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    Modeling of biogas production

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    Modeling of biogas production

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    2 views8 pages

    Fedailaine - Modeling of The Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste For Biogas Production

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    Caio Mussi Taranto
    Modeling of biogas production

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    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ® ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science £5 ELSEVIER Procedia Computer Science 52 2015) 730-737 ‘The Sth International Conference on Sustainable Energy Information Technology (SEIT 2015) Modeling of the anaerobic digestion of organic waste for biogas production Fedailaine M “*, Moussi K*, Khitous M', Abada S*, Saber M’, Tirichine N* “Cente de Développement ds Energies Renouseables CDER, BP. 62 Route de observaoire, Houratéah 16340 Algiers, Algeria " Laboratoire destockage et valrisstion des énergesrenouvelables, LSVER. Faculté dechimie, USTHB, BP 32 EL Alia, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria Abstract Anaerobic digestion is a biological process in which the organie material is converted by microorganisms to methane and carbon dioxide (biogas) in the absence of oxygen. This process is interesting but the contro on industrial scale spontaneous biological reactions requires good knowledge of the phenomena involved. The search for appropriate models to be use in control theory is now a high priority to optimize fermentation processes and solve important problems, such as the development of renewable energy from biodegradable organic waste. The aim ofthis study is modeling of biokineties of anaerobic digestion on several aspeets such as microbial activity, substrate degradation and methane production, For this, we developed a mathematical model based on mass balances on biomass, the organic substrate and biogas. This model is then simulate on Matlab using the experimental data from the literature and comparison between other models and our experimental results. The sensitivity ofthe model to the process parameters was study by varying the initial concentration of the biomass and the dose ofthe onganie substrate © 2015 The Authors, Published by Elsevier B.Y. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (hup:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ne-nd/4.0), Peer-review under responsibilty ofthe Conference Program Chairs _Keswonds:Anaerobie Digestion, Modelling, biogas 1. Introduction Anaerobic Digestion isa natural process where biodegradable material (biomass) is transformed by micro ‘organisms to biogas in the absence of oxygen. "The search for appropriate models to be use in control theory is, ‘now a major priority for optimizing the fermentation process and solve important problems, such as renewable ‘energy development from biodegradable organic waste. ‘Microbiological, biochemical and technological point Of view, anaerobic digestion is generally composed of four major stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. During this stage, microorganisms convert the hydrogen and acetic acid to methane gas and carbon dioxide. * The bacteria responsible for this conversion are call methanogens and are strict anaerobes.Several mathematical models associated with these phenomena are present in the literature but are foften very complex and not suitable for control. * * Corresponding author. Tel: #213-219-01803; faxt213-219-01860 E-mail addres: m fedisinoweder do 1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors, Published by Elsevier B.V, This is an open access atile under the CC BY-NC-ND license (outpcretivecommons.orgicensesby-ne-ndl4.00). Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chats oi:10.1016) procs. 2015.05.086 M Fedailaine et al. / Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 730 737 ‘The modeling of a bioprocess is a virtual representation of biological, physical and chemicel processes taking place in the digester. From this and a numerical calculation software, it i possible to simulate, quickly and cheaply, different treatments scenarios taking into account and evaluating the impact of input variations (quantities and qualities) and operation, Models ean be classify according to their mode of conception: (i) the "black-box" models if the process is too complex. ° However, the modeling of biochemical processes remains difficult because there is no biological laws or universal models; unlike physies, where known and validated models for centuries (Principles of thermodynamics, ideal gas laws etc.) can be the basis for the construction of ‘mechanistic models, Bacterial growth models are essentially empirical, In this context, we have established a bbiokinetic model based on mass balances on the substrate, biomass and methane production in order to predict the observed behavior of anaerobie digestion and better understand the internal phenomena thi ‘occur within digester. The model is simulate on Matlab software introducing experimental parameters ofthe literature. 