Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND

May 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926

The relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and

perfectionism with marital satisfaction in women employees of Shiraz welfare
organization

Somayeh Tahmasebi
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Science and research branch,
Kerman, Iran

Baratali Maleki
Department of Psychiatry, Iran Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran

Masumeh Rezayi Aval

Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Science and research branch,
Kerman, Iran

Fereshte Tahmasebi
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Firuzabad branch, Firuzabad, Iran

Abstract

Young couples are the most important human capitals and producers of the next generation; a
generation that has to enjoy physical and mental health for the growth and development of the
community. This requires the least satisfying marital affairs. This paper examines the
relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and perfectionism with marital
satisfaction in women employees of Shiraz welfare organization. The sample consisted of 92
employees who were selected by simple random sampling. Hans-Jurgen Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction and Ahvaz Perfectionism Scale by Najarian et al
(2008) were used as research tools. Correlation method is used in the study and the results of
Pearson's correlation test at 0.02 level showed that there is a significant positive relationship
between extravert personality and marital satisfaction. But there is no significant relationship
between introvert personality and marital satisfaction. In addition, there is a negative
relationship between variable of perfectionism and marital satisfaction, as well as the results of
regression t 0.02 level showed that personality type is a significant predictor of marital
satisfaction, but perfectionism is not a significant predictor of marital. Given the important role
of personality types of couples and perfectionism in predicting their marital satisfaction and
stability, it is better these important factors be considered in consultancy before marriage.

Keywords: personality types (introvert - extrovert), perfectionism, marital satisfaction,

simple random sampling.

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Introduction
Family is an entity or social institution which is formed through institution of marriage between
men and women. A persons satisfaction from marital status is considered as his or her
satisfaction of family, and family satisfaction is the satisfaction of life, and thus it facilitates
material and spiritual growth, development and progress of society (Edalati and Redzuan, 2010).
One of the common concepts to illustrate happiness and marriage stability, is the concept of
marital satisfaction. In fact, marital satisfaction presents a general assessment of the current
relationship situation. There have been many scientific efforts to increase marital satisfaction.
These efforts led to the development of intervention strategies which can be divided into three
categories: (a) preparation programs for spouses before marriage; (b) after marriage Enrichment
programs; (c) marriage counsel for discordant couples (Ahmadi, 2004). Several factors in marital
relationships lead to satisfaction of spouses from one another. Perfectionism is one of the
contributing factors in marital satisfaction. Perfectionism was defined by Burns for the first time
as a one-dimensional structure (Hill et al., 2001).

Marriage as the basis for the formation of the family and the most important event in a person's
life, has always taken into consideration in public opinion and in scientific research and
academic community. Marriage is an important social and legal institution that supports stable
marital relations by providing a specific set of rights, privileges, obligations, responsibilities and
new role expectations and contributes to the survival and continuity of family and social
structure (Bagheri, 2004). Although marriage is interpreted with the lowest complexity and
highest enjoyment by the couple, it is still stressful. (Ghorbanalipour et al., 2008). Islam's
attitude toward marriage is based on religious, social and psychological impacts on the
individual. In a study by Waring et al (1981), the found that the ravages of marriage and marital
dissatisfaction is significantly associated with the prevalence of emotional disorders in the
general population, while satisfying marriage would promote health and prevents negative events
of life and psychological problems. Consequences of divorce is important in the social body and
the emergence of its turmoil for the couple in various mental, behavioral, social and economic
aspects and reveals particular importance and urgency of treatment on marital satisfaction and
providing strategies to intervene in this issue (Ameri, 2003). This paper aims to study the
following hypotheses:

1. There is a relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and marital satisfaction

of women employees in welfare organization.
2. There is a relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and components of
marital satisfaction of women employees in welfare organization.
3. There is a relationship between perfectionism and marital satisfaction of women employees in
Shiraz welfare organization.
4. There is a relationship between perfectionism and components of marital satisfaction of
women employees in Shiraz welfare organization.
5. Perfectionism and personality types (introvert-extrovert) can predict marital satisfaction of
women employees in welfare organization.

