n

Water Shell Side

1

Water Tube Side

 SHELL SIDE STEAM @ 20 BAR 1 TUBE SIDE AQUEOUS SOLUTION -1
symbol values units SI Values symbol values units SI Values

Thermophysical Properties :
Density of Fluid S = 865.28 kg/m3 865.28000 Density of Fluid T = 1047.253 kg/m3 1047.25300
Viscosity S = 9.46E-02 cP 0.00009 Viscosity T = 0.8995 cP 0.00090
Thermal Conductivity kS = 4.55E-01 W/m K 0.45520 Thermal Conductivity kT = 0.517 W/m K 0.51700
Specific Heat cp,S = 4.4866 KJ/kg K 4486.60000 Specific Heat cp,T = 21.668 KJ/kg K 21668.00000
Fouling Factor RdO = 0.0002 h m2 C / kcal 0.00017 Fouling Factor Rdi = 0.000453 hr ft2 F / BTU 0.00008

Temperature T:
Temperature In TS,in = 200 C 473.15000 Temperature In TT,in = 25 C 298.15000
Temperature Out TS,out = 130 C 403.15000 Temperature Out TT,out = 130 C 403.15000

0 Specify : AQUEOUS SOLUTION Mass Flow Rate 52668.01 kg/h 1.4630002778E+01

Mass Flow Rate mS = 105.9832279 kg/s Mass Flow Rate mT = 14.63000278 kg/s
Volumetric Flow Rate qS = 0.122484315 m /s
3
Volumetric Flow Rate qT = 0.013969884 m3/s

Heat Duty Q = 33285304.52 J/sec 33285304.5198 LMTD Calculation:

Flow Type : Counter-Current

[assume] Overall Heat Range: 800 - 1500 W/m2 K Hot Ends Temp. Dif T1 = 70 C
Transfer coefficient U* = 1500 W/m2 K 1500 Cold Ends Temp. Dif T2 = 105 C
0 0
Correction Factor R = 0.6666667 S= 0.6 Log Mean Temp. Dif LMTD = 86.32062118 K
Auto fT = 0.7971 fT = 0.8 LMTD (corrected) LMTD* = 69.05649695 K
0
Heat Transfer Area : AHT = 321.334 m2

Design Specifications :
Shell Diameter DS = 35 in. 0.889 Length of Tube LT = 6 m 6
Tube Clearance cT = 0.00635 m 0.00635 Outside Dia. of Tube dO = 0.75 in. 0.01905
Baffle Spacing B= 4.5 in. 0.1143 Thickness of Tube = 14 BWG 0.0021082
Tube Pitch PT = 1 in. 0.0254 Inside Dia. of Tube di = 0.0148336
Outer Surface Area [Single Tube] : aST = 0.359084 m2

Pitch Type : Equivalent Diameter No. of Tubes NT = 895 No. of Tube Passes NP :
Triangular DH = 0.0180335 m No. of Tubes per Pass n= 224 4

Flow Area [= cT B DS / PT] aS = 0.025403175 m2 Flow Area of Tube [inside] aT = 0.0387107 m2 Phase:
Linear Velocity of Tube [inside] uT = 0.36087913 m/s Liquid

Mass Velocity [= mS / aS] GS = 4172.046522 kg/m2 s Mass Velocity [= mT / aT] GT = 377.9317526 kg/m2 s 278221.620342

Heat Transfer Co-efficient Calculations :

Reynolds # [= DHGS/S] ReS = 795507 Turbulent Flow Reynolds # [= TuTdi /T] ReT = 6232 Turbulent Flow
Prandtl # [= cp,S S / kS] PrS = 0.932 Prandtl # [= cp,T T /kT] PrT = 37.699

Method: NuS = 618.8194492 Method: NuT = 87.08927376

Auto jH = 18 Auto jH = 85

Shell Side HT Co-efficient hO,S = 15620.2657 W / m2 K Tube Side HT Co-efficient hi,T = 3035.34911 W / m2 K

