International Journal Geology and Mining

Vol. 3(1), pp. 090-102, June, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 0907-3409x

IJGM

Research Article

The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan

Madaki and its environs, North Central Nigeria
1Ekeleme I.A., 2Uzoegbu M.U., 3Olorunyomi A.E. and 4Abalaka I.E.
1,3,4 Department of Geology, University of Jos, Plateau State.
2 Department of Geology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.

The studied area lies within Latitude 841'40''N and 852'40''N and Longitude 841'10''E and
845'10''E within the North Central Nigerian Precambrian Basement Complex. It is bordered by
Angwan Mission in the North, Konva in the West, River Arikiya in the South and Farin Ruwa in
the south East. The rock types include the Precambrian gneisses; granite and porphyroblastic
gneiss, banded gneiss and migmatites with characteristic pegmatites and vein intrusions. These
rocks experienced various tectonic episodes which resulted to their different structural styles
such as mineral lineation, foliation, jointing, veins, faults, dykes and minor folds. The geological
mapping of the area reveals five (5) dominant lithologic units namely; migmatites, banded
gneiss, granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, older granites and dolerite respectively. Systematic
structural mapping of the area also confirmed the preponderance of different folds such as
crenulation fold and ptygmatitic fold. Other structures such as dykes, joints, quartz-veins,
fractures and micro-faults were detected on the rocks. The overall result showed that the
studied area is a manifestation of Pan African deformation as revealed by the magnitude and
style of the folding and other structural features of rocks in the area. Petrographic studies also
reveal the mineral assemblages and structural features that were key in identifying these rock
types.

Key words: Basement Complex, lithologic units, Petrography, Precambrian, Older granite, Structural styles.

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria lies to the rest of the West African Craton in the
region of Late Precambrian to Early Paleozoic
orogenesis. The Basement Complex is made up of
Precambrian rocks and these rocks consist of the schist
belt infolded (Rahaman, 1988). The Precambrian rocks in
the study area are part of the Precambrian Basement
Complex of Nigeria which is made up of the Migmatite-
Gneiss Complex, the Schist Belts and the Granitoids. The
study area is around Angwan Madaki and environs which
lies within Latitude 852'40'' to 851'20'' and longitude
841'10'' to 845'10'' (Fig. 1). The main lithologic units in
the study area include; migmatite, gneiss, granite and
porphyroblastic gneiss, older granites and dolerite with
well delineated geologic boundaries. These rocks have
undergone polycyclic deformation thereby causing the
deformation observed as both micro and macro
structures displayed on the rocks exposed in the study
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
area. Geologic structures in rocks that can be used as
clues in determining the geologic history of the area
includesfractures (i.e, faults and fold), foliation, dyke etc.
Some of them are not deformational but are secondary
structures developed during metamorphism or after the
emplacement of the rocks (Rahaman, 1988).
Representative rock types were sampled and analysed
for petrographic studies.
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Uzoegbu M. Uche,
Department of Geology, Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike, PMB. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State.
E-mail: mu.uzoegbu@mouau.edu.ng,
Tel.: +234088030715958.
Co-authors: +2348061398330; E-mail:
ifeomaokafor49@gmail.com, abalakai4real@yahoo.com
Uzoegbu et al. 091
Figure 1. Geologic map of Nigeria showing location of the study
area (After Obaje, 2009).
This research was therefore necessitated for the detailed
mapping and identification of the different rock units of
the Basement Complex in the area being part of the
Wamba sheet 210s as well as the need for detailed
petrographic and structural analyses as a possible aid in
the construction of the petrogenesis of the area.
REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING
Many workers on a regional scale have carried out
researches on the Basement Complex. Among these
researchers is Falconer (1911), who first studied the
Nigerian Basement Complex and distinguished the
Younger Granite from the Older Granites. In one of the
early records of the mineral survey, the occurrence of
pegmatite cassiterite and columbite-tantalite was
mentioned though not much attention was given to the
pegmatite from which they were derived (Jacobson and
Webb, 1946). Falconer (1911), gave brief accounts on
the pegmatite fields of Wamba-Jemaa region of the
Plateau Province and Kabba Province. Oyawoye (1964)
classified the Basement rocks as Older Meta-sediments,
which includes Gneiss, Migmatites and Older Granites
and Younger Meta-sediments. In reviewing the Basement
geology of the Precambrian to Lower Paleozoic rock of
Northern Nigeria, Mc Curry (1976), recognized four major
groups;
i. An underlying high amphibolite facies complex of
quartzo-felspathic biotite and hornblend gneiss,
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Studied location
migmatites and high grade metasedimentary relics
comprising of older, metasediments.
ii. A supracrustal cover of low to medium grade
meta-sediments.
iii. A suit of post syntectonic to late syntectonic
granitoids, the older Granite intrudes the crystalline
complex and the belts unto the younger metasediments.
iv. Volcanic rocks belonging to the Post Pan-African
(Older Granite) episode of high level magmatic activity.
Oyawoye (1964), succeeded in subdividing the Basement
Complex rocks into three major groups which he
described as (a) the older meta-sediments, consisting of
calc-silicate rocks. He considered this group as the oldest
rocks of the Basement Complex. (b) The Gneisses,
Migmatites and the Older Granites. In this group, two
major types of gneisses were identified: the biotite gneiss
and the banded gneiss. He also grouped the migmatites
into two types, namely; the lit-par-lit gneiss and the
migmatitic gneiss. On the basis of petrography, Oyawoye
(1964) suggested that the gneisses and migmatites
originated through silica-potash metasomatism.
The Basement Complex rocks in the study area have
received very little attention from researchers as
evidenced in literature. Much of the information on the
area is contained in Geological Maps of Nigeria produced
by the Geological Survey of Nigeria (Okezie, 1974,
Okezie, 1984, Ojo, 1994). The recent work done in parts
of the studied area was by Anudu et al. (2012). These
authors studies covered areas like Otagu, Angwan
 Int. J. Geol. Min. 092

