3x 2 y 1 0
4
9. x cos 2t
dx
2 sin 2t
dt
5. (a) y sin 3x
d x
2
4 cos 2t d2 y
dt2
(b) LHS 9y
4x dx2
9 sin 3x 9 ( sin 3x)
1 9 sin 3x 9 sin 3x
10. units2 11. units3 12. (a) 5 (b) 2 0
2 3
RHS
8
13. 3 3 14. (a) cm2 (b) 0.12 cm2
7
ANSWERS 607
5 9 13
20. d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d , 0n
6.
8 8 8 8
1 1 2 1
21. (a) units2 (b) ( 6 3 3 ) units3
2 2 2 24
cos3 x
22. x n ( 1)n , n p ( 1)n 23. cos x C
2 4 3
24. (a) sin 2x sin (x x)

sin x cos x cos x sin x
7. sec2 x 8. 2
180 2 sin x cos x
1
sin 2x sin x cos x
sec2 x 2
9. (a) RHS
tan x
2
1 (b)
64
cos2 x

sin x 25. f (x) 2 cos 3x
cos x
f l(x) 6 sin 3x
1 cos x
f m(x) 18 cos 3x
cos2 x sin x
9(2 cos 3x)
1 1
9f (x)
cos x sin x
sec x cosec x
LHS
Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to
sec2 x the physical world
` sec x cosec x
tan x
1 Exercises 6.1
(b) loge 3 loge 3
2 1. (a) R 20 8t (b) R 15t2 4t (c) R 16 4x
3
11. (a) d , 4 n and d , 2n
(d) R 15t 4t 2 (e) R e (f) R 15 sin 5
4 3 t
10. (2x cos 2x sin 2x) ex sin 2x
4 4 100 x 400
(g) R 2 3 (h) R (i) R 800 2
(b) Maximum 4 (c) Amplitude 1 r x2 4 r
(j) R 4 r2
1
12. cos3 x C
3 2. (a) h 2t2 4t3 C (b) A 2x4 x C
4
4 (2 3 3 ) (c) V r3 C (d) d 7 cos t C
13. 8 e o cm2
3 3
cm2
3 2 3 (e) s 4e2t 3t C
180 1 3. 20 4. 1 5. 6e12 6. 13 7. 900 8. 2e3 5

14. cos x C 15.
2
dM
cos x sin x 9. y x3 x2 x 6 10. R 1 4t; R 19
16. 0.204 units 3
17. dt
sin x cos x [i.e. melting at the rate of 19 g per minute (g min-1)]
9 9 ( 2) 11. 11 079.25 cm per second (cms-1)

d 1n
12. 21 000 L
18. cm2
2 2 4
13. 165 cm2 per second (cm2s-1) 14. 0.25
19.
15. 41 cm2 per minute (cm2 min-1) 16. 31 cm3
17. 108 731 people per year 18. (a) 27 g

(b) 2.7 (i.e. decaying at a rate of 2.7 g per year)
19. y e 4x
dy
4e 4 x
dx
4y
20. S 2e2t 3
dS
2 (2e2t )
dt
2 (2e2t 3 3)
2 (S 3)
Exercises 6.2 35. 2.55 m per minute
1. (a) 8x 3
(b) 54x 2
(c) 6x 3 (d) 10e2x
(e) sin x 5
36. (a) tan
D
2. (a) 297 (b) 4e 4
(c) 6084 (d) 3 ln 4 3 (e) 20
D tan 5
5
6 6 5 D
3. 3 2 4. 5. 6. 426 7. 289 8. 44 tan
2 17 9
dD 5
(b)
1 d sin2
9. 1 10. 6 11. 8100 mm s 3 -1
12. 0.287 mm s 3 -1
4 (c) -39 (decreasing by 39 radians/hour)
13. 205.84 cm2s-1 14. 159.79 cm3s-1 (d) No, the angle will reach zero after a few seconds.
15. 40 units per second 16. 34 560, i.e. decreasing at the Exercises 6.3
rate of 34 560 mm3s-1 1. (a) 80 (b) 146 (c) 92 days
(d)
17. -614, i.e. decreasing by 614 radios per week
18. 2411.5 cms-2 19. -11.12, i.e. decreasing by

11.12 mm3s-1
20. -2.5, i.e. decreasing by 2.5 ms-1
21. -2765, i.e. decreasing by 2765 rabbits per day
22. 1.02 cms-1 23. 2.14 houses per year 24. 0.92 mh-1
25. -0.01, i.e. decreasing at the rate of 0.01 cms-1
1 2
26. (a) A x sin 60
2
x2 3 2. (a) 99 061 (b) 7 hours

2 2
3 x2 3. (a) When t 0, M 100

4 ` M 100e kt
When t 5, M 95
2
(b) cms-1 ` 95 100e 5k
3
0.95 e 5k
27. (a) 663.5 mm2s-1 (b) 29 194.2 mm3s-1 ln 0.95 5k
0.01 k
28. 0.66 mm2s-1 29. 0.57 mm3s-1
So M 100e 0.01t
30. 30.48, i.e. decreasing at the rate of 30.48 cm2s-1 (b) 90.25 kg
(c) 67.6 years
31. 0.52 ms-1, i.e. moving down at the rate of 0.52 ms-1
4. (a) 35.6 L (b) 26.7 minutes
32. 458 kmh-1 33. 2.6 ms-1
5. (a) P0 5000 (b) k 0.157 (c) 12 800 units
34. Rate of volume decrease is proportional to surface area.
(d) 8.8 years
dV
i.e. kS 6. 2.3 million m2 7. (a) P 50 000e0.069t (b) 70 599
dt
(c) 4871 people per year (d) 2040
k (4 r2)
4 8. (a) 65.61 C (b) 1 hour 44 minutes
V r3
3
dV 9. (a) 92 kg (b) Reducing at the rate of 5.6 kg per hour
4 r2
dr (c) 18 hours
dr 1
`
dV 4 r2 10. (a) M0 200; k 0.00253 (b) 192.5 g
dr dr dV (c) Reducing by 0.49 g per year (d) 273.8 years

dt dV dt
1 11. (a) B 15 000e0.073t (b) 36 008 (c) 79.6 hours
k (4 r2)
4 r2
12. 11.4 years 13. (a) 19% (b) 3200 years
k
` radius will decrease at a constant rate of k
ANSWERS 609
14. (a) P (t) P (t0) e kt 5. (a) T 18 Ae kt

dP (t) When t 0, 4 80
kP (t0) e kt ` 80 18 Ae0
dt
kP (t) 62 A
` T 18 62e kt
(b) 23% (c) 2% decline per year (d) 8.5 years
When t 15, 4 68
15. 12.6 minutes 16. 12.8 years 68 18 62e 15k
50 62e 15k
17. (a) 76.8 mg/dL (b) 9 hours 18. 15.8 s 19. 8.5 years 50
e 15k
62
20. (a) Q Aekt 50
ln ln e 15k
dQ 62
kAekt
dt 15k ln e
kQ 15k
50
dQ ln
(b) kQ 62
dt k
15
dt 1
So 0.0143 k
dQ kQ
` T 18 62e 0.0143t
1
t # dQ
kQ
1 1 (b) After 114.5 minutes
# dQ
k Q (c) As t " , e 0.0143t " 0 ` T " 18
1
ln Q C
k 6. (a) 25 464
kt ln Q C1 (b) After 68.8 weeks
kt C1 ln Q
7. (a) 5.2c C
ekt C Q
1
(b) After 8 minutes

e e C Q
kt 1
Aekt Q
dv
8. (a) kAe kt
dt
k (P Ae kt P)
Exercises 6.4 k (v P)
(b) A 500, k 0.008 58

dx
1. (a) 2Ae2t (c) 78.85 ms-1
dt
2 (100 Ae2t 100) (d) 500 ms-1
2 (x 100)
9. (a) 7.2c C
(b) A 0.198 (b) 68 s or 1 m 8 s
(c) t 2.76
10. (a) 3738
dN
2. (a) 0.14Ae0.14t (b) After 17.1 years
dt
0.14 (45 Ae0.14t 45)
11. 5.1
0.14 (N 45)
(b) A 27.96 12. (a) 8.4 years
(c) N 101.3 (b) 7.5 years
(d) t 7.05
13. 125.7 years
dv
3. (a) kAekt
dt 14. 16 minutes
k (5000 Aekt 5000)
k (v 5000) 15. 50.1%
(b) A 82 000, k 0.0414
16. (a) 2800
(c) 1 615 609.47 kL
(b) 17.7 years
(d) 3 days, 23 h
dN
4. (a) kAekt
dt
k (P Aekt P)
k (N P)
(b) t 6.27
17. (a) T 28 172e kt (d)

dT
So k (172e kt )
dt
k (28 172e kt 28)
k (T 28)
(b) 28 C
(c) 40 minutes
18. (a) 17.6%

(b) 156 years
(e)
19. (a) 32.5%
(b) 80.8 years
dN
20. k (N P)
dt
dt 1
So
dN k (N P)
1
t # dN
k (N P)
1 1
# dN 2. (a) t2, t4, t6
k N P
(b) 0 to t1, t3, t5
1
ln (N P) C (c) 0 to t1
k
kt ln (N P) C1 (d) t5
kt C1 ln (N P)
3. (a)
ekt C N P
1
e e C N P
kt 1
Aekt N P
P Aekt N
Exercises 6.5
1. (a) v a
(b)
t t
(b) v a
4. (a) O, t2, t4, t6 (b) t1, t3, t5 (c) t5

(d) (i) At rest, accelerating to the left.
t t (ii) Moving to the left with zero acceleration.
3 5 3
5. (a) , , , (b) 0, , , ,
4 4 4 2 2
(c) v a 6. (a) At the origin, with positive velocity and positive

constant acceleration (moving to the right and speeding
up).
(b) To the right of the origin, at rest with negative
constant acceleration.
t t
(c) To the left of the origin, with negative velocity and
positive acceleration (moving to the left and slowing
down).
(d) To the right of the origin, with negative velocity and
acceleration (moving to the left and speeding up).
(e) To the left of the origin, at rest with positive
acceleration.
ANSWERS 611
Exercises 6.6 (c) The particle is on the RHS of the origin, travelling to
the right and accelerating.
1. (a) 18 cms (b) 12 cms
-1 -2
(c) When t 0, x 0; after 3 s
(d) After 5 s 9. (a) v 5 10t (b) 95 ms 1 (c) a 10 g
2. (a) 8 ms 1 (b) a 4; constant acceleration of 4 ms-2 17 102

(c) 13 m (d) after 2 s (e) 5 m 10. v ,a
(3t 1) 2 (3t 1)3
(f)
1 1
11. (a) At the origin cms 1 (c)
(b) cms 2
6 36
(d) The particle is moving to the right but decelerating
(e) (e3 1) s
12. (a) 3 ms-1 (b) When t 0 s, 1 s, 3 s (c) 10 ms-2
13. (a)
3. (a) 4 m (b) 40 ms-1 (c) 39 m (d) 84 m

(e)
(b) ox 6 cos 2t, px 12 sin 2t

(c) 6 3 cms-2
(d) px 12 sin 2t 4 (3 sin 2t) 4x
14. (a) 7 m (b) 16 m (c) After 7 s

(d)
4. (a) 2 cm (b) After 1 s (c) -4 cm (d) 6 cm

(e) -7 cms-1
5. (a) 2 ms-1 (b) 4e2 ms 2 (c) a 4e2t 2 (2e2t ) 2v

(d)
(e) 10 m
15. (a) 18.75 m (b) -15 ms-1 (c) 5 s
16. (a) At the origin: x 0

2t3 3t2 42t 0
t (2t2 3t 42) 0
t 0, 2t2 3t 42 0
6. (a) v 2 sin 2t (b) a 4 cos 2t (c) 1 cm
Since t 0, the particle is initially at the origin.
3 3 5
(d) 0, , , ,...s (e) p1 cm (f) , , ...s 2t2 3t 42 0
2 2 4 4 4
b2 4ac ( 3) 2 4 (2) (42)
(g) a 4 cos 2t 4x 327
0
7. (a) v 3t2 12t 2; a 6t 12 (b) 266 m (c) 133 ms-1
So the quadratic equation has no real roots.
(d) 42 ms-1
So the particle is never again at the origin.

8. (a) x 20 (4t 3)4 , x 320 (4t 3)3 dx
(b) x 1, cm, ox 20 cms 1, px 320 cms 2 (b) 6t2 6t 42
dt
12 8 2
dx 19. ms-1
At rest: 0 3
dt
6t2 6t 42 0 2 3 5
20. (a) 1 cms-1 (b) cm (c) , , ,...s
t2 t 7 0 8 4 4 4
b2 4ac ( 1) 2 4 (1) (7) Exercises 6.8
27
0 2 t 14
1. (a) x 8t 2 (b) x (c) x
4t 1 7
So the quadratic equation has no real roots.
2
So the particle is never at rest. (d) x (e) x 3 24t 8
3
24t 1
3 5 9t 61
17. (a) 0 cm (at the origin) (b) , , ,...s (c) p12 cm 2. x 10t 1 3. 0.93 m 4. x 3
4 4 4 2
18. (a) 8e16 cms-1 (b) 0 s (initially) (c) 1 cm 1 3

5. (a) (e 1 ) s (b) 1.2 m 6. x 4t 3
2
7 7 2
19. (a) 7 s (b) or s (c) 49 cm
2 2
7. (a) x 5e4t (b) 5e12 cm (c) 20e12 cms 1
(d) At the origin, x 0 ` 5e4t 0.
20. (a) x (sin t) 2
This has no solution.
dx
2 sin t cos t ` x x 0 (particle is never at the origin)
dt
sin 2t (e) x 5e4t
ox 20e4t
3 px 80e4t
(b) 0, , , ,...s (c) 1 ms-2
2 2 16 (5e4t )
16x
Exercises 6.7
8. (a) After 0.05 s
1. 12 cm 2. 28 m 3. -42.5 cm
1
(b) t cos 2x ` t 0 only when cos 2x 0
4. (a) 570 cms-2 (b) 135 cm (c) After 0.5 s 10

When 0 b x b , 0 b 2x b
4 2
5. (e3 1) cm 6. 163 m 7. (a) 95 cms-1 (b) 175 cm ` cos 2x r 0. But t cannot be negative

8. h 4.9t2 4t 2 9. 262 m 10. (e5 3) m ` displacement is never between 0 and .
4
11. -744 cm 12. (2 3) cm 13. 1.77 m 14. 893 m dx
9. (a) x 5
dt
15. (a) ( 3 3) m (b) 4 3 ms 2 dt 1
`
dx x 5
4 2n 1
16. (a) ms-1 (b) x 2ln (n 3) m t # dx
15 3 x 5
ln (x 5) C
2 2
(c) v When t 0, x 6
3 t3
2 (t 3) 6 ` 0 ln (6 5) C
ln 1 C
3 (t 3)
0C
2t 6 6
C
3 (t 3)
` t ln (x 5)
2t
et x 5
3t 9
t r0 et 5 x
dx d2x
When t 0: v 0 et and 2 et
dt dt
When t 0: v 0
` velocity acceleration for all x
Also 2t 0 and 3t 9 0 when t 0
So 2t 3t 9 (b) 60 m
2t dx
1 10. 5x
3t 9 dt
`0b v 1 dt 1
`
dx 5x
17. (a) 5e45 ms1 (b) e30 m (c) px 25e5t (d) 50 ms-2 dx
t #
25x 5x
8 1
18. (a) 20 cms-2 (b) 82 cm ` t ln x C
9 5
ANSWERS 613
Now ln x is real for x 0 Exercises 6.10

` displacement is always positive
1. (a) x 2 cos t
v 5x
Since x 0,
5x 0
` v 0
So velocity is always positive.
11. (a) 3s (b) 2 s

ln 21
12. m
3
Exercises 6.9
(b) v 2 sin t
1. v 2x2 10x 9
2. v 2x4 4x2 2x 68
3. 8 ms-1 4. (a) 2.8 ms-1

12 x
(b) For v 0, sin 40
2
12 x
i.e. sin 4
2
x 4
sin
2 12
1.05
(c) a 2 cos t
This has no solution, so v x 0 (particle is never at rest).
5. 7.9 cms-1 6. 1.55 cms-1 7. v 2 n 2 (a 2 x 2 )
8. 0.37 m
9. (a) v 2x2 4x 16 (b) 3 2 ms 1

(c) Between -2 m and 4 m
(x2 3) 5 79
10. v
5
11. (a) 4 kms-1 2. (a) x 5 sin t

(b) At rest, v 0
400
i.e. 0
x
400 0
This is impossible.
` the rocket never comes to rest
k (6400 x)
12. v
3200x
(b) v 5 cos t
(c) a 5 sin t (c) x cos 2t
3. (a) x 4 cos 2t 5. (a) x 2 cos 3t

ox 6 sin 3t
px 18 cos 3t
9 (2 cos 3t)
9x
(b) p 2 (c) v 0 (d) v p 6; a 0
6. (a) x 7 cos 5t
ox 35 sin 5t
px 175 cos 5t
25 (7 cos 5t)
3 25x
(b) t 0, , , , 2 , . . . ; x p 4
2 2 2 3 2
(b) t 0, , , , . . . ; x p7 (c) Period
(c) v 8 sin 2t 5 5 5 5
7. (a) x 3 sin 4t
ox 12 cos 4t
px 48 sin 4t
16 (3 sin 4t)
16x
3 5
(b) t , , ,... (c) x p3; px p48
8 8 8
8. (a) px 36x
(b) 12 ms-1
(d) v 0
(c) t 0, , , , . . . ; ox p12 ms 1
(e) a 16 cos 2t 6 3 2
(d) v p 144 36x2

9. (a) x 2 cos b t l;
4

ox 2 sin b t l ; px 2 cos b t l
4 4
x, ` SHM
5 9
(b) t , , ,... (c) 2 (d) x p2
4 4 4
10. (a) x 5 cos 3t 2 sin 3t

(f) a 0 ox 15 sin 3t 6 cos 3t
px 45 cos 3t 18 sin 3t
4. (a) x cos 2t 9 (5 cos 3t 2 sin 3t)
ox 2 sin 2t 9x
px 4 cos 2t
(b) 16.2 ms-1
4x
(b) amplitude 1, period 11. (a) x 4 cos (3t )
ox 12 sin (3t )
px 36 cos (3t )
9 [4 cos (3t )]
9x
2
(b) 2 3 cm (c) Amplitude 4, period
3
ANSWERS 615
12. (a) 0 m, 4 m (b) 2 m (c) 4 ms-1 (d) px 2 x 24. (a) v2 4x x2 3

1 2 x2 3
13. (a) p1.5 m (b) 5 ms-1 v 2x
2 2 2
d 1 2
p 81 x2 c v m2 x
14. (a) v (b) x p3 5 cm dx 2
3 So px 2 x
x 2
15. v 6.5 cms1; a 5.5 cm 2
(x 2)
2 4 3 This is in the form px n2 (x x0) so SHM.
16. Period , amplitude ;
3 3 (b) Centre x 2, endpoints x 1, x 3
4 3
cos c 3t m or
(c) a 1, n 1
x
3 6
4 3 25. x cos2 2t
x sin c 3t m
3 3 (cos 2t) 2
ox 2 (cos 2t)1 ( 2 sin 2t)
17. (a) Between x 1 and x 9 4 sin 2t cos 2t
(b) Yescentre of motion is x 4 2 (2 sin 2t cos 2t)
Let X x 4: 2 sin 4t
d2 x px 2 (4 cos 4t)
8 2x 8 cos 4t
dt2
2 (x 4) 8 (cos2 2t sin2 2t)
2X (n 2) 8 (cos2 2t 5 1 cos2 2t ? )
8 (cos2 2t 1 cos2 2t)
8 (2 cos2 2t 1)
18. (a) a 1600x (b) Period (c) 30 cms-1
20 8 (2x 1)
19. (a) px an2 sin nt bn2 cos nt This is in the form px n2 (x x0) so SHM.
n2 (a sin nt b cos nt)
n2 x Exercises 6.11
2 15 2 t 15 2 t
(b) Amplitude a2 b2 ; period (c) n a2 b2 1. (a) (i) x (ii) y 5t2
n
2 2
5 3 3 2
20. (a) cms 1 (b) s
6 2
5 2
(b) cms 2
9 2. (a) 6 3 s (b) 540 m 3. (a) 2.3 s (b) 5.8 m
21. (a) x 2 sin 3t cos 3t 4. (a) 2.59 m (b) 7.3 m 5. 2.8 s

ox 2 (3 cos 3t) ( 3 sin 3t)
6 cos 3t 3 sin 3t 6. (a) 4 minutes (b) 102 km
px 6 ( 3 sin 3t) 3 (3 cos 3t)
18 sin 3t 9 cos 3t 7. (a) px 0, ox u cos a, x ut cos a
9 (2 sin 3t cos 3t) py g, oy gt u sin a,
9x gt2
y ut sin a
2
2
(b) Amplitude 5 , period
3 (b) 15 m
(c) 45 3 5
5x2
22. (a) Equilibrium x 1, endpoints x 0, x 2 8. y (1 tan2 ) x tan
256
2 gt2
(b) Period
6 9. x vt cos , y vt sin h
2
23. (a) Centre x 3, endpoints x 0, x 6 10. 20 34l 11. 1.8 ms-1 12. 28.86 ms-1
(b) x 3 3 cos 3t
ox 3 ( 3 sin 3t) 13. 2 45l, 87 15l 14. 9.3 ms-1
9 sin 3t
15. (a) 6 s (b) 91.7 m 16. 63 6l or 50 52l 17. 2 m
px 9 (3 cos 3t)
27 cos 3t 18. 8 m 19. 0.12 m 20. (a) 8 ms-1 (b) 53 8l (c) 3.2 m
9 ( 3 cos 3t)
9 (3 3 cos 3t 3) 21. (a) 4.8 s (b) 100.9 m
9 (x 3)
22. (a) Second stone is first by 1.46 s (b) Particle is 28 m to the left of the origin, travelling at
(b) 1st stone: 15 ms 1 to the right, with 18 ms 2 acceleration (to the
x 10t right), so the particle is speeding up.
10 (2 3 )
11. (a) t1, t3, t5 (b) t2, t4 (c) t3 and after t5
20 3 m
(d) (i)
2nd stone:
x 10 3 t
10 (10 3 (2))
20 3 m
So both land at the same place.
23. 63 26l 39 27l