[Design] Overall Heat Transfer coefficient Udo = 1313.129 W / m2 K

Pressure Drop Calculations :

g= 9.8

Friction Factor (use graph) fS = 0.003 Fig 29 Qern Page #839 Friction Factor (use graph) fT = 0.0005 Fig 26 Qern Page #836
Number of Baffles Nb = 51.49343832 Pressure Drop PT = 5.629291791 kgf / m2
Pressure Drop PS = 7967.699194 kgf / m2 Return Loss Pr = 111.3368836 kgf / m2

Shell Side Pressure Drop PS = 7967.69919 kgf / m2 Tube Side Pressure Drop PT = 116.966175 kgf / m2
78.0834521 KPa 1.146268519 KPa
0.78083452 bar 0.01146269 bar
11.33096491 psi 0.166339064 psi
1.013
Background

A shell and tube heat exchanger, also known as the workhorse of industrial process heat transfe

It is the most common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical processe
are used when economical. Though the application of other types of heat exchangers is increasin
largely because of its versatility

Construction

As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a largepr
through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) t
called a tube bundle, and may be composed by several types of tubes: plain,
Shell and tube heat exchanger units can be designed for almost any combination of pressure and t

Requirements of Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers have to fulfil1 the following requirements:

1. High thermal effectiveness
2. Pressure drop as low as possible
3. Reliability and life expectancy
4. High-quality product and safe operation
5. Material compatibility with the process fluids
6. Convenient size, easy for installation, reliable in use
7. Easy for maintenance and servicing
8. Light in weight but strong in construction to withstand the operational pressures
9. Simplicity of manufacture
10. Low cost
11. Possibility of effecting repair to maintenance problems

Design Equations of Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers

 Reference: http://www.engineeringpage.com/technology/thermal/transfer.htm
Page 840 | D. Q. Kern' Process Heat Transfer

Typical Overall Coefficients

Shell & Tube Exchangers

Water Water
Hot fluid Cold fluid
Water Water
Organic Solvents Organic Solvents
Light Oils Light oils
Heavy Oils Heavy oils
Reduced Crude Flashed crude
Regenerated DEA Foul DEA
Gases (P = atm) Gases (P = atm)
Gases (P = 200 bar) Gases (P = 200 bar)

Coolers
Organic Solvents Water
Light Oils Water
Heavy Oils Water
Reduced Crude Water
Gases (P = atm) Water
Gases (P = 200 bar) Water
Gases Water
Organic Solvents Brine
Water Brine
Gases Brine

Heaters
Steam Water
Steam Organic Solvents
Steam Light Oils
Steam Heavy Oils
Steam Gases
Dowtherm Heavy Oils
Dowtherm Gases
Flue Gases Steam
Flue Gases Hydrocarbon Vapours

Condensors
Aqueous Vapours Water
Organic Vapours Water
Refinery Hydrocarbons Water
Organics (some non-condensables) Water
Vacuum Condensors Water

Vaporisers
Steam Aqueous Solution
Steam Light organics
Steam Heavy Organics
Dowtherm Refinery Hydrocarbons
ogy/thermal/transfer.html
at Transfer

cients
s
Range Index
800 1500 1

U (W/m2C)
800 1500 1
100 300 0
100 400 0
50 300 0
35 150 0
450 650 0
5 35 0
100 300 0
0
0
250 750 0
350 700 0
60 300 0
75 200 0
5 35 0
150 400 0
20 300 0
150 500 0
600 1200 0
15 250 0
0
0
1500 4000 0
500 1000 0
300 900 0
60 450 0
30 300 0
50 300 0
20 200 0
30 100 0
30 100 0
0
0
1000 1500 0
700 1000 0
400 550 0
500 700 0
200 500 0
0
0
1000 1500 0
900 1200 0
600 900 0
250 550 0
 Special Thanks: Muhammad Arsala
Reference: Page 37 | Ernest E. Ludwig' Applied Process Design fo