2. Development Model Modeling the anaerobic digestion can follow the time evolution of the composition of the biogas produced during the transformation of the organic matter. The hydrolysis step is to solubilize the substrate; It is done through extracellular enzymes exereted by certain bacteria. This is not a biological process, because there is no metabolism, ° The acidogenic, acetogenesis and methanogenesis are metabolie steps where the organie substrate is consume and converted by bacteria. Biokinetics is describe by three phenomena, substrate consumption, ‘growth and bacterial decay, methane production and inhibition of bacterial activity 3. Mathematical Model Making material balances on the substrate, biomass and biogas, we have established a biokinetie model to describe the work of the digester. The model was simulated by the Matlab software. The simplifying assumptions to consider ae: (1) The digester is a sealed veactor; (2) A perfect agitation witha the reactor; (3) A the reactor; (5) An established transitional arrangements; (6) The growth kinetics obeys the substrate inhibition model (Model Haldane); (7) The factor limiting bacterial zrowith is the organic substrate; (8) The suspended biomass contributes tothe biodegradation ofthe substrate. The diagram below shows the principle of operation of a biogas digester: az cH a QW SeXi as 7 — init al Fig. 1. Diagram of operation ofan anaerobic digester QiQF: ate the input and output flows of the liquid and the flow of the biogas produced, and Qe respectively(L’ d), Si,SI: concentrations of the substrate atthe inlet and the outlet (g/L) Xi\Xf: biomass concentration atthe inlet and the outlet (g/L), Z:" concentration of methane in the biogas (g/L). v volume of the digester (L), The balance sheets of material on biomass, the decomposition of the substrate and methane production accompanied by other gases (CO», Hy, NHs) are based on the mass conservation law. Taking into aceount the simplifying assumptions and neglecting the endogenous decay of microorganisms, mass balance equations are describe as: 3.1. Mass balance on biomass ‘The mass balance of biomass is write as follows: OX, + EXY, + Ku, o m2 M, Fedailaine et al. /Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 730-737 Dividing by the Volume of the substrate and assuming a constant rate (Q= Q= Q) and (KX), we obtain the following equation: Be DUK, —X) + uk —KGX @) We note :D The Haldane relationship: where: D; is the dilution rate (day'!); Kg: is the rate of detachment of microorganisms (day"); 1H: is the rate of growth of anacrobic microorganisms (day"). Hawi fate of growth of anaerobic microorganisms (day"}, Ky! halfsaturation constent (pL); Ki: coefficient of inhibition (g/L). 3.2,Mass balance on the substrate During the conversion of the organic substrate in methane, a part of the substrate is use for the formation of new cells and provide the energy needed for growth and maintenance of microorganisms. The substrate is write as QS - — H — Keak AV KX, = PrN on production of other gases where: Sp 8+ (Substrat final is substrate instantaneous Y_ coefficient of production of new cells (8/8); Kj: substrate degradation rate required for the growth of microorganisms (g/g); Kye? substrate degradation rate required to maintain microorganisms (g/)s Yi! biogas coefficient (g/g. Dividing by the volume V;, we obtain the following equation: $= (5, -5,) —E— Ka Xu — Ky Xt 6 3.3. Mass balance on biogas ay - Kh + nH 6 Methane production is negligible at the bewinning and the end of the process. So we can write: Odi = QyZy = Oand = K oO Wher e K is the organie substrate conversion of methane, Its given by the following relationship: K = YX @) Y;, : methane production ratio (g/g), For the other constituent biogas (CO;, H, NH), we can write: M Fedailain etal. /Procedia Computer Science $2 (2015) 730-737 ee = Veg uX 0 Se = Vuk 9) hh ay TThe following lists all constants and parameters of the model, Table 1, Theoretical values of the different parameters of the model Parametre Symbole Value and unit Reference Tnitial