(ii)
24. 2.7 s
25. (a) 29.5 m

(b) x 11.5, y 8.2 or (11.5, 8.2); No they will not
collidethey reach this point at different times.
Test yourself 6
1. -2 ms-1
12. (a) 48.2% (b) 1052.6 years
2. (a) 0 m, 0 ms-1, 8 ms-2 (b) 0, 0.8 s (c) 0.38 m
5 13 17 5 7 11
13. (a) , , , ,...s (b) , , , ,...s
3. (a) T 25 Ae kt 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3
dT 1
kAe kt (c) ms 2
dt 2
k (Ae kt 25 25) 14. (a) 15 m (b) 20 m (c) 4 s
k (T 25)
15. (a) 16 941 (b) 1168 birds/year
(b) A 295, k 0.042 (c) 108.4c
(c) 18.3 years
(d) 97 min or 1 h 37 min
16. 0.0193 mms-1
4. -76 m, -66 ms-2 5. 39.6 years
17. (a) (i)
6. (a) 6 cms 1 (b) 145 855.5 cms-2
(c) x 2e3t
ox 6e3t
px 18e3t
9 (2e3t )
9x
7. 1m
(ii)
8. x 2 sin 3t
ox 6 cos 3t
px 18 sin 3t
9 (2 sin 3t)
9x
9. (a) 2, 6 s
(b) (i) 16 cm
(ii) 15 cms 1
(b) t1, t3
(iii) 18 cms 2
(c) Particle is 16 cm to the right of the origin, travelling 2
18. (a) Period (b) 7 ms 1
at 16 cms 1 to the right. Acceleration is 18 cms 2 (to the 7
left), so the particle is slowing down. 5 13 17
(c) , , , , . . . seconds
21 21 21 21
10. (a) (i) 18 ms 2 19. 80 58l, 16 38l 20. 55 033 m
(ii) 15 ms 1
(iii) -28 m
ANSWERS 617
Challenge exercise 6 7. (a) 36 208 (b) 67 795 bacteria per hour (c) 32 000
2 8 2 (4 cos 3t) 8. 88 35l, 10 52l

1. (a) x cos 3t
3 3 3
9. (a) 7.85 mm2 per hour (b) 31 416 mm2
8
(b) px 9 c x m
3 10. (a) x cos 4t (b) Yes, a 16x (c) p2 3 cms-1
2 2
(c) Yes. Amplitude , period
3 3 11. (a) v 5 cos 5t
2. (a) 1 m, 0 ms-1 (b) 3.26 107 ms-2 x # (5 cos 5t) dt
(c) Show (t3 1) 6 0 has no solution for t r 0 sin 5t C
When t 0, x 0
3. (a) 0.75 cm
0 sin 0 C
e10 1
(b) x cm C
2
` x sin 5t
d
Vt
4. px 0, ox V , x ,
a
dt
(5 cos 5t)
2 2
25 sin 5t
gt2 Vt 25x
py g, oy gt V , y
2 2 2
(b) 25 ms 2 (c) 7.5ms2 (d) v p5 1 x2
gt2 Vt
Range: when y 0, 0
2 2 12. (a) 0.0024 cms-1 (b) 0.75 cm3s-1
gt V
t f p0 13. (a) 19.9 years (b) 16%
2 2
` t 0 or 14. (a) 16.1 ms-1
2V (b) If v 0,
t
g 2 3x2 2x 225 0
$ 22 4 3 225
2V V 2V 0
When t ,x
g 2 2 g 2 ` no solutions
V2 ` vx0
(1)
g
15. Carla jumps further by 0.8 m
Height is maximum when oy 0
V kN0
i.e. gt 0
2 16. N
bN0 (k bN0) e kt
V
dN kN0 7 k (k bN0) e A
t kt
g 2
dt 7 bN0 (k bN0) e kt A
2
V g V 2 V V k2 N0 (k bN0) e kt
When t ,y f p f p
7 bN0 (k bN0) e kt A
g 2 2 g 2 2 g 2 2
k2 N0 7 bN0 (k bN0) e kt bN0 A

V2 V2

4g 2g
2
e o
1 V2
4 g k2 N0 7 bN0 (k bN0) e kt A

1 2
x [from (1)]
4
bk2 N20
` range is 4 times maximum height
2
5. 0.25 cms -1 k2 N0

bN0 (k bN0) e kt
6. (a) x 2 sin c 4t m 3 cos c 4t m 2
2 2 kN0
bf p
ox 8 cos c 4t m 12 sin c 4t m bN0 (k bN0) e kt
2 2
kN bN2

px 32 sin c 4t m 48 cos c 4t m
2 2

16 = 2 sin c 4t m 3 cos c 4t m G
2 2
16x
(b) 3.6 m (c) 14.4 ms-1

oy (d) (i) 11 people per day

17. (a) tan (ii) 283 people per day
ox
1
22. (a) 1.77 (b)
x loge 3
e2 4
23. (e 1) units3
2
24. (a) v 6 ms 1, a 0 ms 2 (b) 3 m

(b) V2 (ox) 2 (oy) 2 (by Pythagoras theorem) 3 5
(c) , , , . . . seconds
`V (ox) 2 (oy) 2 4 4 4
(d) a 12 sin 2t
18. (a) For small , sin Z 4 (3 sin 2t)
d2 4x
` 2 sin
dt2
Z 2 25. 4.67 units2 26. 27 m 27. x 0.28
(b) v + v
2 2 2 2
1
(c) Yes. Period 2
28. (a) x 2 cos 5t
19. (a) 3e cms 2 (b) loge 7 s ox 10 sin 5t
px 50 cos 5t
20. SHM is a continuous oscillation. 25 (2 cos 5t)
There is no displacement 25x

when t as x a tan . 3
2n 2 (b) p10 cms 1; t , , , . . . (c) p2 cm
Also, ox an (cos nt) 2 10 10 2
1 1
px 2an (cos nt) 3 ( n sin nt) 29. x y 2 0 30. c , m minimum
2 2e
2an2 tan nt sec2 nt
This is not in the form px n2 x, so the particle is not in 31. (a) 1.60 cm2 (b) 0.17 cm2
SHM.
32. 15 months
36 3
Practice assessment task set 2 33. (a) 1.2 s (b) Z 12.5 m (c) 1.8 m
5
1. 3.2 years 2. 1.099 3. 27 m 4. 2
34. x 2n p
1 4
5. x ey, x 3.42 6. 3x2 2e2x 7. x p
2
35. 16 cm3 s 1, i.e. decreasing by 16 cm3 s 1
8. (a) 47.5 g (b) 3.5 g/year (c) After 9.3 years
5 25
9. (a) 0 cms 1 (b) a 18 sin 3t 9x 36. (a) cm (b) cm2
6 12
10. (a) 7750 L (b) 28 minutes
37. ex 3
C
2
12
11. 622.1 units 3
12.
4x 3
38.
1
13. loge (3x2 3x 2) C
3
14. (a) 100 L (b) 40 L
(c) 16 L per minute, i.e. leaking at the rate of 16 L per
minute
(d) 12.2 minutes
15. 2x3 x2 4 loge x C 16. 3 loge 2
17. (a) 7.8 cm (b) 0.06 cms 2
1 4x 1 2x
18. e xC 19.
4 e 2x

20.
2 39. 1 40. cot x 41. 5e5x sec2 (e5x 1) 42. 3
21. (a) k 0.101 (b) 2801 (c) 20 days
ANSWERS 619
43. (a) 59. (5 e) units2

1 3
60. (a) (b)
2 2
61. (a) 21 cm2 (b) (21 9) cm2
sec2 (loge x 1)
62.
x
5
63. 3x 2 ln x C
x
(b) 2 units2
1 5x 1
64. 8.32 units3 65. e cos x C
44. 0.348 5
45. (a) ex (sin x cos x) (b) 3 tan2 x sec2 x 1 1 2

66. x sin 2x C 67. units3
(c) 6 sin c 3x m 2 4 2
2
68. x Z 1.8
46. (a) 546 ms 1 (b) a 20e2t (c) 20 ms-2
4 (5e )
2t
4x
47. 29 Z 5.4 ms 1
48. (a) sin ( ) sin (b) cos 10

(c) cos c m sin
2
8
49. ln 8 ln 3 ln 50. 6 m 12 m
3
51. (a) 5500 (b) 9.5 years 69. (e2 1) units2 70. 1
3
52. 85 25l, 15 54l 53. units3
2 71. f (1) 0.519
54.
72. (a) # x sin c x2 2 m dx 21 cos c x2 2 m C
3
(b) x
2
73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (a)
76. (d) 77. (b) 78. (c)
79. (a), (c), (d) 80. (d)
Chapter 7: Inverse functions
Exercises 7.1
3
55. 6x y 1 0
2 1. y 3x 2. y x 3. f 1 (x) 5x 4. y x3
3 3 x
56. 3 units2 5. y 6. f 1 (x) x 1 7. y x5
3 3 7
1
8. f 1 (x) x 3 9. y 3 x or y x 3
57. 3ex sin2 (ex) cos (ex) 1
10. f 1 (x) log2 x 11. y 4x 12. y 5
x or y x 5
58. (a) x sin 2t x
ox 2 cos 2t 13. f 1 (x) x 9 14. f 1 (x) 5 x 15. y
3
px 4 sin 2t
4x 16. y ! x 17. y x7 18. y ex 19. y 9x
3
(b) t 0, , , ,...s 20. y ! 8 x -
2 2
(c) v p2 cms 1
Exercises 7.2 x 1 x 1
(c) (i) y 4 (ii) y 4
x x3 2 2
1. y 2. y 3. y 3 x 5 (d) (i) y x 8 3 (ii) y x 8 3
5 2
2 (e) (i) y x 7 2 (ii) y x 7 2
4. f 1 (x) 7 x 1 5. y x3 2 6. y
x
3 Exercises 7.5
7. y 5 8. y 2x 1 9. f 1 (x) x2 2
x
1. (a) f 1 [f (x)] f 1 (x 7)
9 x 1
10. y x 7
3
11. y 2 12. y 3
(x 7) 7
x 5
x
x2 (x 5)2 x3 27 f [f 1 (x)] f (x 7)
13. y 5 14. f 1 (x) 15. y
3 4 54 (x 7) 7
ln x x
16. y ln x 17. y 18. y ex 19. y ex 1
2
(b) f 1 [f (x)] f 1 (3x)
ln (x 1) x 3x
20. f 1 (x) 21. y p x 22. y p 4
3 2 3
x
23. y p x 5 24. y p 6 x 3 25. y p x 16 4
f [f 1 (x)] f d n
x
3
26. y p 4 x 2 27. y p x 2 1
3d n
x
3
28. y p x 26 5 29. y p x 12 3
x
30. y p x 47 6 (c) f 1 [f (x)] f 1 ^ x h
^ xh
2
Exercises 7.3
x
1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes f [f 1 (x)] f (x2)
5. Yes 6. No 7. Yes 8. No (x 2 )
x
9. No 10. No 11. Yes 12. No
(d) f 1 [f (x)] f 1 (ex)
Exercises 7.4 ln (ex)
x ln e
1. (a) f 1: y 3 x ; domain: all real x, range: all real y x
x2
(b) f 1: y ; domain: all real x, range: all real y f [f 1 (x)] f (ln x)
3
(c) f 1: y ln x; domain: x 0, range: all real y eln x
2 x
(d) f 1 (x) ; domain: all real x x 0, range: all real y x 0
x (e) f 1 [f (x)] f 1 (3x 1)
1
(e) f 1: y 1; domain: all real x x 0, range: all real (3x 1) 1
x
y x 1
3
x
2. (a) y ; domain: x r 0, range: y r 0 3x
2
3
(b) y x 2 ; domain: x r 2, range: y r 0 x
(c) y x 3; domain: x r 0, range: y r 3 x 1
f [f 1 (x)] f d n
(d) y x 1 1; domain: x r 1, range: y r 1 3
x 1
(e) y 6 x ; domain: x r 0, range: y r 0 3d n 1
3
(f) y 1 x ; domain: x b 1, range: y b 0 x
(g) y 4 x 1 ; domain: x r 1, range: y r 0
2. (a) Domain: all real x x 1, range: all real y x 0
1
(h) y ; domain: x 0, range: y 0 2
x (b) f 1 (x) 1
x
3. (a) x r 3 (c) Domain: all real x x 0, range: all real y x 1
(b) y x 9 3; domain: x r 9, range: y r 3
(c) x b 3 3. (a)
(d) y x 9 3; domain: x r 9, range: y b 3
x1
4. (a) y x (b) y (c) f 1 (x) 4 x 2
3
3 2
(d) y (e) y 4
x x
5. (a) (i) y x 1 1 (ii) y x 1 1
(b) (i) y 4
x2 (ii) y 4 x 2
ANSWERS 621
1 1
(b) y ex 2. (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) (e)
2 2 2
(c) y ln x domain: x 0, range: all real y;
y ex domain: all real x, range: y 0 3
(f) 3 (g) 0 (h) 3 (i) (j) 1
1
2
4. (a) (i) 5x4 (ii) x y 5
3. (a) 0.41 (b) 1.04 (c) 0.97
dx 1 4 dy
dx 1 (d) 0.64 (e) 1.31
(iii) x (iv) 5x4 x 4 1
dy 5 dx dy 5
4. (a) 0.67 (b) 0.14 (c) 1.64
1 1
(b) (i) (ii) x (d) 0.97 (e) 0.90
x2 y
dx dy dx 1 5. (a)
(iii) x2 (iv) 2 ( x2) 1
dy dx dy x
1
(c) (i) (ii) x ey 1
x1
dx dy dx 1
(iii) x1 (iv) (x 1) 1
dy dx dy x 1
(d) (i) e x (ii) x ln y
dx 1 dy dx
(iii) x ex (iv) e x ( ex) 1
dy e dx dy
1 (b)
(e) (i) (ii) x y2 3
2 x 3
dx
(iii) 2 x 3
dy
dy dx 1
(iv) 2 x 3 1
dx dy 2 x 3
x 1
5. (a) (i) x 3y 1 (ii) y
3
1 dy dx 1
(iii) (iv) 3 (v) 3 1 (c)
3 dx dy 3
1 4
1 x 5
(ii) y d n d n
x 5
(b) (i) x 3y5 (iii)
3 15 3
4 4 4
dy 1 x 5
(iv) 15 d n d n 15 d n 1
x 5 dx x 5
(v)
3 dx dy 15 3 3
2 2 2
(c) (i) x (ii) y 3 (iii)
y3 x x2
x2 dy dx 2 x2
(iv) (v) 2 1 (d)
2 dx dy x 2
1
(d) (i) x y3 7 (ii) y 3 x 7 (iii)
3 3 (x 7) 2
(iv) 3 3 (x 7) 2
dy dx 1
(v) 3 3 (x 7) 2 1
dx dy 3 3 (x 7) 2
ln x 1 1
(e) (i) x e5y 1 (ii) y (iii)
5 5x
dy dx 1 (e)
(iv) 5x (v) 5x 1
dx dy 5x
Exercises 7.6

1. (a) (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) (e)
2 6 4

(f) (g) (h) (i)
2 2 4 6
5
(j) (k) (l) (m)
3 4 6 6
(f) (l)
(g) (m)
(h) (n)
(i)
6. (a) 1 b x b 1 (b) 1 b x b 1 (c) bxb
4 4
7. (a) (b) 0 (c) 0

(d) (e) (f)
2 2 2
4 3 5
8. (a) (b) (c)
5 5 12
3
(d) (e) (f)
(j) 58 4 4
24
9. (a) 2 sin cos (b)
25
10. (a) odd (b) odd (c) even

(d) neither (e) odd (f) odd (g) odd

11. (a) tan 1 ( 1)
4
(tan 1 1)

(k) (b) sin 1 ( 1)
2
(sin 1 1)
(c) tan 1 ( 3) Z 1.249
(tan 1 3)
ANSWERS 623
1 18. (a)
(d) LHS cos 1 c m
2
2

3
1
RHS cos 1
2
3 3
sin 1 cos 1
3 7 7 2
2

3 2
1
(e) sin 1 e o (b) sin 1 d
5
n 0.589
2 4 9
1
e sin 1 o sin 1 d
5
n
2 9
(c) LHS cos 1 d n

2

12. (a) n ( 1)n (b) 2n (c) n 5
3 3 1.9823

RHS cos 1 d n
(d) n ( 1)n (e) n (f) 2 n p 2
4 4 6
5

(g) 2 n p (h) n ( 1) n
1.9823
2 6

So cos 1 d n cos 1 d n
(i) n ( 1)n (j) n 2 2
4 6 5 5
(d) tan 1 d n 0.61

3 7
13. (a) n ( 1)n (b) ,
2 2 2 10
tan 1 d n
7
5 7 10
14. (a) 2 n p (b) p ,p
3 3 3
2 5 8 Exercises 7.7
15 (a) n (b) , ,
3 3 3 3 1 2 1
1. (a) (b) (c)
1 x 2
1 x 2 1 x2
16. (a) x 2 n p 1.53 (b) x n ( 1)n 0.39
3 8 2x
(c) x n 0.92 (d) x n ( 1)n 1.04 (d) (e) (f)
(e) x n 0.75 (f) x 2 n p 1.80 1 9x 2
1 4x 2
1 x4
2 1
(g)
17. (a) and (b) 1 (2x 1)2 2x2 2x 1
y
40 1 2
(h) (i) (j)
1 64x2 9 x2 4 x2
y = cos-1 x 3 3 1
(k) (l) (m)
36 x2 2 x (1 x) 49 x2
15 15
(n)
1 (3x 2) 2
9x 12x 3
2
y = sin-1 x + cos-1 x 2
x 5
(o) cos x 1
(p) (tan 1 x 1)4
1 x2 1 x2
1
x 2. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c)
-1 1 x 1 (loge x)2
ex 1
(d) (e)
1 e 2x 1 x2 sin 1 x
y = sin-1 x
- 1 1
(f) (g)
1 x2 6 1 (cos 1 x 1)2 @
2 (1 x2) (tan 1 x)2
1 1 1
(h) (i)
1 x2 x 2 4x
2 1 d 1n
2
x
2
ecos
1
x
(j)
1 x2
3. (a) (i) 1 (ii) 1 2e 2 x 1

11. (a) (b)
1 e 4x (1 x2) tan 1 x
3 5
(b) (i) 1 (ii)
1 1 etan x
1
5 8
(c) (d) (e)
2 6 3 x (1 5 ln x ? 2) 1 x2 1 x2
(c) (i) (ii)
6 3 2
1 h
(d) (i) (ii) 3 12. (a) sin
3 6
1
` sin 1 d n
(e) (i) (ii) 5 h
5 6
4. y 2x 5. 40x 100y 25 8 0 (b) 0 0l 33m per second
d 1 1
6. (a) (sin 1 x cos 1 x) Exercises 7.8
dx 1 x2 1 x2
0 1. (a) sin 1 x C (b) 2 cos 1 x C or 2 sin 1 x C
1 x
(b) sin x cos x
1 1 (c) tan 1 x C (d) tan 1 C
2 3 3
d x 5 x
` d n0 (e) sin 1 C (f) tan 1 C
dx 2 2 2 2
3 1 x
d x (g) sin 1 x C (h) sin 1 C
7. (a) (x sin 1 x) sin 1 x 2 5 4
dx 1 x2 1 x x
(i) tan 1 C (j) sin 1 C
dy 3 3 5
For 0,
dx
x 1 x 1
sin 1 x 0 2. (a) tan 1 C (b) sin 1 2x C
1 x 2 6 6 2
x t 1
sin 1 x (c) sin 1 C (d) tan 1 3x C
1 x2 3 3
x 0 satisfies this equation
(e) sin 1 d n C (f) tan 1 d n C
1 5 x 1 4x
When x 0, y 0 sin 1 0 5 2 4 3
0
(g) sin 1 d n C (h)
2t 5
tan 1 ( 5 x) C
` (0, 0) is a stationary point 5 5

(b) Domain: 1 b x b 1, range: 0 b y b
tan 1 e oC cos 1 d n C
2 3 3x 2 3x
(i) (j)
(c) 6 2 15 5

3. (a) (b) (c)
2 4 3

(d) (e) (f)
12 6 3
3
(g) (h) (i)
9 28

(j)
3 5
x 1 2x tan 1 x 4. 1.1 units2

8. (a) (b)
(9 x2)3 6 (1 x2) (tan 1 x) @ 2

5. (a) units2 (b) (7 3 12) units3
6 6

9. 1 for x , 1 for b x , x b 1
2 2 2 2 6. (a) (b) 0.3
10. (a) 0 1 x2 sin 1 x
7. 0.1
(b)
1
8. units2
2
1
9. sin 1 x3 C
3
5
10. y sin 1 d n
x
3 14
ANSWERS 625
3
12. LHS cos 1 e o
1 1
11. (a) RHS (b) 0.48
1 x2 4 x2 2
4 x2 1 x2

(1 x2) (4 x2) 6
2x2 5
cos 1 e o
3

(1 x2) (4 x2) 2
LHS RHS
2
12. units3
12 13. (a) Domain: all real x x 2; range: all real y x 0
1
(b) e 1 o units2
3 (b) f 1 (x) 2
13. (a) cos 1 x x
6 2
(c) Domain: all real x x 0; range: all real y x 2

14. d 1 n units2
2 14. (a) units2 (b) 1.73 units3
6
15. v 2 tan 1 x 4
15. (a) (b)
2 3
Test yourself 7 16. (a) Domain: 1 b x b 1; range: b y b

(b)
3
1. (a) (b) (c)
4 3 4

(d) 0 (e)
6
x
2. (a) 3 tan 1 x C (b) sin 1 C
4
1 3 10
3. (a) (b) (c)
1 x2 1 9x 2 1 25x2
5 17. 4 3 x 18y 6 3 3 0
4. units2
12
18. (a) x 2 (b) f 1 (x) x4 2
3 x
5. f 1 (x) 19. (a) 2 (b) 10.5
2
7
20. (a) (b)
3 14
6. 2n p
4
ln (x 1)
7. f 1 (x)
3 1. (a) y 1 x2 , domain: 0 b x b 1, range:
8. (a) 0 1 b y b 0
d
(b) sin 1 x cos 1 x and d n0 (b) y
1
1 ; domain: x 0, x b 1,
2 dx 2 x
range: y b 0, y x 1
x
9. tan 1 x
1 x2 x 1 x2 sin 1 x
2. ; no: x x 0
x 2
1 x2
10. (a) Domain: all real x r 1; range: all real y r 0
(b) f 1 (x) x2 1 Domain: all real x r 0 1
3. tan 1 (x2) C
2
11.
4. (a) 9.
4 5
LHS tan 1 tan 1
5 4

2

2
10. (a) 0.9 units3 (b) units3
RHS
(b) 0
(c) Chapter 8: Series
Exercises 8.1
1. 14, 17, 20 2. 23, 28, 33 3. 44, 55, 66
4. 85, 80, 75 5. 1, 1 , 3 6. 87, 83, 79

1
LHS tan 1 x tan 1 1
x 7. 2, 2 , 3 8. 3.1, 3.7, 4.3 9. 16, 32, 64
x 2
1
tan 1 tan 1
1 x 10. 108, 324, 972 11. 16, 32, 64 12. 48, 96, 192

1 1 1 16 32 64
2 13. , , 14. , ,
16 32 64 135 405 1215

2
15. 36, 49, 64 16. 125, 216, 343 17. 35, 48, 63
RHS
18. 38, 51, 66 19. 126, 217, 344 20. 21, 34, 55
5. 1.4 ms 1
Exercises 8.2
3 1 3 3
6. units2 1. (a) T1 3, T2 11, T3 19 (b) T1 5, T2 7, T3 9
6 2 6
(c) u1 5, u2 11, u3 17 (d) T1 3, T2 2, T3 7
7. Let sin 1 x (e) t1 19, t2 18, T3 17 (f) u1 3, u2 9, u3 27
x (g) Q1 9, Q2 11, Q3 15 (h) t1 2, t2 12, t3 58
Then sin 1
1 (i) T1 8, T2 31, T3 70 (j) T1 2, T2 10, T3 30
2. (a) T1 1, T2 4, T3 7 (b) t1 4, t2 16, t3 64

(c) T1 2, T2 6, T3 12
3. (a) 349 (b) 105

(c) 248 (d) -110 (e) -342
By Pythagoras theorem, 4. (a) 1029 (b) -59 039 (c) 1014

BC 1 x 2 (d) 53 (e) 1002
1 x2
cos 5. (a), (b), (d) 6. (b), (d) 7. 16th term 8. Yes
1
1 x2 9. 7th term 10. 23rd term 11. (a) 1728 (b) 25th term
` cos 1 1 x2
` sin 1 x cos 1 1 x2 12. (a) -572 (b) 17th term
13. n 33 14. n 9 15. n 88, 89, 90, . . .

