Alexandria Engineering Journal (2015) xxx, xxxxxx

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through

a tapered artery with a stenosis
Noreen Sher Akbar

DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Received 15 February 2015; revised 1 August 2015; accepted 17 September 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract The blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis is analyzed, assuming the blood
Tangent hyperbolic fluid; as tangent hyperbolic fluid model. The resulting nonlinear implicit system of partial differential
Blood flow; equations is solved analytically with the help of perturbation method. The expressions for shear
Tapered artery; stress, velocity, flow rate, wall shear stress and longitudinal impedance are obtained. The variations
Stenosis; of power law index m, Weissenberg number We, shape of stenosis n and stenosis size d are discussed
Analytical solution different type of tapered arteries.
2015 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction [8]. Myers and Capper [9] studied exponential taper in arteries,
and an exact solution has been evaluated to see its effect on
Blood flow is now well known to the physiologists as one of blood flow velocity waveforms and impedance. The pulsatile
the major mechanisms due to its applications in arterial flow of blood through a catheterized artery is analyzed by San-
mechanics. In particular, blood flows in arteries is an impor- kar [10], assumed the blood as a two-fluid model. As the sem-
tant field of research because arterial diseases are a major inal contribution to the study of shear thinning viscoelastic
cause of death in most of western countries. In the recent past, nature of blood, Thurston [11] developed an extended Maxwell
several theoretical and experimental studies [15] have been model which is applicable to one-dimensional flow. Some
carried out to analyze the arterial flow characteristics of blood. researchers [1218] investigated that for blood flowing through
Chakravarty and Sannigrahi [6] developed a nonlinear mathe- small vessels, there is erythrocyte-freeplasma (Newtonian)
matical analytically to study the flow characteristics of blood layer adjacent to the vessel wall and a core layer of a suspen-
through an artery in the presence of multistenoses when it is sion of all erythrocytes (non-Newtonian). Further recent liter-
subjected to whole body acceleration. The unsteady non- ature can be viewed through Refs. [2025].
Newtonian blood flow and mass transfer in symmetric and Motivated from the extensive literature available on blood
non-symmetric stenotic arteries are numerically simulated by flow through arteries, the purpose of the present investigation
Valencia and Villanueva [7]. Effect of stenosis on solitary is to discuss the tangent hyperbolic fluid [19] model for blood
waves in arteries has been studied by Bakirtas and Demiray flow through a tapered artery with mild stenosis. The govern-
ing equations along with the boundary conditions of stenosed
symmetric artery have been solved by regular perturbation
E-mail address: noreensher@yahoo.com
method. The expressions for velocity, resistance impedance,
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
wall shear stress and shearing stress at the stenosis throat have
University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.09.010
1110-0168 2015 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: N.S. Akbar, Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis, Alexandria Eng. J. (2015), http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.09.010
2 N.S. Akbar

been examined. The graphical behavior of different type of The constitutive equation for tangent hyperbolic fluid is
tapered arteries has been discussed at the end of the article. defined as [19]
e PI
s;
S 7a
2. Formulation of the problem


m 
We are considering the cylindrical coordinates r; h; z in which
s g1 g0 g1 tanh C_c c_ ; 7b
r 0 as the axis of the symmetry of the tube. We are consid-
ering the flow of an incompressible hyperbolic tangent fluid of in which
s is the extra stress tensor, g1 is the infinite shear rate
constant viscosity g0 and density q in a tube having length L viscosity, g0 is the zero shear rate viscosity, C is the time
and take u
and w
are the velocity component in
r and z
direc- constant, m is the power law index and c_ is defined as
tion respectively. The geometry of the stenosis which is r r
1X X 1
assumed to be symmetric can be described as [4]. c_ c_ ij c_ ji P; 8

 2 i j 2
hz dz 1  g bn1 z  a  z  an ;
2
where P 12 trac grad V grad VT . Here P is the second
a 6 z 6 a b;
invariant strain tensor. We consider the constitution Eq. (7),
dz; otherwise 1 the case for which g1 0 because we cannot find the solution
with at the infinite shear rate viscosity. The component of extra
stress tensor therefore, can be written as
dz d0 nz; 2  m  m

s g0 C_c c_ g0 1 C_c  1 c_
where dz is the radius of the tapered arterial segment in the  
stenotic region, d0 is the radius of the non-tapered artery in g0 1 mC_c  1 c_ : 9
the non-stenotic region, n is the tapering parameter, b is the
Defining the non-dimensional variables
length of stenosis, n P 2 is a parameter determining the
shape of the constriction profile and referred to as the shape r
z


