.

1-1

:
. -
. -
- .
.

2-1


.

1-2-1
:
-
.
. -
-
.

1/1

.

-

.
-

2-2-1

.

( )1-1 .

( )1-1


(/)
01 11
01 01
111 - 01
051 111
011 051
1011 011
05 51
01 01

3-2-1


.
1 %4 .%0.5
.
(.)r

2/1

.

Pn = Po (1 + r)n

Pn , Po :
.
: n ( Pn , Po).
: r (.)%

4-2-1


( )1-1
:

()S
100

Pa
75

()% of S

50

25
Pg

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

( )1-1

- 1-4-2-1

.
:

dP/dt = Kg P

3/1

.

or )Pn = Po exp(Kg n

- 2-4-2-1
.
.
:

dP/dt = Ka
or Pn = Po + Ka n

- 3-4-2-1
.
:

)dP/dt = Kd (S-P

or )Pn = S (S-Po) exp(-Kd n

( )1-4( )1-3( )1-2 :
:Pn .
:Po .
:Ka .
:Kg .
:Kd .
: S ( ).

4-4-2-1
*

.
. .

4/1

.

*
.
)Ka = Kg Pg = Kd (S-Pa

:
:Pa Pg
.
*
( )Kg ( )r :
)Kg = Ln (1 + r

: Ln 0.0

5-2-1
1-5-2-1

.

2-5-2-1
.

6-2-1

.

.

.

5/1

.

3-1
1-3-1

( )0-1

.
( )2-1
%
41 .
15 .
15 .
11 .
11 .
11 .
111

.
2-3-1

.
:
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -

6/1

.

( )0-1( )4-1
( )
.

(.)5-1
( )3-1

(//)
01
01
41
:
51
111
011

511 -
051 .
011 051 -
.
( )4-1

(//) ()
151 111 51.111
011 151 511.111 51.111
051 011 1.111.111 511.111
011 051 1.111.111
011 051

7/1

.

( )5-1

/0/ 011
/0/ 01
/0/ 01
/0/ 01
0
// 01
0
// 01
0
// 01
0
// 01
0
// 15
0
// 01
0
// 15
0
// 15
0
// 011
0
// 5
0
// 15
0
// 5
// 01
// 51
// 01
// 5
// 51
// 01
// 5
// 511
// 05
// 041 111 0
// 511 - 041 0
// 05
/0/ 51 01

8/1

.

3-3-1


( .)0-1

( .)0-1

.

( )2-1

( )6-1

1.11 .
1.51 1.01
.
1..1 1.51
.
0.11 1..1
.

9/1

.

4-3-1


.

.

(.)0-1
( )7-1

() (/) ()
0 15
0 01 11.111
0 05 05.111 11.111
0 01 51.111 05.111
0 41 111.111 51.111
4 51 051.111 111.111
4 01 511.111 051.111
4 01 1.111.111
0 45
0 45
0 01

5-3-1
( ).-1 .

11/1

.

( )8-1

+ ( )
( )
+



%01 +

4-1
:
(:Qav )Average Flow 1-4-1


.
)Qav(sewerage) = (0.8 0.9) Qav(water

(:)DWF( )Dry Weather Flow 2-4-1

:
- (:)Minimum DWF

:
1
Q min DWF (0.2 P 6 ) Qav

:
: Qmin DWF (/).
: P .
: Qav (/).

11/1

.

- (:)Maximum DWF

:

.1.111
5
Q max DWF ( 0.167
) Qav
P

.1.111
14
Q max DWF (1 ) Qav
4 P

(:)WWF( )Wet Weather Flow 3-4-1

:
- ()Minimum WWF

.
Q Q Qrain
min WWF min DWF
- ()Maximum WWF

.
Q max WWF Q max DWF Qrain

(:)Infiltration 4-4-1

.

1111 .
2
Qinf = d h 3

12/1

.

:
: Q 1111
(/).
: .11 5
: d ().
: h () .

%11 .

(:)Rain Fall 5-4-1

:
Q rain 10C I A

:
: Qrain (/0).
: C
. (.)0-1
: I ( /).
: A ().

( )9-1 ()C
""C
1.05 1.01 -1
1.01 1.11 -0
1.51 1.01 -0 ()
1.01 1.51 -4 ()
1.05 1.55 -5 ( )
1..1 1.01 -0 ( )

( )I
:
tc t f te

13/1

.

