COOOLING TOWER CALCULATION

A. Heat Load and Water Flow Calculation :

A water systems heat load in Btu/h can be simplified to:
h = cp q dt 1 cooling tower ton = 15,000 Btu/h = 3,782 k Calories/h
= 1 (Btu/lbm oF) 8.33 (lbm/gal) q (gal/min) 60 (min/h) dt (oF) = 500 q dt

where COOLING ( 1 CHIL. (TR) 200 cooling tower capacity

h = heat load (Btu/h) 3000000
cp = 1 (Btu/lbm oF) for water 1
= 8.33 (lbm/gal) for water 8.33
dt = temperature difference (oF) 10

q = water volume flow rate (gal/min) 600.00

WATER MAKE UP CALCULATION

A tower operating at a ( X ) gallons per minute recirculating rate (Cr) , 5 cycles of concentration, 10 T, and 0.1% windage loss:
Please update the following information as it applies to your tower needs:

Gallons Per Minute GPM

600.00 Design gallons per minute recirculation rate of the cooling tower.
Hot Water Temperature 95 F Design hot water temperature of the cooling tower.
Cold Water Temperature 85 F Design cold water temperature of the cooling tower.
DT 10 F Temperature differential between hot and cold water in F.
Cycles 3 Expected cycles of concentration of the cooling tower.

Daily Load Factor 50 % % of 24 hour period that the tower is in use.

Monthly Load Factor 10 % % of month that the tower is in use.

Yearly Load Factor 10 % % of year that the tower is in use.

CALCULATION & RESULTS :

Evaporation 1% Bleed off windage
GPM % GPM 0.1% GPM
6.00 2.40 0.60
1.% B (Bleed off) = { % E (evaporation loss) / ( cycles -1) } - % (windage)

2. EVAPORATION ( E ) = 0.001 (Cr) (DT)

3. Windage typical values = 0.1% to 0.3% of the circulating rate for mechanical draft towers

4. Cycles of concentration = Chlorides in tower water / Chlorides in make up water

5. Make up ( gpm) = % B (bleed off) + % (windage) + % E (evaporation loss)

Total water make up : Water Make Up Max. Bleed
9.00 GPM 2.40
540.00 GPH 144.00

12960.00 GPD 3456.00 estimater / report

388800.00 GPMO 103680.00
 Equations / calculation method ;
A tower operating at a ( ------ )gallons per minute recirculating rate (Cr) ,
5 cycles of concentration, 10 DT, and 0.1% windage loss:
% B (bleed off) + % (windage) = % E (evaporation loss) / ( cycles -1)
which is
%B = .25% - .1% therefore %B = .15% of the circulating rate.
%B = 0.15% ( 450 gallons/minute) which is 0.675 gallons of bleed off /minute.

Total make up water requirements for the system are:

Total make water make up = % B (bleed off) + % (windage) + % E (evaporation loss)

GPM
Bleed off = 2.40
Evaporation 1% ( gallons/minute) = 6.00
Windage 0.1% ( gallons/minute) = 0.60
Total make up water = 9.00

Total make up water per hour is = 540 GPH.

12960 GPD

11 CHILLERS GPD 142560

CHILLERS ( Ch. W. destribution ) TR 400 (2 CHILLERS / 200 TR EACH. )

CH.W.PUMPS CAPACITY = GPM 960
3 PUMPS ( EACH) CAP. = GPM 480
 FOR ABSORBTION CHILLER

CARIER ABSORBTION CHILLERS

GPM/TON GPM GPM
3.6 1692 18612

3GPM/TONE 4.4 GPM/TR

200 22000 BTU/H
4400000

make up % GPM
880.00 consult. 1.50% 13.2

% windage loss:

e cooling tower. 880.00

er.

er. 95
ater in F. 85
ower. 3

EVAP. BLEED WINDAGE

8.8 3.52 0.88

5170

WMU 13.2 GPM

792
13446.235139 19008 GPD
 38016 2 CHILLER

loss)
g Tower Cycles of Concentration

As pure water is evaporated, minerals are left behind in the recirculating water. As evaporation continues,

Bleed off is the process of removing a portion of concentrated recirculating water, which is obviously rep

A) Evaporation Loss: from a cooling tower

(E) = 0.001 (Cr) (T)
Where:
Cr = circulation rate in gallons per minute (GPM)
T = Temperature differential between hot and cold water in F.
The evaporation rate amounts to 1% of the recirculation rate for every 10F T.
B) Windage Loss:
This is a relatively small amount of entrained water lost as fine droplets in the air discharg

C) Bleed off:
In the evaporation process the non volatile impurities in the make up water are concentrat
% B (bleed off) + % (windage) = % E (evaporation loss) / ( cycles -1)
D) Cycles:
The previous equation added a new turn to the mix . CYCLES!!!!!!!! This is one of the most difficult terms t
concentration. The NACE defines it as: A measure of the degree to which dissolved solids are being conc
blowdown. As pure water is evaporated all of the solids are left behind so they concentrate in the cooling t
cycle of concentration. When all the fresh water is evaporated ( solids are still in the tower) the tower then
in the tower. We now have two cycles of concentration. This process will proceed and scale will form at a
reaching the point of scale formation. In an actual tower, this is an ongoing process with continuous additi
cycles of concentration will be determined by the laboratory. They are based on water analysis, heat trans
normally use chloride to determine the number of cycles a tower is operating at. The following equation ca

Chlorides in tower water / Chlorides in make up water = Cycles of concen

vaporation continues, the water becomes more concentrated than the original make up water. This eventually can lea

which is obviously replaced with fresh make up water. By specifying a certain amount of bleed off we limit the cycles

ets in the air discharge from a tower. Unlike evaporation which does not contain dissolved impurities windage carries

water are concentrated. To prevent excessive concentration some of the circulating water must be removed from the
( cycles -1)

most difficult terms to understand. I will now attempt to define cycles of

solids are being concentrated in the circulating water. It is in effect the inverse of
entrate in the cooling tower water. If we start out with fresh water the tower has one
tower) the tower then refills itself with more fresh water and we have twice the solids
d scale will form at a certain point. We use bleed off to prevent the tower from
with continuous addition of make up water and continuous bleed off. The allowable
er analysis, heat transfer rate of the equipment, and feed equipment present. We
following equation can be used for this calculation:

= Cycles of concentration
This eventually can lead to saturated conditions. The term cycles of concentration compares the level of solids of the

off we limit the cycles of concentration the system can operate at, thus controlling scale formation. Various treatment

rities windage carries these impurities with it and reduces dissolved solids in the circulating water. Typical values ar

t be removed from the system. This is commonly referred to as bleed off or blow down. The amount of bleed off can
 level of solids of the recirculating cooling tower to the level of solids of the original raw make up water. If the circulati

on. Various treatments will let us operate at various cycles depending on the make up water analysis and heat loadin

er. Typical values are 0.1% to 0.3% of the circulating rate for mechanical draft towers.

ount of bleed off can be determined from the following equations:

p water. If the circulating water has four times the solids concentration than that of the make up water, then the cycles

alysis and heat loading of the tower. Bleed off is critical to a successful treatment program. The preferred method of b
water, then the cycles are 4.

preferred method of bleed off control is with the use of automated bleed off control. This includes a contacting head w
es a contacting head water meter, dual timer, chemical pump and solenoid controlled bleed off line.