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Marital Satisfaction

Marital satisfaction is an overall assessment of the person's current marital relationship or

romantic relationship. Marital satisfaction may be a reflection of the marital relationship
happiness or being satisfied by a combination of many marital factors. Marital satisfaction can be
considered as a psychological situation, which does not occur spontaneously, but requires
couples effort. Especially in the early years, marital satisfaction is very unstable and relations
are at greatest risk (Ahmadi, Nabipoor, Kimiaee and Afzali, 2010).

Personality types (introvert-extrovert)

Eysenck as one of personality experts stated that personality dimensions is not created by
cultural random happenings, but rather the result of genetic and neurophysiological construction
of the human species. If the personality have a biological basis, in this case, two basic premises
must be true: First, the main dimensions of personality should be universal and not limited to a
particular culture. Secondly, there should be neurophysiological differences between the people
who are at the end of a dimension (for example, introverts) and those who are on the other end
(for example, extroverts) (Feist, translated by Seyyed Mohammadi, 2008). Accordingly Eysenck
says that the main reason for differences between introverts and extroverts is their brain arousal
level (Eysenck, 1997). In other words, he believes that introverts and extroverts are different in
the functioning of their brain; the ascending reticular activating system (Eysenck, 1967).

Perfectionism

Another variable in addition to personality types (introvert-extrovert) is individuals

perfectionism. Perfectionism is one of the contributing factors in marital satisfaction.
Historically, the concept of perfectionism is a psychological issue of interest to many
psychologists. Freud attributed perfectionism to super-ego extremist actions. Since then, the
psychological nature of the character of these structures, as a persistent desire to lay a complete
and unattainable standards and trying to implement them is emphasized. Dividing into a normal
circuit - neurotic perfectionism is a reflection of this approach. Based on this classification,
circuit perfectionism enjoys the effort and competition for being supremacy and perfection and at
the same time recognizes personal limitations. But neurotic perfectionism, due to unrealistic
expectations will not be satisfied with ones performance (Besharat, 2004).

Research Methodology

According to the research topic and objectives, the present study is descriptive and used
correlations.

Statistical Population

The population of this study included all married women employees of Shiraz welfare
organization.

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Sample size and sampling method

In the present study the population included all married women employees of Shiraz welfare
organization in 1392 with respect to age entry of criteria (25 to 45 years), no history of divorce
or separation and no certain physical illnesses, which was equal to 120. To determine the sample
size, Morgan and Krejcie Table (1970) was used. The sample in this study determined 92
married women employees of Shiraz welfare organization. In addition, according to the
statistical population and sample size, simple random sampling was done.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire was distributed to the 92 employees, the number of people in this center were
selected by simple random sampling. The research survey was to gather information to verify the
hypothesis. The general research questionnaire was used to collect data, as follows:
Demographic Factors Questionnaire
The questionnaire included questions related to education, age, salary, duration of marriage,
number of children that have been developed by the researcher.
ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire
To collect data to measure marital satisfaction, ENRICH questionnaire was used. Each questions
has 5 options (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree). ENRICH validity
and reliability have been obtained by researchers.

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire is made by Jrgen Eysenck Hans in relation to the assessment
of types and traits of personality sets. This questionnaire contains a lie detector scale (L). But
more important is that this questionnaire evaluates extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N)
independently, with near-zero correlation between extraversion and neuroticism (Feist,
translation by Seyyed Mohammadi, 2008). This questionnaire is applicable for people over 16
years and has 57 questions. The coefficient alpha of this questionnaire for the scale of, E, N and
L obtained, respectively as 0.63, 0.78, and 0.56 that is the indication of its favorable validation.
Ahvaz Perfectionism Scale
This tool is a self-report scale that has been made in 1998 by Najarian, Attari and Zargar and has
been implemented for the first time on a sample of 395 students of Islamic Azad University of
Ahvaz and Chamran University. This scale consists of 27 items with four options (never, rarely,
sometimes, often) that except for Articles of 11, 16, 17 and 22 which use reverse scoring, in the
matter of any option, a score from 1 to 4 will be determined and perfectionism scores will be
determined in the end.