:
: tc
( )A
.
. : tf .
. : te 0-0.
" "tc "."I
( )1 10 < tc < 20 :

( /)
750
I
t c 10

( )0 20 < tc < 120 :

1000
I
t c 20
6-4-1
:
- :
( ...)
.

( ) Qdesign Qmax DWF Qinf

Qdesign Qmin DWF

- :
.

( ) Qdesgin Qmax DWF Qrain Qinf

Qdesign = Qmin DWF

14/1

.

1-2
Steady Flow 1-1-2

( .)dV/dt = 0
.

Uniform Flow 2-1-2

( ..)dV/dL=0
.
The Continuity Equation 3-1-2


:
1 A1V1 = 2 A2 V2
:
0
(/ ) =
(/0) = Q
()0 =A
(/) =V
= )1 2 (
:
A1V1 = A2 V2

15/1

.

Bernouli Theorem 4-1-2

.
H = Z + P/g + V2/2g

+ 1
= 0

H = H 1 + H A - HL = H 2

H = Z1 + P1/g + V12/2g + HA - HL = Z2 + P2/g + V22/2g

HL = H F + H M
:
= H
(Energy Grade Line )EGL

= Potential Energy or Elevation Head = Z

.
= Pressure Energy or Pressure Head = P/g
( Hydraulic Grade Line )HGL
. ( )HGL
( )Gravity Flow
. ()HGL
.
= Kinetic Energy or Velocity Head =V2/2g
( )EGL
(( )HGL) .

.

16/1

.

= Added Head = HA
.
= Lost Head = HL (
)HF (
.)HM

V12/2g EGL HL
HGL V22/2g

H1
P1 P2

H2
L

Z2
Z1
Datum

1 2
( )1-2
2-2
:
Hazen-William Formula 1-2-2

. .
V = 0.849 C R0.63 S0.54
)R = D/4 (in case of circular pipes running full
Then, V = 0.354 C D0.63 S0.54
Q = 0.278 C D2.63 S0.54
S = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 / D4.86
D = 1.627 (Q/C)0.38 / S0.205

17/1

.

HF = S L = K Q1.85
where )K = 10.68 L / (C1.85 D4.86
Q = K' HF0.54
where K' = 0.278 C D2.63 / L0.54
K' = K-0.54

:
= D ().
= R () = / .
= S (/)
= HF ().
= L ().
= K (.)Resistance Coefficient
= C
.
( )1-2
C
141 101
151 141
151 141
141 101
141 101
141 101

Darcy - Weisbach Formula 2-2-2

HF = f L V2 / 2 g D

HF = 8 f L Q2 / 2 g D5

HF = K Q2

K = 8 f L / 2 g D5

18/1

.

= f
.
( )2-2 -
f
1.115 -1.111
1.110 1.11.
1.110 1.11.
1.101 1.110
1.101 1.110
1.101 1.110

Colebrook - White Formula 3-2-2

( (f
( )RE ( )Ks .

1 K 2.51
2 log s
f 3.7 D RE f

VD
RE

RE :
1 K
2 log s
f 3.7 D

:
Reynolds Number = RE

( Kinematic Viscosity = /0)

= Ks () .
.

19/1

.

( )3-2 -
)Ks (mm
1.115 - 1.101
1.110 1.10
1.110 1.10
1.101 1.011
1.101 1.101
1.01 1.101

Manning Formula 4-2-2

. .

V = (1/n) R2/3 S1/2

:
= S (/)
= R () = / .
BxH B H
R
B 2H

R
D D
4
= n
.
( )4-2
n
1.115 1.110
1.110 1.111
1.110 1.111
1.115 1.110
1.115 1.110

21/1

.

Minor Losses 3-2

.
.
HM = KM V2/2g

LE
:
LE = KM D/f

( )f .
.

( )5-2

KM
1.5
1.1
1.11
1.10 11.05 o
1.11 00.5 o
1.01 45 o
1..1 01o
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.0
4.1

21/1

.

4-2
-

( )
.
111 011 -
.
05 01 45 -
51 . 14
.
0.1 1.1/ -

0.1/ (
) .
% 1.5 % 1.0 -
.

5-2


1.0/

0.11/
0.11/ .
.
1.5 1.0/

(.)0-0

22/1

.

1.5 1
/.

( )6-2

. 1.51/.
1.05/ 011
. ( 1.01/.
1.11/ 011.

. 1.51/.
1.05/. 011
. ( 1.01/.
1.11/. 011).

6-2
)(Thrust Forces 1-6-2


:
()Momentum Force

.

.

23/1

.

)(Internal Hydrostatic Pressure Force

.

()
.
:

- (
)
-
.



.