Mission, Okuso, Zamatak, Lange, Kangara, Mugu and occur in most places where rocks of the Migmatite-
Arikiya which bound the area of study. Their works were Gneiss Complex or of the Schist Belt occur (Obaje,
on a larger scale as against the present study whose 2009). The Precambrian Basement Complex of Nigeria
focus is on a smaller scale. The Geological Map of (Fig. 2) is exposed in five major locations, namely:
Nigeria by Okezie (1974) shows that the Precambrian Northeastern zone, Southwestern zone, Southeastern
Basement Complex can be divided into two distinct zone (extension of the Bamenda Massif into Nigeria),
zones, namely: a western zone in which the N-S trending Northeastern zone (the Hawal massif) and South-
elongate Schist belts are separated from one another by southeastern (the Oban Massif) (Obiora, 2005).
Migmatite Gneisses and Granites, and an eastern zone,
comprising mainly Migmatite Gneisses and granites, in
which the Schist belts are scarcely present. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
Cooray (1974) in further review added another family of
rocks (the intrusive) to the works of Oyawoye (1964). He Field Description
further effected some changes in the conclusions of
Oyawoye (1964) such as (a) that the Older granites and The rocks encountered on the field were systematically
related charnockitic rocks are of intrusive rather than lumped into five different units as shown on the geologic
metasomatic origin; (b) the Older granites and map (Fig. 1). The rock types encountered within the area
granodiorites based on the relative time of emplacements and its environs include; Migmatite-Gneiss,
and deformation are subdivided into; syn-tectonic Porphyroblastic and banded Gneisses, Granite-Gneiss,
microcline-megacrystic, partly foliated granites and late- Older Granites and Dolerites (Figs. 2-3). Representative
tectonic, less richly megacrystic, weakly foliated samples of each of these were taken for petrographic
xenolithic granites and granodiorites with cross-cutting analyses.
contacts and occasional thermal aureoles (McCurry and
Wright, 1977; Jones and Hockey, 1964); (c) the north-
south to northeast-southwest structural pattern in the
Basement Complex has been pointed to have resulted
from polyphase metamorphism which has affected the
Basement Complex leaving an imprints of at least three
plutonic events during the Eburnean, Kibaran and the
Pan-African orogenic episodes (Grant, 1978). Rahaman
(1976, 1988) and Rahaman and Ocan (1978) presented
a more classical description of the rocks. Rahaman
(1988) had described the rocks of the Schist belt as
composed of predominantly metamorphosed pelitic to
semi-pelitic rocks, granites, sandstones, polymeta-
conglomerates, calcareous rocks, mafic to ultramafic
Figure 2. Banded Gneiss (x2)
rocks with minor amounts of greywacke and acid to
intermediate volcanic rocks.
Umeji and Caen-Vachette (1991) reported that the
Basement Complex in the vicinity of Nassarawa-Eggon
which is several kilometers North East of the study area
contains granitic gneisses, gneissic granites and
occasional lenses of amphibolites. They reported that the
Pan-African tectonics imposed NE-SW to ENE-WSW
trends on all the rocks and that the Basement Complex is
locally sheared with a mylonitic shear zone (340m).
The schist belts occupy N-S trending synformal troughs
and such troughs have been identified and described
(Ekwueme, 2003). According to Obiora (2005), the
schistose components of the migmatitic terrain were Figure 3. Boulders of Older Granite (x2)
designated, the older meta-sediments while the distinct
N-S trending schist belts, which are clearly younger than
the gneisses and migmatites were mapped as the Thin Sectioning
younger meta-sediments. It is good to note that the
Older Granites occur intricately in association with the Based on the field observations and megascopic studies
Migmatite-Gneiss Complex and the Schist Belts into of hand specimen of the different rock types in the area,
which they generally intruded. This means that the rocks each representative samples were selected and thin