1
8. sin 1 (3x2) C
6 16. n 41, 42, 43 17. n 501 18. n 151
19. (a) n 14 (b) -4 20. -6

ANSWERS 627
Exercises 8.3 27. (a) T2 T1 12 3

4 3 3
1. (a) 128 (b) 54 (c) 70 (d) 175 (e) 220
47 2 3 3
(f) (g) 40 (h) 21 (i) 126 (j) 1024 3
60
T3 T2 27 12
2. (a) 65 (b) 99 (c) 76 (d) 200 (e) 11
9 3 4 3
(f) 39 (g) 97 (h) 66 (i) 75 (j) 45
3 3 2 3
6 10 5 n
3
3. (a) / 2n 1 (b) / 7n (c) / n3 (d) / 6k 4 Since T2 T1 T3 T2 it is an arithmetic series
n 1 n 1 n 1 k 1
n 50 n 9
1 with d 3.
(e) / k2 (f) / ( n) (g) / 3.2k (h) /
k 3 n 1 k 0 n 0 2n (b) 50 3
n n
(i) / a (k 1) d (j) / ar k 1
28. 26 29. 122b 30. 38th term
k 1 k 1
Exercises 8.4 Exercises 8.5

1. (a) 375 (b) 555 (c) 480
1. (a) y 13 (b) x 4 (c) x 72 (d) b 11 (e) x 7
1 1 2. (a) 2640 (b) 4365 (c) 240
(f ) x 42 (g) k 4 (h) x 1 (i) t 2 (j) t 3
2 2
2. (a) 46 (b) 78 (c) 94 (d) -6 (e) 67 3. (a) 2050 (b) 2575
3. (a) 590 (b) -850 (c) 414 (d) 1610 (e) -397 4. (a) 4850 (b) 4225
4 5. (a) 28 875 (b) 3276 (c) 1419 (d) 6426

4. (a) -110 (b) 12.4 (c) -8.3 (d) 37 (e) 15
5 (e) 6604 (f) 598 (g) 2700
5. Tn 2n 1 (h) 11 704 (i) 290 (j) 1284
6. (a) Tn 8n 1 (b) Tn 2n 98 (c) Tn 3n 3 6. (a) 700 (b) 285 (c) 1170 ] 18 terms g
(d) Tn 6n 74 (e) Tn 4n 25 (f) Tn 20 5n (d) 6525 (e) 2286
n6
(g) Tn (h) Tn 2n 28 (i) Tn 1.2n 2 7. 21 8. 8 9. 11 10. a 14, d 4
8
3n 1
(j) Tn
4 11. a 3, d 5 12. 2025 13. 3420
7. 28th term 8. 54th term 9. 30th term
14. 8 and 13 terms 15. 1010
10. 15th term 11. Yes 12. No
16. (a) (2x 4) (x 1)
13. Yes 14. n 13 15. n 30, 31, 32 . . . (3x 7) (2x 4)
x3
16. -2 17. 103 18. 785 (b) 25 (51x 149)
19. (a) d 8 (b) 87 17. 1290 18. 16
20. d 9 21. a 12, d 7 19. Sn Sn 1 Tn

` Sn Sn 1 Tn
22. 173 23. a 5
24. 280 25. 1133 20. 4234
26. (a) T2 T1 log5 x2 log5 x Exercises 8.6

2 log5 x log5 x 3 2
1. (a) No (b) Yes, r (c) Yes, r
log5 x 4 7
T3 T2 log5 x3 log5 x2 (d) No (e) No (f ) No (g) Yes, r 0.3
3 log5 x 2 log5 x 3
(h) Yes, r (i) No (j) Yes, r 8
log5 x 5
Since T2 T1 T3 T2 it is an arithmetic series with 2. (a) x 196 (b) y 48 (c) a p12

d log5 x. 2
(d) y (e) x 2 (f ) p p10
(b) 80 log5 x or log5 x80 3
(c) 8.6 (g) y p21 (h) m p6 (i) x 4 ! 3 5
1 2 11. a 9 12. 10 terms

(j) k 1 p 3 7 (k) t p (l) t p
6 3
13. (a) $33 502.39 (b) $178 550.21
3. (a) Tn 5n 1 (b) Tn 1.02n 1 (c) Tn 9n 1 n ( 5) n 1 1 ( 5) n
14. (a) / 2 ( 5) k 1 (b) Sn
(d) T 2 . 5n 1 (e) Tn 6 . 3n 1 (f) Tn 8 . 2n 1 k 1 3 3
n
2 n 2
15. 2146
] g
1 n 1
(g) Tn 4 n 1
(h) Tn 1000 10
4
4 n 2 ] 10 gn 2 Puzzles
1 2 n 1
(i) Tn 3 ] 3 gn 1 (j) Tn d n 1. Choice 1 gives $465.00. Choice 2 gives
3 5
] 3 gn $10 737 418.23!
2. 382 apples
4. (a) 1944 (b) 9216 (c) -8192
64 Exercises 8.8
(d) 3125 (e)
729 1 4
1.(a) Yes LS 13 (b) No (c) Yes LS 12 (d) No
2 5
5. (a) 256 (b) 26 244 (c) 1.369 25
(e) Yes LS 3 (f) Yes LS (g) No
3 32
(d) -768 (e)
1024 5 3
(h) Yes LS 1 (i) No (j) Yes LS 1
22 7
6. (a) 234 375 (b) 268.8 (c) -81 920 2 2 7
2. (a) 80 (b) 426 (c) 66 (d) 12 (e) (f) 54
2187 3 3 10
(d) (e) 27 2 9 16
156 250 (g) 10 (h) (i) 48 (j)
7 20 39
7. (a) 3 219 (b) 719 (c) 1.0420 7 4 1 1 3645
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
12 27 12500 64 4096
(d) d n 21 (e) d n
1 1 19 1 3 20
1 2 1 1 2
4 2 2 4 4. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2 (e) 3 (f) 5 (g)
4 5 48 2 5
8. 1149 9. 6th term 1 4 5
(h) 5 (i) 1 (j)
3 5 6
10. 5th term 11. No 2 3 7 1
5. a 4 6. r 7. a 5 8. r 9. r
5 5 8 4
12. 7th term 13. 11th term 2 2 1
10. r 11. a 3, r and a 6, r
3 3 3
14. 9th term 15. n 5 16. r 3 1 3
12. a 192, r , LS 153
4 5
17. (a) r 6 2 2 3
13. a 1, r , LS 3, a 1, r , LS
(b) 18 3 3 4
3
14. a 150, r , LS 375
1 2 5
18. a , r p2 19. n 7 20. 208
10 7 2 2 1 2 3
15. a , r , LS 1 16. a 3, r and a 2, r
5 3 5 5 5
21 2 3
Exercises 8.7 17. x 18. (a) 1 1 k 1 1 (b) (c) k
32 5 4
1. 1 1 5 1
(a) 2 097 150 (b) 7 324 218 19. (a) 1 p 1 (b) (c) p
2 2 7 14
2. (a) 720 600 (b) 26 240
a a ^ 1 r nh
20. LS Sn
32 769 1 r 1 r
3. (a) 131 068 (b)
65 536 a a ^ 1 r nh

55 1 r
4. (a) 7812 (b) 35
64 a a ar n

(c) 8403 (d) 273 (e) 255 1 r
ar n
364
5. (a) 255 (b) (c) 97 656.2 1 r
729
127
(d) 1 (e) 87 376
128
Exercises 8.9
6. (a) 1792 (b) 3577 1. (a) 210 (b) 13th (c) 57
7. 148.58 8. 133.33 2. (a) 39 (b) 29th (c) 32
9. n9 10. 10 terms 3. (a) 3n 3

ANSWERS 629
n 14. $4543.28 15. 4 years 16. 8 years

(b) Sn [2a (n 1) d ]
2
1 17. (a) x 7 (b) x 5 (c) x 8
n [2 6 (n 1) 3] (d) x 6.5 (e) x 8.5
2
1
n (12 3n 3) 18. $7.68 19. Kate $224.37
2
1
n (3n 9) 20. Account A $844.94
2
3
n (n 3)
2 Exercises 8.11
1. $27 882.27 2. $83 712.95
4. (a) (i) $23 200 (ii) $26 912 (iii) $31 217.92
(b) $102 345.29 (c) 6.2 years
3. $50 402.00 4. $163 907.81
5. (a) (i) 93% (ii) 86.49% (iii) 80.44%
5. $40 728.17 6. $29 439.16
(b) 33.67% (c) 19 weeks
7. $67 596.72 8. $62 873.34
6. (a) 0.01 m (b) 91.5 m
9. $164 155.56 (28 years) 10. $106 379.70
7. (a) 49 (b) 4 mm
11. $3383.22 12. $65 903.97
8. (a) 3k m (b) k (3k 3) m (c) 9
13. $2846.82 14. $13 601.02
9. (a) 96.04% (b) 34 (c) 68.6
15. $6181.13 16. $4646.71 17. $20 405.74
10. (a) 77.4% (b) 13.5 (c) 31.4
18. (a) $26 361.59 (b) $46 551.94
4 7 2
11. (a) (b) (c) 1
9 9 9 19. $45 599.17
25 9 7
(d) (e) 2 (f)
99 11 30 20. (a) $7335.93 (b) $1467.18
43 7 131 361
(g) 1 (h) 1 (i) (j) 2
90 450 990 999 21. $500 for 30 years 22. Yes, $259.80 over
12. 0.625 m 13. 15 m 14. 20 cm 15. 3 m 23. No, shortfall of $2013.75
16. (a) 74.7 cm (b) 75 m 24. (a) $14 281.87 (b) $9571.96
(c) No, they will only have $23 853.83.
17. (a) 4.84 m (b) After 3 years
25. $813.16
18. 300 cm 19. 3.5 m 20. 32 m
21. (a) 1, 8, 64, { (b) 16 777 216 people Exercises 8.12

(c) 19 173 961 people 1. $1047.62 2. $394.46 3. $139.15
Exercises 8.10 4. (a) $966.45 (b) $1265.79
1. (a) $740.12 (b) $14 753.64 (c) $17 271.40
(d) $9385.69 (e) $5298.19 5. $2519.59
2. (a) $2007.34 (b) $2015.87 (c) $2020.28 6. (a) $592.00 (b) $39 319.89
3. (a) $4930.86 (b) $4941.03 7. (a) $77.81 (b) $2645.42
4. $408.24 5. $971.40 8. $78 700
6. $1733.99 7. $3097.06 9. (a) Get Rich $949.61, Capital Bank $491.27

(b) $33 427.80 more through Capital Bank
8. $22 800.81 9. $691.41
10. $43 778.80 11. $61 292.20
10. $1776.58 11. $14 549.76 12. $1 301 694.62
12. NSW Bank $175.49 a month ($5791.25 altogether)
13. (a) $4113.51 (b) $555.32 Sydney Bank $154.39 a month ($5557.88 altogether)
(c) $9872.43 (d) $238.17 (e) $10 530.59 Sydney Bank is better
13. (a) $249.60 Step 2: Assume true for n = k

(b) $13 485.12 So 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g = k ] 4k + 1 g
14. (a) $13 251.13 (b) $374.07 (c) $20 199.77 Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 1
Prove 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8 5 k + 1 ? 3 g
= ]k + 1 g]4 5k + 1 ? + 1 g
15. (a) $1835.68 (b) $9178.41
i.e. 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8k + 5 g
Exercises 8.13 = ] k + 1 g ] 4k + 5 g
1. Step 1: Prove true for n = 1 LHS = 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8k + 5 g

LHS = 7n 4 = k ] 4k + 1 g + ] 8k + 5 g
= 7 ]1g 4 = 4k2 + k + 8k + 5
=3 = 4k 2 + 9k + 5
n = ] k + 1 g ] 4k + 5 g
RHS = (7n 1) = RHS
2
1 So the statement is true for n = k + 1.
= (7 1 1)
2 The statement is true for n = 1 so it must be true for n = 2.
=3 It is true for n = 2 so it must be true for n = 3 and so on.
LHS = RHS The statement is true for all integers n 1.
So the statement is true for n = 1.
3. Step 1: Prove true for n = 0.
Step 2: Assume true for n = k LHS = 5 20
So 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g =
k =5
(7k 1)
2 RHS = 5 (20 + 1 1)
= 5 ]2 1 g
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 1
=5
Prove 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ^ 7 [k + 1] 4 h
LHS = RHS
k+1
= (7 [k + 1] 1)
2 So the statement is true for n = 0.
i.e. 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ] 7k + 3 g Step 2: Assume true for n = k
k+1
= (7k + 6) So 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5.2k = 5 (2k + 1 1)
2
LHS = 3 + 10 + 17 + + ] 7k 4 g + ] 7k + 3 g
Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 1
Prove 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1 = 5(2k + 1 + 1 1)
= (7k 1) + ] 7k + 3 g
k
2 i.e. 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1 = 5(2k + 2 1)
2 (7k + 3) LHS = 5 + 10 + 20 + + 5 2k + 5 2k + 1
k
= (7k 1) + = 5 ] 2k + 1 1 g + 5 2k + 1
2 2
k (7k 1) 2 (7k + 3) = 5 2k + 1 5 + 5 2k + 1
= + = 10 2k + 1 5
2 2
= 5 2 2k + 1 5
7k k + 14k + 6
2
= = 5 2k + 2 5
2
7k2 + 13k + 6 = 5 ] 2k + 2 1 g
= = RHS
2
(k + 1) (7k + 6) So the statement is true for n = k + 1.
=
2 The statement is true for n = 0 so it must be true for n = 1.
(k + 1) It is true for n = 1 so it must be true for n = 2 and so on.
= (7k + 6) The statement is true for all integers n 0.
2
= RHS
So the statement is true for n = k + 1. 4. Step 1: Prove true for n = 1
The statement is true for n = 1 so it must be true for n = 2. 1
LHS = 1 1
It is true for n = 2 so it must be true for n = 3 and so on. 2
1
The statement is true for all integers n 1. = 0
2
=1
2. Step 1: Prove true for n = 1
RHS = 2 d 1 1 n
1
LHS = 8n 3
2
= 8 ]1 g 3
1
=5 =2
2
RHS = n ] 4n + 1 g =1
= 1 (4 1 + 1) LHS = RHS
=5
LHS = RHS So the statement is true for n = 1.
So the statement is true for n = 1.
Ans_PART_2.indd 630 6/18/09 12:39:49 PM

ANSWERS 631
Step 2: Assume true for n k Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
So 1 k 1 2 d 1 k n
1 1 1 1 Prove 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3 5 k 1 ? 1 g
2 4 2 2 3 (k 1)2 (k 1)

2
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
i.e. 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 2 g
Prove 1 k 1 k 1 1 2 d 1 k 1 n
1 1 1 1 1
3(k2 2k 1) (k 1)
2 4 2 2 2
2
i.e. 1 k 1 k 2 d 1 k 1 n
1 1 1 1 1
3k2 6k 3 k 1
2 4 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 3k2 7k 4
LHS 1 k 1 k
2 4 2 2 2
2d1 k n k
1 1
2 2 LHS 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 2 g
3k2 k
1
2 2 k k
1 ] 3k 2 g
2 2 2
1 3k2 k 2 (3k 2)
2 k
2 2 2
1 2 3k k 6k 4
2
2 k
2 2 2 2
2 3k2 k 6k 4
2 k1
2 2
1 3k2 7k 4
2e1 k1 o
2 2
RHS RHS
So the statement is true for n k 1.

The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true
for n 2. n 2.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and
The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
so on.
n
6. / (2r) 21 22 23 . . . 2n
n r 1
5. / (3r 1) (3 1 1) (3 2 1) (3 3 1) . . . 2 4 8 . . . 2n
r 1
(3n 1) Step 1: Prove true for n 1

2 5 8 . . . ] 3n 1 g LHS 21
Step 1: Prove true for n 1 2
LHS 3n 1 RHS 2 ] 21 1 g
3 ] 1 g 1 2 ]1 g
2 2
3n 2 n LHS RHS
RHS
2
2 So the statement is true for n 1.
3 (1) 1

2 Step 2: Assume true for n k
2 So 2 4 8 2k 2 ] 2k 1 g
LHS RHS
So the statement is true for n 1. Prove 2 4 8 2k 2k 1 2 ] 2k 1 1 g
LHS 2 4 8 2k 2k 1
Step 2: Assume true for n k 2 ] 2k 1 g 2k 1
3k2 k 2k 1 2 2k 1
So 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g 2 2k 1 2
2
2 ] 2k 1 1 g
RHS
n 2.
n
7. / (5r) (5 1) (5 2) (5 3) . . . (5 n) Prove 2 4 6 2k 2 ] k 1 g ] k 1 g ] k 1 1 g
r 1
5 10 15 . . . 5n i.e. 2 4 6 2k 2 ] k 1 g ] k 1 g ] k 2 g
Step 1: Prove true for n 1 LHS 2 4 6 2k 2 (k 1)
LHS 5 1 k (k 1) 2 (k 1)
5 k 2 k 2k 2
5 k 2 3k 2
RHS (1) (1 1)
2 ] k 2 3k 2 g
5 ]k 1g]k 2g
2 RHS
2
5 So the statement is true for n k 1.
LHS RHS The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
n 2.
So the statement is true for n 1. It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
Step 2: Assume true for n k
5 9. Step 1: Prove true for n 1.
So 5 10 15 5k k (k 1)
2 LHS 5 ] 1 g 4
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 9
Prove 5 10 15 5k 5] k 1 g 5(1)2 13 (1)
RHS
5 2
(k 1) (k 1 1)
2 18

2
i.e. 5 10 15 5k 5 ] k 1 g
5
(k 1) (k 2) 9
2
LHS RHS
LHS 5 10 15 5k 5 ] k 1 g So the statement is true for n 1.
k (k 1) 5 ] k 1 g
5
5k2 13k
So 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g
5 5 (k 1) 2
k (k 1)
2 2 2
5 5
k (k 1) $ 2 (k 1) Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
Prove 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5 5 k 1 ? 4 g
2 2
5
[k (k 1) 2 (k 1)] 5(k 1)2 13(k 1)
2
5 2
(k2 k 2k 2)
2 i.e. 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5k 9 g
5 5(k2 2k 1) 13k 13
(k2 3k 2)
2 2
5 5k2 10k 5 13k 13
(k 1) (k 2)
2 2
RHS 5k2 23k 18

So the statement is true for n k 1. 2
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for LHS 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5k 9 g
n 2. 5k2 13k
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. ] 5k 9 g
2
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. 5k2 13k 2(5k 9)

2 2
8. Step 1: Prove true for n 1 5k 13k 10k 18
2

LHS 2 ] 1 g 2 2
2 5k2 13k 10k 18

RHS 1 ] 1 1 g 2
2 5k2 23k 18

LHS RHS 2
RHS
So the statement is true for n 1.
Step 2: Assume true for n k. The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
So 2 4 6 . . . 2k k ] k 1 g n 2.
ANSWERS 633
n
10. / (3r) 32 33 34 . . . 3n
4 6 ( 2)k 1 @
So 4 8 16 4 ] 2 g k 1
r 2
9 27 81 . . . 3n 3
Step 1: Prove true for n 2 Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
LHS 32 Prove 4 8 16 4 ] 2 g k 1 4 ] 2 g k 1 1
9 4 6 ( 2) k 1 1 @
9 (32 1 1)
RHS 3
2 i.e. 4 8 16 4 ] 2 gk 1 4 ] 2 gk

9(3 1) 4 6 ( 2) k 1 1 @
2
3
9(2)
LHS 4 8 16 4 ] 2 gk 1 4 ] 2 gk
2
4 6 ( 2)k 1 @
9 4 ] 2 gk
LHS RHS 3
So the statement is true for n 2. 4 6 ( 2)k 1 @ 3 4 ( 2)k

3 3
4 ( 2) 4 12 ( 2)k
k
9(3k 1 1)
So 9 27 81 . . . 3k 3 3
2 4 ( 2)k 4 12 ( 2)k

Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 3
9(3k 1 1 1) 8 ( 2)k 4
Prove 9 27 81 . . . 3k 3k 1
2 3
9(3k 1) 4 2 ( 2)k 4

2 3
4 ( 2)k 1 4
LHS 9 27 81 3k 3k 1
3
9(3k 1 1)
3k 1 4 6 ( 2)k 1 1 @
2
9(3k 1 1) 2 (3k 1) 3
RHS
2 2
9 3 9 2 3k 1
k 1
2
n 2.
32 3k 1 9 2 3k 1
2
3k 1 9 2 3k 1

2 12. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
3 3k 1 9
LHS 12
2
9 3k 9 1

RHS 1 ] 1 1 g (2 1 1)
2 1
9(3k 1) 6

]2 g]3g
1
2
RHS 6
So the statement is true for n k 1. 1
LHS RHS
The statement is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3.
The statement is true for all integers n r 2. Step 2: Assume true for n k
k ] k 1 g ] 2k 1 g
1
11. Step 1: Prove true for n 1 So 12 22 32 . . . k2
6
LHS 4 ] 2 g1 1
4 ] 2 g0
4 Prove 12 22 32 . . . k2 (k 1) 2
4 6 ( 2)1 1 @ (k 1) ] k 1 1 g ] 2 5 k 1 ? 1 g
1
RHS 6
3
4 5 2 1 ?
i.e. 12 22 32 . . . k2 (k 1) 2

] k 1 g ] k 2 g ] 2k 3 g
1
3
6
4 ( 3)

3
4
LHS RHS
LHS 12 22 32 . . . k2 (k 1)2 It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.