.
.
2-6-2
:

(04 00 01 0. 00 = )
0
= 1.01 1..1 1.01/
( = ) ()0/0

24/1

.

= 45 00.5 11.05
:

= 01 01 151/0
0
/ = 0 0 15
= 0 0 15
:

011 511 411 011 = ()

1111 011 .11 011
1411 1011 1011 1111
1511

( )7-2

1511-011 11.05 01 1.. 0

1511-011 00.5 0-0

1511-011 45

1511-011 11.05 01 1.. 0

1511-011 00.5 11-0

1511-011 45

1511-011 11.05 01 1.. 15

1511-011 00.5 11-0

1511-011 45

25/1

.

( )8-2

1111-011 31 1.8 6

1111-011 31 1.8 9 10-0

1111-011 31 1.8 15

3-6-2
. ( = 6)

b1 b2

c2 c3 c1 h1

h2

= 01 ()
( = ) ( ) 0/0
= 1..1 /0

. ( = 9)
b1 b2

c2 c3 c1 h1

h2

= 01 ()
= ( ) 0/0 ( )
= 1..1 /0

26/1

.

( )9-2 6 ( )

b2 b1 c2 c1 h2 h1
-
3603 36.3 3603 36.3 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 0633 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0633 033
36.3 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0633 3603 06.3 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 3603 0603 3603 06.3 .33 11.05
36.3 0633 36.3 06.3 360 06.3 0333
36.3 0633 36.3 06.3 3603 06.3 0033
0633 06.3 36.3 06.3 3603 .603 0.33
0633 06.3 36.3 .633 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 06.3 36.3 .633 3603 .603 0033
06.3 06.3 36.3 .633 3603 .6.3 0033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 .33
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .633 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33 00.51
36.3 0633 36.3 .6.3 3603 .603 0333
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 .603 0033
36.3 06.3 36.3 .603 3603 .603 0.33
0633 06.3 0633 .603 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 06.3 0633 .603 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 06.3 0633 .6.3 3603 0633 0033
3603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 0633 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 06.3 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
36.3 0633 36.3 .633 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .633 .33
0633 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 .33 45
0633 06.3 0633 0633 3603 .603 0333
0633 0603 0633 06.3 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 0603 0633 0603 0603 .6.3 0.33
0633 0603 0633 0603 3603 0633 0033
06.3 06.3 0633 0603 3603 06.3 0033
06.3 06.3 0633 06.3 36.3 0603 0033

27/1

.

( )11-2 9 ()

b2 b1 c2 c1 h2 h1
-
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 0603 033
36.3 36.3 36.3 06.3 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0603 36.3 .603 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0603 36.3 .6.3 3603 0603 .33 11.05
0633 06.3 0633 0633 3603 06.3 0333
0633 0603 0633 0633 3603 06.3 0033
0633 0603 0633 0603 3603 06.3 0.33
0603 0603 0633 0603 3603 .633 0033
0603 0603 0603 0603 3603 .6.3 0033
0603 0603 0603 0603 3603 .603 0033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
36.3 0633 36.3 .633 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .6.3 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .603 3603 .603 .33 ..603
0633 0603 0633 .603 3603 .603 0333
0633 0603 0633 0633 3603 .603 0033
0633 0603 0633 0603 3603 .6.3 0.33
06.3 0603 06.3 0603 3603 .6.3 0033
06.3 0603 06.3 0603 3603 .6.3 0033
06.3 06.3 06.3 06.3 3603 0603 0033
3603 0633 3603 0603 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 3603 .6.3 3603 0.63 033
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .633 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 06.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 0603 36.3 06.3 3603 .603 .33 00
0633 0603 0633 0603 3603 .6.3 0333
0633 0603 0633 06.3 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 06.3 0633 0633 3603 0633 0.33
0603 06.3 0603 0633 36.3 06.3 0033
0603 .633 0603 06.3 36.3 0603 0033
06.3 .633 06.3 06.3 36.3 06.3 0033

28/1

.

. ( = 15)
b1 b2

c2 c3 c1 h1

h2

= 01 ()
( = ) ( ) 0/0
= 1..1 /0

b1 b2

c2 c3 c1 h1

h2

= 01 ()
( = ) ( ) 0/0
= 1..1 /0

29/1

.