concentration of the organie substrate So 4e/L 8 Initial biomass concentration Xo 2g 9 Maximum specific growth rate hm 0.35 jour 10 Dilution rate D 0,029 jour" n Detachment rate of microorganisms Ky 0.02 jour 10 Mas anf coeficint the vba iqid kK. 150 gL b Factor inhibition K 5 gL B New cell production ratio Ys 082 gig B Subsite degrafaton rate for the growth of Ke 0.983 wie n Subsite degradton rate for the maintenance of o4gle u Coefficient production Ys 435 we u CH, production coefficient You 027 ge u CO; production coefficient Yoo o4glg - 1H, production coefficient Yu 0.03 gig : [NH production coefficient Yous 0.01 we. - 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Biokineticmodeling anaerobic digestion Figures 2 (a) and 3 (b) show the evolution of the concentration of the organic substrate (S) and microorganisms (X) versus time. The first step corresponds (© the consumption of the organic substrate by microorganisms whose concentration decreased slightly. The results also show a production of methane as the ‘major component at a concentration of about 1.82 g/L with a low concentration of other gases, such as: [COs 0.16 g/L [Hz] = 0.012 g/L and (NHs] ~ 0.004 g/L. The biological activity is important; it corresponds to the period of the decay of microorganisms. It therefore leads to an increased production of methane. Whereas when the organic substrate is completely consume, biodegradation is complete. Microorganisms need for maintenance phenomena, production of new cells and elimination of bacteria as a function of time. The comparison with ‘model of Nakhla G above concentration and Chui $-F with our experimental high substrate concentration in figure 2 (¢) we obtain the concordance between them. '?" In the figure 3 (d), we have the volume accumulation ‘biogas experimental (48.05 L) in the same order with the theoretical volume (49.56 L.). The obtained results are show in the following table 2 and fig. 2.and 3, ‘Table 2,Comparison with our and other model and experimental measurements, Element Model Nakbla G2006" Chiu SF Experimental work simulation 2013" 2014 So (sit) 4 TAS 155 25 Xo(g/L) 2 2.833 46 12 Biogas Experimental (L)— - : 48.05 Biogas theoretical CH: LA3giL— CHe3.95 g/L. CHe887 — CHelS.5 g/L CO;:0.16 —— CO;:0.36 CO;:0.81 CO;:104 g/L 49.651 Hz: 0.012 Ha: 0.027 Hy 0.06 Hy: 0.1 g/L. NHs:0,0042NH:0.0091 NHy:0.02 NH:0.03 git Volume of reactor(L) = 4 : 10 3 Be M, Fedailaine tal. /Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 730737 (a) © i aaa : | | i i ———————— « a a er o a time (ys) Ss 50] + Biogas (ar expevimenta) tie (ass) Fig. . Evolution of the concentrations of Fig. 3. Evolution in the concentration of the biogaswith, ‘biomass and substrate with time (a), (c). time and volume accumulation (b),(d),(e) 4.2, Sensitivity analysis of the model 42.1. Variation of the initial concentration of the biomass ‘The results obtained show thatthe initial biomass concentration has a significant influence on the degradation of the substrate, production of methane and bacterial population. We also note a good simulation of the work of the digester over time. The initial biomass concentration decreases slightly during the firs thirty days. This decrease is more significant at relatively high initial concentrations of 3.75 to 5 g/L. Then, it keeps almost constant after ne month of operation. The degradation of the substrate increases rapidly during the first ten days of anaerobic ‘digestion and then gradually decreases until equilibrium is reached after one month. This is due to a complete M Fedailaine etal. /Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 730-737 25 degradation of the organic matter that increases significantly with the initial concentration of microorganisms, ‘Against by, the production of methane increases linearly with the initial concentration of the biomass. When the initial concentration of the biomass increased from 1 to 5 g/L, the production of methane increases from 1.31 to 2.35 respectively. This is duc to a strong or high deterioration of the organic substrate methane in the presence of a large number of microorganisms (b) Fig. 4. Effect of initial biomass concentration on: (a) Bacterial population,(b) Degradation of the substrate and (©) Production of methane. 