The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Uzoegbu et al. 093
sections on gneiss, granitic-gneiss, granite, dolerite were
prepared on rocks from different locations in the studied
area at the University of Ibadan Laboratory (Figs 4-5).
Figure 4. Cross Polarized Light image of migmatite (x4).
Figure 5. Quartz at extinction (x4)
RESULTS OF PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES
Microscopic assessment of rocks in the area in both
plane polarized and crossed polarized light revealed the
presence of varying compositions of constituent minerals
such plagioclase, quartz, muscovite, biotite, hornblende
and opaque minerals.
The petrographic descriptions are given below for the
different rock types in the study area.
Migmatite: The plagioclase in fig. 4 shows its
polysynthetic twin property with low relief and interwoven
into the other minerals. Colourless quartz with anhedral
form which sometimes looks tabular were seen in the
section. At extinction the quartz shows a bluish
colouration which changes at the rotation of stages at
different angles (i.e 20, 45, etc). Several biotites were
seen with their distinctive brown colour and perfect
cleavage on one side. Alteration of the biotites to a
greenish mineral (i.e, chlorite) is a common feature on
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
most samples. It has a high relief and shows pleochroism
and goes extinct at 48.Pinkish-green muscovite were
observed which cleave together with the biotite (Table 1).
Gneiss: Geneiss shows euhedral and anhedral crystals
of mafic and felsic minerals. The dark coloured minerals
are hornblende, biotite and some opaque minerals. The
orientation of dark and light minerals defines the foliations
and lineation in the rock. The rock shows a coarse
grained texture due to development of mineral grains into
well defined crystals though some have been deformed.
Hornblende occurs as xenoblastic crystals, green in
colour and shows pleochroism from yellowish green to
dark green. It shows high relief and two directional
cleavages which are lacking in some crystals.
Plagioclase occurs as large crystals, colourless in PPl
and anhedral in shape. The crystals are well developed
with characteristic polysynthetic twinning. It shows
moderate relief; poor cleavage traces and is non
pleochroic. Microcline shows cross hatching. Biotite
occurs as brownish coloured crystals poikiloblastic within
the hornblende. It is anhedral in shape, exhibit pleochroic
haloes, a very high relief, no cleavage and lacks twinning.
It is tabular and anhedral in shape and does not exhibit
pleochroism, exhibits high interference colour of yellow to
brown. The quartz occurs as a colourless crystal with
inclusions of unidentified minerals with low relief. Some
other properties of the rocks as seen under the
microscope are displayed in Table. 2 for the four
photomicrograph.
Structural Systems
The study area is comprised of rocks of the Basement
Complex which includes; pegmatites, quart-veins, older
granite, granite-gneisses, migmatites and banded
gneisses. Major rocks in this area had undergone various
deformational episode evident from the nature and style
of the structural elements such as mineral lineation,
foliation, jointing, veins, faults, dykes and minor folds
(Macledo et al., 1971; Leblanc, 1981; Fitches et al., 1985;
Ajibade et al., 1987; Rahaman, 1988). Generally, the
nature and extent of the structures depend on the
duration and intensity of the deformation. The general
trends of the structures are NNE-SSW, NW-SE, NE-SW
and a few E-W. Examination of the various geological
structures found in the study area was carried out using
basic geological techniques of field mapping to determine
the attitude of the structures. Rose plots were plotted
using the data obtained in order to determine the trends
of deformation on the rocks.
Joints
Joints are planes of parting in rocks which involves
neither displacement nor infillings. Joints can form in both
competent and incompetent rocks (Fitches et al., 1985;
 Int. J. Geol. Min. 094