Tube Count [Fixed

Shell & Tube Exchang
NP Pitch Type dO (m) PT (m) T

4 Triangular 0.75 1 0 44 72 96 134 180

inches 8 10 12 13.25 15.25 17.25

Inner Diameter of
SHELL
metres 0.2032 0.254 0.3048 0.33655 0.38735 0.43815

1 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 33 69 105 135 193 247

1 Triangular 0.75 1 33 57 91 117 157 217
1 Square 0.75 1 33 53 85 101 139 183
1 Triangular 1 1.25 15 33 57 73 103 133
1 Square 1 1.25 17 33 45 65 83 111
2 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 32 58 94 124 166 228
2 Triangular 0.75 1 28 56 90 110 154 208
2 Square 0.75 1 26 48 78 94 126 172
2 Triangular 1 1.25 16 32 52 62 92 126
2 Square 1 1.25 12 26 40 56 76 106
4 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 48 84 108 154 196
4 Triangular 0.75 1 44 72 96 134 180
4 Square 0.75 1 48 72 88 126 142
4 Triangular 1 1.25 24 44 60 78 104
4 Square 1 1.25 24 40 48 74 84
6 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 80 116 174
6 Triangular 0.75 1 66 104 156
6 Square 0.75 1 54 78 116
6 Triangular 1 1.25 34 56 82
6 Square 1 1.25 44 66
8 Triangular 0.75 0.9375 94 140
8 Triangular 0.75 1 82 124
8 Square 0.75 1 94
8 Triangular 1 1.25 66
8 Square 1 1.25
uhammad Arsalan Khan [2010 - CH - 120]
rocess Design for Chemical & Petrochemical Plants, 3rd Ed, Vol.3 (1999)

ount [Fixed Tubes]

& Tube Exchangers Calculated # of Tubes

Tube Count

232 294 360 424 508 596 692 802 912 1024

19.25 21.25 23.25 25 27 29 31 33 35 37

0.48895 0.53975 0.59055 0.635 0.6858 0.7366 0.7874 0.8382 0.889 0.9398

307 391 481 553 663 763 881 1019 1143 1269
277 343 423 493 577 667 765 889 1007 1127
235 287 355 419 495 587 665 765 865 965
163 205 247 307 361 427 481 551 633 699
139 179 215 255 303 359 413 477 545 595
300 370 452 528 626 734 846 964 1088 1242
264 326 398 468 556 646 746 858 972 1088
222 280 346 408 486 560 644 746 840 946
162 204 244 292 346 410 462 530 608 688
136 172 218 248 298 348 402 460 522 584
266 332 412 484 576 680 788 904 1024 1172
232 294 360 424 508 596 692 802 912 1024
192 242 308 366 440 510 590 688 778 880
138 176 212 258 308 368 422 486 560 638
110 142 188 214 260 310 360 414 476 534
230 294 372 440 532 632 732 844 964 1106
202 258 322 388 464 548 640 744 856 964
158 212 266 324 394 460 536 634 224 818
112 150 182 226 274 338 382 442 514 586
88 116 154 184 226 268 318 368 430 484
198 258 332 398 484 576 682 790 902 1040
170 224 286 344 422 496 588 694 798 902
132 174 228 286 352 414 490 576 662 760
90 120 154 190 240 298 342 400 466 542
74 94 128 150 192 230 280 334 388 438
(1999)