To test the validity of perfectionism measure, Najarian et al. correlated it simultaneously with the
scale of personality type pattern, somatic complaints subscales, and Cooper Smith scale.
Correlation coefficients between scores of subjects on perfectionism measures were
perfectionism behavioral patterns scale 0.65, somatic complaints scale 0.41 and Cooper Smith
scale 0.39, respectively that was significant at 0.05 level. Perfectionism Scale reliability using
Cronbach's alpha and split-half were 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. In this study, reliability of the

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perfectionism scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha and split-half methods; equal to 0.86
and 0.85 which indicates acceptable values of the scale. Reliability of perfectionism
questionnaire varies between 0.54 and 0.86. For determining the validity of the questionnaire, its
score was correlated with the responsibility and the results showed a significant negative
correlation between them, that indicates the validity of perfectionism scale (P = 0.001 and r =
0.24).

Findings and results

The mean and standard deviation of marital satisfaction and its components are shown in Table1.
Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of marital satisfaction and its components
components Mean standard deviation
Ideal distortion 11/40 2/40
Relationship 12/44 2/58
Satisfaction 20/40 0/18
Personality 11/49 2/63
Conflict solving 12/61 2/49
Roles equality 3/34 1/39
Financial issues 14/13 2/63
Leisure time 12/65 2/85
Sexual issues 4/81 2/35
Children 12/83 2/11
Friends and relatives 11/46 2/19
Religious orientation 16/46 2/66
Marital Satisfaction 104/81 13/52

There is a relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and marital satisfaction

of women employees.
To investigate this hypothesis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results are
presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Pearson's correlation coefficient between personality types and marital satisfaction.
variables mean standard correlation Significance
deviation coefficient level
introvert 11/24 1/41 4/20
marital satisfaction 108/48 13/53
extrovert 18/06 1/60 4/68 4/42
marital satisfaction 186/95 18/51

It can be seen that there is a significant positive relationship between extrovert personality and
marital satisfaction of women employees, which means as each employee's level of extroversion
is higher, marital satisfaction would be higher and vice versa, but there was no significant
relationship between introversion and marital satisfaction.

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The results of this hypothesis that is related to extroversion are in consistent with the findings of
Rajabi and Bongan (2008), but are not consistent with the findings of Nemechek and Olson
(1999) and Ahadi Eskandari (2009). The results related to introversion factor are not consistent
with the findings of Shockley Ford, Gatz (2007).

Based on the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that extroverts, due to stronger social
interaction, are able to communicate better with other people and this strong interaction will
push people toward marital satisfaction. Also, many studies have shown that extroversion is a
very important factor in shaping the quality of close relationships including marriage. But
introverts are neutral in marital quality because of shyness and lack of proper social interaction
(Rajabi and Bongan, 2008).

There is a relationship between personality types (introvert-extrovert) and components of

marital satisfaction in women employees
To investigate this hypothesis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results are
presented in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3. Pearson correlation matrix between introvert personality and components of marital satisfaction
componen 1 2 6 0 8 3 9 5 4 14 11 12
ts
1. Ideal
2. 4/25*
Communi
cation
3. /01** 04**
Satisfactio /
n
4. 4/66** 34** 85**
Personalit / /
y
5. Solving 4/44 31** 4/22 /06**
/
6. roles 4/10 62** 64** 4/29 **
4/ 4/ /03
7. 4/16 4/22 4/16 4/29* ** 4/22
Financial 4/83
8. Leisure 4/83** 4/40 66** 4/14 4/14 /28* 4/11
4/ 4
9. 4/69** /64* 65** 4/24 4/19 4/16 4/44 /03**
sexuality 4 4/
10. 4/26 4/42 4/14 4/12 4/48 4/41 4/15 4/23* 4/12
children
11. 4/15 61** 89** /64** /25* 4/19 4/45 4/19 /66** 4/19
Relatives / /
12. 4/10 4/18 4/40 4/25* ** 4/20 4/20 4/43 4/14 4/42 4/23*

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Religious 4/62
13. 4/41 4/18 4/44 4/45 4/24 4/12 4/16 4/43 4/16 69** 4/28* 4/26
introversio 4/
n
**P<0/01,*P<0/05

According to Table 3, it can be observed that there is a significant and positive relationship
between introvert personality and the components of marriage and children and relatives, and no
significant has been found with the other components of marital satisfaction.