Table 1: Microscopic Description of Migmatite (IS-37).

Quartz Biotite (Bi) Plagioclase (Pl) Muscovite Hornblende (H)

(Qz) (Mu)
Colour Colourless Pale to deep White to Grey Pink to Green Green
greenish
brown, or
brown.
Relief Low Relief Med.-High Low- moderate Low Relief Moderate

Habit Anhedral Tabular, Tabular Anhedral Irregular

irregular (anhedral and
euhedral)
Cleavage None Perfect perfect 1-perfect 2-perfect cleavage
cleavage cleavage cleavage
Pleochroism None Pleochroic None None From green to brown
Alteration Not visible Alters to Not visible None None
chlorite
Birefringence 0.009 0.04-0.08 0.007-0.013 0.036-0.049 0.014-0.026
Interference 1st order 3rd to 4th order 1st order 2nd and 3rd 2nd Order blue.
Colour pale yellow colour order pinkish
purple to green
Extinction Undulose Parallel and Inclined Parallel to Parallel to cleavage
shows birds cleavage (birds
eye texture. eye texture)
Twinning None None Polysynthetic None Observed

Table 2: Microscopic Description of Gneiss (IS-20).

Quartz Microcline Plagioclase (Pl) Muscovite Biotite (Bi) Hornblend(

(Qz) (Mi) (Mu) H)

Colour Colourles Colourless White to Grey Pink to Green Brown Green

Relief Low Relief Low Relief Low- moderate Low Relief Med.-High Moderate

Habit Anhedral Tabular(anh Tabular (anhedral Anhedral Tabular, Irregular

edral) and euhedral) irregular
Cleavage None 2-perfect perfect cleavage 1-perfect Perfect 2-perfect
cleavage cleavage cleavage cleavage
Pleochroism None None None None Dark brown From green
to pale to brown
brown
Alteration Not visible Alters to a Not visible Alteration Alters to None
brownish seen chlorite
mineral
Birefringence 0.009 0.007 0.007-0.013 0.036-0.049 0.04-0.08 0.014-0.026
Interference 1st order 1st order 1st order 2nd and 3rd 3rd to 4th 2nd Order
Colour pale yellow white to pale order pinkish order colour blue.
yellow purple to
green
Extinction Undulose Inclined Inclined Parallel to Parallel and Parallel to
cleavage(bird shows birds cleavage
s eye texture) eye texture.
Twinning None Cross-hatch Polysynthetic None None Observed

Ajibade et al., 1987; Rahaman, 1988). Formation of joints during cooling of igneous body or as a result of stresses
can be traced to several origins such as contraction set up during tectonic process and expansion during

The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Uzoegbu et al. 095

overburden removal. This was the most common to foliation planes. This structure is mapped on almost all
structure seen on almost all the rock units visited in the the outcrop visited in the study area. The veins seen are
study area. They were extensive on the gneisses and to pegmatitic, quartzo-feldsparthic and quartz veins. They
a less extent on the older granites. At some points the generally show a common directional trend i.e, NW-SE
joints were penetrating while they are mostly non- as seen in the rose diagrams.
penetrating. Orientation data for joints were collected and
rose diagrams was plotted as shown in fig.6. The major
joint trend on the rocks is NE-SW, NW-SE, NNE-SSW in
agreement with the general structural trends on the
Basement Complex (Rahaman, 1988, Ogezi,1977).