4.2.2, Variation of the initial dose of the substrate In this case, we varied the initial dose of the substrate from 2 to 10 g/L. The following table shows the initial conditions and the concentration of methane produced after 80 days of running the digester: The followings Fig, .Show the effect of the initial dose of the substrate on the biomass concentration, degradation of the substrate and production of methane, respectively. Increasing the initial dose of the substrate causes a rapid decrease of the initial concentration of microorganisms and an increase in methane production during the forty days of operation, By against the degradation of the substrate increases during the first twenty days, and then gradually decreases until reaching a complete degradation of the substrate after 80 days of fermentation. This degradation is quite large with the initial doses of the highest substrate (7.5 and 10 g/L), This behaviour can be explain by decay phenomena and detachment of microorganisms following fermentation reactions of organic matter in the presence of a large amount of the organic substrate to be degraded, thereby producing a rapid degradation of the substrate and an increase in biogas as well 16 M, Fedailaine tal. /Procedia Computer Seience 52 (2015) 730-737 @ ) Biomass (sk) Sota) en é » 7% @ wo Fig. 5. Effeet of dove on the substrate: (a) Concentration of biomass,(b) Degradation of the substrate and () Production of methane. Conclusion ‘Through this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: + The biokinetic model that has established allowed to monitor the operation of the digester over time, including, the degradation of organic matter, evolution of biomass, biogas composition and methane production. ‘The model of the sensitivity study of the process parameters, namely the initial biomass concentration and dose of the substrate showed that the increase is favourable on the anaerobic digestion. ‘The results of the simulation helps to design a biogas unit and prevent a possible maintenance and digester feed, *+ Finally, we have seen our model presents a concordance with other models. References |. Bastin ©, Bochsin D. Online estimation and adaptive contol of bioreastrs, Dynamics of Microbial Competition, Blevsr Science Publishers (1991) 2. Beayahia B, Sari T, Cheri B, Harmand J. Bifurcation and stability analysis ofa ewosteps model for monitoring anaerobic digestion praceses Journal of Process Cont, 2012; 2: 1008-1019 43.8. Benyaia,T. Sari, B. Cheri, and J Harmand, Surle modile AMP de digestion anaeabe, In CARI'T0, Yamoussoukzou, Cite oie 2010, 4. Simeonoy I Stoyanov . Modeling and dynamic compensator conto of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, Chem. Biochem. Eng (2, no 200817) 285-292 M. Fedailaine et al. /Procedia Computer Science 52 (2015) 730~ 737 5, Hess J, Modélisation de la qualité da biogaz produit par wn fermenteur méthanogéne et stretégie de régulaton en vue de sa valorisation, "Thise de Doctorat, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis-Utr Sciences, 2007 6, Goel R, Mino 7, Sato H, Matsuo T, Comparison of hydrolytic enzyme systems in pure culture and activated sludge under diferent clectron aceptor conditions, Water Science and Technology 37 (13) (1998) 335-343, 1. Fezzani B, Cheikh R. Implementation of IWA anaerobic digestion model no. 1 (ADMI) for simulating the thermophilic anaerobic €0- Aigestion of olive mill wastewater with olive mill old waste ina semi-continuous tubular digester. Chem Eng 2008; 141 (1-3) 75-8 & Bouguelia A. Reconnaissance et mesure des paramétes chimiques déterminants dans la biogénése contolée du méthane. Laboratoire Chimie Solaire, Université des Seience et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (1984) 42, 9, Renyahia B. Modélisation et observation des bioprocédés & membranes: application la digestion anagrbie, Laboratoire d’Automatique, L’Université de temeen. Algérie, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de TEnvironnement, Narbonne, Université de Montpelier 2, Fran 2012) 10, Ossiamsson E, Lidholm O. Modeling Anacrobie Digestion , Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engincering, Lund University (2008) 12. 11 Presura A, RobestuLD, Panaiteseu I, RAIA S C, Constanfa $A. Modeling end Simulation of Biological Anaerobic Treatment of Sludge Resulted from Wastewater Treatment Recent Advances in Energy, Environment, Economics and Technological Innovation, ISBN 978= 960-874-3428, 2010) $5.60, 12, Siegrist H, Vogt D, Garcia-Heras J, Gujer W. Mathematical model for meso- and thermophilic anaerobie sewage sludge digestion Environmental Seence and Technology, 2002; 36 (5) :1113-1123, 1, Nakhla G, Liu V, Bassi A. Kinetic modeling of aerobic biodegradation of high oil and grease rendering wastewater. Bioresource Technology, (2006); 97: 131-139. 14. Chin S-, Chiu -Y, KuoW-C. Biological stoichiometric analysis of nutrition and ammonia txicity in thermophilic anaerobic eo

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