Table 4: Matrix correlation between extrovert personality and components of marital satisfaction
componen 1 2 6 0 8 3 9 5 4 14 11 12
ts
1. Ideal
2. /06**
Communi
cation
3. /02** 4/16
Satisfactio
n
4. /02** /62** /34**
Personalit 4 4
y
5. Solving 4/45 /88** 4/49 4/28*
6. roles 4/26 /31** 4/11 4/29* **
4 4/94
7. /82** 4/18 /00** 4/13 4/21 4/26
Financial 4
8. Leisure 4/16 4/46 4/22 4/44 4/42 4/13
/23*
4
9. 4/25* 4/40 4/18 4/44 4/46 4/45 85** 4/14
sexuality /
10. 4/45 4/25* 4/14 4/14 /64* 4/29* /25* 4/23* 4/14
children 4 4
11. 4/18 4/10 4/10 4/24* 4/16 4/46 4/13 4/11 4/43 4/26
Relatives
12. /61** 4/40 4/16 /04** ** 4/23* 4/26 /61** 4/14 68** 4/13
Religious 4 4/04 4 4/
13. 4/40 /63** 4/41 4/46 4/12 4/12 82** /24* /89** 09** 4/18 61**
extroversi 4 / / /
on
**P<0/01,*P<0/05
According to Table 4 it can be seen that there is a significant and positive relationship between
extrovert personality and components of marital relationship, financial monitoring, leisure

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activities, sexual relationships, marriage and children, and religious orientation and no significant
has been found with the other components of marital satisfaction.
The results of this hypothesis are in consistent with the findings of Schmidt (2003), Hayes (2003)
and Gums et al. (2009), but not consistent with findings of Hills and Argyle (2001).
Based on the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that extroverts have the following
characteristics:

Social, have many friends, impulsive repartee, optimistic, carefree, risk takers, interested in
participating in circles, interested in change and diversity, uncontrolled emotions, thrill-seeking,
often unreliable and prone to aggression (Eysenck , 1985).
In contrast introverts have the following characteristics:
Cautious, quiet, pessimistic, planning for their future, interested in a regular way of life, rarely
aggressive, dominant and self-restraint, prefer to read books than being with people, control of
emotions, adhere to ethical standards ( Eysenck, 1985). For this reason introvert and extrovert
personality types, have a significant relationship with special characteristics of marital
satisfaction.

There is a relationship between perfectionism and marital satisfaction of women employees.

To investigate this hypothesis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results are
presented in Table 5.
Table 5: Pearson's correlation coefficient between perfectionism and marital satisfaction
variables mean standard correlation Significance
deviation coefficient level
perfectionism 30/09 4/63 -/23 4/42
marital satisfaction 104/81 13/52

According to Table 5, it can be seen that there is a significant negative relationship between
perfectionism and marital satisfaction in married women employees at 0.02 level. This means
that as the degree of perfectionism in women is high, there will be less marital satisfaction and
vice versa.

The results of this hypothesis are in consistent with the findings of Hoviat (2009), Eshbay, Race
and Chins (2008), Martin and Eshbay (2004), Dymitrowski, Levi-Schiff and Schattner-Zanany
(2002), Habak (1999) and Debartolo and Barlow (1996).

In this finding, it can be noted that as perfectionist expect perfection in himself, his wife and
their relatives and almost these unrealistic expectations do not meet, so continually they will be
in trouble. Perfectionist is the discerning people and that this behavior reduces the confidence of
the partner. Abnormal perfectionism leads to marital problems and marital dissatisfaction and
Perfectionist experience high levels of negative emotion as well as inhibition in development and
have difficulty in expressing intimacy in marriage, and therefore experience less marital
satisfaction (Hoviat, 2009).
There is a relationship between perfectionism and components of marital satisfaction in women
employees