w b

u d2 p
h
Cu0
r ; z ; w ; u ; p 0 ; h ; We ;
d0 b u0 u0 d u0 bg0 d0 d0
parameter (the symmetric stenosis occurs for n 2) and a indi-
qbu0 e b
srr d

s
e rz 0 rz ; S s
b

e zz zz ; S s
b

e hh hh ;
cates its location as shown in Fig. 1. The parameter g is given Re ; S rr ; S 10
g0 u0 g0 u0 g0 u0 g0 u0 g0
by
where u0 is the velocity averaged over the section of the tube of
d nn1
n

g ; 3 the width d0 .
d0 bn n  1 Making use of Eqs. (9) and (10) into Eqs. (4)(6), the
where d denotes the maximum height of the stenosis located at appropriate equations describing the steady flow of an incom-
pressible tangent hyperbolic fluid in the case of mild stenosis
b  
za n :
d
 1 , subject to the additional conditions [4]
nn1 d0

The equations governing the steady incompressible tangent Re d nn1

1

hyperbolic fluid are given as i  1; 11

b


@ u
u
@ w
0; 4
d0 nn1
1
@
r
r @
z
ii  O1; 12
  b
@ @ @ p
1 @ @
s


q u
w
u
 r

sr

r
s
rz
 hh ; 5 can be written as
@

r @
z @
z
r @

r @

z r

  @u u @w
@ @ @ p
1 @ @ 0; 13


q u
w w

r
s
rz

sz
z
: 6 @r r @z
@

r @

z @
z r
@

r @

z

@p
0; 14
@r
"    2 !#
@p 1 @ @w @w
r m  1 Wem : 15
@z r @r @r @r

The corresponding boundary conditions are

@w
0 at r 0; 15a
@r
w 0 at r hz; 15b

where
hz 1 nz1  g1 z  r  z  rn ;
Figure 1 Geometry of the stenosis in the artery. r 6 z 6 r 1; 16

Please cite this article in press as: N.S. Akbar, Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis, Alexandria Eng. J. (2015), http://
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Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow 3

and where
dn
n
n1 d 
a nb  
g1 ; d ; r ; n0 ; 17 41  m 128mQ
n  1 d0 b d0 Fz 4
 We 7
; 25
h 5h
where n tan /; / is called tapered angle and for converg-
ing tapering / < 0, non-tapered artery / 0 and the Eq. (24) gives
diverging tapering / > 0 (as shown in Fig. 2).    Z ab 
~ 128mQ
k L  b 41  m  We Fzdz :
5 a
3. Solution of the problem
26
3.1. Perturbation solution
3.3. Expression for the wall shear stress
To get the perturbation solution we expand w; p and Q by tak-
ing We as a perturbation parameter as follows The nonzero dimensionless shear stress is given by
w w0 Wew1 OWe ; 2
18 "   2 #
e rz @w @w
p p0 Wep1 OWe ; 2
19 S 1  m Wem : 27

2 @r @r
Q Q0 WeQ1 O We2 : 20
With the help of Eqs. (18)(20), the solutions for velocity The expression for wall shear stress can be calculated as
"   2 #
field and pressure gradient for small We can be written as @w @w
e 
follows S rz 1  m Wem  : 28
 
! @r @r 
dp r2  h2 64Q2 m r3  h3 rh
wr; z  We ; 21 Invoking Eq. (21) into (28), we obtain
dz 4 31  mh8
h i
  e rz 4Q1  mRz 16WemQ2 Rz2 ;
S 29
dp 16Q1  m 512mQ2
 We : 22
dz h4 5h7
where
The pressure drop Dp p at z 0 and Dp p at z L
across the stenosis between the section z 0 and z L is Fzh 16WemQ
Rz   :
obtained from (22) as done by [4] 21  m 1  mh6
Z L 
dp The shearing stress at the stenosis throat i.e. the wall shear
Dp  dz: 23
0 dz at the maximum height of the stenosis located at z ab n1 1
n
 n

e rz 
i.e. ~ss S is defined as
h1d
3.2. Resistance impedance h i
~ss 4Q1  mJ 16WemQ2 J2 ; 30
With the help of Eq. (23), the resistance impedance is defined
as where
Z a Z ab Z L 
~ Dp K1  d 16WemQ
k 4 Fzjh1 dz Fzdz Fzjh1 dz ; J  ;
Q 0 a ab 21  m 1  m1  d6
!
24 41  m 128mQ
K  We : 31
1  d4 51  d7
The final expression for the dimensionless resistance to k,
wall shear stress Srz and the shearing stress at the throat ss by
    Z 
1 b 128mQ 1 ab
k 1 41  m  We Fzdz ;
3 L 5 L a
32
h i
Srz 1  mRz 4WemQRz2 ; 33

h i
ss 1  mJ 4WemQJ2 ; 34

where
~
k e rz
S ~ss
Figure 2 Geometry of the axially stenosed tapered artery for k ; Srz ; ss ; k0 3L; s0 4Q:
different tapered angle. k0 s0 s0

