Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543

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Thin-Walled Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws

Experimental investigation of sinus beams with end-plate connections

Abdulkadir Cneyt Aydn a,n, Mahyar Maali a, Mahmut Kl a, Merve Sarolu b
a
Ataturk University, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
b
Erzurum Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erzurum, Turkey

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Using high-strength steel with reduced weight in buildings and industry is important because, as the
Received 19 June 2015 weight of the buildings is reduced, the behavior of steel in various situations becomes important. In this
Received in revised form study, momentrotation curves of sinusoidal beams were investigated using xed end-plate connections.
4 September 2015
Use of a new sinusoidal beam model is proposed. Results were compared with experiments performed
Accepted 5 September 2015
not only with IPE prole but also with similar manufactured prole. In the result, weight was reduced for
sinusoidal 70 beams, showing improvements in terms of moment resistance.
Keywords: & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sinusoidal beams
Experiment
Momentrotation

1. Introduction 2. Specimens and test procedure

In engineering buildings, selecting optimum dimensions is very
important. It is important to use bearing elements with optimum
dimensions and low weights for engineering considerations. For
this reason, many studies are performed to provide optimum di-
mensions and to reduce weight. In some studies, researchers have
tried to increase moment resistance by making changes not only
to the structure, but also to the shape of the beams. Lee et al. 2015
[1] investigated the structural performance of pre-stressed com-
posite girders with corrugated steel plate webs. In this investiga-
tion, Lee et al. conducted various composite experiments by
changing the web shape of girders and obtained measured results.
In another method, optimum conditions may be obtained by using
high-strength steels in elements [2].
In this research, end-plate connections are used in beam-to-
column joints, and connection dimensions are selected from the
research of Coelho et al. [2]. This study aims to investigate the
effect of the sinus angles in the web of I-beam with end-plate
connection to the momentrotation curves. Accordingly, moment
rotation curves are drawn for four end-plate optimum connec-
tions. The purpose of these experiments is to understand the ef-
fects of sinus beam connections on the end-plates. Among these
four models, two models using sinus beams, one simple (manu-
factured) model, and one IPE beam model are prepared. The mo-
mentrotation curves are compared and the effects of sinus beams
are examined at end-plate connections.
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: acaydin@atauni.edu.tr (A. Cneyt Aydn).
The experimental test models were selected considering var-
ious issues; primarily, selection was limited by laboratory equip-
ment and fabrication capabilities. The selected plate should be
capable of easily creating all common sinusoidal angles without
introducing geometrical defects that change the bearing capacity.
Finally, for better realism, plates were selected from widely used
materials, and sinus beams should be selected to allow compar-
ison not only with IPE prole but also with similar manufactured
prole.
In this research, a total of four specimens were manufactured
and tested. Among these four models, labeled sinusoidal, sim-
ple (manufactured; made of three plates by welding), and IPE
standard prole were tested. The experimental program is shown
in Figs. 1 and 2, and Table 1. The details of the beam and column
are shown in Table 1. Hand-tightened fully threaded grade
8.8 M10 bolts in 12-mm drilled holes are kept constant for all the
tested specimens.
The test program included a single steel grade for the beam;
the column and plate are of S235 with nominal values of yield
strength fy (235 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength fu (360 MPa).
The coupon tension test on the structural steel material was per-
formed according to the appropriate UNE procedures [3]. The real
mechanical characteristics were obtained using tensile tests on
coupons cut from the ange and web of the beam and column and
from the plates. For each component, three tests were performed.
Table 2 gives the values for the static yield and tensile stresses fy
and fu. Three bolts were tested under tension in order to de-
termine the mechanical properties of the bolt material in ac-
cordance with UNE-EN 10002-1 [3]. The average properties are set
out in Table 2.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2015.09.003
0263-8231/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
36 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543