1 The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
k (k 1) (2k 1) (k 1)2
6
1 6 14. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
k (k 1) (2k 1) (k 1)2
6 6 71 1 7 1
6 k (k 1) (2k 1) 6 (k 1)2 @
1 6 which is divisible by 6
7 (k 1) " k (2k 1) 6 (k 1) , A
1
So 7k 1 is divisible by 6.
Factorise by taking
out a common
i.e. 7k 1 6p where p is an integer
factor of k 1.
[] k 1 g ] 2k2 k 6k 6 g]
1
Prove 7k 1 1 is divisible by 6
6
i.e. 7k 1 1 6q where q is an integer
[] k 1 g ] 2k2 7k 6 g]
1
6 7 k 1 6p
] k 1 g ] k 2 g ] 2k 3 g
1 ` 7 ^ 7k 1 h 7 6p
6 7k 1 7 42p
RHS 7 k 1
7 6 42p 6
So the statement is true for n k 1. 7k 1 1 42p 6
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for 6 ^ 7p 1 h
n 2. 6q where q is an integer
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. So the statement is true for n k 1.
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
n n 2.
13. / (2r 1)3 (2 1 1)3 (2 2 1)3 (2 3 1)3 It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
r 1
. . . (2 n 1)3 The statement is true for all integers n r 1.

13 33 53 . . . ] 2n 1 g3
15. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
Step 1: Prove true for n 1 32 1 1 9 1
LHS (2 1 1) 3 8 which is divisible by 8
1
RHS 12 (2 12 1)
So 32k 1 is divisible by 8.
2 1
1
LHS RHS Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
So the statement is true for n 1. Prove 32 (k 1) 1 is divisible by 8
3 2 k 1 8p
So 13 33 53 . . . ] 2k 1 g3 k2 ] 2k2 1 g
` 3 2 ] 3 2 k 1 g 3 2 8p
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 32k 2 9 72p
Prove 13 33 53 . . . (2k 1)3 (2 5 k 1 ? 1)3 3 2k 1
9 8 72p 8
] k 1 g2 ^ 2 5 k 1 ? 2 1 h 32k 2 1 72p 8
8 ^ 9p 1 h
i.e. 13 33 53 . . . (2k 1)3 (2k 1)3
(k 1)2 (2 5 k2 2k 1 ? 1)
8q where q is an integer
(k2 2k 1) (2k2 4k 2 1)
(k2 2k 1) (2k2 4k 1)
n 2.
2k4 4k3 k2 4k3 8k2 2k 2k2 4k 1
2k4 8k3 11k2 6k 1
LHS 13 33 53 . . . (2k 1) 3 (2k 1) 3
k2 (2k2 1) (2k 1) 3
2k4 k2 8k3 12k2 6k 1
51 1 5 1
2k4 8k3 11k2 6k 1
4 which is divisible by 4
RHS
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for Step 2: Assume true for n k
n 2. So 5k 1 is divisible by 4.
ANSWERS 635
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 It is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 5 and so on.
Prove 5k 1 1 is divisible by 4 The statement is true for all odd positive integers.
5k 1 4p
51 31 5 3
` 5 5k 1 h
^ 5 4p
8 which is divisible by 2
5k 1 5 20p
So the statement is true for n 1
5k 1 5 4 20p 4
5k 1 1 20p 4 Step 2: Assume true for n k
4 ^ 5p 1 h So 5k 3k is divisible by 2.
4 q where q is an integer i.e. 5k 3k 2p where p is an integer
So the statement is true for n k 1. 5 k 2p 3 k
n 2.
Prove 5k 1 3k 1 is divisible by 2
i.e. 5k 1 3k 1 2q where q is an integer
5k 1 3k 1 5 5k 3 3k
17. Step 1: Prove true for n 2 5 ^ 2p 3k h 3 3k
2 ]2 2 g 2 ]4 g
10p 5 3k 3 3k
8 which is divisible by 4 10p 2 3k
So the statement is true for n 2. 2 ^ 5p 3k h
2q where q is an integer
Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is even So the statement is true for n k 1.
So k ] k 2 g is divisible by 4. The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
i.e. k2 2k 4p where p is an integer n 2.
Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (the next even integer) The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
Prove ] k 2 g ] k 2 2 g is divisible by 4
i.e. ] k 2 g ] k 4 g 4q where q is an integer 20. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
] k 2 g ] k 4 g k 2 4k 2k 8 71 31 7 3
k2 2k 4k 8 10 which is divisible by 10
4p 4k 8 So the statement is true for n 1
4^ p k 2h Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is odd
4q where q is an integer So 7k 3k is divisible by 10.
So the statement is true for n k 2. i.e. 7k 3k 10p where p is an integer
The statement is true for n 2 so it must be true for 7k 10p 3k
n 4. Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (next odd integer)
It is true for n 4 so it must be true for n 6 and so on. Prove 7k 2 3k 2 is divisible by 10
The statement is true for all even positive integers. i.e. 7k 2 3k 2 10q where q is an integer
7k 2 3k 2 72 7k 32 3k
49 7k 9 3k
49 ^ 10p 3k h 9 3k
1 3 4 which is divisible by 4
490p 49 3k 9 3k
Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is odd 490p 40 3k
So k ] k 2 g is divisible by 4. 10 ^ 49p 4 3k h
i.e. k k 2 4p where p is an integer 10q where q is an integer
2k 2 4p So the statement is true for n k 2.
Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (the next odd integer)
for n 3.
Prove 2 ] k 2 g 2 is divisible by 4
i.e. 2 ] k 2 g 2 4q where q is an integer
The statement is true for all odd integers n r 1.
2k 4 2 4q
2k 6 4q 21. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
2k 6 2k 2 4 LHS 12
4p 4 1
4^ p 1h RHS 1 5
4q where q is an integer 4
So the statement is true for n k 2. LHS > RHS
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true So the statement is true for n 1.
for n 3.
Step 2: Assume true for n k since 5 ] 4k g 4 ] 4k g and 112 20

So k2 k 5 The statement is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 4.
Prove ] k 1 g2 k 1 5
k 2 2k 1 k 4
k 2 2k k 5
LHS 31
We know that k2 k 5 3
So k2 2k k 5 RHS 21 1
since 2k 0 for k 0 3
So the statement is true for n k 1. LHS r RHS
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for So the statement is true for n 1.
n 2.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. Step 2: Assume true for n k
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. So 3k r 2k k

Prove 3k 1 r 2k 1 k 1
LHS 42
LHS 3k 1
16
3 ] 3k g
RHS 3 ] 2 g 7
r 3 ] 2k k g
13
r 3 ] 2 k g 3k
LHS r RHS
r 2 ] 2k g k 1
r 2k 1 k 1
Step 2: Assume true for n k since 3 ] 2k g r 2 ] 2k g and 3k r k 1 for k r 1
So 4k r 3k 7 So the statement is true for n k 1.
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
Prove 4k 1 r 3 ] k 1 g 7 n 2.
i.e. 4 k 1 r 3k 3 7 It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
4k 1 r 3k 10 The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
LHS 4k 1
4 ] 4k g
LHS 51
r 4 ] 3k 7 g
5
r 12k 28
RHS 31 21
r 3k 10
5
since 12k r 3k and 28 r 10 LHS r RHS
So the statement is true for n k 1. So the statement is true for n 1.
n 3.
So 5k r 3k 2k
The statement is true for all integers n r 2. Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
Prove 5k 1 r 3k 1 2k 1
23. Step 1: Prove true for n 3 LHS 5k 1
LHS 53 3 5 ] 5k g
125 3 r 5 ] 3k 2k g
122 r 5 ] 3k g 5 ] 2k g
RHS 43 20 r 3 ] 3k g 2 ] 2k g
64 20 r 3k 1 2k 1
84
LHS > RHS since 5 ] 3k g r 3 ] 3k g and 5 ] 2k g r 2 ] 2k g
So the statement is true for n 3. So the statement is true for n k 1.
Step 2: Assume true for n k for n 2.
So 5k 3 4k 20 It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
i.e. 5k 4k 23 The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
Test yourself 8
Prove 5k 1 3 4k 1 20
5k 1 3 5 ] 5k g 3 1. (a) Tn 4n 5 (b) Tn 14 7n
5 ] 4k 23 g 3 (c) Tn 2:3 n 1 1 n 1
(d) Tn 200 d n
5 ] 4k g 115 3 4
5 ] 4k g 112 (e) Tn ] 2 gn
4 ] 4k g 20
4k 1 20
ANSWERS 637
2. (a) 2 (b) 1185 (c) 1183 29. n 11

(d) T15 S15 S14 n
S15 S14 T15 30. (a) / 5(3)r 5(3)1 5(3)2 5(3)3 . . . 5(3)n
r 1
(e) n 16 15 45 135 . . . 5] 3 gn
Step 1: Prove true for n 1
13
3. (a) 11 125 (b) 1 LHS 5 ] 3 g1
140
15
(c) 3 985 785 (d) 34 750 15 (31 1)
1 RHS
(e) 2
2 15 (2)

4. (a) Each slat rises 3 mm so the bottom one rises up 2
30 3 mm or 90 mm. 15
(b) 87 mm LHS RHS
(c) 90, 87, 84, . . . which is an arithmetic sequence So the statement is true for n 1.
with a 90, d 3 Step 2: Assume true for n k
(d) 42 mm (e) 1395 mm
15 (3k 1)
So 15 45 135 5 ] 3 gk
5. $3400.01 2
6. (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (i) (d) (iii) Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
(e) (i) (f) (ii) (g) (ii) (h) (i) Prove 15 45 135 5 (3) k 5 (3) k 1
(i) (i) (j) (i) 15 (3k 1 1)

2
7. n 108 LHS 15 45 135 5 (3) k 5 (3) k 1
15 (3k 1)
8. (a) $24 050 (b) $220 250 5 (3) k 1
2
9. a 33, d 13 15 (3k 1) 2 5 (3) k 1

2 2
10. (a) 59 (b) 80 (c) 18th term
15 (3 1) 10 (3) k 1
k

11. (a) x 25 (b) x p 15 2
15 3k 15 10 3k 1
4 13 19
12. (a) (b) (c) 1 2
9 18 33
5 3 3k 15 10 3k 1

13. x 3 2
5 3k 1 15 10 3k 1

14. (a) 136 (b) 44 (c) 6 2
15 3k 1 15
1
15. 121 16. $8066.42 2
2
15 (3k 1 1)
17. (a) Tn 4n 1 (b) Tn 1.07n 1
2
1 1 RHS
18. (a) 1 x 1 (b) 2 (c) x
2 3
19. d 5 So the statement is true for n k 1.

20. (a) 39 words/min (b) 15 weeks for n 2.
21. (a) $59 000 (b) $15 988.89
2
22. 4.8 m 23. x ,2 (b) Step 1: Prove true for n 1
17
LHS 3 1 1
24. (a) $2385.04 (b) $2392.03 4
1 (3 1 5)
25. 1300 RHS
2
8
26. (a) 735 (b) 4315
2
27. (a) $1432.86 (b) $343 886.91 4
LHS RHS
28. n 20 So the statement is true for n 1.
Step 2: Assume true for n k 3. (a) 2 097 170 (b) -698 775
k (3k 5)
So 4 7 10 ] 3k 1 g 4. (a) $40 (b) $2880
2
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 5. 6th term 6. 17 823

Prove 4 7 10 ] 3k 1 g ] 3 5 k 1 ? 1 g
7. 5 terms 8. n 1, 2 , 3
(k 1) (3 [k 1] 5)

2 9. 56 10. $1799.79
(k 1) (3k 8)
i.e. 4 7 10 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 4 g 3
2 11. x 12. $8522.53 13. k 20
3k 8k 3k 8
2 8
14. (a) $10 100 (b) $11 268.25
2
3k2 11k 8 (c) $4212.41 (d) $2637.23

2
15. (a) cosec2 x
LHS 4 7 10 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 4 g (b) 1 b cos x b 1
k (3k 5)
] 3k 4 g So 0 b cos2 x b 1
2 | cos2 x | b 1
k (3k 5) 2 (3k 4) So the limiting sum exists.

2 2
k (3k 5) 2 (3k 4) 16. $240 652.62

2
3k 2 5k 6k 8
LHS ar1 1
2
3k2 11k 8 a
a (r1 1)
2 RHS
RHS r 1
So the statement is true for n k 1. a
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true LHS RHS
for n 2. So the statement is true for n 1.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. Step 2: Assume true for n k
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. a(r k 1)
So a ar ar2 . . . ar k 1
(c) Step 1: Prove true for n 2 r 1
2 2 ]2 1 g 4 1 Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
4 which is divisible by 4 a(r k 1 1)
So the statement is true for n 2. Prove a ar ar2 . . . ar k 1 ar k 1 1
r 1
Step 2: Assume true for n k a(r k 1 1)
i.e. a ar ar2 . . . ar k 1 ar k
So 2k (k 1) is divisible by 4. r 1
i.e. 2k2 2k 4p where p is an integer LHS a ar ar2 . . . ar k 1 ar k
a(r k 1)
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 ar k
Prove 2 ] k 1 g ] 5 k 1 ? 1 g is divisible by 4
r 1
i.e. 2 ] k 1 g ] 5 k 1 ? 1 g 4q where q is an integer

a(r k 1) ar k(r 1)

r 1 r 1
2 ] k 1 g k 4q
a(r k 1) ar k (r 1)
2 ] k 1 g k 2k2 2k
2k2 2k 4k r 1
4p 4k ar k a ar k 1 ar k

4^ p kh r 1
4q a ar k 1

So the statement is true for n k 1. r 1
The statement is true for n 2 so it must be true a(r k 1 1)

for n 3. r 1
It is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 4 and so on. RHS
The statement is true for all integers n 1. So the statement is true for n k 1.
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for n 2.
1. (a) 8.1 (b) 19th term
9 33
2. (a) (b) (c)
4 4 4
ANSWERS 639
n
3e 3 x 3e3x
18. / xr 1 x1 1 x2 1 x3 1 xn 1 5.
r 1 1 (e3x 1) 2 e6x 2e3x 2
1 x x2 xn 1
1 xn 6. 0.73
To prove 1 x x2 xn 1
1 x
7. (a)
Step 1: Prove true for n 1
LHS x1 1
1
1 x1
RHS
1 x
1
LHS RHS
Step 2: Assume true for n k 1

(b) unit2
1 xk 2
So 1 x x2 xk 1
1 x
4 3
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 8. 9.
1 xk 1 9 49
] g 1
Prove 1 x x2 xk 1 x k 1
1 x
1 xk 1 1 1 4
i.e. 1 x x2 xk 1 xk 10. (a) (b) (tan 1 x) 3
1 x 1 x2 x 1 x2
LHS 1 x x2 xk 1 xk 6
1 xk (c)
xk 1 9x 2
1 x
1 xk x (1 x) 2
k
11. units3 12. $2929.08

1 x 1 x 18
1 xk xk xk 1

1 x 1 x 13. 0.22 14. p104 52 p 26
1 x xk xk 1
k
1
1 x 15. tan 1 2x C
2
1 xk 1

1 x 7
RHS 16. Z 0.61
36
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for n 2. x
cos 1 x
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. 1 x2
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. 17.
(cos 1 x) 2
.
1 x2 cos 1 x x
Practice assessment task set 3
1 x2 (cos 1 x) 2
1.
18. 9x 12y 2 3 3 0 19. 44th term

LHS 3 ] 20 g
3
RHS 3 ] 20 1 1 g
3 ]2 1 g
3
So true for n 0

3 6 12 . . . 3 ] 2k g 3 ] 2k 1 1 g
2.
6
1 Step 3: Prove true for n k 1

3. Prove 3 6 12 . . . 3 ] 2k g 3 ] 2k 1 g 3 ] 2k 1 1 1 g
1 x cos x
2 1
i.e. 3 6 12 . . . 3 ] 2k g 3 ] 2k 1 g 3 ] 2k 2 1 g
324
4.
625
LHS 3 6 12 . . . 3 ^ 2k h 3 ^ 2k 1 h 32. (a) T1 4, T2 11, T3 18, T12 81

3 ^ 2k 1 1 h 3 ^ 2k 1 h (b) 1410 (c) 29th term
3 ^ 2k 1 h 3 3 ^ 2k 1 h
6 ^ 2k 1 h 3
3
33.
2
3 ] 2 g ^ 2k 1 h 3
3 ^ 2k 2 h 3 1
34. f (x) 3
x 1 ; domain: all real x, range: all real y
3 ^ 2k 2 1 h
RHS
1
So it is true for n k 1. 35. (a) (b) (c)
2 3 2
Since it is true for n 0, then it is true for n 1.
If true for n 1, then it is true for n 2 and so on. 36. 2.98 units3
So it is true for all n 0.
37. x sin 1 x 1 x2 cos x C
21. $945
38. (a)
24
22. (a) (b) (c)
7 4 3
9841a
23. 24. 2.4 m
6561
1
25.
x 7 1 (loge x 1) 2 A
1

x 7 (loge x) 2 2 loge x 2 A
(b)
tan 1 d n C
2 3x
26.
3 2
27. (a) 3 000 000 (b) 3 000 336 (c) 146 insects per day
28. (2, 0), inflexion
(c)
29. (a)
(d)
d2 (230 65t) 2 (125 80t) 2 (Pythagoras)

52 900 29 900t 4225t2 15 625 20 000t 6400t2
10 625t2 49 900t 68 525
(b) 2.3 h (c) 109.7 km
x
30. sin 1 C 31. 199; 5050
2
ANSWERS 641
(e) (g) a 48 cos 4t

16 (3 cos 4t)
16x
8
45. 46. $180.76
45
47. AC2 162 256

AB BC2 9.62 12.82
2
256
Since AC2 AB2 BC2,
$ ABC is right angled at +B.
LHS 25 1
31 5
RHS 5 ] 5 g 2
48. x
6
27
n
LHS RHS 49. / 3r 30 31 32 3n
So true for n 5 r 0
1 3 32 3n
Step 2: Assume true for n k Step 1: Prove true for n 0
2k 1 5k 2 LHS 30
i.e. 2k 5k 3 1
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 30 1 1
RHS
Prove 2k 1 1 5 ] k 1 g 2
2
3 1
i.e. 2 k 1 1 5k 7
2
2 k 1 5k 8
2
2k 1 2 ^ 2k h

2
2 ] 5k 3 g 1
10k 6 LHS RHS
5k 8 So true for n 0
since 10k 6 5k 8 for k 0 Step 2: Assume true for n k

So it is true for n k 1. 3k 1 1
1 3 32 3k
Since it is true for n 5, then it is true for n 6. 2
If true for n 6, then it is true for n 7 and so on.
So it is true for all n 4.
3k 1 1 1
1 3 32 3k 3k 1
40. 15 4 7 . . . 2
3 k2
1
i.e. 1 3 32 . . . 3k 3k 1
1 1 x 2
41. y 1 or y ; domain: all real x x 0, range: all LHS 1 3 32 3k 3k 1
x x
real y x 1 3k 1 1
3k 1
2
42. $2851.52
3 k 1 1 2 (3 )
k 1

2 2
43.
3 k 1 1 2 (3 k 1)

2
3 (3 k 1) 1

2
3k 2 1

2
RHS
So it is true for n k 1.
Since it is true for n 0, then it is true for n 1.
If true for n 1, then it is true for n 2 and so on.
44. (a) v 12 sin 4t (b) a 48 cos 4t (c) 3 cm So it is true for all n r 0.
3 5
(d) t 0, , , . . . s (e) 3 cm (f) t , , ,... s
4 2 8 8 8
50. 60. (a) 1.3 s (b) 6 m (c) 2.15 m
61. (a) log 3 log 9 log 27 . . .

log 3 log 32 log 33 . . .
log 3 2 log 3 3 log 3 . . .
Arithmetic series, since
2 log 3 log 3 3 log 3 2 log 3
log 3
Let ABCD be a rhombus with AB BC. (b) 210 log 3
AB DC and AD BC
(opposite sides in a parallelogram) 62.
` AB BC DC AD
` all sides are equal
51. (a) k Z 0.025 (b) after 42.4 years

(c) 20.6 years
2 5 3
52. (a) x 0, , 2 (b) x , ,
3 6 6 2
4
(c) x ,
3 3
63. (a) 12.6 mL (b) 30 minutes
53. 450 cm 2
64. (a) A 24 000, k Z 0.038 (b) 37.4 years
54. (a) 12 ms (b) 48e ms
1 4 2
65. 9 cms 1
(c) x 3e4t 2
. 66. (a)
x 12e4t
..
x 48e4t
4 (12e4t )
.
4x
(d)
1
(b) units2
2

67. (a) n ( 1) n (b) n
6 6
55. n 4 68. x 3y 0 69. $277.33
70. (a) x 4 (b) Amplitude 1

3
56. (a) (b)
3 2 71. (b) 72. (c), (d)
1 73. (a)
57.
10
74. (b), (d)
58. (a) Square 46.3 m 46.3 m, rectangle 30.9 m 92.7 m
(b) $8626.38 75. (d) 76. (a)
59.
77. (c)
78. (c)
79. (b), (c), (d)
80. (d)
ANSWERS 643
Chapter 9: Polynomials 2 (b) P ] 2 g 4 0