( )11-2 15 ()

b2 b1 c2 c1 h2 h1
-
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 36.3 033
3603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 0603 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 .633 .33 006.0
36.3 06.3 36.3 .603 3603 .6.3 0333
36.3 06.3 36.3 .603 3603 .603 0033
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 0.33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 0033
0603 0603 0633 .6.3 3603 0633 0033
0603 0603 0633 0633 3603 0603 0033
0603 36.3 3603 0603 3603 0603 033
3603 36.3 3603 06.3 3603 0603 033
3603 36.3 3603 .633 3603 06.3 033
36.3 36.3 36.3 .603 3603 06.3 .33
36.3 0633 36.3 .6.3 3603 .633 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 0633 3603 .603 .33 ..603
36.3 06.3 36.3 06.3 3603 .6.3 0333
0633 06.3 0633 0603 3603 .6.3 0033
0633 0603 0633 06.3 3603 0633 0.33
0603 0603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 0033
0603 0603 0633 0633 3603 0603 0033
0603 0603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 0033
3603 0633 3603 0603 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 3603 06.3 3603 06.3 033
3603 0633 3603 .603 3603 .603 033
36.3 0633 36.3 .603 3603 .603 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 .6.3 3603 .603 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 06.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 36.3 06.3 3603 .6.3 .33 00
0633 0603 0633 06.3 3603 0633 0333
0603 0603 0603 0603 3603 0603 0033
06.3 06.3 06.3 06.3 3603 0603 0.33
06.3 06.3 0603 06.3 3603 06.3 0033
0603 .633 0603 3603 3603 06.3 0033
0603 .603 0603 06.3 3603 06.3 0033

31/1

.

( )12-2 ()

b2 b1 c h2 h1
- ()
3603 0633 06.3 3603 0633 033
3603 0633 0603 3603 0603 033
3603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 033
36.3 0633 .603 3603 06.3 .33
.
36.3 0633 .603 3603 .633 .33
36.3 06.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 .6.3 3603 .603 .33
36.3 06.3 0633 3603 .6.3 0333
3603 0633 0603 3603 06.3 033
3603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 033
3603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 033
36.3 0633 .603 3603 .6.3 .33
.
36.3 0633 .603 3603 .603 .33
36.3 06.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 0633 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 0603 3603 0633 0333
3603 0633 0603 3603 003 033
3603 0633 06.3 3603 06.3 033
3603 0633 .603 3603 .603 033
36.3 0633 .603 3603 .6.3 .33
00
36.3 06.3 .6.3 3603 .6.3 .33
36.3 06.3 0633 3603 0603 .33
36.3 06.3 06.3 3603 0603 .33
36.3 0603 06.3 3603 06.3 0333

31/1

.

1-3

.

.

.
.

2-3
:
( -
) .
.
-
.
-
.
-

32/1

.

3-3
( )1-0
. :

QMM QMD QMH - Q MD

QMD - Q MM QMH

( )1-3

-
.
. -
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
. -
.

.
:

33/1

.

- -
.
.
- -
.
- -
.

( )2-3

( )1-3

4-3
( )0-0
. :

34/1

.

-

.
-
.
-
.

( )3-3



.
:
-
.
.
-
.
.

35/1

.

5-3
1-5-3


( )
.
2-5-3

.
.
3-5-3


.
.
4-5-3


.

5-5-3
: 1-5-5-3

01
.

36/1

.

2-5-5-3


15
.

3-5-5-3



01
.

4-5-5-3
() 1.1
.
01 .
.

37/1

.

1-4
:
.


.
:
.

.

.
.
2-4
( )01-01



.

( )14 0110
:
* : .
* : - -
.

38/1

.

* :
.
* :
.
:
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .

.
.

:
( ).
.
.
.

1-2-4

()1-4

39/1

.

( Excessive
)Deformation
(.)Buckling Collapse
:

(
(.))Crushing Strength
:


.
.
( )1-4




( )
()

()GRP
( )uPVC

41/1

.

( )2-4 2-2-4
:
1-2-2-4
:
- .
- .
-

000 0111
14 .0110

.

2-2-2-4

.


.

3-2-2-4

.


.
:
.

.

41/1

.

( )2-4

-1 . -1 . 1 - -1
. -0 -0
. -0 .
-0 - -0
. .
-4 .
. -4
-5 .
. -5
. . -0
-0
.
-1 . -1 . -1 . 2
-0 . -0
. -0 uPVC
. -0 . ()
-0 . . -4
. -4 . -5
. -5 . -0
.

42/1

.

()2-4

-1 . -1 . -1 . 3
-0 -0
. . HDPE
-0 -0 .
. . -0
-0 . . -4
. -4 . -5
. -5 . -0
. -0
. -0 .
-0 -.
. .
. -0

43/1

.