Nomenclature Sj.p-1 Post-yield rotational stiffness of a joint

Cd Rotation capacity of a connection
Fu Ultimate or tensile stress Mj.max Rotation of the connection at maximum load
Fy Yield stress M.j.Rd Connection rotation analytical value at which the
X Cartesian axis; distance moment resistance rst reaches Mj.Rd
tp Stiffener thickness of end-plate connection min K-R Rotation between the lower bound of the knee-
E Youngs modulus range of the joint momentrotation curve and the
I Moment of inertia rotation capacity
M Bending moment sup K-R Rotation between the upper bound of the knee-range
Mj.Rd Joint exural plastic (design) resistance of the joint momentrotation curve and the rotation
Mj.max Maximum bending moment capacity
Mmin.K-R Lower resistance bound of the knee-range of the j.max load Joint ductility index evaluated for rotation at
joint momentrotation curve maximum load
Msup.K-R Upper resistance bound of the knee-range of the j Joint ductility index
joint momentrotation curve Rotation
M.Cd Bending moment at fracture of the joint DTi LVDT DTi
P Concentrated force STi Strain gauge STi
Sj.ini Initial rotational stiffness of a joint

Fig.1. Shapes of beam models. (a) Sinus shape. (b) Sinusoidal Angle. (c) Manufactured (simple) beam. (d) Standard IPE prole.
 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543
Fig.2. Shape of end-plates: (a) sinusoidal and (b) IPE160.
Because the web and ange of the sinusoidal beam have 2.5-
mm and 4-mm thicknesses, respectively, sheets with dimensions
of 1500
6000 mm2 were rst prepared. Next, these sheets were
divided into ten and eighteen parts for the web and ange, re-
spectively, using a cutting device. The cylindrical device was then
prepared as shown in Fig. 3. This device works with three cylin-
ders. To run 30- and 70-angles, the upper cylinder and two lower
cylinders were made with diameters of 269.1 mm and 238.85 mm,
respectively. After making the cylinders, the sheets were made
into a sinusoidal shape inside this device. These sinusoidal sheets
are shown in Fig. 4. To realize all planned lengths, because the
sheet length was 1500 mm, sheets were welded by using arc
welding with a continuous 45 llet weld. The llet welds were
made in the down-hand position. The procedure involves manual
metal arc welding using a consumable electrode. Three main zones
could be identied after the welding process: weld metal (WM),
the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM) which is the
part of the parent plate that was not inuenced by the heat input.
The HAZ is the portion of the plate on either side of the weld that
is affected by heat, because of which the metal suffers thermal
disturbances and structural modications that may include re-
crystallization, rening, and grain growth. The hot WM causes the
plate to bend upward owing to shrinkage during cooling and,
therefore, considerable force is exerted toward this end. The re-
sidual stresses can then be expected in the HAZ. Obviously, this
inuences the overall behavior of the connection. The composition
of the WM deposited with the electrode compared to that of the
BM is of great importance because this will naturally alter the
properties of the steel at and near the weld toe. For each steel
quality there are often a large number of electrode types to choose