Figure 8: Quartzo-feldspathic vein (x2) Figure 9: Quartz vein (x2)

Faults

This is a discontinuity on surface across which there has

Figure 6: Joints on Migmatite (x2)
been shearing or displacement. Micro faults were
observed on the rock units which were majorly faulted
Foliation sinistrally. These faults were more on the gneissic terrain
and have displacements range of between 5cm to 30cm.
Foliations are parallel arrangement of platy minerals in
rocks. Foliation results from the homogenous deformation
in the rocks involving preferred orientation of platy
minerals perpendicular to the direction of maximum
stress. They can be formed through the action of mineral
segregation during metamorphism. It is a penetrative
structure and can act as a slip plane or plane of
weakness. The migmatite-gneisses and gneisses are
highly foliated. The NE-SW is foliation bands.

Figure 10: Intense Sinistral fault (x2)

Dyke

This is a sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-

Figure 7. Foliations (x2)
Veins
These are formed as a result of recrystallization of silicate
grains in the rock crevices or joints which are being filled
up with hydrothermal fluid which is rich in quartz, feldspar
and muscovites. Some of these veins may be discordant
existing rock body. Magmatic dykes form when magma
intrudes into a crack then crystallizes as a sheet
intrusion, either cutting across layers of rock or through
an unlayered mass of rock. Most of the dykes as seen in
the study area are doleritic and to a less extent
pegmatitic dykes.
Xenoblast
Xenoblast is a rock fragment within an intrusive igneous
body that is unrelated to the igneous body itself (Obiora,
2005). Xenoblast represent pieces of older rock