P ] 3 g 15 0
Exercises 9.1 So the root lies between x 2 and x 3.
1. (a) f (3) 0, f (4) 0 (c) x 2.25
(b) f (3) 0, f (4) 0
(c) P ( 3) 0, P ( 2) 0 13. (a) f ] 2 g 0.51 0
(d) P (0) 0, P (1) 0 f ] 3 g 0.46 0
(e) f (2) 0, f (3) 0 So the root lies between x 2 and x 3.
(b) x 2.5
2. (a) f (0) 0, f (1) 0
` root lies between 0 and 1
(b) f (0.5) 0 14. (a) f ] 0.1 g 0.026 0
` root lies between 0 and 0.5 f ] 0.2 g 0.058 0
So the root lies between x 0.1 and x 0.2.
3. f (0) 0, f (1) 0 and minimum turning point at (0.8, 0.9) (b) f ] 0.15 g 0.014 0
` no root lies between 0 and 1 So the root lies between x 0.1 and x 0.15.
f ] 0.125 g 0.0063 0
4. (a) P (1) 0, P (2) 0 So the root lies between x 0.125 and x 0.15.
(b) P (1.5) 0, so the root lies between
1 and 1.5; P (1.25) 0 15. P ] 1 g 1 0
` 1.25 is a zero of P (x) P ]2 g 4 0
So the root lies between x 1 and x 2.
5. (a) f (1) 0, f (2) 0 P ] 1.5 g 0.55 0
(b) f (1.5) 0, so the root lies between 1 and 1.5 So the root lies between x 1 and x 1.5.
P ] 1.25 g 0.43 0
6. f ( 5) 0, f ( 4) 0, so the root lies between 5 and So the root lies between x 1.25 and x 1.5.
4; f ( 4.5) 0, so the root lies between 5 and 4.5; P ] 1.375 g 0.006 0
f ( 5) 1 and f ( 4.5) 1.25, so x 5 is the better So the root lies between x 1.25 and x 1.375.
approximation
Exercises 9.2
7. x Z1
1. 2.39
8. x Z 3.25
2. 1.4
9. x Z 4
3. 0.772
10. (a)
4. (a) f ] 0 g 0, f ] 1 g 0
(b) 0.448
5. (a) f ] 0 g 0, f ] 1 g 0
(b) 0.379
6. (a) f ] 2 g 0, f ] 1 g 0
(b) x Z 1
(c) x Z 1.18
7. (a) f (0) 0, f (1) 0

(b) f (x) has 1 zero between 1 and 0 (b) x Z 0.75
(c) 0 (c) x Z 0.8
(d) x Z 0.78
11. (a) For f ] x g ex sin x 3
8. (a) x3 9 0
f ] 1 g 1.1 0 x3 9
f ] 2 g 3.5 0 ` x 3 9
So the root lies between x 1 and x 2.
(b) Between x 2 and x 3
(b) x 1.375
(c) Using x 2.5 as 1st approximation, x Z 2.15
12. (a) x3 12 0
x3 12
x 3 12
9. (a) 1.74 (b) 3.33 (c) 2.76 (d) 1.91 3. (a) f ] 6 g 0.09 0
f ] 6.5 g 0.06 0
10. x Z 2.31; no since f ] 2.31 g Z 9.2 11. x Z 1.34
So the root lies between x 6 and x 6.5.
(b) f ] 6.25 g 0.01 0
12. x Z 1.99 13. x Z 0.42 14. (a) x 2 and x 3
So the root lies between x 6.25 and x 6.5.
(b) x Z 2.75
f ] 6.375 g 0.027 0
15. x Z 0.74 So the root lies between x 6.25 and x 6.375.
(c) x 6.253
Test yourself 9
1. x 1.39 2. x 1.87 3. (a) f (2) 1, f (3) 49
Chapter 10: The binomial theorem
(b) x 2.05
Exercises 10.1
4. (a) f ( 2) 9, f ( 3) 5 (b) x 2.75
1. (a) 5040 (b) 40 320 (c) 6 (d) 120 (e) 1
5. (a) (f) 3 628 798 (g) 72 (h) 3600 (i) 72 576 (j) 1680
2. (a) 15 (b) 45 (c) 84 (d) 165 (e) 1 (f) 1 (g) 4

(h) 792 (i) 2 (j) 45
9
(a) c m
9!
3.
5 (9 5)!5!
9!

4!5!
9
c m
9!
4 (9 4)!4!
9!

5!4!
9 9
So c m c m
(b) x 1, 0.9, 4.4 6. x 1.375 7. x 1.34 5 4
7!
(b) C2
9. (a) f ] 0 g 1, f ] 1 g 1
7
8. (a) x 1.61 (b) x 1.58 (7 2)!2!
1 7!
(b) f (1) 0 (c) x (d) x 0.25
3 5!2!
7!
7
C5
10. (a) x 2.25 (b) x 2.3 (7 5)!5!
7!

Challenge exercise 9 2!5!
So 7 C2 7C5
1. (a)
12
(c) c m
12!
5 (12 5)!5!
12!

7!5!
12
c m
12!
7 (12 7)!7!
12!

5!7!
12 12
So c m c m
5 7
(b) x Z 0.17, 3.21 (c) x Z 3.21 (d) x Z 3 11!
(d) C3
11
(11 3)!3!
2. P ] x g x3 a 11!

Pl(x) 3x2 8!3!
P (b) 11!
x1 b
11
C8
Pl(b) (11 8)!8!
b3 a 11!
b
3b2 3 !8 !
3b 3 b 3 a So 11 C3 11 C8

3b 2 3b2
3b 3 b 3 a

3b2
2b a
3

3b2
ANSWERS 645
10! 7!
(e) 10 C1 (h) 7
C5
(10 1)!1! (7 5)!5!
10! 7!

9!1! 2!5!
10! 6! 6!
10
C9 6
C4 6 C5
(10 9)!9! (6 4)!4! (6 5)!5!
10! 6! 6!

1 !9 ! 2!4! 1!5!
So 10 C1 10 C9 5(6!) 2(6!)

9 2!5! 2!5!
c m
9!
(f) 5(6!) 2(6!)
7 (9 7)!7!
9! 2 !5 !
7(6!)
2!7!
8 8 2 !5 !
c m c m
8! 8!

6 7 (8 6)!6! (8 7)!7! 7!

8! 8! 2!5!

2!6! 1!7! 7 C5
8! 8! 10
cm
10!
(i)
2!6! 7! 6 (10 6)!6!
8! 7 8! 2 10!

2!6! 7 7! 2 4!6!
7(8!) 2 (8!) 9 9
c m c m
9! 9!

2!7! 2 (7!) 5 6 (9 5)!5! (9 6)!6!
7(8!) 2 (8!) 9! 9!

2! (7!) 2!7! 4!5! 3!6!
(since 2! 2) 6(9!) 4(9!)

7(8!) 2 (8!) 6(4!5!) 4(3!6!)
6(9!) 4(9!)
2!7!
9(8!) 4!6! 4!6!
10(9!)
2 !7 !
9! 4!6!
10!
2 !7 !
9 4!6!
c m 10
7 c m
6
11
cm
11!
(g) 7
c m
7!
6 (11 6)!6! (j)
3 (7 3)!3!
11!
7!
5!6!
4!3!
10 10
c m c m
10! 10!
6 6
c m c m
6! 6!
5 6 (10 5)!5! (10 6)!6!
2 3 (6 2)!2! (6 3)!3!
10! 10!
6! 6!
5!5! 4!6!
4!2! 3!3!
6(10!) 5(10!)
3(6!) 4(6!)
6(5!5!) 5(4!6!)
3(4!2!) 4(3!3!)
6(10!) 5(10!)
3(6!) 4(6!)
5 !6 ! 5 !6 !
4!3! 4!3!
11(10!)
7(6!)
5!6!
4!3!
11!
7!
5 !6 !
4!3!
11
c m 7
6 c m
3
n
c m
n!
4.
k (n k)!k!
n
c m
n!
n k [n (n k)]!(n k)!
n!

(n n k)!(n k)!
n!

k!(n k)
n
c m
k
5. x 5 6. y 9 7. a 3 8. n 11 (c) (i) (1 x) 3 (ii) 1 3x 3x2 x3 (d) (i) (1 x) 6

(ii) 1 6x 15x2 20x3 15x4 6x5 x6
9. k 6 10. (a) (2 k)k! (b) ( r) r! (c) (n 2) n! (e) (i) (1 x) 8
(d) (k2 k 1) (k 1)! (e) (p2 p 1) (p 1)! (ii) 1 8x 28x2 56x3 70x4 56x5 28x6 8x7 x8
(f) (t2 2t 1) (t 1)!
4. (a) 35 (b) 126 (c) 15 (d) 70 (e) 5
1 1 1
11. (a) (b) k(k 1) (c) n 1 (d) (e)
k m1 k(k 1) (k 2) 5. (a) 84 (b) 10 (c) 165 (d) 120 (e) 4
2 9 6 72 90 6. (a) 3 (b) 15 (c) 45 (d) 21 (e) 91

12. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
5!3! 4!5! 2!4! 5!4! 7!3!
7. (a) 252 (b) 792 (c) 56 (d) 3003 (e) 21
1 3 7 3 1
13. (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) (e) (f) (g) 8. (a) 5 (b) 35 (c) 70 (d) 126 (e) 330
4 7 8 4 2
9. (a) 28x2 (b) 3x2 (c) 6x2 (d) 21x2 (e) 15x2
n k1
14.
k 10. (a) n 1 Ck 1 xk 1 (b) 2n Ck 1 xk 1 (c) n 1 Ck 1 xk 1
n (d) 2n 1
Ck 1 x k 1
(e) 3n 1
Ck 1 x k 1
15. c m
n!
k (n k)!k!
n 1 n 1 (n 1)! (n 1)!
c mc m Exercises 10.3
k 1 k [n 1 (k 1)]!(k 1)! (n 1 k)!k!
/ c 12 m 612 k (5x) k / c 18 m a18 k ( b) k
18
(n 1)! (n 1)! 12
1. (a) (b)
(n k)! (k 1)! (n 1 k)!k! k0 k k0 k
24
(c) / c m (3y) 24 k 2k / c 16 m x16 k ( 2y) k
24 16
k(n 1)! (n k) (n 1)! (d)
k k
k (n k)! (k 1)! (n k) (n 1 k)!k! k0 k0
12 12 k
(e) / c m 6
12
k (n 1)! (n k) (n 1)! (5x) k
k0 k
(n k)!k! (n k)!k!
(k n k) (n 1)!
2. (a) a4 4a3 x 6a2 x2 4ax3 x4
(n k) !k! (b) a6 6a5 x 15a4 x2 20a3 x3 15a2 x4 6ax5 x6
n(n 1)! (c) a5 5a4 x 10a3 x2 10a2 x3 5ax4 x5

(n k)!k! (d) 8a3 12a2 6a 1
n! (e) x7 14x6 84x5 280x4 560x3 672x2 448x 128

(n k)!k! (f) 256x8 768x6 864x4 432x 81
n
c m (g) 729 2916x 4860x2 4320x3 2160x4
k 576x5 64x6
(h) 64a3 240a2 b 300ab2 125b3
Exercises 10.2 (i) 32 240m 720m2 1080m3 810m4 243m5
(j) 1 16x 112x2 448x3 1120x4 1792x5
1. (a) (i) (1 x) 3 1 3x 3x2 x3 (ii) 8 (iii) 4
3
1792x6 1024x7 256x8
(iv) (1 x) 3
/ 3
Ck x k
k0 3. (a) (i) (a x) 3 (ii) a3 3a2 x 3ax2 x3
(b) (i) (1 x) 1 4x 6x2 4x3 x4
4
(ii) 16 (iii) 5 (b) (i) (3x 2) 5
4
(iv) (1 x) 4 / 4 Ck xk (ii) 243x5 810x4 1080x3 720x2 240x 32
k0 (c) (i) (x 2y) 6
(c) (i) (1 x) 7 (ii) x6 12x5 y 60x4 y2 160x3 y3 240x2 y4
1 7x 21x2 35x3 35x4 21x5 7x6 x7 192xy5 64y6
7
(ii) 128 (iii) 8 (iv) (1 x) 7 / c m xk
7
(d) (i) (2a 5b) 4
k0 k (ii) 16a4 160a3 b 600a2 b2 1000ab3 625b4
(d) (i) (1 x) 6 (e) (i) (x y) 7
1 6x 15x2 20x3 15x4 6x5 x6 (ii) x7 7x6 y 21x5 y2 35x4 y3 35x3 y4 21x2 y5
6 7xy6 y7
(ii) 64 (iii) 7 (iv) (1 x) 6 / 6 Ck xk (f) (i) (4p 3q) 3 (ii) 64p3 144p2 q 108pq2 27q3
k0
(e) (i) (1 x) 1 5x 10x 10x 5x x

5 2 3 4 5 (g) (i) (3 2n) 5
5 (ii) 243 810n 1080n2 720n3 240n4 32n5
(ii) 32 (iii) 6 (iv) (1 x) 5 / c m xk
5
(h) (i) (2a b) 6

k0 k
(ii) 64a6 192a5 b 240a4 b2 160a3 b3 60a2 b4
2. (a) (i) 225 (ii) 26 (b) (i) 234 (ii) 35 (c) (i) 217 (ii) 18 12ab5 b6
(d) (i) 263 (ii) 64 (e) (i) 240 (ii) 41 (i) (i) (3ab 4c) 4
(ii) 81a4 b4 432a3 b3 c 864a2 b2 c2 768abc3 256c4
3. (a) (i) (1 x) 4 (ii) 1 4x 6x2 4x3 x4 (b) (i) (1 x) 7 (j) (i) (2 x) 7
(ii) 1 7x 21x2 35x3 35x4 21x5 7x6 x7 (ii) 128 448x 672x2 560x3 280x4 84x5
14x6 x7
ANSWERS 647
4. (a) (a 7) 10 (b) (6 y) 9 (c) (3a 4b) 7 (d) (x2 3) 8 112

5. 6. (a) 1280 (b) 13 608
(e) (5p q) 11 (f) (4x 9) n (g) (3a2 b) n (h) (3x 2) n 1 729
(i) (a2 6b) n 1 (j) (8x2 7y) 2n (c) 720 (d) 2268 (e) 12
5. (a) 41 29 2 (b) 208 120 3 (c) 70 2 99 3 16

7. (a) 303 (b) 2 (c) 279 936 (d) 3 784 704
(d) 124 32 15 (e) 89 3 109 2 4 27
1
27x2 3x3 x4 (e) 10
(f) 81 54x 2
2 2 16
10 5 1 3x 3x 2 x 3 1 3 3
(g) x 5x 10x
5 3
3 5 (h) 1 8. 10 777 536 9. 7654 10. (a) 4 (b) 2
x x x 2 4 8 2 8 16
240 192 64
(i) x6 12x4 60x2 160 4 6 11. (a) 65 536 (b) 216 (c) 1120 (d) 489 888 (e) 210
x2 x x
a3
a b ab
2
b 2 3
(j) 12. (a) 175 000 (b) 8 660 520 13. 945 14. 112 640
27 6 4 8
15. n 19 16. a 2, b 1 or a 2, b 1
6. a 45, b 29 7. a 161, b 72
9 k
8. a 29 656, b 20 880 9. x 76, y 5808 17. a 2, b 3 or a 2, b 3 18. (a) (b) 70
k
10. p 452, q 165 888 11. a 11, b 9 7 k
19. (a) (b) 240
k
12. (a) 0.9703 (b) 0.9606 (c) 0.9510 (d) 0.9415 (e) 0.9321
20. (a) 78 732 (b) 15 360 (c) 5760 (d) 1792
13. (a) 0.9604 (b) 0.9039 (c) 0.9412 (d) 0.9224 (e) 0.8858
(e) 1 082 565 (f) 240 (g) 241 920 (h) 10 450 944
14. (a) 1.0303 (b) 1.0510 (c) 1.0406 (d) 1.0721 (e) 1.0615 (i) 15 C11 24 511 (j) 12 C8 44 78
15. (a) 1215 (b) 40 (c) 65 625 (d) 314 928 (e) 103 680 21. (a) 672 (b) p80 (c) 78 732 (d) 1792 (e) 11 547 360
16. (a) 1120 (b) 280 (c) 8960 (d) 326 592 (e) 1215
Exercises 10.5
15 10 10 14
17. (a) c m6 (b) c m 55 45 (c) c m 29 35 1. (a) 2 040 714
5 5 5
5 5
(b) c m c m 20
9 4 5 20 15 5
(d) c m 3 5 (e) c m 7 5
5 5 3 2
2 8 2 8 2 8
(c) c m c m c m c m c m c m 120
8 12 6 0 3 1 2 2 1
18. (a) c m x8 k 5k (b) c m (2a) 12 k 3k (c) c m(5a) 6 k ( b) k
k k k 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7
(d) c m c m c m c m c m c m c m c m 165
15 21 0 3 1 2 2 1 3 0
(d) c m (4x) 15 k
( y) (e) c m (3a)
k 21 k
( 2b) k
k k
6
2. From (1 x)6 , the coefficient of x2 is c m .
9 5 2
19. (a) c m 210 k xk 1 (b) c m (5x) 6 k (2y) k 1 From (1 x)3 (1 x)3 , the coefficient of x2 is
k 1 k 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
c mc m c mc m c mc m.
8 13
(c) c m 39 k ( 2d) k 1 (d) c m m14 k ( 6n) k 1
k 1 k 1 0 2 1 1 2 0
20 6 3 3 3 3 3 3
(e) c m (3a) 21 k ( 2b) k 1 ` c m c mc m c mc m c mc m
k 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 0
3 3 3 3
6 9 2 c mc m c mc m
20. (a) c m 38 k xk 2 (b) c m a11 k 2k 2 0 2 1 1
k 2 k 2
6 18
(c) c m 58 k (3a) k 2 (d) c m 320 k ( 4x) k 2
10
3. Coefficient of x4 from (1 x)10 is c m.
k 2 k 2 4
9 9
(e) c
8
m (3x2) 10 k ( 2y) k 2 Coefficient of x4 from (1 x) (1 x) 9 is c m c m .
k 2 4 3
10 9 9
` c m c m c m
21. 1 5 sin x 10 sin2 x 10 sin3 x 4 sin4 x sin5 x 22. 34 4 4 3
n1
Exercises 10.4 4. Coefficient of xk from (1 x) n 1 is cm.
k
22 680y8 Coefficient of x from (1 x) (1 x) is
k n
21 879
1. 2. 448x12 3. n n
x3 32 c mc m.
k k 1
243 405 n1 n n
4. (a)
x
270x3 90x7 15x11 x15 (b) 405 `c mc m c m
x5 k k k 1
5. (a) (2 x) (1 x)5 (b) 30 6. 92 7. n 9 Substitute x 1

n n n
n (a 1)n c m an c m an 1 (1) c m an 2 (1) 2
8. (a) (1 x)n / n Ck xk 0 1 2
n n 3 3 n
c m a (1) . . . c m (1) n
k0
Substitute x 6 3 n
n n n n 1 n n 2
c ma c ma c ma
n
(1 6)n / n Ck 6k 0 1 2
k0
n n 3 n
c ma ... c m
n
7
n
/ n Ck 6k 3 n
k0
n n k
/ c ma
n n
(b) (1 x)n / n Ck xk
k0 k0 k
Substitute x 2 n n n
n (c) (a x)n c m an c m an 1x c m an 2x2
(1 2)n / n Ck 2k 0 1 2
n n 3 3 n n
c ma x . . . c mx
k0
n
3n / n Ck 2k 3 n
k0 Substitute x 1
n n n
(a 1)n c m an c m an 1 ( 1) c m an 2 ( 1)2
n
(c) (1 x)n / n Ck xk 0 1 2
k 0
n n 3 n
c m a ( 1) . . . c m ( 1)n
Substitute x 3 3
n
3 n
(1 3)n / n Ck 3k n n k
/ ( 1) c m a
n
k 0 k
n
k
4n / n Ck 3k k0
n n n
(d) (a x)n c m an c m an 1 x c m an 2 x2
k 0
n
0 1 2
(22)n / n Ck 3k n n 3 3 n
c m a x . . . c m xn
k 0
n
3 n
22 n / n Ck 3k Differentiating:
k 0
n n
n (a x)n 1 c m an 1 c m an 2 2x
n 1 2
9. (1 x)n / n Ck xk n n 3 2 n
k 0 c m a 3x . . . c m nxn 1
n n n n n 3 n
c m c m x c m x2 c m x3 . . . c m xn n n 1 n n 2
0 1 2 3 n c ma 2 c ma x
Differentiating: 1 2
n n 3 2 n
n n n n
n(1 x)n 1 c m c m 2x c m 3x2 . . . c m nxn 1 3 c m a x . . . n c m xn 1
1 2 3 n 3 n
n n k k 1
/ k c ma x
n
Substitute x 1
n n n k
n(1 1)n 1 c m c m 2 (1) c m 3 (1) 2
k 1
1 2 3 (e) From (d):

n n
n n(a 1)n 1 c m an 1 2 c m an 2 x
. . . c m n (1)n 1 1 2
n
n n 3 2 n
n n n n 3 c m a x . . . n c m xn 1
c m 2c m 3c m . . . n c m 3 n
1 2 3 n
Substitute x 0
n
n2 n 1 / k c m
n
n n n
k 1 k n(a 0)n 1 c m an 1 2 c m an 2 (0) 3 c m an 3 (0) 2
1 2 3
n
n n n . . . n c m (0) n 1
10. (a) (a x)n c m an c m an 1x c m an 2 x2 n

0 1 2 n n 1
n n 3 3 n n na n 1
c ma
c ma x . . . c mx 1
3 n n
Substitute x 0 n c m
1
n n n
(a 0)n c m an c m an 1 (0) c m an 2 (0) 2
0 1 2
n n n n n
n n 3 3 n 11. (1 x)n c m c m x c m x2 c m x3 . . . c m xn
c m a (0) . . . c m (0)n 0 1 2 3 n
3 n
n Substitute x 2
an c m an n n n n
0 (1 2)n c m c m ( 2) c m ( 2) 2 c m ( 2) 3 . . .
n 0 1 2 3
1c m n
0 c m ( 2) n
n
n n n
(b) (a x)n c m an c m an 1 x c m an 2 x2 n n n n n
0 1 2 ( 1) c m 2 c m 4 c m 8 c m . . . ( 2) n c m
n
0 1 2 3 n
n n 3 3 n
c m a x . . . c m xn
3 n
ANSWERS 649
12. (a) Let x 1. n n x2 n x3

n n n n 15. c m x c m c m
Then (1 1)n c m c m 1 c m 12 . . . c m 1n . 0 1 2 2 3 (from question 14)
0 1 2 n n xn 1 (1 x) n 1 1
n n n n ... c m
2n c m c m c m . . . c m n n1 n1
0 1 2 n
Let x 1
(b) Let x 1
n n 12 n 13
n n n c m1 c m c m . . .
Then (1 1)n c m c m ( 1) c m ( 1) 2 0 1 2 2 3
0 1 2
n 1n 1 (1 1) n 1 1
n
. . . c m ( 1)n c m
n n n 1 n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n
n n n n
0 c m c m c m . . . ( 1)n c m c m c m c m ... c m
0 1 2 n 0 2 1 3 2 n 1 n
2n 1 1