()2-4

-1 -1 -1 . 4
. .
-0 . . -0 GRP
. -0 . -0
. . -0 -4
-0 -4 .
11.111 / 0 .
-5

.
11.111-5111 -0
.
. -0
.
-.
.

44/1

.

()2-4

-1 -1 . -1 . 5
. . . -0
-0 -0 -0
.
. . -0
. -4 .
. -5 -4
-0 .
.
-1 -1 -1. . 6
. . -0
-0
. .
-0
.
. -4
. -5

45/1

.

()2-4

-1 -1 -1 . . 7
. . -0 .
-0 -0 -0
.
5. . . -0 .
. -4
-5
.
-1 -1 -1 . 8 .
. -0 . (
0.. . -0 -0
. -0
-4 . )
.
-1 -1 . . -1 9
. -0 . . -0 .
-0 . -0 ()
. -4
-0 .
-5
. .

46/1

.

( )3-4

- 1
- 0
HDPE - 0
GRP
- GRP - 4

- 5
- 0

- 0
- .
- 0

( )4-4

- 1
-GRP - 0
- 0
GRP - 4
- GRP
- 5

- 0
- 0
- - .

47/1

.

3-4
1-3-4
*


.
* :
. ( )1- -
() .
.
.
-
.
-
5.
-
:
( )5-4

( ) ()
1111 411
1511 011 411
0111 1111 011
0111 1511 1111
4111 0111 1011
5111 0111

. -
* ()
:

48/1

.

-
.
111 -
.
111 051 -
.
011 -
.
1111.
*
:
-
.
011 -
.
011 . -
-
511 .



.
-

0/
.
( )0-4
.

49/1

.

( )6-4

-1

1-1
( ) Metal Seated Wedge type

-
0 1

( ) Rubber Seated

-0

-0

-4

-5

2-3-4
*

.
*

(.)0-4

51/1

.

( )7-4

( ) () ()
051 05 411
1111 111 011 411
1511 151 1111 011
0111 011 1511 1111
0511 051 0111 1011
0111 011 0111

*
.
*
.
*
.
*

.
*
.
*
.
* % 1.0

3-3-4
*

.

51/1

.

*
.
.
*

(:).-4
( )8-4

( ) () ()
051 111 411
1111 151 011 411
1511 011 1111 011
0111 051 1511 1111
0511 011 0111 1011
0111 411 0111

* % 1.0
.
4-3-4


(

).

.
-:
( Single door swing -
.)check valve
( ) Butterfly type check valve -

52/1

.

( Spring loaded double door -

)check valves
( ) Multi - door check valve -
( ) Nozzle type check valve -
( ) Ball type check valve -
( )0-4
.
()9-4




-1
1-1
()Without external lever and counter weight
0-1
()with external lever and counter weightor
0-1
( with external counter weight and lever

)hydraulic damper
-0
-0
-4
-5
-0

53/1

.

5-3-4

.

.

6-3-4
*
151 011
.
*
.
*
.
1.01
.
.
* 111 .
.
* 0.5
.
* 14
.

7-3-4
*
.

54/1

.

*
.1.
*
.
* .
* 00 .
.

8-3-4
*
( ).
*
.
* .
.
*
.

9-3-4
* .
*
. 11
.
* .
.
* .

55/1

.

11-3-4
* ( 011 )

.
*
.
*
.
.
*
.
*
.
* .
:
41. -
01. -
101. -
01 .1. -
* .
*
.
.
.
.
* ( )1-4 ( )0-4
.

56/1

.

57/1

.

58/1

.

( )1-4
4-4

:
House Inspection Chambers 1-4-4


:
- .
. -

: 1-1-4-4

.
.

: 2-1-4-4
.

.
( )11-4 .

( )11-4

() ()
41 41 1.0
01 01 1
01 01 1.5 1
1.5

59/1

.

()Manholes 4-4-4


:
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -
(-4 -
)11 .
( )11-4

() ()

01 )0( 105 ).( 011

51 ).( 011 )10( 011

01 )10( 011 )10( 411

111 )10( 411 )00( 011

151 )00( 011 )4.( 1011

011 )4.( 1011

()Manhole Types 5-4-4

1.0 -
1.01 (.)0-4

61/1

.

()0-4

61/1

.

()4-4

62/1

.

()5-4

63/1

.

()0-4

64/1

.

1.11 -
0.5 (.)4-4

1.5 -
0.5 (.)0-4( )5-4

1.0 -
411 ( 10).

-
.

() 1.0 -

1.11

.