from [47]. After making sinusoidal sheets, wing sheets of 4-mm
thickness and 180-mm width and 2.5-mm thickness and 160-mm
width are made; these sheets are cut using the cutting device.
Next, wing sheets are carefully welded to web sheets by arc
welding. Because of the sinusoidal shape of the web, its vibration
is also sinusoidal. The sinusoidal sheets are shown in Fig. 4. These
sheets are easy to weld and, as a result, the precision of the op-
eration is increased. Fig. 4 shows the shape of the sinusoidal 70
Table 1
Experimental models.
Name of model h (mm) b (mm)
Simple (manufactured)
Sinusoidal 30 160 150
Sinusoidal 70
IPE160 160 82
tp thickness of end-plate.
37
models after completion.
3. Test machine and instrumentation
The specimens are subjected to a static force applied by a 900-
kN hydraulic jack with a maximum stroke of 300 mm. Tests are
performed under displacement control with a constant speed of
0.01 mm/s up to the collapse of the specimens. The test arrange-
ments are shown in Fig. 5. In order to prevent the lateral torsional
buckling of the beam while loading, a two-column guidance de-
vice near the beam is provided. From the experiments, it is ob-
served that lateral torsional buckling of the beam in the course of
loading did not occur. The instrumentation plan is described in
Fig. 5 [811]. The lengths of the beam and column (1500 mm) are
chosen on one hand to ensure that a realistic stress pattern is
developed at the connection, and on the other hand so that frac-
ture of the several specimens, i.e., ultimate load, is attained with
the specic testing machine. The full instrumentation plan is de-
scribed below. The primary requirements of the instrumentation
are the measurement of applied load (P), displacements (DT) of the
beam, and strains (ST) at the end-plate connections. The results
are collected using a data-logging device that records all mea-
surements for the load cells at one-second intervals. All the data
are recorded for the duration of the tests. Displacements are
measured using linear variable displacement transducers with a
maximum displacement of 100 mm (LVDTs are shown as DT in
Fig. 5). TML YEFLA-5 (maximum strain of 1520%) strain gauges
are added to the system to provide insight into the strain dis-
tribution, as shown in Fig. 5.
4. Test results
The momentrotation curve shows the behavior of the moment
connections that describe the relationship between the applied
moment (M) and the corresponding rotation () between the
members. The rotation and the bending moment (M) are predicted
by using displacements of the beam or the top-and-seat angle
connection as well as multiplication of the distance between the
load application point and beam end bolted to the column (Lload),
respectively:
M = PL load (1)
The rotational deformation of the joint () is equal to the
connection rotation. The beam rotation is approximately given by
(Fig. 5.)
arctan(DT 1 DT 5 b. el(DT 1))
=
L1 (2)
where DTi and b.el(DTi) are the vertical displacements and the
beam elastic deection at LVDT DTi, respectively. b.el(DTi) is eval-
uated as follows:
t (mm) s (mm) L (mm) Weight (kg/m) tp (mm)
15.68 8
4 2.5 85.8 12.7 8
200.2 16.57 8
7.4 5 15.8 8
38 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543