The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria

Figure 11: A doleritic dyke (x2)
incorporated into the magma while it was still fluid. Also, it
could also be as a result of a partial digestion or
incomplete digestion of a country rock. This structure was
mapped on the migmatite outcrop; it has a fine texture
compared to the surrounding bodies.
Figure 12: Xenoblast seen on migmatite (x2).
Spheroidal Weathering
In rocks that are at or near the surface, water seeps
along the joints, attacking unstable minerals (Obiora,
2008). This causes rocks to decompose and disintegrate
at their edges, opening the joints wider and allowing even
more water to reach the surfaces. At corners where two
or more joints meet, water attacks from more than one
direction causing more decomposition by chemical
weathering. This extra disintegration at joints
intersections tends to change sharp corners into rounded
surfaces.
Figure 13: Spheroidal weathering along River Arikiya (x2).
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Int. J. Geol. Min. 096
Ptygmatitic Fold
This is a primary folding in migmatites (injection gneisses,
etc.), caused by the high temperature and high-pressure
processes to which the migmatites owe their origin and
composite character. The conditions under which
ptygmatic fold develop occur when the country rock as in
a granitized area is locally less competent or more
yielding than quartzo-felspathic magma which may
intrude it. Veins therefore which are being driven forward
by pressure from behind, will buckle plastically if they
encounter a resistance during injection, and a succession
of such buckles will produce a typical ptygmatic gently
recumbent fold.
Figure 14: Ptymatitic fold on migmatite (x2)
Boudinages
This is a lenticular structure developed when competent
units embedded in a yielding matrix are pulled apart by
deformation. Boudinage structures are often developed
from small dikes or veins in rocks. Individual pillow-
shaped unit is called a boudin about 5cm.
Boudinage is a geological term for structures formed by
extension, where a rigid tabular body such as hornfels, is
stretched and deformed amidst less competent
surroundings (Obiora, 2005). The competent bed begins
to break up, forming sausage-shaped boudins. The study
of boudinage can, also, help provide insight to the forces
involved in tectonic deformation of rocks and their
strength. Boudins are typical features of sheared veins
and shear zones where, due to stretching along the shear
Uzoegbu et al. 097
foliation and shortening perpendicular to this, rigid bodies
break up. This causes the resulting boudin to be its
characteristic sausage or barrel shape. They range in
size from about 5cm thick to about 1m.
Figure 15: Boudinage on migmatite (x2).
Geologic Contacts
A geologic contact is the surface along which one rock
touches another. Several of these contacts were seen in
the field which is mostly gradational. The sharp contacts
mostly exist where there is an intrusion as in the case of
a dolerite intrusion as seen in the field.
Figure 16: Sharp contact of dolerite and granitic gneiss (x2)
Lineament Map
The areas are underlain by the migmatities, gneisses,
Older Granites, Younger Granites, Awgu Shale and Lafia
Formation. ARCMAP imagery of the area has been
analysed and interpreted in order to determine the
lineament trends, lineament density and groundwater
potential across the area. The drainage pattern is
structurally controlled and mostly influences both the
groundwater and surface water flow directions in the
area. Rose (azimuth-frequency) diagram of the
lineaments delineated on the imagery shows trends in the
NE-SW, NNE-SSW, E-W, NNW-SSE and N-S directions
with NE-SW and NNE-SSW as the major trends which
agrees with the general structural trends on the
Basement Complex (Ogezi,1977, Rahaman,1988). Field
observations agreed with the results from the analysis of
the ARCMAP imagery.
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Field verification of these lineaments (structures) was
carried out around the study area. The major structures
observed and measured on the Basement rocks in the
area are joints, foliations and veins. The Rose diagrams
of the joints measured on the Migmatites, Gneisses and
Older Granite in the area show dominant trends in the
NNE-SSW and NE-SW direction. The three common
types of veins found in the area are pegmatite veins,
quartzo-feldspathic veins and quartz-vein. These veins
were more on the migmatite and gneisses. The Rose
diagram of strikes of the veins in the rocks show
dominant trend in the NE-SW direction (Fig. 17) and may
represent the oldest fractures.
Figure 17: Google Image of the studied area (ARCMAP).
DISCUSSION
The mineral assemblages and field observations of the
rocks as described above were good factors for the
classification of the rock. Incorporating this with the
strikes and dips measured, we produced the geological
map of the area as presented in fig. 3. Juxtaposing our
classification with earlier workers (for example Jones and
Hockey, 1964; Rahaman, 1989, Caby and Boesse, 2001)
reveals the extension of migmatites to the central area
mapped, though omitted in the published geologic map of
Nigeria (2004). The Older Granite has high proportion of
quartz mineral. The extent of the gneisses was also not
reported in the earlier geologic map, probably due to the
regional nature of the work. The structures on the outcrop
aptly bear the imprint of evolution and or paleotectonic
activities. For example, on sample IS-37 (Granite- gneiss
in Figs. 6-16), microscopic mineral lineation of the
background felsic and mafic minerals (biotite and felspar)
in a preferred orientation suggests the re-adjustment of
mineral compositions of the rock during metamorphism.
Though folding and faulting are not prominently displayed
on the rocks, the fact that the rocks were fractured
(jointing) is an evidence of paleo-tectonic magmatic cycle
associated with the Pan-African orogeny (Obaje, 2009).
On the structural measurements, the resultant orientation
of foliations and vein shows a NE-SW, NW-SE, NNE-
SSW trending analogous to the direction of tectonic event
 Int. J. Geol. Min. 098

Table 4: Data for lineament extraction of the studied area.

Length of
Beginning Beginning Endpoint Bearing in lineament
S/N long. Lat. Endpoint Long. Long. Deg. (m)
1 465628.8168 979174.7855 467201.7611 980683.7145 46.19 2179.68
2 467659.0123 980189.8832 468811.2854 979019.32 135.45 1642.54
3 467823.6227 979266.2357 468445.4844 980509.9591 26.57 1390.52
4 469478.8722 980144.1581 469634.3376 979787.5021 156.45 389.07
5 469634.3376 979787.5021 469579.4675 979055.9001 184.29 733.66
6 468792.9953 980308.7685 469396.567 980445.9439 77.2 618.96
7 469396.567 980445.9439 470594.5652 980336.2036 95.23 1203.01
8 470064.1538 981378.7364 470878.061 980263.0434 143.89 1381.02
9 472597.3256 981058.6605 471637.098 979933.8225 220.49 1478.95

Figure 18: Lineament map derived from Landsat TM Band 5 Imagery

over Angwan Madaki and Environs.