6-4-4

-
1 : 1

0.05 -
05
()
01 01 15
51
51.

0.5 -
01 051 40

65/1

.

()Slowdown Chamber 7-4-4

1.0/ 0/0
5 .
1.0
45
.

66/1
 ( )12-4

( )
( )
( ) () ()
( )

411 1.05 0.05 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0

( 10)
1.05 0.05 1.0 0.5 1.11 1.0 0.5

67/1
1.05 0.05 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5

1.05 0.05 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5

1.05 0.05 1.00 051 1.0 0.11

411
1.05 0.05 1.00 051 1.0 0.11 4.5
( 10)

1.05 0.05 1.00 051 1.0 4.5

011
.

1.05 0.05 1.00 051 1.5 --

( 00)

.

()Grease and Oil Traps 8-4-4

()Catch Basin 9-4-4

105 ( 5) 111/1

011


01

(.)0-4

()Flushing Traps 11-4-4

.

68/1

.

69/1

.

5-4
.

6-4

1-6-4
:
* .
*
.
* .

2-6-4
:
* .
*
.
* .

3-6-4


%01 .
%51
. 5
%01 .
04 ( Extended Period
)Simulation
.

71/1

.

4-6-4

1-4-6-4

.
.

.

2-4-6-4

.

71/1

.

: 1-5
( )

( ).


.
.

:
: ()

.
() )Crushing strength( :
/
(/.) .
() )Factor of Safety( :

.
)Safe Load( : ()

.

. :

72/1

.

)Rigid Pipes( : ()

:
-
-
-
-
() )Flexible Pipes( :



:
()GRP -
()UPVC -
()HDPE -
-
)Semi Rigid Pipes( : ()

:
()Ductile cast Iron -

( )0-5 .

: 2-5
)Trench( : ()

73/1

.

()
)Embankment( :
:
( )1
.
( )0 .
( )0 .

() ()Tunnels

74/1

.

3-5

1-3-5
1-1-3-5

()Rigid Pipe ()
:
W = cw B 2
() ()Flexible Pipe
W = c w B Bc
:
= ( /.) W

= ( /)0 w

= () B

= () Bc

) )(1 e 2 k `( H / B
= C
2K

2 + 1
=K
2 + 1

75/1

.

= .
= .
= . `
` = .
= (). H
" " C (.)1-0

( )1-5 " " C

4-5
:
1-4-5
()Positive Projecting Conduits
:
W = Cc w Bc 2

76/1

.

:
= ( /.) W

= ( /)0 w

= () Bc

= ( ) ( )0 Cc

= () H

= ( ) P = I1 / I 2 P

= rsd

( )1-5 ( ) rsd
( )0-5 " " C " " W

()1-5

Type of Condiut Soil Conditions Settlement Ratio

) (rs .d
Rigid Rock or unyielding foundation + 1.0
Rigid Ordinary foundation + 0.5 to + 0.8
Rigid Yielding foundation 0 to + 0.5
Rigid Negative projecting installations - 0.3 to - 0.5
Flexible Poorly-compacted side fils - 0.4 to 0
Flexible Well-compacted side fils 0

77/1

.

( )2-5 " " CC

2-4-5
()Negative Projecting Conduits

:
W = Cn w B 2

78/1

.

:
= ( /.) W
= ( /)0 w
= B ()
= () H
= = I / B ( ) `P
= ( ) Cn
= ()1.01 rsd

( )0-5 " " C n " " W

( )3-5 " " C n

:

()
().
() .
() .

79/1

.

-1 ( ) rsd , B , BC , H
-0 ( ) H / BC , P
-0 ( )4-5 ( ) B d / BC
-4 ( ) BC ( ) Bd
-5 ( ) B < Bd
()1-4-5
( ) B > Bd
()0-4-5
( ) H / BC
()H / B
.

Bd
" ( )4-5 "
BC

81/1

.

: 5-5

( 10-0) .
:
W = Ct Bt (w Bt )2 C

:
= ( /.) W

= ( /)0 w

= ( ) () Bt

= ( ) () Bc = Bt Bc

= ( /)0 C

= ( ) Ct

= () H

" "C ( )0-5

.

81/1

.

( )2-5 " "C

Values of C
Material
()Ibs./sq.ft. ()kg/cm2
Clay, very soft 40 0.02
Clay, medium 250 0.12
Clay, hard 1000 0.49
Sand, loose dry 0 0.00
Sand, silty 100 0.05
Sand, dense 300 0.15
Top soil, saturated 100 0.05

: 6-5
()Concentrated Load 1-6-5
( )

()Boussinesq`s
W = Cs ( P F ) / L

:
= ( /.) W

= () P

= ( ) F

82/1

.