Table 2
Average characteristics of structural steels and bolts.

Stress (MPa) Beam web Beam ange Column web Column ange Plate (4 mm) Plate (2.5 mm) Bolt (M10, grade 8.8)

fy 358.74 378. 8 349.19 351 324.08 351.11 789.98

fu 454.918 457.6 485.31 439 465.14 448.12 871.63

Fig. 3. Sinusoidal sheet manufacturing system.
P X3DTi LloadX2DTi
b. el(DTi) = ( )( )( ) ment) values of the sinusoidal 70 model are higher than for the
EI 6 2 (3)
where i is the moment of inertia and E is Young's modulus for the
beam. Some differences among the results from DT3 are expected
when compared to the remaining LVDTs. The results from LVDTs
DT1DT2 are identical, as expected. Therefore, all of the de-
formation values presented throughout the remainder of this
section refer to the readings from DT1.
The M curve of the connection may be characterized by
using the aforementioned relationships. The main features of this
curve are moment resistance, rotational stiffness, and rotation
capacity. In particular, the following characteristics are assessed
for the different experimental tests [8, 1214], as illustrated in
Fig. 6:
In Fig. 6, the plastic exural resistance Mj.Rd corresponds to the
intersection point of the previous two regression lines obtained for
the initial stiffness (Sj.ini) and for the post-limit stiffness (Sj.p  l) and
its corresponding rotation M.Rd. The maximum bending moment
is Mj.max and its corresponding rotation is M.j.max. The knee-range
of the M curve is dened as the transition zone between the
initial and post-limit stiffness, with its lower boundary at Mmink  R
and rotation mink  R, and with its upper limit at Msupk  R and
rotation supk  R. The bending moment capacity is M.Cd and its
corresponding rotation capacity is cd.
Table 3 and Figs. 7 and 8 are obtained from the momentro-
tation curves of the tested systems. As seen from Table 3, the knee-
range is observed for the simple (manufactured) model. the knee-
range values of the simple (manufactured) model is higher than
the sinusoidal 30, sinusoidal 70, and IPE160 models by 44.68%,
17.33%, and 59.23%, respectively. The knee-range values of the si-
nusoidal 70 model is higher than the sinusoidal 30 and IPE160
models by 33.48% and 50.07%, respectively. In addition, the knee-
range value of the sinusoidal 30 model is higher than the IPE160
model by 25.85%. As a result, it is observed that the moment re-
sistance is increased with the increasing sinus degree of the web.
Furthermore, it is observed that the knee-range is increased
with the increasing sinus degree of the web from 30 to 70.
In addition, as seen from Table 3, the maximum bending ca-
pacity is observed for the sinusoidal 70 model. Moreover, MjRd
(plastic exural resistance) and Mjmax (maximum bending mo-
simple (manufactured), sinusoidal 30, and IPE160 models by
1.64%, 22.16%, and 39.57%, and by 11.3%, 25.12%, and 44.87%, re-
spectively. Moreover, MjRd (plastic exural resistance) and Mjmax
(maximum bending moment) values for the simple (manu-
factured) model are higher than the IPE160 model by 38.63% and
37.73%, respectively, while MjRd (plastic exural resistance) and
Mjmax (maximum bending moment) values for the sinusoidal 30
model are higher than the IPE160 model by 22.80% and 26.26%,
respectively. When the Mcd (bending moment capacity) values
are taken into consideration, for the sinusoidal 70 and simple
(manufactured) models, sinusoidal 30 and IPE160 beam, it is
observed that the bending moment capacity of sinusoidal 70
beam is higher in values by 28.43%, 28.95%, 60.50%, respectively.
Mcd (bending moment capacity) values for the simple (manu-
factured) model are higher than for the IPE160 and sinusoidal 30
models by 44.77% and 0.72%, respectively, while Mcd (bending
moment capacity) values for the sinusoidal 30 model are higher
than the IPE160 model by 44.37%. As a result, it is observed that
the moment resistance is increased with the increasing sinus de-
gree of the web.
In the experiments, the highest stiffness is observed in the

Fig. 4. Sinusoidal 70 sheets.

 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543 39

Fig. 5. Location of the displacement transducers (DT LVDTs) and the strain gauges: ST1 and ST2 are parallel to the column web while ST3 and ST4 are vertical to the column
web (L1 770 mm, Lload 1415 mm).

Fig. 6. Momentrotation curve characteristics.

Table 3
Main characteristics of the momentrotation curves.

Experiment Resistance (KN.m) Stiffness (KN m/rad) Rotation (rad)

KR (knee-range) Mj.Rd Mj. max MCd Sj.ini Sj.p  l Sj.ini/Sj.p  l M.Rd Min.K.R Msup.k.R Mj. max Cd

Simple (manufactured) 1.569.58 8.88 10.55 8.28 1.60 0.36 4.44 0.14 0.02 0.16 0.23 0.36
Sinusoidal 30 3.457.86 7.06 8.91 8.22 1.73 0.45 3.84 0.09 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.30
Sinusoidal 70 4.811.43 9.03 11.90 11.57 1.21 0.59 2.05 0.18 0.09 0.24 0.27 0.30
IPE 160 2.876.14 5.45 6.57 4.573 3.09 0.43 7.18 0.08 0.04 0.15 0.22 0.39
40 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543

Fig. 7. Momentrotation and strain curves for all model tests.