895
Index

12

35
0.889
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 kg/h 2.77777778E-04 GaugeRange
Mass.FR (7/0)
kg/s 1.00000000E+00 (6/0)
kg/min 1.66666667E-02 (5/0)
kg/h 2.77777778E-04 (4/0)
kg/day 1.15740741E-05 (3/0)
tonne/h 2.77777778E-01 (2/0)
tonne/day 1.15740741E-02 0
tonne/yr 3.17097921E-05 1
g/s 1.00000000E-03 2
g/min 1.66666667E-05 3
g/h 2.77777778E-07 4
g/day 1.15740741E-08 5
lb/s 4.53592370E-01 6
lb/min 7.55987283E-03 7
lb/h 1.25997881E-04 8
Mlb/h 1.25997881E-01 9
lb/day 5.24991169E-06 10
M lb/day 5.24991169E-03 11
MM lb/day 5.24991169E+00 12
tn(short)/s 9.07184740E+02 13
tn(short)/min 1.51197457E+01 14
tn(short)/h 2.51995761E-01 15
tn(short)/day 1.04998234E-02 16
tn(long)/s 1.01604691E+03 17
tn(long)/min 1.69341152E+01 18
tn(long)/h 2.82235253E-01 19
tn(long)/day 1.17598022E-02 20
Vol.FR 21
m3/sec 1.00000000E+00 22
m3/min 1.66700000E-02 23
m3/h 2.77800000E-04 24
m3/day 1.15700000E-05 25
L/sec 1.00000000E-03 26
L/min 1.66700000E-05 27
L/h 2.77800000E-07 28
L/day 1.15700000E-08 29
barrel/s 1.58987295E-01 30
barrel/min 2.64960000E-03 31
barrel/h 4.41600000E-05 32
barrel/day 1.84000000E-06 33
gallon/s [US] 3.78541200E-03 34
gallon/min [US] 6.30900000E-05 35
gallon/h [US] 1.05200000E-06 36
gallon/day [US] 4.38333333E-08 37
MGPD 4.38100000E-05 38
MMGPD 4.38100000E-02 39
gallon/s [UK] 4.54609000E-03 40
gallon/min [UK] 7.57681667E-05 41
gallon/h [UK] 1.26280278E-06 42
gallon/day [UK] 5.26167824E-08 43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
 Hot.Fluids Process.Fluid Process.FR
Aqueous Vapours STEAM @ 20 BAR Mass Flow Rate
Dowtherm AQUEOUS SOLUTION Volumetric Flow Rate
Flue Gases
Gases
Gases (P = 200 bar) Temp. Length
Gases (P = atm) K m
Heavy Oils C cm
Light Oils F mm
Organic Solvents ft
Organic Vapours in.
Organics (some non-condensables)
Reduced Crude
Refinery Hydrocarbons Thermal.Cond Heat.Capacity
Regenerated DEA W/m K J/kg K
Steam J/s m K KJ/kg K
Water BTU/hr ft F cal/g C
BTU/lb F
Cold.Fluids
Aqueous Solution
Brine
Flashed Crude
Foul DEA
Gases
Gases (P = 200 bar)
Gases (P = atm)
Heavy Oils
Heavy Organics
Hydrocarbon Vapours
Light Oils
Light Organics
Organic Solvents
Refinery Hydrocarbons
Steam
Water
 Fluid.Side FlowType PitchType FT.Entry
Shell Side Parallel Triangular Auto
Flow Rate Tube Side Counter-Current Square Manual

Gauge Density Viscosity

BWG kg/m 3
kg/ms
SWG g/L P
AWG g/cm3 cP
lb/ft 3

lb/in.3

HT.C. Fouling.Factor
W/m K2
m2 K / W
cal/s m2 C s m2 C / cal
kcal/h m2 C h m2 C / kcal
BTU/hr ft2 F hr ft2 F / BTU
Phase Tube.Pitch.Values Hi.Calc
Gas 15/16 Auto
Liquid 1 Manual
1 1/4