Please cite this article in press as: N.S. Akbar, Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis, Alexandria Eng. J. (2015), http://
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4 N.S. Akbar

-4.4
Converging tapering -1.4
-4.6 n = 20
Diverging tapering
-4.8 Non-tapered artery -1.6

-5 n = 15
L = 5.2
-1.8
-5.2
L = 5.1
-5.4

-2

L = 5.0
-5.6
n = 10 -2.2
-5.8

-6 -2.4

-6.2
-2.6
-6.4

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Figure 3 Variation of resistance for Q 0:9; We 0:1; b 1; Figure 6 Variation of resistance for Q 0:1; We 0:1; b 1;
r 0:0, L 1; m 2; z :95. r 0:0, m 2; n 2; d 0:2; z :85.

-5.2 8.1
Converging tapering
-5.4 We = 0.25 n=2
Diverging tapering
8.05 Non-tapered artery
-5.6

-5.8
We = 0.20
-6 8

n=6
rz

-6.2 We = 0.30
S

-6.4 7.95

-6.6 Converging tapering

n = 11
-6.8 Diverging tapering 7.9

-7 Non-tapered artery
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
7.85
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
z
Figure 4 Variation of resistance for Q 0:5; n 2; b 1;
Figure 7 Variation of wall stress for Q 0:02; We 0:5;
r 0:0; L 1; m 2; z :85.
r 0:0; d 0:002; m 5.

-4 2.1
Converging tapering We = 0.60
2.09
Diverging tapering m = 2.1
-4.5 Non-tapered artery 2.08
We = 0.55
m = 2.0 2.07
-5
2.06
rz
S

2.05
-5.5
2.04
We = 0.50
-6 2.03
Converging tapering
m = 2.2
2.02 Diverging tapering
Non-tapered artery
-6.5 2.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
z

Figure 5 Variation of resistance for Q 0:1; We 0:1; b 1; Figure 8 Variation of wall stress for Q 0:02; r 0:0;
r 0:0, L 1; d 0:2; z :85; n 2. d 0:002; n 2; m 5.

Please cite this article in press as: N.S. Akbar, Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis, Alexandria Eng. J. (2015), http://
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Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow 5

9
Converging tapering
3.2 We = 0.6
Diverging tapering
8
Non-tapered artery
= 0.2 3
We = 0.5
7
2.8
We = 0.4

s
rz

2.6

6
S

We = 0.3

2.4
5
2.2

4 = 0.4
= 0.6 2

3 1.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
z

Figure 9 Variation of wall stress for Q 0:02; We 0:5; Figure 12 Variation of shear stress at the stenosis throat for
r 0:0; n 2; m 5. Q 0:02; m 2.

2.01 0.2
Converging tapering
2.005 0.18 n=6 n=2
Diverging tapering
2 0.16
Non-tapered artery
1.995 0.14

1.99 m = 6.0 0.12

w (r ,z )
rz

1.985 0.1
S

1.98 0.08

0.06 n = 11
1.975
Converging tapering
1.97 0.04
m = 5.0 Diverging tapering
1.965 0.02 Non-tapered artery
m = 5.5
0
1.96 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
z r

Figure 10 Variation of wall stress for Q 0:5; We 0:5; Figure 13 Variation of velocity profile for Q 0:05; We 0:5;
r 0:0; d 0:002; n 2. m 3; d 0:05; z :5; r 0:00.

5
9 Converging tapering
Divverging tapering
8 0 Non-tapered artery
We = 0.2

7
m =3.5
-5
6
w (r ,z )
s

5 m = 3.0

-10

m = 2.5 -15
3 We = 0.4
We = 0.3
2
m = 2.0 -20
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 r
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Figure 14 Variation of velocity profile for Q 0:5; n 11;
Figure 11 Variation of shear stress at the stenosis throat for m 2; d 0:05; z 0:5; r 0:00.
Q 0:02; We 0:5.