 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543
Fig. 8. Momentrotation curves.
IPE160 specimen and the least is observed in the sinusoidal 70
specimen. The rate of rise of the initial stiffness to the post-limit
stiffness values for the simple (manufactured) model is higher
than the for sinusoidal 30 and sinusoidal 70 models by 13.51%
and 53.83%, respectively, and the rate of rise of the initial stiffness
to the post-limit stiffness values for the IPE160 model is higher
than for the sinusoidal 30, sinusoidal 70, and simple (manu-
factured) models. Additionally, the rate of rise of the initial stiff-
ness to the post-limit stiffness values for the sinusoidal 30 model
is higher than for the sinusoidal 70 model by 46.61%. In the re-
sults, it is observed that the moment resistance is increased with
the increasing sinus degree of the web.
The rotation for all specimens is shown in Table 3. The rotation
at the maximum bending moment (Mjmax) has the highest value
for the sinusoidal 70 model. When the other models are com-
pared with the sinusoidal 70 model, it is observed that the rota-
tion capability of the sinusoidal 70 model at the maximum
bending moment is higher than for the IPE160, sinusoidal 30, and
simple (manufactured) models by 18.5%, 7.4%, and 14.8%, respec-
tively. Moreover, the Mjmax value of the sinusoidal 30 model is
12% greater than for the IPE 160 model and the Mjmax value of the
simple (manufactured) model is 4.35% greater than for the IPE 160
model. As seen in Table 3 and Fig. 7, the rotation plastic exural
resistance (Mj.Rd) of the sinusoidal 70 model is 2.25, 2, and
1.2 times greater than those of the IPE160, sinusoidal 30, and
simple (manufactured) models, respectively. As a result, it is ob-
served that the rotation plastic exural resistance is increased with
the increasing sinus degree of the web.
In Fig. 7, the momentrotation curves of 4 models are com-
pared. According to the comparisons, it is observed that the mo-
ment resistance of sinusoidal 70 model is greater than all of the
other models. Thus, it is suggested to use various sinus beams with
end-plate connections, while the equal weight design phenom-
enon is thought for mentioned models, namely the moment re-
sistance, the stiffness, and the rotation, etc.
In this study, the ductility of a joint (j) is a property that re-
ects the length of the yield plateau of the momentrotation re-
sponse. The purpose here is to dene ductility as the difference
between the rotation value corresponding to the joint plastic re-
sistance (MRd) and the total rotation capacity (Cd) [910].
Table 4
Joint ductility indices j and j.max.load.
Experiment MR.d (rad) .Mj.max (rad) C.d (rad)
Simple 0.14 0.23 0.36
Sinusoidal 30 0.09 0.25 0.30
Sinusoidal 70 0.18 0.27 0.30
IPE 160 0.08 0.22 0.39
41
Therefore, the ductility of a joint (j) is related to the maximum
rotation of the joint (Cd) and the rotation value corresponding to
the joint's plastic resistance, MRd[6]:
Cd
j =
MRd (4)
The rotation values at the maximum load and corresponding
ductility levels, j.max.load are also related by
Mj. max
j.maxload =
MRd (5)
Eurocode 3 [12] gives quantitative rules to predict joint exural
plastic resistance and initial rotational stiffness for major beam-to-
column joints of end-plate connections. These structural proper-
ties are evaluated below using the geometric and mechanical
nominal properties in Eurocode 3.
The j and j.max.load values of the sinusoidal 30 model are
higher than for the simple (manufactured) and sinusoidal 70
simple (manufactured) models by 22.82% and 50.15% and by
40.79% and 45.85%, respectively (Table 4). Moreover, it is observed
that j in the IPE160 model is greater than in the simple (manu-
factured), sinusoidal 30, and sinusoidal 70 specimens by 47.22%,
31.62%, and 65.91%, respectively. The j.maxload values of the IPE160
beam are greater than those of the sinusoidal 70 and simple
(manufactured) models by 45.45% and 40.36%, respectively.
Table 4 shows that energy dissipation capacity values of the
simple (manufactured) model are higher than for the sinusoidal
30, sinusoidal 70, and IPE160 models. Moreover, energy dis-
sipation capacity values of the sinusoidal 70 model are higher
than for the sinusoidal 30 and IPE160 models.
As a result, the sinusoidal 70 model has less ductility capacity
and higher energy dissipated compared with the other models. It
seems that the improved knee-range (plastic exural resistance)
and maximum bending moment are increased with the increasing
sinus degree of the web. However, the ductility of a joint and the
rate of rise of the initial stiffness to the post-limit stiffness is de-