13. (a) Let x 1 n 1
/ c 2kn m 1k
2n
(1 1) 2n
k0
Test yourself 10
/ c 2kn m
2n
2 2n
k0
/ c 12 m x12 r c m
3
12 r
2n
4 /c m
2n
1.
n
r 0 r x
k0 k
2n 2n 2n
(b) (1 x)2n c m c m x c m x2 2. Differentiating: LHS n (1 x) n 1
0 1 2 n n n n
2 n 2n RHS c m c m 2x c m 3x2 . . . c m nxn 1
... c m x 1 2 3 n
2n Let x 1: LHS n (1 1) n 1 n 2n 1
Differentiating: n n n n n
RHS c m c m 2 c m 3 . . . c m n / r c m
n
2n 2n 2n
2n(1 x) 2n 1 c m 2 c m x . . . 2n c m x2n 1 1 2 3 n r 1 r
1 2 2n
Let x 1 3. 6048
2n 2n 2n
2n(1 1) 2n 1 c m 2 c m 1 . . . 2n c m 12n 1
8
Coefficient of x3 in (1 x)8 c m
1 2 2n
4.
2n
) / kc m
2n
3
2n(2 2n 1
k 1 k Coefficient of x3 in (1 x)3 (1 x)5
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
/ k a 2 n k n . 2 2n c mc m c mc m c mc m c mc m
2n
`
k 1 k 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 3
n4n
5. (a) Let x 0 (b) Let x 1 6. 924 7. 152
n
# (1 x)n dx # / c r m xr dx
n
n
14. 8. Coefficient of xk in (1 x)n c m
r 0 k
(1 x) n 1 n xr 1 Coefficient of xk in (1 x) (1 x) n 1
C1 / c m
n
C2
n1 r0 r r1 n 1 n 1
(1 x) n 1
n xr 1
c mc m
/c m
n
k k 1
` C
n1 r0 r r1
Let x 0: 9. 32x5 240x4 y 720x3 y2 1080x2 y3
n 0r 1 810xy4 243y5
/c m
1 n
C
n 1 r 0 r r 1 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5
1 10. c m c m c m c m c m c m c m c m 84
` C 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 3
n 1
(1 x) n 1 n xr 1 11. 960 740 352 12. 15 360 13. a 3, b 4
/c m
n
1
`
n 1 r 0 r r 1 n 1
(1 x) n 1 10 k 1
14. (a)
/ c nr m x 1
n r 1
` k
r 0 r 1 n 1 n 1
(b) 295 245
(1 x) n 1 1

n1 15. n 8 16. 105 17. 489 888
Let x 1
( 1)r 1 (1 1)n 1 1 18. (a) 243 810p 1080p2 720p3 240p4 32p5
/ c nr m
n
(b) 2889 1292 5
r 0 r 1 n 1
1 54 108 81
(c) x4 12x 2 5 8
n 1 x x x
n ( 1)
r (d) 8a3 12a2 b 6ab2 b3
` /c m
n
1
(e) 184 592 130 728 2
r 0 r r 1 n 1
19. a 220, b 284 an 1

C3 0
n 1
/ c n0 m an k xk
n
an 1
20. (a) (a x) n C3
k0 n 1
Substitute x 2 (a x) n 1 n n
c m an x c m an 1
an 1 x2
n So
(a 2)n / c m an k 2k
n
n 1 n 1 0 1 2
k0 0 n n 2 x3 n xn 1
n n n c ma ... c m
(b) (a x) n c m an c m an 1 x c m an 2 x2 2 3 n n1
0 1 2 (a x) n 1 an 1 n n n an 1 x2
n n 3 3 n n c ma x c m
c ma x . . . c mx n 1 0 1 2
3 n
n an 2 x3 n xn 1
Differentiating: c m ... c m
2 3 n n1
n n n
n(a x) n 1 c m an 1 c m an 2 2x c m an 3 3x2 n an k xk 1
/c m
n
1 2 3
k 0 k n1
n
. . . c m nx n 1
4
n n 1 n n Challenge exercise 10
c ma 2 c m an 2 x 3 c m an 3 x2
1 2 3
20
n n 1
. . . n c mx 1. Coefficient of x4 from (1 x)20 is c m.
n 4
Substitute x 1 Coefficient of x4 from (1 x)10 (1 x)10 is
10 10 10 10 10 10
n n n
n(a 1) n 1 c m an 1 2 c m an 2 (1) 3 c m an 3 (1) 2 c mc m c mc m c mc m
1 2 3 0 4 1 3 2 2
10 10 10 10
n
. . . n c m (1) n 1 c mc m c mc m
n 3 1 4 0
20 10 10 10 10 10 10
n n 1
c ma
n n
2 c m an 2 3 c m an 3 ` c m c mc m c mc m c mc m
1 2 3 4 0 4 1 3 2 2
10 10 10 10
c mc m c mc m
n
... nc m 3 1 4 0
n
n 10 10 10 10 10 2
/ k c m an k 2 = c mc m c mc mG c m
n
k 1 k 0 4 1 3 2
n n n
(c) (a x) n c m an c m an 1 x c m an 2 x2
(a) LHS xn (1 x) n c 1 m
1 n
0 1 2 2.
x
n n 3 3 n n
c ma x . . . c mx < x(1 x) c 1
1 n
mF
3 n x
Integrating both sides:
< (x x2) c 1 m F
1 n
LHS # (a x)n dx x
(a x)n 1 (x 1 x2 x)n
C1 (x2 2x 1)n
n 1
n n 6 (x 1)2 @ n
RHS # c m an c m an 1 x (x 1)2n
0 1
n n RHS
c m an 2 x2 . . . c m xn dx 2n
2 n (b) Coefficient of xn in (1 x) 2n is c m.
n n n n 1 x2 n
c ma x c ma
Coefficient of xn in xn (1 x) n c 1 m
0 1 2 1 n
n n 2 x3 n xn 1 x
c ma ... c m C2 comes from the terms independent of x in.
2 3 n n 1
(1 x)n c 1 m .
1 n
(a x) n 1 n n
C1 c m an x c m an 1
x2 x
So
n 1 0 1 2 n n n n n n n n
n n 2 x3 n xn 1 i.e. c m c m c m c m c m c m . . . c m c m
c ma ... c m
0 0 1 1 2 2 n n
C2
2 3 n n 1 2n n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
` c m c m c m c m ... c m
(a x) n 1
n n n 0 1 2 n
C3 c m an x c m an 1
x2
n 1 0 1 2
n n 2 x3 n xn 1 3. Coefficient of xn in (1 x) n (1 x) n is
c ma ... c m
n n n n n n
c m ( 1)n c m c m ( 1)n 1 c m . . . c m ( 1) 0 c m .
2 3 n n 1
Substitute x 0: 0 n 1 n 1 n 0
(a 0) n 1 n 2
n 2
n 2
i.e. ( 1)n c m ( 1) n 1 c m . . . ( 1)0 c m
n n
C3 c m an 0 c m an 1
02
n 1 0 1 2 n n 1 0
n n
n n 2 03
c ma ... c m
n 0n 1 since c m c m
2 3 n n 1 k n k
ANSWERS 651
/ c nr m xr dx
2
/ ( 1) k c nk m
n 2 2 n
i.e. 6. #0 (1 x) n dx #
0 r 0
k0
2
n
( 1 x) n 1
= G =/ c m
n xr 1 2
G
n
(1 x2) n / ( x2) k
k0 n 1 0 r 0 r r 1 0
For the coefficient of xn n 2r 1 n 0r 1
/c m /c m
3n 1 1n 1 n n

( x2) k xn n 1 n 1 r 0 r r 1 r 0 r r 1
i.e. 2k n 3n 1 1 n 2r 1
/c m
n
n n 1 r 0 r r 1
k
2
If n is odd, k is not an integer. n(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k 1)
` there is no coefficient of xn if n is odd 7. S(n) n Ck for 1 b k b n
1 2 3 ... k
n 2
` / ( 1)k c m 0
n
k0 k Step 1: Check that S(2) is true by inspection of (1 x)2 .

(1 x) 2 1 2x x2
4. (a) Ck is the coefficient of xk 2 C0 2 C1 x 2 C2 x2
15 15 k k
c m3
2 2.1
i.e. 2 2
C0 1, 2 C1 , 2 C2 1
k 1 1.2
Ck 1 is the coefficient of xk 1
<S(n) is true for n 2.
15
i.e. c m 315 (k 1) 2k 1
k 1 Step 2: Assume S (n 1) is true.
15 (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . [(n 1) k 1]
Ck 1 c m 315 (k 1) 2k 1 S (n 1): n 1 Ck
k 1 1 2 3 ... k

Ck 15 15 k k (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) . . . (n k)
c m3 2
k 1 2 3 ... k
15! If k 0: C0 1 (by definition)
n 1
2
6 15 (k 1)]!(k 1)! n 1
If k 1: n 1 C1
15! 1
3
(15 k)!k!
15! 2 (15 k)!k! Step 3: Prove S(n) is true.

6 15 (k 1)]!(k 1)! 15! 3 n
C1 n 1 C0 n 1 C1
2(15 k) n 1
1
3(k 1) 1
15 n
(b) C5 c m 310 25
5 1
<S(n) is true for k 1
2n
# (1 x)2n dx # / c k m xk dx
2n
5.
n
Ck n 1 Ck 1 n 1 Ck
k0
(n 1) (n 2) (n k 1)
(1 x)2n 1 2n xk 1
/c m
2n
C 1 2 3 (k 1)
2n 1 k0 k k 1
(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k)
Let x 0:
1 2 3 ... k
2n 0k 1
/c m
1 2n
C (n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k 1) n k
2n 1 k 0 k k 1 =1 G
1 1 2 3 . . . (k 1) k
C (n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k 1) n
2n 1 ; E
(1 x)2n 1 1 2 3 . . . (k 1) k
2n xk 1
/c m
2n
1
` n(n 1) (n 2) . . . (n k 1)
2n 1 k0 k k 1 2n 1
(1 x) 2n 1 1 2 3 . . . (k 1) k
2n xk 1
` /c m
2n
1
<S(n) is proved for all k r 2, and has been proved for
k0 k k 1 2n 1 2n 1
(1 x) 2n 1 1 k 1 above.

2n 1
Let x 2:
(1 2) 2n 1 1 Chapter 11: Probability
/ c 2kn m 2
2n k1
k0 k 1 2n 1 Exercises 11.1

3 2n 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2n 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
30 52 6 40 20 000
4 3 3 1 11 3
6. (a) (b) 7. 8. 9. (a) (b)
7 7 37 12 20 4
1 1 1 Exercises 11.4
10. (a) (b) (c)
6 2 3
1 1 1 1 25
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1 3 1 99 36 4 8 4 121
11. (a) (b) (c) (d)
62 31 2 124
6. (a) 0.0441 (b) 0.6241 7. 80.4% 8. 32.9%
8 7 1 1 1 23
12. (a) (b) (c) 13. 14. , 1 15. 9 15 3 19 1
15 15 15 50 2 44 9. (a) (b) 10. 11. 12.
49 91 2075 99 16 170
7 7 12 1 25
16. (a) (b) (c) 17. 18. 8 19. 29 791 8 35 929
31 31 31 175 43 13. (a) (b) (c)
35 937 35 937 35 937
1 1 1 5
20. 34 21. 22. (a) (b) (c) 1 1 5 755 201
3 6 3 6 14. (a) (b) (c)
2400 5 760 000 5 760 000
23. (a) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each horse
and rider has different skills. 1 3125 4651
15. (a) (b) (c)
(b) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each golfer 7776 7776 7776
has different skills.
9 24 970 009 29 991
(c) False: outcomes are not dependent on the one 16. (a) (b) (c)
25 000 000 25 000 000 25 000 000
before. Each time the coin is tossed, the probability is
the same. 1 9 9
(d) False: outcomes are not dependent on the one 17. (a) (b) (c)
4 100 100
before. Each birth has the same probability of producing
a girl or boy. 1 1 7 15
18. (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) False: outcomes are not equally likely. Each car and 22 11 22 22
driver has different skills.
19. (a) 61.41% (b) 0.34% (c) 99.66%
1 1 1 2n 1
Exercises 11.2 20. (a) (b) (c) 1
2n 2n 2n 2n
5 2
1. 2. 3. 99.8% 4. 0.73 5. 38%
11 9
22 5 Exercises 11.5
6. 98.5% 7. 8. 9. 0.21 10. 91.9%
23 18
1 1 1 1 3 7
1. (a) (b) (c) 2. (a) (b) (c)
7 46 2 13 7 15 4 4 2 8 8 8
11. 12. 13. (a) (b) 14. 15.
8 49 15 15 11 16
1 1 1 1 2
3. (a) (b) (c) 4. (a) (b)
900 900 450 25 25
Exercises 11.3
25 80
3 3 11 7 5. (a) (b) 6. (a) 27.5% (b) 23.9% (c) 72.5%
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) 169 169
10 5 20 10
189 441
7. (a) 0.42 (b) 0.09 (c) 0.49 8. (a) (b)
1 1 3 3 19 1000 1000
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 657
5 2 5 5 50 (c) 9. (a) 0.325 (b) 0.0034 (c) 0.997
1000
5 9 12 29 13 9
3. (a) (b) (c) 4. (a) (b) (c) 60 6 4 1
26 26 13 100 20 25 10. (a) (b) 11. (a) (b)
121 11 27 6
27 4 2 3 13 9 1 1 64 152 13
5. (a) (b) (c) 6. (a) (b) (c) 12. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
45 9 3 14 28 28 25 825 825 165 165
21 17 21 1 11 7 19 498 1 239 771

7. (a) (b) (c) 8. (a) (b) (c) 13. (a) (b) (c)
80 80 40 10 20 20 1 249 750 124 975 1 249 750
16 38 1936 88
7 2 44 3 2 3 14. (a) (b) 15. (a) (b)
9. (a) (b) (c) 10. (a) (b) (c) 75 75 2025 2025
25 15 75 10 5 10
11 3 1 125 671
16. (a) (b) 17. (a) (b) (c)
20 20 1296 324 1296
84 681 912 673 27

18. (a) (b) (c)
1 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 000
ANSWERS 653
19. (a) 17.6% (b) 11% (c) 21.2% Exercises 11.8

1488 1 1 6 21 17 1. 190 2. 56 3. 15
20. (a) (b) 21. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3025 121 19 95 190 38
15
4. (a) 1365 (b) 364 (c) 78 5. (a) 735 (b)
22 368 7 17 133 496 49
22. (a) (b) (c) 23. (a) (b) (c)
425 425 425 65 715 2145 77 1
6. (a) 2300 (b) 7. 8. 84 672 315
100 38 760
24. (a) 0.23 (b) 0.42 (c) 0.995 25. (a) 33% (b) 94%
1 5
9. (a) 8 145 060 (b) (c)
1 5 91 1 3 2 2 036 265 407 253
26. (a) (b) (c) 27. (a) (b) (c)
216 72 216 10 10 5 10
10. 11. (a) 84 (b) 45 12. 100 100
25 40 56 2 760 681
28. (a) (b) (c)
81 81 81 1
13. (a) 126 (b) 40 14. (a) (b) 3 837 240
86 493 225
343 336 988
29. (a) (b) (c) 2
1331 1331 1331 15. (a) 4368 (b) 1764 (c)
21
1 6859 1141 12
30. (a) (b) (c) 16. (a) 350 658 000 (b) 17. (a) 10 (b) 6
8000 8000 8000 175
1 12
18. (a) 560 (b) 19. (a) 350 (b) 140 (c)
4 35
Exercises 11.6 2
20. (a) 5 852 925 (b) 66 (c)
1. 10 000 2. 2 600 000 3. 387 420 489 45
1
4. 10 000 5. 10 6. 248 832 7.
523 566
Exercises 11.9
1
8. 1 757 600 9. 1320 10.
1 000 000 105 15 45 5 11
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1 512 128 1024 512 1024
11. 1000 12. 90 000 000 13. (a) 7776 (b)
7776
7 7 29
1 2. (a) (b) (c)
14. 15. 84 128 128 128
280
109 375 875 175 41
3. (a) (b) (c) (d)
419 904 209 952 419 904 1 679 616
Exercises 11.7
1 015 625
(e)
1. (a) 360 (b) 5040 (c) 9 (d) 60 (e) 20 160 1 679 616
2. (a) 90 (b) 151 200 (c) 30 240 (d) 720 (e) 1 814 400 25 5 125 425 7
4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
216 324 324 432 432
3. (a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 40 4. (a) 3024 (b) 1680 (c) 672
5. (a) 0.254 (b) 0.01 (c) 0.0467 (d) 0.198 (e) 0.552
5. (a) 64 (b) 16 6. 990 7. 24
144 243 48 992 2133
6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
8. 60 9. (a) 5040 (b) 720 10. (a) 24 (b) 6 625 3125 625 3125 3125
3 7. (a) 90.1% (b) 0.4% (c) 99.6%

11. (a) 40 320 (b) 1152 (c) 10 080 (d) 2880 (e)
28
2 4 8. (a) 11.4% (b) 16.4% (c) 1.2%
12. (a) 5040 (b) (i) (ii) 13. (a) 3 628 500 (b) 362 880
7 35 69 984 46 656 57 591 147 456
9. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 764 801 823 543 823 543 823 543
14. (a) 120 (b) (c) 36
5
C7 d
3 7 8 13
n d n
65 536
(e) 10. 20
2 5 764 801 11 11
15. (a) 362 880 (b) 40 320 (c) 20 160 16.
19
12 16
11. (a) (i) (ii) (b) (i) 0.25 (ii) 0.167
17. (a) 120 (b) 24 (c) 20 160 (d) 2520 (e) 1260 (f) 20 25 25
(g) 907 200 (h) 604 800 (i) 277 200 (j) 9 979 200 12. (a) 0.23 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.03
18. (a) 720 (b) 240 (c) 144 (d) 72 (e) 600 (f) 480
n d n C2 d
3 2 8 6
n d n
1 3 5 17 8
13. 20
C3 d
6 6 11 11
19. (a) 362 880 (b) 40 320 20. 19 958 400
64 728
C3 d n d n C5 d n d n
3 3 1 9 8 5 5 1 3
14. 12
15. 0.000 003 4 24. (a) (i) (ii) (b) 0.000 092
4 4 6 6 243 729
21 3 23
n d n
1 8 5 42
C8 d 25. (a) (b) (c)
50
16. 7 people 17. (a) 8 sixes (b)
6 6 50 25 50
35 31 37
18. (a) 25 times (b) 0.0918 19. (a) (i) (ii) (iii)
72 72 72
101 53
(b) (c) 0.113 20. (a) (b) 0.127
144 112 1 4 1
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) 6720 (b) 1440 (c)
7 7 7
Test yourself 11 3. 34 650 4. (a) 0.04 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.25

l. (a) 80.4% (b) 1.4% (c) 99.97%
1 33
5. (a) (b)
2. (a) 54 145 173 264
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1
6. (a) 1 (b) k Ck 3 (c) k C9
2k 2k 2k
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 7. (a) 0.18% (b) 10.7% (c) 20 Ck ] 0.73 gk ] 0.27 g20 k
4 3 2 1 0 1 2
9
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 8. (a) 39 916 800 (b) 967 680 (c) 9. (a) 24 (b) 12
11
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1
10. (a) 5 852 925 (b) 113 400 (c)
39 10
1 1 1 1
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) 3. (a) (i) (ii)
11. (a) ] n 1 g !
6 6 2 40 40 2
(b)
39 4 1 n 1
(b) 4. (a) (b)
796 15 10 3! (n 3)!
(c) Probability
(n 1)!
5. False: the events are independent and there is the
3 2 1 (n 3) (n 4) . . .
same chance next time d n
1
4 (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) (n 4) . . .
6

1 29 1 11 16 (n 1) (n 2)
6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
2 100 5 25 25 k! (n k)! k!
(d)
(n 1)! ]n 1g]n 2g]n 3gf ]n k 1g
2 7 2 35 35 1
7. (a) (b) (c) 8. (a) (b) 9.
5 15 15 72 66 56 4 25 4
12. (a) (b) (c)
13 52 13
10. (a) 0.009% (b) 12.9% 11. (a) 60 (b) 75
13. Noany combination of numbers is equally likely to win.
1 3 5 972 640
12. (a) (b) (c) 13. (a) (b) 1 3
13 13 26 3125 15 625 14. (a) 0 (b) (c)
10 10
12 5 1 1 1 125
14. (a) (b) 4320 15. (a) (b) 15. (a) (b) (c)
6325 12 3 7776 1296 3888
2 3 12 1 5 7 3
16. (a) 39 916 800 (b) 32 659 200 (c) 16. (a) (b) 17. (a) (b) (c) (d)
11 10 145 144 144 144 144
9 3 27 4
17. (a) (b) (i) (ii) (iii)
40 10 160 25
Practice assessment task set 4
1 81 11 1 4
18. (a) (b) (c) 19. (a) (b)
200 200 100 15 5 1. 2016 2. 3360 3. 20 160
1 147 1 3577 125

20. 60 480 21. (a) (b) (c) (d) 4. 448x10 5. 6. 45 697 600
50 7450 3725 3725 3888
7. 80 8. 660 660 9. (a) f (2) 0, f (3) 0
80 40 2 1 (b) x Z 2.25
22. (a) (b) 23. (a) (b)
361 171 9 3
ANSWERS 655
1 37. f ] 0 g 3 0
10. 11. (a) 13.3% (b) 14.1%
3 f ]1 g 1 0
1296 864 1105 So the root lies between 0 and 1.
12. (a) (b) (c)
2401 2401 2401
3
38. 39. (a) 76 52l (b) 0.92 cm2
8
1 1 11 5 5
13. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 40. $18 399.86 41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (b)
36 6 36 36 12
7 11 3 764 768 170 859 374 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a)
14. (a) (b) 15. (a) (b)
50 20 56 953 125 170 859 375
49. (a), (c) 50. (d)
16. 1 400 000
1 18y 135y 540y3 1215y4