= C S ( )
= H
()
= () L

" 1.0 = " L ( 1.0)

" = " L
( 1.0)
" " F ( )0-5 .
" " C S ()4-5

( )3-5 ()F

Traffic Type F
Highway 1.50
Railway 1.75
Airfields:
Runways 1.00
Taxiways, aprons, hand stands 1.50

83/1
 ( )4-5 ()Cs

D/2H M/2H or L/2H

Or
Bc/2H 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 5.0

0.1 0.019 0.037 0.053 0.067 0.079 0.080 0.097 0.103 0.108 0.112 0.117 0.121 0.124 0.128

0.2 0.037 0.072 0.130 0.131 0.155 0.174 0.180 0.202 0.211 0.219 0.229 0.238 0.244 0.248

0.2 0.053 0.103 0.149 0.190 0.244 0.252 0.274 0.292 0.306 0.318 0.333 0.345 0.355 0.360

0.4 0.070 0.131 0.190 0.241 0.284 0.320 0.349 0.373 0.391 0.405 0.425 0.440 0.454 0.460

0.5 0.079 0.155 0.224 0.284 0.336 0.379 0.414 0.441 0.463 0.481 0.505 0.525 0.540 0.548

0.6 0.080 0.174 0.252 0.320 0.379 0.428 0.467 0.499 0.524 0.544 0.572 0.596 0.613 0.624

84/1
0.7 0.097 0.189 0.274 0.349 0.414 0.467 0.511 0.546 0.584 0.597 0.628 0.650 0.674 0.688

0.8 0.103 0.202 0.292 0.373 0.441 0.499 0.546 0.584 0.615 0.639 0.674 0.703 0.725 0.740

0.9 0.108 0.211 0.306 0.391 0.463 0.524 0.574 0.615 0.647 0.673 0.711 0.742 0.766 0.784

1.0 0.112 0.219 0.318 0.405 0.481 0.544 0.597 0.639 0.673 0.701 0.740 0.774 0.800 0.816

1.2 0.117 0.229 0.333 0.425 0.505 0.572 0.628 0.674 0.711 0.740 0.783 0.820 0.849 0.868

1.5 0.121 0.238 0.345 0.440 0.525 0.596 0.650 0.703 0.742 0.774 0.820 0.861 0.894 0.916

2.0 0.124 0.244 0.355 0.454 0.540 0.613 0.674 0.725 0.766 0.800 0.849 0.894 0.930 0.956

*Influence coefficients for solution of Holls and Newmarks integration of the Boussinesq equation for vertical st
.


.

()Distributed Load 2-6-5

W Cs P F BC

:
= ( /) W

= (/)0 P

= ( ) F

= BC ()
= C S ( )
= D , M ()
= () L

" " C S ()4

011/ .

85/1

.

: 7-5
()Rigid Pipes Bedding 1-7-5
( ) (-11
10) . 05
1111 01 1111
.
01
.

.

()Flexible Pipes Bedding 2-7-5

( )Passive
.
.

. 5
% (.)Nominal Pipe Diameter
:
K WC r 3
X = De
E I + 0.064 E `r 3

:
= X ()
= ( ) De
()1.51-1.05
= ( ) 1.1 K

86/1

.

= WC (/)
= r ()
= E (/)0
= I (/4)
` = E (/ )0
( (.))5-5
( )EI
()P S( )Pipe Stiffness
/.0
PS F / X
:
= ( ) X % 5 1 F

= EI ( )Stiffness Factor :
) EI 0.149 r 3 ( PS
.
( )PS .


/
/ ( 01)
15.
01
.
05
%05

.

87/1

.

) E `( ) 5-5(

TABLE 5 Bureau of Reclamation Values Of ( E `) for lowa Formula (for lnitial Flexible Pipe Deflection)

( E `) for Degree of Compaction of Bedding ( lb / in.2 )

Slight, Moderate, High

<85% 85% - 95% > 95 %

Proctor, Proctor, Proctor,

> 40 % 40% - 70% > 70 %

Soil type-pipe bedding material Relative Relative Relative

(Unified Classification System) Dumped Density Density Density

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Fine-grained soils (LL > 50) No data available; consult a competent

Soils with medium to high plasticity Soil engineer; Otherwise use E` o

CH , MH , CH MH

2 2 2 2
Fine-grained soils (LL < 50) KPa ( lb / in. ) KPa ( lb / in. ) KPa ( lb / in. ) KPa ( lb / in. )