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To investigate this hypothesis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results are
presented in Table 6.
Table 6: Matrix correlation between perfectionism and components of marital satisfaction
componen 1 2 6 0 8 3 9 5 4 14 11 12
ts
1. Ideal
2. 68**
Communi /
cation
3. 01** 64**
Satisfacti / /
on
4. 65** 03** 84**
Personalit / / /
y
5. Solving 4/45 85** 4/16 /66**
/
6. roles 4/40 09** /26* /29** 34**
/ 4 /
7. 62** 4/15 64** 4/20* 63** 4/22*
Financial / / /
8. Leisure 01** 4/46 25** 4/12 4/14 4/14 4/12
/ /
9. 63** 4/10 25** 4/15 4/49 4/11 25** 04**
sexuality / / / /
10. 4/48 4/11 4/13 4/10 4/19 4/16 25** 4/42 4/14
children 4/
11. 4/19 /26* 4/16 4/10 4/12 4/41 4/12 4/45 64** 4/16
Relatives 4 /
12. 4/43 4/10 25** /68** 29** 4/26* 61** 4/44 /26* /21* 4/49
Religious / 4 / / 4 4
13. 4/14 /24* -/14 -/16 60** -/66** 25** 29** 4/42 00** -/42 -/29**
perfection - -/ -/ -/ -/
ism
**P<0/01,*P<0/05

According to Table 6, it can be seen that there is a significant negative relationship between
perfectionism and components of marital relationship, contrast solving, leisure activities, roles
equality, marriage and children, and religious orientation and no significant relationship with
components of ideal distortion, satisfaction, personality issues, sexuality, and relatives.
The results of this hypothesis are in consistent with the findings of Martin (2004).
Based on the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that perfectionist expect themselves and
others to be perfect, so as these expectations will not meet there is a significant negative
relationship between perfectionism and marital relationships, roles equality, financial monitor,

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leisure activities, marriage, children, and religious orientation. Also, results showed that
significant negative relationship between perfectionism and close relationships and interpersonal
intervention (Martin and Eshbay, 2004).
Perfectionism and personality types (introvert-extrovert) can predict marital satisfaction of
women employees.
In order to test the hypothesis, simultaneous multiple regression method was used and the results
are presented in Table 7.
Table 7: simultaneous regression to determine the effect of perfectionism and personality on marital satisfaction
criteria prediction R R2 F P Coeffic t Significan
variable ient B Coefficie ce level
nt Beta
marital personality 4/64 4/13 5/40 /441 2/49 4/66 6/19 4/442
satisfactio types 4
n Perfectionis -/20 -/16 1/64
m

Regression was done simultaneously. It can be seen that there is a significant relationship
between personality variables (extroversion) according to =4/,R2 = 5/40 F with marital
satisfaction, this relationship suggests that 16% of the employee's marital satisfaction variance in
is explained by personality types variable. Also perfectionism is not able to predict marital
satisfaction.

The results of the hypothesis in which related to extroversion are consistent with the findings of
Rajabi and Bongan (2008). Results of introverted personality are not consistent with the findings
of Rogers (1999).
Based on the results of this hypothesis by examining and analyzing statistical data obtained, it
was found that there is a positive relationship between extroversion variable and marital
satisfaction and this factor anticipated a significant share of predicting marital satisfaction as
well. Therefore, it can be said that this factor can predict marital satisfaction (Rajabi and Bongan,
2008).

Conclusion

In this paper, after defining personality types (introvert-extrovert) and perfectionism and marital
satisfaction, different perspectives on the relationships between personality types (introvert-
extrovert) and perfectionism with marital satisfaction were discussed. This paper shows that
improving the quality of family life leads to a higher growth in society. It should be noted that
enhancing the quality of married life without improving the quality of life cannot be achieved.
And lower marital satisfaction in couples in some families is due to lack of understanding of
each other's family culture and the cultural context of each society, in which the people in the
family and society become dismissive. What can put efficiency of marital life at higher level is
negotiation, consultation or direct comments by each one of the spouses are in diverse issues.
Each of the spouses in the family, first and foremost need to respect each other, this means to
consider human relations which is a component of quality of family life, could be involved in
increasing marital satisfaction more than anything else. It should be noted that this study reached
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the above result by reviewing the literature on personality types (introvert-extrovert),

perfectionism and marital satisfaction. Of course, understanding the situation and field studies in
the field of mental health can be the subject of further research.

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