Do.Values
3/ 4
1
 B.W.G
inches m
(7/0) -
(6/0) -
(5/0) 0.5 0.0127
(4/0) 0.454 0.0115316
(3/0) 0.425 0.010795
(2/0) 0.38 0.009652
0 0.34 0.008636
1 0.3 0.00762
2 0.284 0.0072136
3 0.259 0.0065786
4 0.238 0.0060452
5 0.22 0.005588
6 0.203 0.0051562
7 0.18 0.004572
8 0.165 0.004191
9 0.148 0.0037592
10 0.134 0.0034036
11 0.12 0.003048
12 0.109 0.0027686
13 0.095 0.002413
14 0.083 0.0021082
15 0.072 0.0018288
16 0.065 0.001651
17 0.058 0.0014732
18 0.049 0.0012446
19 0.042 0.0010668
20 0.035 0.000889
21 0.032 0.0008128
22 0.028 0.0007112
23 0.025 0.000635
24 0.022 0.0005588
25 0.02 0.000508
26 0.018 0.0004572
27 0.016 0.0004064
28 0.014 0.0003556
29 0.013 0.0003302
30 0.012 0.0003048
31 0.01 0.000254
32 0.009 0.0002286
33 0.008 0.0002032
34 0.007 0.0001778
35 0.005 0.000127
36 0.004 0.0001016
37 -
38 -
39 -
40 -
41 -
42 -
43 -
44 -
45 -
46 -
47 -
48 -
49 -
50 -
No_Passes
1
2
4
6
8
10
o_Passes
 S.W.G
inches m
(7/0) 0.5 0.0127
(6/0) 0.464 0.0117856
(5/0) 0.432 0.0109728
(4/0) 0.4 0.01016
(3/0) 0.372 0.0094488
(2/0) 0.348 0.0088392
0 0.324 0.0082296
1 0.3 0.00762
2 0.276 0.0070104
3 0.252 0.0064008
4 0.232 0.0058928
5 0.212 0.0053848
6 0.192 0.0048768
7 0.176 0.0044704
8 0.16 0.004064
9 0.144 0.0036576
10 0.128 0.0032512
11 0.116 0.0029464
12 0.104 0.0026416
13 0.092 0.0023368
14 0.08 0.002032
15 0.072 0.0018288
16 0.064 0.0016256
17 0.056 0.0014224
18 0.048 0.0012192
19 0.04 0.001016
20 0.036 0.0009144
21 0.032 0.0008128
22 0.028 0.0007112
23 0.024 0.0006096
24 0.022 0.0005588
25 0.02 0.000508
26 0.018 0.0004572
27 0.0164 0.00041656
28 0.0148 0.00037592
29 0.0136 0.00034544
30 0.0124 0.00031496
31 0.0116 0.00029464
32 0.0108 0.00027432
33 0.01 0.000254
34 0.0092 0.00023368
35 0.0084 0.00021336
36 0.0076 0.00019304
37 0.0068 0.00017272
38 0.006 0.0001524
39 0.0052 0.00013208
40 0.0048 0.00012192
41 0.0044 0.00011176
42 0.004 0.0001016
43 0.0036 0.00009144
44 0.0032 0.00008128
45 0.0028 0.00007112
46 0.0024 0.00006096
47 0.002 0.0000508
48 0.0016 0.00004064
49 0.0012 0.00003048
50 0.001 0.0000254
 A.W.G
inches m
(7/0) -
(6/0) -
(5/0) -
(4/0) 0.46 0.011684
(3/0) 0.4096 0.01040384
(2/0) 0.3648 0.00926592
0 0.3249 0.00825246
1 0.2893 0.00734822
2 0.2576 0.00654304
3 0.2294 0.00582676
4 0.2043 0.00518922
5 0.1819 0.00462026
6 0.162 0.0041148
7 0.1443 0.00366522
8 0.1285 0.0032639
9 0.1144 0.00290576
10 0.1019 0.00258826
11 0.0907 0.00230378
12 0.0808 0.00205232
13 0.072 0.0018288
14 0.0641 0.00162814
15 0.0571 0.00145034
16 0.0508 0.00129032
17 0.0453 0.00115062
18 0.0403 0.00102362
19 0.0359 0.00091186
20 0.032 0.0008128
21 0.0285 0.0007239
22 0.0253 0.00064262
23 0.0226 0.00057404
24 0.0201 0.00051054
25 0.0179 0.00045466
26 0.0159 0.00040386
27 0.0142 0.00036068
28 0.0126 0.00032004
29 0.0113 0.00028702
30 0.01 0.000254
31 0.00893 0.000226822
32 0.00795 0.00020193
33 0.00708 0.000179832
34 0.0063 0.00016002
35 0.00561 0.000142494
36 0.005 0.000127
37 0.00445 0.00011303
38 0.00397 0.000100838
39 0.00353 0.000089662
40 0.00314 0.000079756
41 -
42 -
43 -
44 -
45 -
46 -
47 -
48 -
49 -
50 -
Liquid Oil C1 C2 Shell Side - LWK
10 API 0.00382 1.12 API C1 C2 delta T
15 ApI 0.0031 0.75 40 0.00134 0.02 201
20 API 0.00238 0.38 45 0.001127 0.01 201
25 API 0.0022 0.24
30 API 0.002 0.1 API 1 Kc API 2 Kc
35 API 0.00167 0.06 40 0.28934 45 0.236527
40 API 0.00134 0.02
45 API 0.001127 0.01 Tube Side -Crude
50 API 0.000914 0 API C1 C2 delta T
55 API 0.000796 0 40 0.00134 0.02 45
60 API 0.000678 0 45 0.001127 0.01 45