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6 N.S. Akbar

0 4. Graphical results and discussion

Converging tapering
Diverging tapering = 0.4
-0.2 Non-tapered artery The quantitative effects of the power law index m, Weissenberg
number We, the stenosis shape n and maximum height of the
-0.4 stenosis d for converging tapering, diverging tapering and
non-tapered arteries for tangent hyperbolic fluid are observed
w (r ,z )

-0.6
physically through Figs. 315. Figs. 36 are prepared to see the
variation of shear stress for different parameters of interest,
and we notice that the impedance resistance increases for con-
-0.8 = 0.3 verging tapering, diverging tapering and non-tapered arteries
when we increase n and L while decreases with the increase
-1 of We and m. We also observed that resistive impedance in a
= 0.2
diverging tapering appears to be smaller than those in converg-
-1.2 ing tapering because the flow rate is higher in the former than
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r
that in the latter, as anticipated and impedance resistance
attains its maximum values in the symmetric stenosis case
Figure 15 Variation of velocity profile for Q 0:3; n 11; n 2. Figs. 710 show how the converging tapering, diverg-
m 2; z 0:5; r 0:00; We 0:5. ing tapering and non-tapered arteries influence on the wall
shear stress Srz . It is observed that with an increase in m and
We shear stress increases while decreases with an increase in
0.13
d and n, the stress yield diverging tapering with tapered angle
/ > 0, converging tapering with tapered angle / < 0 and non-
0.12
m = 0.2 m = 0.4 tapered artery with tapered angle / 0. Figs. 11 and 12 are
prepared to see the variation of the shearing stress at the steno-
0.11
sis throat ss with d. It is analyzed through figures that shearing
stress at the stenosis throat increases with an increase in m and
0.1
decreases with an increase in We. It can also be depict that
w (r ,z )

shearing stress at the throat ss possess an inverse variation to

0.09
the flow resistance k with respect to power law index m, Weis-
m = 0.6 senberg number We. Finally the variation of axial velocity for
0.08 m; We; d and n for the case of a converging tapering, diverging
Converging tapering
Diverging tapering tapering and non-tapered arteries is displayed in Figs. 1316.
0.07 Non-tapered artery From Figs. 1316 we observed that with an increase in
We; m and n velocity profile decreases while increases with
0.06 an increase in d. It is also seen that for the case of converging
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
r
tapering velocity gives larger values as compared to the case of
diverging tapering and non-tapered arteries. Trapping phe-
Figure 16 Variation of velocity profile for Q 0:3; n 11; nomena have been discussed through Figs. 1720. Fig. 17
d 0:002; z 0:5; r 0:00; We 0:5. shows the stream lines for different values of the power law
index m. It is observed that with an increase in m size of the

(a) (b)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
r

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
z z

Figure 17 Stream lines for different values of m (a) m 7 and (b) m 9 other parameters are / p; Q 0:01; We 0:2; r 0:2;
d 0:8; n 7.

Please cite this article in press as: N.S. Akbar, Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis, Alexandria Eng. J. (2015), http://
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Non-Newtonian model study for blood flow 7

(c) (d)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

r
r

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
z z

Figure 18 Stream lines for different values of n (c) n 6 and (d) n 9 other parameters are / p; Q 0:01; We 0:2; r 0:2;
d 0:8; m 7.

(e) (f)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
r
r

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
z z

Figure 19 Stream lines for different values of d (e) d 0:6 and (f) d 0:9 other parameters are / p; Q 0:01; We 0:2; r 0:2;
m 7; n 6.

(g) (h)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
r

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
z z

Figure 20 Stream lines for different values of We (g) We 0:2 and (h) We 0:5 other parameters are / p; Q 0:01; d 0:5;
r 0:2; m 7; n 6.

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8 N.S. Akbar

(i) (j)
1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

r
r

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
z z

(k)
1

0.8

0.6
r

0.4

0.2

0
-4 -2 0 2 4
z

Figure 21 Stream lines for different values of tapered angle / (i) / 0:2, (j) / 0:0 and (k) / 0:2 other parameters are
We 0:3; Q 0:01; d 0:5; r 0:2; m 7; n 6.

trapping bolus increases but the number of trapping bolus
decreases. Stream lines for different values of the stenosis
shape n are prepared in Fig. 18. It is analyzed that the size
of the trapping bolus increases when we increase the n. Figs. 19
and 20 are plotted to see the stream lines for different values of
height of the stenosis d and Weissenberg number We. It is seen
that the size and number of the trapping bolus increase with an
increases in height of the stenosis d and the size of the trapping
bolus increases while number of tapping bolus decreases with
an increase in the Weissenberg number We. Fig. 21 shows
the streamlines for tapered angle /. It is seen that the number
of trapped bolus and size of trapped bolus increases for the
case of the diverging tapering / > 0 as compared to converg-
ing tapering / < 0, and non-tapered artery / 0.
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dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.09.010
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