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Lymphatic System
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/LYMPHOID SYSTEM
Tissues or organs of the body in which lymphocytes represent the
chief cellular constituent.

Part of the Circulatory system that collects and drains lymph from the
various tissues of the body, returning the interstitial fluid back to the
cardiovascular circulation.
Lymphatic System/Lymphoid System
Lymphatic organs - collectively called the IMMUNE SYSTEM
Tonsils
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Spleen
bone marrow
hemolymph nodes
lymphoid follicles (nodules) in the lamina propria of the GIT, GUT and
respiratory tracts
Lymphocytes become immunocompetent cells
Lymph Glands
Cap

Cap
T
SS
No
No

Cap - Capsule
SS subscapular sinus
T trabeculae
No - Nodule
CO PC ME

ME medulla
PC Paracortex
CO - cortex
Cap
ME

Trab
Lymphatic Capillaries
Smallest of the lymphatic vessels
Thin walled
Have a slightly caliber than blood capillaries
@HPO
WALL - consists of single layer of flattened endothelial cells that are slightly
larger but thinner than blood capillary endothelial cells.
LUMEN appears angular rather than smoothly rounded.
Lymphatic Capillaries
Larger lymphatic vessels have thicker walls are provided with
valves.
Layers in the walls indistinct (3 layers in blood vessels)
Tunica Adventitia thickest layer
Micrograph showing a lymphatic capillary filled with this fluid called
lymph (L). Lymphatics are blind-ended vessels with a wall of very
thin endothelial cells (E) and are quite variable in diameter (10-50
m). Lymph is rich in proteins and other material and often stains
somewhat better than the surrounding ground substance, as seen
here.
Diagram indicating details of lymphatics, including the openings between the endothelial cells. The
openings are held in place by anchoring filaments containing elastin and are covered by flaps of
endothelium. Interstitial fluid enters primarily via these openings and the endothelial folds prevent
backflow of lymph into tissue spaces. Lymphatic endothelial cells are typically larger than those of blood
vessels.
Cross-section showing a lymphatic vessel (LV) near a
venule (V), whose wall is thick by comparison. Lymphatic
vessels normally do not contain red blood cells, which
provides another characteristic distinguishing them from
venules
Lymphatic vessel (LV) in muscle is cut longitudinally showing a valve, the structure
responsible for the unidirectional flow of lymph. The solid arrow shows the
direction of the lymph flow, and the dotted arrows show how the valves prevent
lymph backflow. The lower small lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic capillary with a
wall consisting only of endothelium.
 LYMPH NODE
Ovoid or bean-shaped mass of lymphoid
tissue surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule.
2 parts:
1. Cortex - darkly staining, dense outer or
peripheral area which is divided by trabeculae
into compartments called ampullae.
Lymphoid Nodules consist of dense lymphoid
tissue
Corona peripheral area of lymphoid nodule
Germinal Centers of Flemming less dense,
surrounded by corona
2. Medulla - surrounded by cortex except at the
hilum of the lymph node.
Lymphocytes in the medulla are arranged into
regularly elongated columns called medullary
cords instead of nodules.
LYMPH NODE
Sinusoids where lymph circulates, surround the lymphoid nodules
and medullary cords.
Subcapsular Sinusoids beneath the capsule
Trabecular Sinusoids adjacent to trabeculae
Medullary sinuses between medullary cords
Reticular framework supports the lymphocytes and other cells,
penetrating and occupying all parts of the lymph node.
 The outer regions on the convex sides of a lymph node include
the capsule (C), subcapsular sinuses (S), and diffuse lymphoid
A low-magnification section of a lymph node showing the three functional regions: the tissue with lymphoid nodules (N). Afferent lymphatic vessels
cortex (C), the paracortex (P), and the medulla (M). Connective tissue of the capsule (CT)
(which are only rarely shown well in sections) penetrate this
completely surrounds each lymph node and extends as several trabeculae (T) throughout
the lymphoid tissue. Major spaces for lymph flow are present in this tissue under the capsule, dumpinglymph into the sinus where its contents are
capsule and along the trabeculae. A changing population of immune cells is suspended on processed by lymphocytes and APCs.
reticular fibers throughout the cortex, paracortex, and medulla. Lymphoid nodules (LN) are
normally restricted to the cortex and the medulla is characterized by sinuses (MS) and
cords (MC) of lymphoid tissue.
Capsule cortex

