16. What are the primary functions of transmission systems?

17. Define local loop and trunks.

18. What is known as singing? How singing C;Jn be reduced?
19. List various impairments which affect the signals.
20. Draw echo canceller circuit and explain.
21. Define noise related to telecommunication.
22. What are the various sources of impulse noise?
23. Discuss C-message weighting and describe its significance.
24. What is the difference between dB and dBm?
25. Enumerate the three categories of transmission parameters.
26. Discuss attenuation distortion; envelope distortion.
27. What is meant by line-conditioning?
28. What kind of circuits can have C-type line conditioning: D-type line-conditioning?
29. When is D-type conditioning IS mandatory? Discuss the limitations imposed with D-type conditioning.
30. What considerations are addressed by the interface parameters?
31. What considerations are addressed by the facility parameters?
32. What is the purpose of echo canceller and echo suppressor?
33. Describe what is meant by a two-wire circuit and four-wire circuit.
34. Discuss the units of power measurements.
35. H0W do yuu decide the maximum subscriber loop length?
36. What is the benefit to digital data links in using dedicated lines?
37. What is the TELCO bandwidth and specified line impedance?
38. What type of telephone lines can be conditioned?
39. What are the reference frequencies for gain variation and envelope delay measurements?
40. What are the tightest limits for conditioning that can be applied to telephone lines? What frequencies
do these limits apply to?
41. Explain the D-type line-conditioning and describe its main features.
42. What two electrical parameters are specified using D-conditioning?
43. What are the characteristics of a notch filter?
44. What is the difference between weighted and unweighted noise?
45. Enumerate the facility parameters.
46. What do you understand by voice frequency circuit arrangements and discuss various types of circuits?
47. Compare the four-wire voice frequency circuit with the two-wire frequency circuits.
48. Briefly discuss the function of a two-wire to four-wire hybrid set.
49. What do you understand by crosstalk in telephone system?
50. List and describe three types of crosstalk.
51. What are called crosstalk?
52. Explain briefly EXT and FEXT.
53. Explain the various types of distortion.
54. What is BORSCHT?
55. Consider a subscriber loop of 12 km long. The loop resistance is 1600 ohm. Calculate the d.c. loop
resistance and determine the cable gauge for the loop.
56. Explain the concept of inductive loading.