Figure 19: Rose diagram for lineaments Orientation from ARCMAP

of the area.

responsible for the metamorphism and/or fracturing of which indicate NE-SW, NNE-SSW and few E-W trending.
rock in the region (Rahaman, 1989; Obaje, 2009). Joints are studied for engineering or hydrologic
Foliation is defined by the planar alignment of micas applications. Optical study of the thin sections prepared
which defines a syn-metamorphic mineral lineation (Caby from rock samples collected revealed five distinct rock
and Boesse, 2001). Strike of joint were also studied units which are migmatite, banded gneiss, Granite and
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Uzoegbu et al. 099

Table 5: Strike readings for foliations, joints and veins.

S/N FOLIATIONS JOINTS VEINS

1 48 190 200 352 10 196 190 114 246 258 232 352
2 68 110 205 12 350 354 360 64 192 298 358 22
3 70 120 66 16 338 54 228 16 358 244 342 24
4 72 120 106 16 68 84 66 12 242 250 242 250
5 228 120 96 12 80 78 335 18 220 242 90 246
6 60 220 268 6 188 248 250 92 260 196 198 225
7 30 220 300 44 18 4 2 44 226 40 45 40
8 190 216 358 14 130 350 18 68 358 84 310 30
9 25 38 114 12 88 350 88 60 76 86 104 86
10 47 2 28 335 60 2 206 60 76 136 266 270
11 310 316 82 156 22 22 256 246 304 4 66 18
12 30 10 42 162 82 60 268 68 242 250 250 244
13 78 64 286 172 130 76 84 104 245 238 44 46
14 206 188 248 204 260 60 80 56 90 50 78 108
15 320 288 256 6 90 66 82 56 115 125 198 198
16 204 340 12 2 260 70 8 148 225 44 62 66
17 12 12 12 24 56 62 125 220 44 44 40 60
18 16 6 12 34 45 22 130 220 242 18 136 270
19 44 156 162 34 230 40 130 216 88 252 264 245
20 172 204 198 16 250 40 134 250 198 98 78 214
21 134 22 20 2 62 18 60 250 234 44 310 324
22 190 216 358 14 130 350 18 68 358 84 310 30
23 25 38 114 12 88 350 88 60 76 86 104 86
24 47 2 28 335 60 2 206 60 76 136 266 270
25 310 316 82 156 22 22 256 246 304 4 66 18
26 30 10 42 162 82 60 268 68 242 250 250 244
27 78 64 286 172 130 76 84 104 245 238 44 46
28 206 188 248 204 260 60 80 56 90 50 78 108
29 320 288 256 6 90 66 82 56 115 125 198 198
30 204 340 12 2 260 70 8 148 225 44 62 66
31 12 12 12 24 56 62 125 220 44 44 40 60

Figure 20: Rose diagram for foliation

No. of data=118, Dominant Trend=NNE-SSW, NW-SE, NE-SW

porphyroblastic Gneiss, Older Granite and Dolerites
which have not been reported in the area before as no
work has been done there before. The rock types in this
study area are members of the Basement Complex of
Nigeria. The mineralogical assemblages of these rocks
are generally quartz, micas (biotite and muscovite),
hornblende, feldspars (plagioclase and microcline) and
others (opaque minerals (iron oxide) and the
accessories). Most mineral components of the rocks
The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
show evidence of metamorphism. The imprint of
deformational tectonic events that accompanied Pan
African orogeny was observed in the area as possible pre
cursors to the development of structural elements such
as mineral lineation, foliation, jointing and veins.
Statistical data of joints, foliation and veins were integrally
processed. Rose diagram plotted from these data
revealed a major NW-SE and minor NE-SW and E-W
trends (for the foliations and veins).
 Int. J. Geol. Min. 100