medulla

Trabeculae
The medulla of a lymph node consists mainly of the medullary sinuses (MS) Higher magnification of a medullary cord (MC) shows plasma
separated by intervening medullary cords (MC). Lymphocytes and plasma cells (arrows) with spherical, eccentric nuclei and much more
are abundant and predominate in number over other cell types. A blood cytoplasm than lymphocytes. Efferent lymph is rich in newly
vessel within a medullary cord is also seen. synthesized antibodies. A medullary sinus (MS) is also seen.
Hemolymph Node/Hemal Node
Small reddish organ which is similar to a lymph node
Contains numerous lymphoid nodules divided by trabeculae into
compartments.
No cortex
No medulla
Numerous blood sinusoids filled with blood beneath the capsule and
in central parts
Lymph nodes characterized by the great content of erythrocytes.
 NO

CAPSULE

NO

NO

NO
TONSIL
Well defined, large accumulation of lymphoid nodules in the lamina
propria of pharynx.
@LPO appears as a dense mass of lymphoid nodules covered by
stratified squamous lining epithelium of the pharynx.
Tonsillar Crypts
Lymphoid nodules closely placed and compact that boundaries
cannot be clearly defined.
Salivary Corpuscles migrating lymphocytes found obliterating the
cells of the epithelium and the crypts, mixing with saliva.
 TC - Tonsillar Crypts
NO Nodule
SSE Stratified Squamous Epithelium
GC Germinal Center
TC

SSE

NO
GC

NO
THYMUS
Situated in the superior mediastinum Hassal bodies:
Extends over great vessels of the heart spherical,
found in the medulla;
Small encapsulated organ concentric layers of flattened ECRs
2 lobes
T-lymphocytes achieve immunological
competence from mesoderm
Capsule: dense, irregular, collagenous CT;
sends septa into lobes = incomplete
lobules
Each lobule:
A. cortex
B. medulla : confluent with adjacent lobule
Thymus

LO

LO Lobule
S - Septa
A Adipose Cells
C - Capsule
Hassals
Corpuscle
 E

HC

HC - Hassals Corpuscle
E Epithelial Cells
SPLEEN
Largest lymphoid organ
In the peritoneum in the LUQ
Capsule: dense, irregular, fibroelastic CT
Occasionally housing smooth muscle cells
Surrounded by visceral peritoneum (simple squamous = smooth
surface)
Functions:
Antibody formation
T and B-cell proliferation
Filter of blood (old erythrocytes)
 P PWP
CA
MG

CA Central Artery
P PALS
MG Marginal Zone
The capsule (C) of the spleen connects to trabeculae (T) which partially subdivide the pulp-like interior of the organ.
The red pulp (R) occupies most of the parenchyma, with white pulp (W) restricted to smaller areas, mainly around
the central arterioles. Names of these splenic areas refer to their color in the fresh state: red pulp is filled with blood
cells of all types, located both in cords and sinuses; white pulp is lymphoid tissue. Large blood vessels and lymphatics
enter and leave the spleen at a hilum.
Longitudinal section of white pulp (W) in a PALS
and the central arteriole (arrowhead) it
surrounds. Surrounding the PALS is much red
pulp (R).
A large nodule with a germinal center forms in the PALS and
the central arteriole (arrowhead) is displaced to the nodule's
periphery. Small sinuses can be seen at the margin between
white and red pulp.
The splenic red pulp is composed of splenic venous
sinusoids (S) and splenic cords (C), both of which contain
blood cells of all types. The cords, often called cords of
Bilroth, are reticular tissue rich in lymphocytes. The
sinuses are lined by unusual, nonsquamous endothelial
cells.
Higher magnification of splenic red pulp shows that the venous
sinuses (S) are lined by endothelial cells (arrows) with large nuclei
bulging into the sinusoidal lumens. The unusual endothelial cells
are called stave cells and have special properties that allow
selection of healthy red blood cells in the splenic cords (C)
Digestive System
TEETH
Are papillary derivatives of the oral mucous membrane