creased with increasing sinus degree of the web. Moreover, the
ductility of a joint for the sinusoidal 30 model is greater than for
the simple and sinusoidal 70models. However, for a exural
member, the ductility of a joint is most important and is essential
to performance in terms of the moment strength capacity.
Therefore, despite the fact that the ductility of a sinus beam joint is
lower than in other models, the energy dissipated by sinus models
are greater than in other models; as a result, the sinus models are
better than other models for use in industry.
The similar performance of momentstrain curves for the
models are shown in Fig. 8 for both horizontal and vertical strain
gauges. The observed values from strain gauges 1 and 3 are ap-
proximately two times greater than the values from strain gauges
2 and 4. Although vertically connected strain gauges have been
exposed to plastic deformation in some regions, horizontally
connected strain gauges have been exposed to elastic deformation.
The observed collapse modes of the models are presented in
Fig. 9. All of the bolts used in the models show similar failure
patterns with 45 angles. However, the number of broken bolts is
four, except for the sinusoidal 70 model, which have three broken
Cd Mj . max Energy dissipated (kN m rad)
j = j . max . load =
MRd MRd
2.57 1.64 1.90
3.33 2.77 1.34
1.66 1.5 1.79
4.87 2.75 1.28
42 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543
Fig. 9. Collapse of all models.
bolts. The failures of the bolts are obtained from the top down, as
expected.
5. Conclusion
The purpose of these experiments is to understand the effects
of sinus-type beam composites on end-plates and to provide data
necessary to improve Eurocode 3. The main conclusions that can
be drawn from the test program are as follows. The knee-range is
observed for the simple (manufactured) model. The knee-range
values of the simple (manufactured) model are higher than for
other models. Therefore, the knee-range is increased with the
increasing sinus degree of the web from 30 to 70. The plastic
exural resistance, maximum bending moment, and bending
moment capacity are increased with the increasing sinus degree of
the web. Therefore, the rotation plastic exural resistance is in-
creased with the increasing sinus degree of the web. The rate of
rise of the initial stiffness to the post-limit stiffness values of the I
prole is higher than in the sinus and simple (manufactured)
models. The rotation at the maximum bending moment and the
rotation plastic exural resistance is increased with the increasing
sinus degree of the web. The j and j.max.load values of the si-
nusoidal 30 model are higher than for the simple (manufactured)
and sinusoidal 70 simple (manufactured) models. Moreover, it is
observed that j in the IPE160 model is greater than in the simple
(manufactured), sinusoidal 30, and sinusoidal 70 specimens. The
j.maxload values of the IPE160 beam are greater than those of the
sinusoidal 70 and simple (manufactured) models. The energy
dissipation capacity values of the simple (manufactured) model
are higher than for other models. Moreover, energy dissipation
capacity values of the sinusoidal 70 model are higher than for the
sinusoidal 30 and IPE160 models. Therefore, despite the fact that
the ductility of a sinus beam joint is lower than for other models,
the energy dissipated in sinus models is greater than in other
models. As a result, the sinus models are better than other models
for use in industry. The similar performance of momentstrain
curves for the models are obtained for both horizontal and vertical
strain gauges. The observed values from strain gauges 1 and 3 are
approximately two times greater than the values from strain
gauges 2 and 4. Although vertically connected strain gauges have
been exposed to plastic deformation in some regions, horizontally
connected strain gauges have been exposed to elastic deformation.
All of the bolts used in the models show similar failure patterns
with 45 angles. However, the number of broken bolts is four,
except for the sinusoidal 70 models, which have three broken
bolts. The failures of the bolts were obtained from the top down, as
expected.
 A. Cneyt Aydn et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 97 (2015) 3543
Acknowledgments
The writers gratefully acknowledge support for this work; -
nancial support was provided by the Genler Metal steel company
in building the test machine and making test specimens available.
Their support in conducting the tests is most appreciated.
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