Figure 21: Rose diagram for joints

Number of data=198, Trend=NE-SW

Figure 22: Rose diagram for veins

Number of data=97, Dominant Trend=NE-SW

The studied area has two main sources of water, surface
water and underground water. The surface water
includes all run-offs which may include seasonal streams
or rivers and ponds. The major river within the studied
area is River Arikiya which is a tributary of the River
Benue. During the dry season, the minor streams are
partially or completely dried up. The pattern of flow here
is dentritic. All the rivers are structurally controlled as they
are seen trending either NW-SE or NE-SW while River
Arikiya was trending E-W. Subsurface water in this area
is mostly by hand dug wells and the major river (River
Arikiya) flows closely to various settlement. Most of their
wells dry up during the dry season hence River Arikiya
always serves as their alternative water source. The
water in these wells does not form lather with soap, so
we termed them as hard water.
The pegmatites on studied area contains economic
minerals such as quartz, feldspar, muscovite, tourmaline,
garnet, topaz and beryl. The gemstones in these
communities are mined illegally as some open pits were
seen in the field. Some of the pegmatites mapped could
serve as pointers to possible mineralized veins.
Tourmaline is used for the study of polarised light, and
also for crystals in radio transmitters to give a definite
frequency of sending waves. The varieties in the study
area are black, green and pink.
The locals were also seen mining cassiterite along the
River Arikiya channels. The cassiterite is considered to
be alluvial deposits probably demobilized and moved
along the river channels from the pegmatites. Sharp sand
was also seen along the river channels mostly along
River Arikiya which can serves as raw material in the
production of abrasives, refractories, and in the
manufacture of glass. This large volume of sand can be
extracted and used for engineering construction also.
The feldspars are more in the porphyroblastic gneiss,
Older granite and minor pegmatite veins in Angwan
Madaki. Feldspars are used in ceramics and in making of
glass. It also serves as a source of alumina and as a
partial replacement of soda ash. It is an indispensable
raw material used for the production of porcelain
enamels, flux and filter in latex paints. It is in the
manufacture of abrasive, cleaners, and polishes. Ground
feldspars are extensively used in scouring and cleaning,

The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria
Uzoegbu et al. 101
and as non-skid dusting agent for oil and slippery floors.
Micas occur in the pegmatitic rocks of the studied area,
the major being muscovite. Muscovites are used as raw
material in the manufacture of insulators in the electrical
industries. They can also be used in cosmetic industries.
Rocks are used as bulk materials in construction of
structures such as bridges, roads and buildings. The
construction materials found in the study area include
granite gneiss, migmatite gneiss, older granite, laterite
sands and clays. The laterite is a residual deposit of iron
aluminium hydroxide formed by the weathering of the
Basement rocks. The laterite is used by inhabitants for
the production of mud blocks. The sand derived from the
weathering and erosion of the basement is found along
river channels and streams.
CONCLUSION
The geologic mapping of Angwan Madaki and environs
was carried out in a prototype geological mapping and
reporting model. Optical study of the thin sections
prepared from five (5) rock samples collected reveals five
distinct rock units which are migmatite, banded gneiss,
granite and porphyroblastic gneiss, older granite and
some intrusions of dolerites which have not been
reported in the area. The rock types are the members of
the Basement Complex of Nigeria. The major
mineralogical assemblages of these rocks are quartz,
biotite, plagioclase, hornblende, muscovite, microclines
and other opaque and accessory minerals. Most mineral
component of the rock shows evidence of
metamorphism. The imprints of the deformational tectonic
events that affected the rocks was mapped in the form of
structural elements such as mineral lineation, joints,
faults, folds, foliation and veins. Structural data were
obtained and processed from the various rock types seen
on the field. Rose diagrams plotted for these data
revealed a NW-SE, NNE-SSW and NE-SW as dominant
and subordinate trend for foliation, joints and veins
respectively. The same trending was observed for most
of the streams in the area as an indication that most of
the streams are structurally controlled. The economic
geology potential of the area was assessed and reported
for a proper geological mapping in the future.
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Accepted 12 March, 2017.

Citation: Ekeleme IA, Uzoegbu MU, Olorunyomi AE,

Abalaka IE AI (2017). The geologic investigations of
rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North
Central Nigeria. International Journal Geology and Mining
3(1): 090-102.

Copyright: 2017 Uzoegbu et al. This is an open-

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The geologic investigations of rocks around Angwan Madaki and its evirons, North Central Nigeria