API 1 Kc API 2 Kc
40 0.0803 45 0.060715

R 0.223881
Kc
0.28934
0.236527

API Kc Fc Tc
42.91 0.2586 0.36 207.36 F

Kc
0.0803
0.060715

API Kc Fc tc
44.28 0.06354 0.37 101.65 F
Liquid Oil C1 c2 Shell Side - LWK
10 API 1.025 0.00036 API
15 API 0.955 0.000359 40
20 API 0.955 0.000365 45
25 API 0.923 0.000368
30 API 0.895 0.000365 API 1
35 API 0.873 0.000388 40
40 API 0.842 0.00038 0 < t < 700
0.985 0.00057 t > 700
45 API 0.828 0.00041 0 < t < 700
1 0.00066 t > 700 Tube Side -Crude
50 API 0.805 0.00044 0 < t < 600 API
1.1 0.000895 t > 600 40
55 API 0.785 0.000446 0 < t < 550 45
1.185 0.0021 t > 550
60 API 0.763 0.000446 0 < t < 500 API 1
1.9 0.00242 t > 500 40

Sp.G C1-C2t
hell Side - LWK
C1 C2 T SpG
0.842 0.00038 207.36 0.763203
0.828 0.00041 207.36 0.742982

Kc API 2 Kc API SpG row

0.763203 45 0.742982 42.91 0.75143 751.4347 kg/m3

ube Side -Crude

C1 C2 T SpG
0.842 0.00038 101.65 0.803373
0.828 0.00041 101.65 0.786324

Kc API 2 Kc API SpG row

0.803373 45 0.786324 44.28 0.78878 788.7786 kg/m3
 50 100 150 200 300 400
10 API (C.P) 1500 150 45 17 5 2
20 API (C.P.) 150 28 12 5 2 0.95
30 API (C.P.) 26 9 4.5 2.7 1.3 0.7
35 API (C.P) 15 5.9 3 1.7 0.75 0.4
40 API (C.P.) 8 4 2.3 1.4 0.6 0.25
45 API (C.P.) 4.8 2.8 1.8 1.3 0.7 0.43
50 API (C.P.) 3 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.25
60 API (C.P.) 0.9 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.3 0.2

Shell Side - LWK

API 1 API 2 API

200 40 1.4 45 1.3 42.91 1.3418
300 40 0.6 45 0.7 42.91 0.6582

Tube Side - Crude

API 1 API 2 API

100 40 4 45 2.8 44.28 2.9728
150 40 2.3 45 1.8 44.28 1.872
 600
0.6
0.4
0.35
0.15
0.09
0.26
0.125
0.1