3 anatomic divisions:
1. Crown: exposed part of the root extending from the gingival
2. Root: tooth portion embedded in alveolar socket of either the mandibular
or maxillary bone
3. Neck or cervix: junction between the crown and the root
 3 Types Of Ground Substance That Comprise The
Hard Portion Of The Tooth
1. Enamel
covers the crown
secreted by ameloblast
2. Dentin
surrounded by enamel at crown and
cementum at root
secreted by odontoblast
thicker at the crown
tapers toward the root
surrounds the central pulp cavity (that
contains the dental pulp)
dental tubules: give dentin a radially
striated appearance
tomes fibers: protoplasmic processes of
odontoblast, at the periphery of pulp cavity
3. Cementum
covers the root
consist of fibrillar bone tissue
secreted by cementocytes (at the apices
of the cementum)
periodontal membrane: is the
periosteum of the alveolar socket to
which the tooth is attached
Adult Tooth
 Enamel

Dentin
Pulp Cavity
Gingiva

Root

Cementum
Dental Pulp.
The periphery of the dental pulp contains the organized odontoblasts (O) contacting the
surrounding dentin (D). Centrally the pulp consists of delicate, highly cellular connective
tissue resembling undifferentiated mesenchyme but with many thin-walled venules (V) and
capillaries. Pulp has reticulin fibers and other fine collagen fibers, with much ground
substance. Nerves fibers are also present. The blood and nerve supplies enter the pulp
cavity via the apical foramen at the apex of the roots.
Micrograph of decalcified tooth showing the gingiva. The free gingiva (FG) is against the
dentin (D), with little of the gingival sulcus apparent. Gingiva has many layers of
stratified epithelial cells covering the connective tissue of the lamina propria (LP). The
connective tissue is continuous with that of the periosteum (P) covering the alveolar bone
(B) and with the periodontal ligament (PL).
Micrograph shows the periodontal ligament (L) with its many blood vessels (V) and
insertions into the alveolar bone (B). This ligament serves as the periosteum of the alveolar
in tooth sockets and is also continuous with developing layers of cementum (C) that covers
the dentin. Cementum forms a thin layer of bone-like material secreted by large, elongated
cells called cementoblasts. X100. H&E. (c): Micrograph shows the continuity of collagen
fibers in alveolar bone (B) with the bundles in the periodontal ligament (L)
Developing Tooth
When production of dentin and enamel has begun, the enamel organ appears
as shown in this micrograph. The ameloblast layer (A) is separated from the
outer enamel epithelium (OEE) by a thick intervening region rich in GAGs but
having fewer, widely separated cells. Surrounding the enamel organ is
mesenchyme, some parts of which begin to undergo intramembranous bone
formation (B) and form the jaws. Inside the cavity of each enamel organ,
mesenchymal cells comprise the dental papilla (DP), in which the outermost
cells are the layer of odontoblasts (O) facing the ameloblasts. These two cell
layers begin to move apart as the odontoblasts begin to produce the layer of
predentin(PD). Contact with dentin induces each ameloblast to begin secretion
of a rod or prism of enamel matrix. More slowly calcifying interprismatic
enamel fuses all the enamel rods into a very strong, solid mass
Detail of an enamel organ at a later stage showing the layers of predentin (PD) and dentin
(D) and a layer of enamel (E), along with the organized cell ayers that produced this
material. Odontoblasts (O) are in contact with the very cellular mesenchyme of the dental
papilla (DP) which will become the pulp cavity. Ameloblasts (A) are prominent in the now
much thinner enamel organ, which is very close to developing bone (B). Details of these
cell layers are presented further in Figures 15-8, 15-9 and 15-10. Enamel formation
continues until shortly before tooth eruption; formation of dentin continues after eruption
until the tooth is fully formed. Odontoblasts persist around the pulp cavity, with processes
penetrating the dental layer, producing factors to help maintain dentin. Mesenchymal cells
immediately around the enamel organ differentiate into the cells of cementum and other
periodontal tissues.
TONGUE
lingual papilla: surface projections
3. circumvallate papillae
3 types of lingual papilla:
1. filiform papillae
slender with tapering pointed ends
most numerous
2. fungiform papillae
fewer
broader with blunted ends
-biggest
-at the junction of the post 1/3 and
anterior 1/3 of the tongue
-silver stain
-surrounded by a shallow trench
-epithelium: stratified squamous
-lamina propria: areolar CT
-taste buds: with gustatory receptor
cells
-skeletal muscle: beneath tunica
propria, supported by adipose tissue,
where BVs and nerves are found