2
17. 5 Sample examination papers

x 6
x x 4
x3 x2
1458y 5
MathematicsPaper 1
729y6
x
1. (a) 0.75
1 (b) (3x 2) (x 3)
18. 19. a 6a b 12ab 8b
3 2 2 3
110 6 x 1
d n d n 6 (5)
6 x
(c)
20. (a) f (0) 0, f (1) 0 (b) x Z 0.76 1 2 1 3
3x 2(x 1) 30
21. +ADC 90 3x 2x 2 30
` +BDC 90 (+ADB straight +) x 2 30
` BC is a diameter (+ in semicircle) x 28
AC is a diameter (similarly) 1 2
(d) 12 r
3
5103 36 r2
22. 23. (a) 6.5 1011 (b) 101 606 400
2 36
r2

5 35 1 1 36
24. (a) (b) 25. (a) (b) r
33 66 12 4
3.39 r
80 108 864
26. 27. (e) 3300
x4 390 625
(f) x37
28. 81a4 216a3 b 216a2 b2 96ab3 16b4 29. 10 000 x 4
or ] x 3 g 7
1
30. 31. 76 473 32. 6x 3y 3 3 0 x 3 7
40000
x 10
` 10 x 4
] 1 x g10 / c 1k0 m xk
10
33.
k0
Substitute x 2 2. (a) (ii) Since AB BD, AB: AD 1:2

10 +ABC +ADE (corresponding +s, BC < DE)
] 1 2 g / c m 2k
10
10
k0 k +ACB +AED (similarly)

10 +A is common
3 /2 c m
10
10 k
k0 k ` $ ABC <; $ ADE
34. y sin 7x AB AC 1
`
dy AD AE 2
7 cos 7x ` AE 2AC
dx
AC CE 2AC
d y
2
7 ( 7 sin 7x) ` CE AC
dx2
49 sin 7x AB BC 1
(iii)
49y AD DE 2
3.4 1
x 1 `
35. f 1 (x) 3 DE 2
2 DE 2 3.4
5 5 1 7 1 6.8 cm
36. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
36 12 6 36 2
(b) (ii) +NOM 105 (straight angle) (ii) Substitute A(3, 2) into 3x 4y 17 0
+NMO 32 (angle sum of T) 3(3) 4(2) 17 0
a b 9 8 17 0
0 0 (true)
sin A sin B
MO 5 ` A lies on the line

sin 43 sin 32 Substitute B( 1, 5) into 3x 4y 17 0
5 sin 43
MO 3( 1) 4(5) 17 0
sin 32
3 20 17 0
Z 6.4 m
0 0 (true)
a b
(iii) ` B lies on the line
sin A sin B
6.4 Since both A and B lie on the line 3x 4y 17 0,
MP
this is the equation of AB
sin 75 sin 53
6.4 sin 75 | ax1 by1 c |
MP (iii) d
sin 53 a2 b2
Z 8m | 3 (0) 4 (0) 17 |
1
3. (a) (i) x 5x3 1 x 2 5x3 1 32 42
dy 1 1 1 | 17 |
x 2 15x2 15x2
dx 2 2 x 9 16
1 17
(ii) 3 ln x 3 ln x x 1
x 25
dy 1 17
3 x 2
dx x 5
3 1 3.4 units
2
x x (iv) Length AB: d (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2
3x 1
6 3 ( 1) @ 2 (2 5)2
x2
16 9
dy
(iii) 5] 2x 3 g4 2 25
dx 5
10] 2x 3 g4 1
Area $OAB: A bh
x2 1 x x2 2
(b) (i) e C e x C 1
2 1 2 5 3.4
2
(ii) ; cos E ] cos g ] cos 0 0 g 8.5 units2
] 1 g 1
0
(b) c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
2 BC2 62 42 2 ] 6 g ] 4 g cos 87
5 21 5 25 Z 49.49
(c) (i)
2 1 21 ( 2 ) 2 12 BC 49.49
Z 7 cm
5 25
800
1 5. (a) (i) 100% 3.25%
5 2 5 24 600
(ii) Arithmetic series with a 24 600, d 800 and
(ii) 5 2 5 5 5 2
n 12
5 25
Tn a ] n 1 g d
2
5 50
T12 24 600 ] 12 1 g 800
` a 5, b 50
33 400
4. (a) (i)
So Kate earns $33 400 in the 12th year.
n
(iii) Sn [2a (n 1)d ]
2
12
[2 24 600 (12 1)800]
2
348 000
So Kate earns $348 000 over the 12 years.
ANSWERS 657
(b) (i) y x3 3x2 9x 2 (i) P (2W, 1N) P(WWN) P(WNW)

y l 3x2 6x 9 P(NWW)
y m 6x 6 2 2 5 2 5 2

For stationary points, yl 0 7 7 7 7 7 7
i.e. 3x2 6x 9 0 5 2 2

3(x 3)(x 1) 0 7 7 7
x 3, 1 60
`
343
When x 3, y 33 3] 3 g2 9] 3 g 2
(ii) P (at least one W) 1 P(NNN)
25
5 5 5
When x 1, y ] 1 g3 3 ] 1 g2 9 ] 1 g 2 1
7 7 7
7
218
So (3, 25) and ( 1, 7) are stationary points.
343
At (3, 25), y m 6(3) 6
0 (minimum point) (b) x 60, 180 60 (first, second quadrants)
At ( 1, 7), y m 6( 1) 6 60, 120

0 (maximum point) (c) (i) v # (6t 4) dt
` ( 1, 7) is a maximum, (3, 25) minimum 3t2 4t C
stationary point When t 0, v 0
(ii) For inflexions, y m 0 ` 0 3] 0 g2 4 ] 0 g C
i.e. 6x 6 0 C
6x 6 ` v 3t 2 4t
x 1 When t 5,
When x 1, y 13 3(1) 2 9(1) 2 v 3 ] 5 g2 4 ] 5 g
9 95 cms 1
` (1, 9) is a point of inflexion
(ii) x # (3t2 4t) dt
(iii) t 3 2t 2 C
When t 0, x 0
` 0 ] 0 g3 2 ] 0 g2 C
C
` x t 3 2t 2
When t 2,
` x ] 2 g3 2 ] 2 g2
16 cm
6. (a)
7. (a) (ii) DC AB 2 (opposite sides of < gram)
` DX AD 1 c DX DC given m
1
2
` $ADX is isosceles
+DAX +DXA (180c 60c ) ' 2
60c
` ADX is equilateral
(iii) +XCB 180c 60c
(+ADC, +XCB cointerior +s, AD < BC)
120c
$ CXB is isosceles
[XC CB 1, similar to part (ii)]
` +CXB +CBX (180c 120c ) 2

30c
+AXB 180c (60c 30c )
(+DXC straight angle)
90c
` $ AXB is right angled
(iv) AX 1 ($ ADX equilateral)
` c2 a2 b2
22 12 BX2
4 1 BX2
3 BX2
3 BX
(b) Sketch y x2 and x y 3 as unbroken lines. (b) (i) When t 0, P 20

20 P0 e0
P0
` P 20ekt
When t 6, P 100
100 20ek (6)
100
e 6k
20
5 e 6k
ln 5 ln e6k
6k ln e
6k
ln 5
k
Substitute (1, 0) into y r x2 6
0 r 12 (false) 0.268 Z k
Substitute (1, 0) into x y 3 (ii) P 20e0.268t
103 (true) When t 10,
P 20e0.268 (10)
20e2.68
292 mice
(iii) When P 500,
500 20e0.268t
500
e0.268t
20
25 e0.268t
ln 25 ln e0.268t
0.268t ln e
0.268t
ln 25
t
(c) (i) 0.268
12 t (i.e. after 12 weeks)
9. (a) (i) S 160

` 2 r (r h) 160
160
rh
2 r
160
h r
2 r
80
dP r
(ii) The curve is increasing so 0. r
dt V r h2
d2 P
The curve is concave downwards so 2 0.
r2 c rm
dt 80
r
8. (a) (i) 80r r3
x 1 2 3 4 5
(ii) Vl 80 3r2
y 0 0.301 0.477 0.602 0.699 For max./min. volume, Vl 0
i.e. 80 3 r2 0
# f (x) dx 12 (b a) [f (a) f (b)]
b
(ii) 80 3 r2
a
80
# log x dx 12 (2 1) 6 f (1) f (2) @
5
r2
10 3
1
80
(3 2) 6 f (2) f (3) @
1 p r
3
2
1 p 2.91 Z r
(4 3) [ f (3) f (4)]
2 V m 6r
1 When r 2.91, V m 6 (2.91)
(5 4) [ f (4) f (5)]
2 0 (maximum)
1 1 ` r 2.91 cm
(log 1 log 2) (log 2 log 3)
2 2
1 1
(log 3 log 4) (log 4 log 5)
2 2
Z 1.73
ANSWERS 659
(iii) When r 2.91, V 80 (2.91) ] 2.91 g3 (c) (i) y x2 2px q

206.4 cm3 y q x2 2px
(b) 1996 to 2025 inclusive is 30 years. y q p2 x2 2px p2
A 500 (1.1230) 500 (1.1229) 500 (1.1228) . . . y (q p2) ^ x p h2
500 (1.121) This is in the form (x h)2 4a (y k), where a is
500 (1.1230 1.1229 . . . 1.121) the focal length and (h, k) is the vertex. h p and
500 (1.121 1.122 . . . 1.1230) k q p2
1.121 1.122 . . . 1.1230 is a geometric series ` vertex is ( p, q p2)
a 1.12, r 1.12
(ii) 4a 1
a (rn 1)
Sn 1
r 1 `a
4
1.12 (1.1230 1)
S30
1.12 1
Z 270.29
` A 500 (270.29)
$135 146.30
10. (a) (i) Substitute y 4 into y ex
4 ex
` ln 4 x (by definition of log)
` point of intersection is (ln 4, 4)
(ii)
1
Count up units for the focus
4
1
` focus is c p, q p2 m
4
(iii) For P: x m since it is vertically below
^ m, 3m2 q h
When x m
m 2 8y
#
ln 4
A Area of rectangle OABC e x dx m2
0 y
4 ln 4 6 e x @ 0
ln 4 8
So P d m, n
m2
4 ln 4 (e e 0)
ln4
8
4 ln 4 4 1
m2
(4 ln 4 3) units 2 Distance 3m2 q
8
(b) (i) For real, equal roots, $ 0 23m2
q
i.e. b2 4ac 0 8
] k 1 g2 4 ] 1 g ] k g 0 23m2
q since m2 r 0 and q 0
k2 2k 1 4k 0 8
k2 6k 1 0 (iv) m q 5
b p b2 4ac ` q 5 m
k
2a
23m2
( 6) p ( 6) 2 4 (1) (1) D q
8
2 (1) 23m2
5 m
6p 32 8

2 dD 46m
1
6p4 2 dm 8

2 dD
For stationary points 0
3p2 2 dm
46m
(ii) When k 5, 10
8
x2 (k 1) x k x2 4x 5 46m
a 0 1
8
$ b2 4ac 46m 8
42 4 (1) (5) 8
m
4 46
` $ 0 4

Since a 0 and $ 0, x2 4x 5 0 23
for all x
4 x1 x2 y1 y2
So there is a stationary point at m
23
. (g) P f , p
To determine its nature 2 2
3 0 4 2
d2 D 46
d , n
dm2 8 2 2
1
0 c 1 , 1 m
So concave upwards. 2
` minimum turning point 2.
4
When m
23
23m2
D 5 m
8
23 d
4 2
n
23 4
5
8 23
21
4
23
21
So minimum distance is 4 units.
23
1
MathematicsPaper 2 (a) Substitute A c 5, 1 m into 3x 4y 9 0
2
1. (a) (i) x 3 5 1
LHS 3 5 4 1 9
x8 2
0
(ii) x 3 5
RHS
x 2
(b) 5 x2 4 ` A lies on the line
9 x2 0 1
Substitute B c 1, 1 m into 3x 4y 9 0
9 x2 2
p3 x 1
LHS 3 1 4 1 9
2
5
(c) sin 0
6
RHS

sin c m ` B lies on the line
6
` AB has equation 3x 4y 9 0
sin (2nd quadrant)
(b) 3x 4y 9 0
6
1 4y 3x 9

2 3 9
y x
4 4
(d) a2 (a 2) 4 (a 2) 3
(a 2) (a2 4) ` m1
4
(a 2) (a 2) (a 2)
] a 2 g ] a 2 g2
l is perpendicular to AB, so m1 m2 1
3
m2 1
(e) 2 4 6 25 6 4
22 6 5 6 4
` m2
4 6 5 6 3
6 Equation of l:
y y 1 m (x x 1 )
(f) loga 50 loga (52 2) 4
y 1 (x 4)
loga 52 loga 2 3
2 loga 5 loga 2 3y 3 4 (x 4)
2 1.3 0.43 4x 16
3.03 0 4x 3y 13
(c) 4x 3y 13 0 (1)
3x 4y 9 0 (2)
(1) 4: 16x 12y 52 0 (3)
(2) 3: 9x 12y 27 0 (4)
(3) (4): 25x 25 0
25x 25
x 1
ANSWERS 661
Substitute x 1 in (1): 1
(ii) 3 cos 2x C
4 1 3y 13 0 2
9 3y 0 3
cos 2x C
9 3y 2
3y
(c) < ex e F
1 x 3
So point of intersection is ( 1, 3). 1 0
(d) d (x2 x1) 2 (y2 y1) 2 6 ex e x @ 03

AB: [e3 e 3] [e0 e 0]
e 3 e 3 1 1
1 1 2
d (5 1) 2 c 1 1 m e 3 e 3 2
2 2
dy
42 ( 3) 2 (d) # (18x 6) dx
16 9 dx
9x2 6x C
25
5 dy
At (2, 1), 0
CP: dx
d ( 1 4) 2 (3 1) 2 0 9 ] 2 g2 6 ] 2 g C
32 42 24 C
24 C
9 16
25 dy
` 9x2 6x 24
5 dx
1
A bh y # (9x2 6x 24) dx
2 3x3 3x2 24x C
1
55 Substitute (2, 1):
2
12.5 units2 1 3 ] 2 g3 3 ] 2 g2 24 ] 2 g C
36 C
x1 x2 y1 y2
(e) Midpoint AC f , p 35 C
2 2 ` y 3x3 3x2 24x 35
1
f 4 5, p
1 1
2 4. (a)

2 2
1 1
c , 1 m
2 4
Midpoint AC midpoint BD
where D (x, y)
x1 x2
x
2
1 x 1 2 3
(i) P (WW)
2 2 5 8
1 x 1 3

0x 20
y1 y2 2 5 3 3
y (ii) P (WL) P (LW)
2 5 8 5 8
1 19
y 1
1 2 40
1
4 2 (iii) P (at least 1W) 1 P (LL)
1 1 3 5
2 y 1 1
2 2 5 8
4 y 5

(f) So D (0, 4) 8
dy (b) (i)
3. (a) (i) ulv vlu
dx
1$ cos x ( sin x) x
cos x x sin x
dy
(ii) 5e 5 x
dx
dy 4x
(iii)
dx 2x 2 1
(3x 2) 5
(b) (i) C
35
(3x 2) 5
C
15
1 d2 y
(ii) A bh At (1, 2) 12 (1) 18 6
2 dx2
1
55 ` (1, 2) is a maximum turning point
2
d2 y
12.5 units2 At (2, 3) 2 12 (2) 18 6
3 dx
or A # 2 (x 2) dx ` (2, 3) is a minimum turning point
< 2x F
3
x2 d2 y
(ii) For points of inflexion 2 0
2 2 dx
( 2) 2
< 2 (3) F = 2 ( 2 ) G
32 12x 18 0
2 2 12x 18
12.5 units2 x 1.5
(iii) yx2 When x 1.5,
` y2 ] x 2 g2 y 2 (1.5) 3 9 (1.5) 2 12 (1.5) 7
b
V # y2 dx 2.5
a
3
Check concavity:
# (x 2) 2 dx
2
(x 2) 3 3 x 1.25 1.5 1.75

= G
13 2
d2 y
(3 2) 3 ( 2 2) 3
= G 3 0 3
dx2
3 3
< 0F
125 Concavity changes, so (1.5, 2.5) is a point of

3 inflexion.
125 (iii) When x 3,
units3
y 2 ] 3 g3 9 ] 3 g2 12 ] 3 g 7
3
1 2
or V r h 178
3
When x 3,
] 5 g2 5
1
y 2 ] 3 g3 9 ] 3 g2 12 ] 3 g 7
3
2
125
units3
3
(c) (i)
(b) (i)
(ii) 1 x 2
5. (a) y 2x3 9x2 12x 7

dy
6x2 18x 12
dx
d2 y
12x 18
dx2 (ii)
dy
(i) For stationary points, 0
dx
6x2 18x 12 0
x 2 3x 2 0
(x 2) (x 1) 0 c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
x 1, 2 8502 12002 2 850 1200 cos 120
When x 1, y 2 ] 1 g3 9 ] 1 g2 12 (1) 7 2
3 182 500
When x 2, y 2 ] 2 g3 9 ] 2 g2 12 (2) 7 3 c 3182500
1784
So (1, 2) and (2, 3) are stationary points.
So the plane is 1784 km from the airport.
ANSWERS 663
(c) (cosec cot ) (cosec cot ) 2

1
x 18
c x2 m dx
4
cosec2 cot2 Area #
2 4 4
1 cot2 cot2 1
< F
1 x2 18x x3 2 4

dy 8 4 3 2
6. (a) (i) 2x R 2 V
S c2 1 m 1 1 3
dx 18 c 2 m c 2 m W
dy S 4 4 4 W
At ( 2, 4) 2 ( 2) SS WW
dx 8 4 3
T X
( 2) 18 ( 2) ( 2)
= G
2 3
` m1 4

8 4 3
Normal is perpendicular to tangent
12.8 units2
` m1 m2 1
4m 2 1 (b) (i) The particle is at the origin when x 0,
1 i.e. at t1, t3 and t5
m2 dx
4 (ii) At rest, 0 (at the stationary points,
y y1 m _ x x1 i dt
i.e. t2 and t4)
y 4 ]x 2g
1
4 (c) T T0 e kt
4y 16 x 2 When t 0, T 97
0 x 4y 18 (1) ` T0 97
(ii) y x 2
(2) T 97 e kt
Substitute (2) in (1): When t 5, T 84
0 x 4x2 18 84 97 e k 5
4x2 x 18 0 84
e 5k
(x 2) (4x 9) 0 97
x 2 0, 4x 9 0 84
ln ln e 5k
x 2, 4x 9 97
1 5k ln e
x2 5k
4
84
1 ln
Substitute x 2 in (2): 97
4 k
5
1 2
y d2 n 0.029 k
4
1 So T 97 e 0.029t
5
16 (i) When t 15
1 1 T 97 e 0.029 15
` Q c2 , 5 m
4 16 63
(iii) So the temperature is 63C after 15 minutes.
(ii) When T 20
20 97 e 0.029t
20
e 0.029t
97
20
ln ln e 0.029t
97
0.029t ln e
0.029t
20
ln
97
t
PQ: x 4y 18 0 0.029
x 18 4y 54.9 t
x 18 So the temperature is 20C after 54.9 minutes.
y
4 4
7. (a) (i)
(iii) 4 points of intersection, so 4 roots

#
b
h
7 (y y 4) 4 (y 1 y 3) 2y 2 A
f (x) dx Z (b) 2 sin x 1 0
a 3 0
2 sin x 1

1
#0
4
tan x dx Z
16
3
; c tan 0 tan m
4
sin x
2
(1st, 2nd quadrants)
3 x 30, 180 30
4 c tan tan m 2 tan G 30, 150
16 16 8
Z 0.35 units 2 (c) (i) logx 12 logx ] 22 3 g
dy sin x logx 22 logx 3
(ii)
dx cos x 2 logx 2 logx 3
tan x 2q p

tan x dx : ln (cos x) D 0
(ii) logx 2x logx 2 logx x
(iii) #0
4 4
q 1

= ln c cos m G [ ln (cos 0)] (d) (i) 1 3 5 . . . is an arithmetic series with
4 a 1, d 2
0.35
When n 12
(b) (i)
Tn a (n 1) d
T12 1 (12 1) 2
23
So there are 23 oranges in the 12th row.

a b (ii) Total number of oranges is 289, so Sn 289

sin A sin B n
Sn [2a (n 1) d ]
AD 40 2

sin 23 sin 110 n
289 [2 1 (n 1) 2]
40 sin 23 2
AD
sin 110 578 n [2 2n 2]
16.6 m n 2n
BD 2n 2
(ii) sin 47
16.6 289 n2
16.6 sin 47 BD 289 n
12.2 BD 17 n
So the height is 12.2 m So there are 17 rows of oranges altogether.
(c) +CBE 50 (base +s of isosceles $)
9. (a)
+DCB 50 50 (exterior + of $CBE )
100
+ABC 130 50
80
+DAB 360 (100 80 80)
(+ sum of quadrilateral )
100
` +DAB +DCB and +ABC +ADC
` ABCD is a parallelogram (opposite +s equal )
2
8. (a) (i) & (ii) Amplitude 3, period (b) The statement would only be true if there were equal
2 numbers of each colour. It is probably false.
(c) ln x2 ln (2x 3)
` x 2 2x 3
x 2 2x 3 0
(x 3) (x 1) 0
x 3, 1
But x x 1 (ln 1 does not exist)
so the solution is x 3
dy
(d) (i) ex
dx
When x k
dy
ek
dx
ANSWERS 665
So gradient m ek
(ii) C 3000 c s m
7500
(ii) When x k, y ek s
y y1 m (x x1) 3000 ] s 7500 s 1 g
y ek ek (x k) dC
3000 (1 7500 s 2)
ek x kek ds
3000 d 1 n
y ek x kek ek 7500
ek (x k 1) s2
(iii) Substitute (2, 0) into the equation dC
For minimum cost, 0
0 ek (2 k 1) ds
ek (3 k)
3000 d 1 n0
7500
3 k0 s2
3k 7500
1 0
(e) 180 radians s2
7500
1 1
180 s2
s 7500
2
` 53 53 s 7500 (speed is positive)

180
53 86.6 km/h

180 Check:
1 d2C
A r2 3000 (15 000s 3)
2 ds2
1 53
3000 d n
72 15 000
2 180 s3
22.7 cm2 When s 86.6
3000 d n
10. (a) (i) d2C 15 000
ds2 86.63
0
Concave upwards
So minimum when s 86.6
(iii) C 3000 d 86.6 n