API T API 2 API

42.91 200 1.3418 300 0.6582 207.36 1.29149

API T API 2 API

42.91 100 2.9728 150 1.872 101.65 2.93647
cP

cP
Liquid Oil C1 C2
10 API 0.0685 0.0000208 Shell Side - LWK
15 ApI 0.0708 0.0000213 API C1 C2
20 API 0.0735 0.0000225 40 0.083 0.0000243
25 API 0.0759 0.0000225 45 0.0852 0.0000248
30 API 0.078 0.000023
35 API 0.0801 0.000025 API 1 Kc API 2
40 API 0.083 0.0000243 40 0.077961 45
45 API 0.0852 0.0000248
50 API 0.088 0.0000258
55 API 0.0902 0.0000267
60 API 0.0925 0.0000275 Tube Side -Crude
API C1 C2
40 0.083 0.0000243
45 0.0852 0.0000248
K C1-C2t
API 1 Kc API 2
40 0.08053 45
T K
207.36 0.077961
207.36 0.080057

Kc API K
0.080057 42.91 0.07918 BTU/hr ft F

T SpG
101.65 0.08053
101.65 0.082679

Kc API K
0.082679 44.28 0.08237 BTU/hr ft F
Liquid Oil C1 C2
10 API 0.00051 0.323 Shell Side - LWK
15 API 0.000518 0.3315 API C1 C2 T
20 API 0.000527 0.34 40 0.000556 0.374 207.36
25 API 0.000535 0.3495 45 0.000562 0.381 207.36
30 API 0.000542 0.359
35 API 0.000549 0.3665 API 1 Cp API 2 Cp
40 API 0.000556 0.374 40 0.544892 45 0.553736
45 API 0.000562 0.381
50 API 0.000567 0.388
55 API 0.000576 0.394
60 API 0.000584 0.4 Tube Side -Crude
API C1 C2 T
40 0.000556 0.374 101.65
45 0.000562 0.381 101.65
Cp C1(t+100) + C2
API 1 Cp API 2 Cp
40 0.486117 45 0.494327
Cp
0.544892
0.553736

API Cp
42.91 0.55004 BTU/lb F

Cp
0.486117
0.494327

API Cp
44.28 0.49315 BTU/lb F
REFINERY FLUIDS - Fouling Factors in [m2K/W] http://www.engineeringpage.c
Crude - wet,
(bearing salty water)
Temperature 0 to 95 C95 to 160 160 to 260
Velocity
< 0.6 m/s 0.00053 0.00088 0.00105
0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.0007 0.00088
> 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.0007 0.0007

Crude - dry
Temperature 0 to 95 C95 to 160 160 to 260
Velocity
< 0.6 m/s 0.00053 0.00053 0.00070
0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.00035 0.00053
> 1.2 m/s 0.00035 0.00035 0.00035

Products Gasoline 0.00018

Naphtha and Light Distillates 0.00018

Kerosene 0.00018
Light gas oil 0.00035
Heavy gas oil 0.00053
Heavy fuel oils 0.00088
Asphalt and residuum 0.00176

Cracking and
Overhead vapors 0.00035
Coking Units streams
Light cycle oil 0.00035
Heavy cycle oil 0.00053
Light coker gas oil 0.00053
Heavy coker gas oil 0.0007

Bottom slurry (> 1.5 m/s) 0.00053

Bottom liquid products 0.00035

Catalytic Reforming,
Reformer charge 0.00035
Hydrocracking,
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
Reformer effluent 0.00018

Hydrocracker charge and effluent 0.00035

Recycle gas 0.00018

HDS charge and effluent 0.00035

Overhead vapors 0.00018

Liquid product > 50 API 0.00018

 Liquid product 30 to 50 API 0.00035

Light EndsOverhead vapors and gases 0.00018

processing streams
Liquid products 0.00018
Absorption oils 0.00035

Alkylation trace acid streams 0.00053

Reboiler streams 0.00053

Lube oil processing streams 0.00053

Feed stock 0.00035
Solvent feed mix 0.00035
Solvent 0.00018
Extract 0.00035
Raffinate 0.00018
Asphalt 0.00088
Wax slurries 0.00053
Refined lube oil 0.00018
ttp://www.engineeringpage.com/technology/thermal/fouling_factors.html#fouling_factors

> 95 C

0.00123
0.00106
0.00088

> 95 C

0.00088
0.0007
0.00053