Section of the dorsal surface of tongue shows both filiform (FI) and fungiform papillae (F).
Both types are elevations of the connective tissue (CT) covered by stratified squamous
epithelium (SS), but the filiform type is pointed and heavily keratinized while the fungiform
type is mushroom-shaped, lightly keratinized, and has a few taste buds.
Micrograph shows a single very large vallate papilla with two distinctive
features: many taste buds (TB) around the sides and several small salivary
glands (GL) emptying into the cleft or moat formed by the elevated mucosa
surrounding the papilla. These glands continuously flush the cleft, renewing the
fluid in contact with the taste buds. The 7 to 12 vallate papillae on the tongue
contain over half of the 10,000 or so taste buds in
the human mouth and pharynx.
 Fungiform P.
Connective Tissue Filiform P.
Stratified Squamous E.
Rabbit Taste Buds
Drawing of a single taste bud shows the gustatory (taste) cells, the supporting
cells whose function is not well-understood, and the basal stem cells. Microvilli at
the ends of the gustatory cells project through an opening in the epithelium, the
taste pore. Afferent sensory axons enter the basal end of taste buds and synapse
with the gustatory cells
In the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue surface or oral mucusa,
taste buds form as distinct clusters of cells that recognizable histologically even
at low magnification. At higher power the taste pore may be visible, as well as
the elongated nuclei of gustatory and supporting cells and the fewer, round
nuclei of basal stem cells.
PAROTID GLAND
Compound tubuloalveolar serous gland
Interlobular ducts: are found in the fibrous CT trabeculae
Intralobular ducts: are found among the acini
Striated ducts: intralobular ducts lined by columnar cells
Intercalary ducts: intralobular ducts lined with cuboidal or flattened
cells
 Parotid Gland

SA
SA
A

SA

SA Serous Acini
A Adipose Cells
Parotid Gland
Micrograph of a parotid gland shows densely packed
serous acini (A) with ducts. Secretory granules of serous
cells are clearly shown in this plastic section, as well as
both an intercalated duct (ID) and striated duct (SD),
both cut transversely.
Striations of a duct (SD) are better seen here,
along with a septum (CT) and numerous serous
acini (A). The connective tissue often includes
adipocytes.
This light micrograph of a striated duct (SD) shows
very faint pink striations in the basal half of the
columnar cells. The striations are produced by
mitochondria located in the folds of the lateral cell
membrane.
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
Compound tubuloalveolar mixed mucus and serous gland
More serous acini than mucus acini
Mucus acini
Are paler, basophilic in staining with reticulated cytoplasm and flattened
nuclei that are pushed towards the basement membrane
Mucus acini: are capped at the periphery by serous Crescents Of Gianuzzi Or
Demilunes Of Heidenheim
Submandibular Gland

Submandibular gland is a mixed serous and mucous gland (serous cells

predominate) and shows well-stained cells in serous acini (A) and in serous
demilunes (S) and pale-staining mucous cells (M) grouped as tubules in this
tubuloacinar gland. Small intralobular ducts (ID) drain each lobule, but these are not
composed of columnar cells with well-developed striations.
SUBLINGUAL GLAND
Compound tubuloalveolar mixed mucus and serous gland
More mucus acini than serous acini
Mucus acini: clear and pale staining
Serous acini: are very few and small
Serous crescents of the mucus acini: are very thin and not prominent
Interlobular ducts: similar to the parotid and submandibular glands
Intralobular ducts: are only striated salivary ducts, there are no
intercalary ducts
Sublingual Gland

M
M

Sublingual gland is a mixed but largely mucous gland with a tubuloacinar

arrangement of poorly stained mucous cells (M). Small intralobular ducts (ID)
are seen in connective tissue, as well as small fascicles of lingual striated
muscle (SM).
Submaxillary Gland
Source: diFiore + Junqueira + Histo Lab Manual

DGDG, Medisina2018