7500
86.6
519 615 cents
$5196.15
(ii) y ] x 2 g2
` y2 ] x 2 g4
Extension 1Paper 1
b
V # y2 dx 3
a 1. (a) 1
1 x5
# (x 2) dx 4
3 (x 5) ] x 5 g2 (multiplying both sides by ( x 5)2 )
2
(x 2 ) 5 1
0 x 5 3 ]x 5g
] g2
= G
0 (x 5) [(x 5) 3]
15 2
(1 2) 5 ( 2 2) 5 0 (x 5) (x 2)
= G
5 5
< 0F
243
5
243
units3
5
d
(b) (i) s
t
d
So t
s
3000

s
Cost of trip taking t hours: For (x 5) (x 2) r 0, x 5, x r 2.
C ] s2 7500 g t But x x 5.
] s2 7500 g
3000 Solution is x 5, x r 2.
s
7500 3000
3000s
s
c m
7500
3000 s
s
kx2 lx1 1 1
(b) x (c) (i) f e o 2 sin 1
kl 2 2

2d n
3 3 2 2

32 4
1

ky2 ly1 2
y (ii) y sin 1 x has domain 1 x 1
kl
3328 ` y 2 sin 1 x has domain 1 x 1

32
y sin 1 x has range y
5 2 2

So point is (1, 5) . i.e. sin 1 x
2 2
(c) < sin 1 F sin 1 1 sin 1 0
x 2
y 2 sin 1 x has range 2 sin 1 x
2 0

0 i.e. y
2

2
1 3
[] 1 x2 g 2 ] ] 1 x2 g 2 ( 2x)
d 1
(d)
dx 2
x

(1 x2) 3
(e) Let u x3 5
du
3x2
dx
du 3x2 dx
# x2 (x3 5) 5 dx 13 # (x3 5)5 3x2 dx

dy 2
1 (iii)
# u5 du dx
3 1 x2
1 u6 1
C When x
3 6 2
u 6
dy 2
C
18 dx 1
(x3 5) 6 1
C 2
18 2

1
2. (a) (i) +EBD +CDE (base +s of isosceles $)
2
+BEO +EBD +CDE (exterior + of $)
2 2
2+CDE
y y1 m (x x1)

(ii) +ABE (+ in semicircle) 1
2 y 2 2 ex o
2 2
` +BAO BEO (+ sum of $)
2 2 2x 2
(iii) DE BE 5
` 0 2 2x y 2
DA DE AE 2
57
3. (a) (i) c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
12
AB2 BC2 AC2 2 (BC) (AC) cos 55c (from $ ABC)
DF2 DE DA
5 12 102 BC2 102 2BC (10) cos 55c
60 0 BC2 20 cos 55c BC
BC ] BC 20 cos 55c g
DF 60
` BC 20 cos 55c (BC x 0)
2 15 cm
Z 11.5 cm
(b) Let x 0.5 a2 b2 c2
f ( 0.5) e 0.5 ] 0.5 g2 (ii) cos C
2ab
f l(x) ex 2x 11.52 52 162
f l( 0.5) e 0.5 2 ( 0.5)
2 (11.5) (5)
f ]a g Z 0.8665
a a1
f l] a g `+BCD 150c 3l
(e 0.5 ( 0.5) 2)
0.5 0.5
e 2 ( 0.5)
Z 0.72
ANSWERS 667
(b) cos2 x cos 2x x2

5. (a) (i) y
cos2 x sin2 x 4a
cos2 x (1 cos2 x) dy x

2 cos2 x 1 dx 2a
0 cos2 x 1 dy 2aq
(cos x 1) (cos x 1) At (2aq, aq2),
dx 2a
` cos x p1 q
x 0, , 2 y y1 m (x x1)
(c) (i) 11! 39 916 800 y aq2 q (x 2aq)
(ii) To alternate, a girl must be first in line as there qx 2aq2
is one more girl. The number of positions available y qx aq2
for the girls is 6! The boys then have 5! positions y y1 y2 y1
possible. So the number of arrangements is 6!5!. i.e. (ii)
x x1 x2 x1
86 400
y aq2 ap2 aq2
(iii) Let the 2 girls be 1 position (with
2! arrangements between them possible). x 2aq 2ap 2aq
Then there are 2! 10! arrangements. a (p q) (p q)

i.e. 7 257 600 2a (p q)
pq
4. (a) (i) ox V cos
2
15 cos
2 (y aq2) (p q) (x 2aq)
x 15t cos (1)
2y 2aq2 (p q) x 2apq 2aq2
py 10
2y (p q) x 2apq 0
` oy 10t 15 sin
1
y 5t2 15t sin (2) (not a full proof) y (p q) x apq 0
2
(ii) From (1):
x Focal chord passes through (0, a)
t
15 cos 1
i.e. a (p q) 0 apq 0
Put in (2): 2
a apq 0
y 5d n 15 d n sin
2
x x
15 cos 15 cos apq a
5x2 ` pq 1
x tan
225 cos2
(iii) l has gradient q 0.2
x 2
sec2 x tan p q 3 0.2
45 PQ has gradient 1.4
x2 2 2
(1 tan2 ) x tan (3) m1 m2
45 tan
(iii) When x 5, y 2 1 m1 m2
Put in (3): 0.2 1.4

1 ( 0.2) (1.4)
52
2 (1 tan2 ) 5 tan 65 46l
45
5 5 (b) Let n 1.
0 tan2 5 tan 2 Then LHS 12 1.
9 9
5 5 tan2 45 tan 18 1
RHS (1) (2) (3) 1
5 tan2 45 tan 23 0 6
b p b2 4ac ` true for n 1
tan
2a Assume true for n k.
45 p ( 45) 2 4 (5) (23) 1
i.e. 12 22 . . . k2 k (k 1) (2k 1)
2 (5) 6
Prove true for n k 1.
83c 15l, 28c 33l
18 i.e. 12 22 . . . k2 (k 1)2
(b) c m (0.01)10 (0.99)8
(k 1) (k 2) 6 2 (k 1) 1 @
10 1
6
LHS 12 22 . . . k2 ] k 1 g2 (b) (i) T C Ae kt
k (k 1) (2k 1) ] k 1 g2
1 dT
kAe kt
6 dt
k (Ae kt C C )
[k (k 1) (2k 1) 6 ] k 1 g2]
1
6 k (T C)
1 (ii) When t 0, T 90, and C 25
(k 1) [k (2k 1) 6 (k 1)]
6 90 25 Ae0
1
(k 1) (2k2 7k 6) 75 A
6
` T 25 75Ae kt
1
(k 1) (k 2) (2k 3) When t 1, T 70
6
70 25 75e k
1
(k 1) (k 2) [2 (k 1) 1] 45 75e k
6
RHS 45
e k
75
d 1 2 45
c v m 900x 3
6. (a) (i) ln ln e k
dx 2 75
k ln e
1 2 900x 2
v C1 45
2 2 ln
450 75
2 C1 k
x 1
900 ` k Z 0.51
v 2 C
2
T 25 75e 0.51t
x
When t 3
When x 10, v 3 T 25 75e 0.51 3
900 41.2c C
32 C
102
99C
0C 7. (a) (i) Let x 1
] 1 1 gn / c nk m 1k
n
900
` v2 2
x k0
/ c nk m
n
900 2n
v (since V 3 0)
x2 k0
30
] 1 x gn
d n n k
= / c mx G
v d
x (ii)
dx dx k 0 k
dx 30
n ] 1 x gn 1 / c m kxk 1
n n
(ii)
dt x k 1 k
dt x Let x 1
`
dx 30 n
n ] 1 1 gn 1 / c m k (1k 1)
n
x k 1 k
t# dx
30 n
n2 n 1 / c m k
n
x 2
k 1 k
C
60
(b) (i) Maximum speed is the amplitude of velocity.
When t 0, x 10 Maximum acceleration is the amplitude of acceleration.
102 SHM: x a cos (bt )
0 C
60
`
.
x ab sin (bt )
2
1 C .x. ab2 cos (2t )
3
x2 2 Max. speed is 4
` t 1
60 3 So ab 4 (1)
When x 100, 4
a
1002 2 b
t 1
60 3 Max. acceleration is 8
165 s So ab2 8
4 2
(b ) 8
b
4b 8
b 2
ANSWERS 669
Substitute in (1) Extension 1Paper 2

4
a 1. (a) 3 (x3 8) 3 (x 2) (x2 2x 4)
2
(b) (i) 4 : tan x D 0 4 (tan 1
3
2 1
3 tan 1 0)
So x 2 cos (2t )

Amplitude a 2 4d 0n
3
2 2 4
Period
b 2 3
(ii) Let u 1 x2

(ii) x 0 when t du
6 2x
x 2 cos (2t ) dx
du 2x dx

0 2 cos = 2 d n G When x 2, u 1 22
6
5

2 cos d n When x 0, u 1 02
3
1

cos d n 2 2

3
# x
1 x 2
dx
1
2
# 1 x2
2x
dx
0 0
3 2 5

1
2
#
1
du
u
2 3 5 1

3 2

1
2
#
1
u

2
du
6 6 R 1 V5
1Su W
2
S W
6 2S 1 W
S W
` x 2 cos d 2t n T 2 X1
6 5
1 >
(iii)
..
x ab2 cos ] bt E g 2 uH
2 1

2 ] 2 g2 cos d 2t n 5 1
6
5 1

8 cos d 2t n
6 (c) 11 letters mean 11! arrangements. There are 2 Cs,

4 = 2 cos d 2t n G
Es, Ts and Is, each with 2! possible arrangements.

6 11!
No. of arrangements
4x 2! 2! 2! 2!
(iv)
..
x d v n
d 1 2 2 494 800
dx 2 1
(d) x 3y 5 0: m1
1 2 3
` v # 4x dx
2 2x y 4 0: m2 2
4x2 m1 m2
C
2 tan
1 m1 m2
v 4x C1
2 2
1
When x p 2, v 0 ( 2)
3
( The particle is at rest at the endpoints of the motion.)
1
So 02 4 ] p2 g 2 C1 1 ( 2)
3
16 C1 7
16 C1 81c 52l
v2 4x2 16
4 ] x2 4 g 2. (a) AB2 BD BC
4 ] 4 x2 g 7.22 BD 9.3
5.6 Z BD
CD BC BD
9.3 5.6
3.7 cm
(b) Tk 1 c m (3x2) 8 k c m
8 2 k
k x
For the term with x4, dy 1
1 x 2 x ] 1 x 2 g 2 ] 2x g
1 1
2 (8 k) ( k) 4 (b) (i)
dx 1 x 2 2
16 3k 4
1 1 x2 x2
12 3k
4k 1 x 2
1 x 2
1 x2
2 2x2
T5 c m ] 3x2 g8 4 c m
8 2 4
` 1 x2
4 x
70 (81x8) d 4 n
16 1 1
1 x2 2 2x 2
90 720x4
x (ii) # 0
2
1 x2
dx
1
2
#0
2
1 x2
dx
1
` the coefficient of x4 is 90 720
1: 2D
2
sin x x 1 x 0
1
5 (5n 1)
n
(c) To prove: 5 52 5 2
4 1 1 1 1
Let n 1: > e sin 1 1 o
2 2 2 4
LHS 5
5 (51 1) (sin 1 0 0 1 0 2 ) G
RHS
4 1e o
3
5
2 6 4
` true for n 1 1
(2 3 3 )
Assume true for n k 24
5 (5k 1)
i.e. 5 . . . 5k
4 b
4. (a) (i)
Prove true for n k 1 a
5 (5 k 1 1) ( 3)
i.e. 5 . . . 5 k 5 k 1
4 1
3
LHS 5 . . . 5 5k k1
c
5 (5k 1) (ii)
a
5k 1
4 2

5 (5k 1) 4 5k 1 1
2
4
d
5k 1 5 4 5k 1 (iii)
a
4
1
5 5k 1 5
1
4
1
5 (5k 1 1)
1 1 1
4 (iv)

RHS
2
Since it is true for n k 1, then it is true for all n r 1.
1
2
x2
3. (a) (i) y (v) ^ h2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4a
dy ` 2 2 2 ^ h2 2 ^ h
x
32 2 ( 2)
dx 2a
13
dy 2ap
At P: dV
dx 2a (b) 10
dt
m1 p
4
For normal, m1 m2 1 V r 3
3
1 dV
` m2 4r2
p
dr
y y 1 m (x x 1 )
dV dV dr
1
y ap2 (x 2ap) dt dr dt
p
dr
py ap3 x 2ap 10 4r2
dt
x py 2ap ap3 0
10 dr

(ii) Solve y a with (1): 4r2 dt
x p ( a) 2ap ap3 0 S 4r2
x ap3 3ap dS
8r
M (ap3 3ap, a) dr
(ap (p2 3), a)
ANSWERS 671
dS dS dr (iv) x 0.5

dt dr dt P (0.5) 2 ] 0.5 g5 ] 0.5 g3 5 ] 0.5 g2 ] 0.5 g 4
10 2.3125
8 r
4 r 2 Pl(x) 10x4 3x2 10x 1

20 Pl] 0.5 g 10 ] 0.5 g4 3 ] 0.5 g2 10 ] 0.5 g 1 5.875
r
f (a)
dS 20 a1 a
When r 8, f l(a)
dt 8
2.5 f (0.5)
0.5
f l(0.5)
So surface area is expanding at 2.5 cm2 s 1. 2.3125
(c) Use ratio 1:4 0.5
5.875
kx2 lx1 Z 0.89
x
kl
1 7 4 2 (c) LHS sin d 2 n
6
1 4
5 sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
6 6
ky2 ly1 3 1
y 2 sin cos (2 cos2 1)
kl 2 2
1 1 4 5 1
3 sin cos cos2
1 4 2
1 RHS
6
3
1
` P c 5, 6 m 6. (a) (i) t k is the (k 1) th coefficient of the binomial since
3
k 0 gives the first term
12
` Tk 1 tk c m 212 k 5k
k
5.
.
(a) (i) x 6 sin d 3t

n 12 12 (k 1) k 1
3 (ii) Tk 2 tk 1 c m2 5
.. k 1
x 18 cos d 3t n tk 1 12 12 (k 1) k 1 12
3 c m2 5 c m 212 k 5k
tk k 1 k
9 = 2 cos d 3t n G
3 12!211 k 5k 1 (12 k) !k!
12 k k
9x 6 12 (k 1)! @ (k 1)! 2 5 12!
2 5 (12 k)
(ii) Amplitude 2, period
3
2 (k 1)
(iii) At the origin, x 0
tk 1
2 cos c 3t m 0 (iii) 1 when tk 1 tk
3 tk
5 (12 k)
cos c 3t m 0 1
3 2 (k 1)
3 5 60 5k 2k 2
3t , , ,...
3 2 2 2 58 7k
7 13 2
3t , , ,... 8 k
6 6 6 7
7 13 ` k8
t , , ,...s
18 18 18 12
t8 c m 24 58
(b) (i) x2 x 1 g 2x5
2x3 2x2 3x 8
x3 5x2 x 4
(b) (i) 7! 5040 (The 1st person can be seated
2x5 2x4 2x3
2x4 x3 5x2 anywhere.)
2x4 2x3 2x2 (ii) For placing one person anywhere and then placing
3x3 3x2 x the required person opposite, there are 2! ways these
3x3 3x2 3x can be arranged. The other 6 people can be arranged in
4x 4 6! ways.
` 2! 6! 1440 arrangements
(ii) P (x) (x2 x 1) (2x3 2x2 3x) (4x 4)
(iii) P ] 1 g 2 ] 1 g5 13 5 ] 1 g2 1 4
3
` remainder is 3 when dividing by x 1
(iii) If one of these people is placed anywhere, the other

D2 ] 2R g2 d Hn
2
1
can sit in a choice of 6 other seats (not opposite). (b) (i)
2
The other 6 people can be arranged 6! ways. H2
4R 2
6.6! 4
P
7! H2
D2 4R 2
6 4

7 4D2 H 2
4R 2
4
7. (a) (i) 4D 2 H 2
2R
2
4D 2 H 2
R
4
V r 2 h
2
e o H
4D 2 H 2
4
H (4 D 2 H 2 )

16
HD2 H3
(ii) V
(ii) cos 1 d n
1
4 16
2 3 dV D 2
3H2
(iii) x cos y
dH 4 16
Area Rectangle #
2
cos y dy
For maxima or minima,
dV
0
3 dH

1 < sin y F D2 3H2

2

i.e. 0
2 3 3 4 16
D 2 3H 2
sin sin
6 2 3 4 16
4D2
3 H2
1 3
6 2
4D2
6 3 3 H
units 2 3
6
2D 3
b
H
(iv) V #a y2 dx 3 3
2 3D
H
3
b a ab
# = f (a) 4f d n f (b) G
b
f (x) Z d2V 6H
a 6 2
1
dH2 16
0 for H 0
` V #0
2
(cos 1 x) 2 dx
< maximum
1 R V
c 0m S
1
S f (0) 4f f 2 p f c mW
0 W 2 3D
2 1 When H
Z S 3
6 2 2 W 2
2 3D > 2
e o 4D e o H
T X 2 2 3D
V
= ] cos 1 0 g2 4 d cos 1 n d cos 1 n G
1 2
1
16 3 3
12 4 2
3 D
< 4D2 F
4D2
Z 2.75 units 3
24 3
3 D 12D2 4D2
< F
24 3
3 D 3
units3
9

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Chapter 2: Geometrical Applications of Calculus 50

Chapter 3: Integration 104

Practice Assessment Task Set 1 153

Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 160

Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions 194

Chapter 6: Applications of Calculus to the Physical World 250

Practice Assessment Task Set 2 329

Chapter 7: Inverse Functions 334

prelims.indd vi 6/30/09 11:32:58 AM

Chapter 8: Series 376

Practice Assessment Task Set 3 440

Chapter 9: Polynomials 2 446

Chapter 10: The Binomial Theorem 466

Chapter 11: Probability 496

Practice Assessment Task Set 4 548

Sample Examination Papers 552

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

Coordinate methods in geometry (6.8) Chapter 1: Geometry 2

Applications of geometrical properties (2.5) Chapter 1: Geometry 2

Geometrical applications of differentiation (10.1 10.8) Chapter 2: Geometrical applications of calculus

Integration (11.1 11.4) Chapter 3: Integration

Trigonometric functions (13.1 13.6, 13.7) Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions

Probability (3.1 3.3) Chapter 11: Probability

Series (7.1 7.3) and Series applications (7.5) Chapter 8: Series

Methods of integration (11.5E) Chapter 3: Integration

Primitive of sin 2x and cos 2x (13.6E) Chapter 5: Trigonometric functions

dN Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Projectile motion (14.3E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world

Inverse functions and inverse trigonometric functions Chapter 7: Inverse functions

Induction (7.4E) Chapter 8: Series

Binomial theorem (17.1 17.3E) Chapter 10: The binomial theorem

Further probability (18.2E) Chapter 11: Probability

Iterative methods for numerical estimation of the roots of Chapter 9: Polynomials 2

I hear and I forget

Take control and be responsible for your own learning

Revise both new and older topics regularly

Summarise on cue cards or in a small notebook

Assessment tasks and exams

Here are some general guidelines for doing exams:

Good luck with your studies!

Let ABCD be a parallelogram with diagonal AC. 19.

14. AB  DC (opposite sides in < gram)

24. AD  BC (opposite sides of < gram) Exercises 1.3

Exercises 1.2 8. +AOB  +COD  90

20. y  810 000 x2

13. m AC m BD  1 1  1 5. +ABC  +ADC  90 (+s in semicircle)

WXYZ is a parallelogram. ` +AOB  +COB

11. (a) Let +RQP x ` XE  YE

12. +DAC  +CDE (given) 19. (a) +ABC  90 (+ in semicircle)

14. +ADB  90 (+ in semicircle) AD < EO < FB (given)

24. +B  180 +D (opposite +s in cyclic quad.) (b) +AOB  +COB

25. +DAC  +BAC (given)

` +ADC  +ABC (+sum of $) ` +CED  180 (90 90 x)

34. BD and AB are both tangents to the larger circle.

29. +DEC  +DCE (base +s of isosceles $)

Then +BCD  180 x (cointerior +s, AF < CD)

39. (a) +OXA  +OYC  90 46. CB2  BD BE

11. DC2 BC2  122 52 (c) BE  DE (corresponding sides in / $s)

(b) Since ADE <; ABC, Let +BAC = x

14. AB DC (opposite sides in < gram)

24. AD BC (opposite sides of < gram) Exercises 1.3

Exercises 1.2 8. +AOB +COD 90

20. y 810 000 x2

13. m AC m BD 1 1 1 5. +ABC +ADC 90 (+s in semicircle)

WXYZ is a parallelogram. ` +AOB +COB

11. (a) Let +RQP x ` XE YE

12. +DAC +CDE (given) 19. (a) +ABC 90 (+ in semicircle)

14. +ADB 90 (+ in semicircle) AD < EO < FB (given)

24. +B 180 +D (opposite +s in cyclic quad.) (b) +AOB +COB

25. +DAC +BAC (given)

` +ADC +ABC (+sum of $) ` +CED 180 (90 90 x)

29. +DEC +DCE (base +s of isosceles $)

Then +BCD 180 x (cointerior +s, AF < CD)

39. (a) +OXA +OYC 90 46. CB2 BD BE

11. DC2 BC2 122 52 (c) BE DE (corresponding sides in / $s)

(b) AB (a 0) 2 (b 0)2 16. Draw in OD.

15. +ACD +DGC (+s in alternate segment) Similarly SR < DB

Chapter 2: Geometrical applications 14. p 12

5. f l(x) 2 0 for all x

6. yl 3x2 0 for all x x 0

7. (0, 0) 8. x 3, 2 9. (a) (1, 4) (b) (0, 9) x

10. (2, 0) 11. 1 x 1 12. x 5, x 3

13. (a) x 2, 5 (b) 2 x 5 (c) x 2, x 5

4. f l(1) 11, f m( 2) 168

8. (0, 2); y m 0 on LHS, y m 0 on RHS 9. 2 x 1

17. a 2 18. p 4 19. a 3, b 3

3. (2, 5), y m 6 0 4. (0.5, 0.25), y m 0 so maximum

5. (0, 5); f m(x) 0 at (0, 5), f m(x) 0 on LHS, f m(x) 0 RHS

2. 2x 2y 120 8. Profit per person Cost Expenses

(b) a 2, b 4 12. f (x) x3 x2 x 5 13. f (2) 20.5

14. x 3 15. y x3 3x2 3 16. 150 products

25. y 10. r 3.17 cm, h 6.34 cm

13. y x2 2x 3 (There may be other solution.)

6. f l(0.6) f m(0.6) 0 and concavity changes

21. AB2 242 2 (x 4)5 8 (x 4)3

50. Let +ADB x 3. (a) 9ex (b) ex (c) ex 2x (d) 6x2 6x 5 ex