Soils with medium to no plasticity 345 (50) 1,379 (200) 2,758 (400) 6.895 (1,000)

CL, ML, ML CL

with less than 25% coarse-grained particles

Fine-grained soils (LL < 50) 690 (100) 2,758 (400) 6.895 (1,000) 13.790 (2,000)

Soils with medium to no plasticity

CL, ML, ML CL

with more than 25% coarse-grained particles

coarse-grained soils with fines

GW , GP, SW , SP Contains less than 12% fines

coarse-grained soils with little or no fines 1,379 (200) 6,895 (1,000) 13,790 (2,000) 20,685 (3,000)

GW , GP, SW , SP Contains less than 12% fines

Crushed rock 6,895 (1,000) 20,685 (3,000) 20,685 (3,000) 20,685 (3,000)

88/1

.

1-6
-
:
* .
* .
* .
* .

.
.
a
H U
g

: U /
: a /
: g /
( ) t -
2L
= t
a
= L

2-6

89/1

.

( )1
U 1m / sec /
a 1200m / sec /
H o 5 bar

H
1200x1
120 ms = 12 bar
9.71

H max 5 12 17 bar

( )0 .
L t
=
a 2
= t

( + )
( )H+Ho ( )+ v
. ( )-v
(.)Ho-H

.
2L
a
L U
= H
g t

:
L 4800 m :
:

8 Sec
2L 4800
t 2.
a 1200

t 5 Sec :

91/1

.

:
4800 1
H x 98 m
9.81 5

t 30 Sec :

m :
4800 1
H x 16
9.81 30

.

3-6
1-3-6
-
.
-
( )ts
.
2L
t ts t
a

2-3-6
-
) (
2L
a
-
.

.

91/1

.

4-6
: -
( ) ve *
* ( ) ve

:
*
*
* ( )
.

:
( )1 .
( )0 .
( )0 .
( )4 .
( )5 .
( )0 .
( )0 .
( ). .
( )0 .

92/1

.

: 1-7







.

.


:
Fe Fe + + + 2e






.




.

93/1

.

: 2-7
1-2-7



.


( )1-0
.

( )1-7

5111 %0 SO4

0111 0111 CI

4.5 4.5

. 1111

( )
.

94/1

.

: 2-2-7
1-2-2-7





.

()
. ( )0-0
.

( )2-7

1.05 - 1..5 -

1..5 - 1.05 -

95/1

.

2-2-2-7




.

.



.

3-2-2-7



.

96/1

.

1-8


.
( )Least Cost Analysis
.



.

2-8
:

1-2-8
.

2-2-8

.

97/1

.

3-2-8

.

4-2-8


.

5-2-8
.
.

3-8

.

1-3-8



.

2-3-8

( )
( ) .

.

98/1

.

3-3-8

.

.

4-3-8
.

.

5-3-8


.

6-3-8


.

7-3-8
(
)
.

.

99/1

.

4-8

1-4-8


.
.

2-4-8
.
.

3-4-8
.

4-4-8
.

.
.

5-4-8
.
.

.

111/1

.

()r 6-4-8


.

()i 7-4-8

.

8-4-8

.

()P 9-4-8
.

()F 11-4-8
.

()A 11-4-8

.

()URV 12-4-8
.

.
.

111/1

.

Given Find Relation

P F F = P(1 + i)n P F
1
F P P=F
(1 + i)n
1 2 n
1 1
(1 + i)n 1
A P P=A
i(1 + i)n P A A A A A A A
i(1 + i)n
P A A=P
(1 + i)n 1 1 2 n
1 1
(1 + i)n 1
A F F=A F
i A A A A A A A
i
F A A=F
(1 + i)n 1
1 2 n
1 1

5-8
()1
() ()
()
.

50 25 ()
400 350 (. /. )
400 350 (. /. )
131 05 ( %4. /. )
400 481 (. /. )

()0


.11 .

112/1

.

/ 700
32
100
130
. /. 0.2
30
6%

()

1000 900 800 700

0.68 1.13 2.01 3.84 ( 0111 /)
22 36 64 123 ()
122 136 164 223 ()

1,500 1,100 800 600 (. /. )
48.000 35.200 25.600 19.200 ( .).
1.000 1.300 1.600 1.800 ( .).
49.000 36.500 27.200 21.000 ( .).

1,065 1,192 1,436 1,949 ( % 01.)
9,327,913 10,439,923 12,583,721 17,077,242 (. /)
1.866 2.088 2.517 3.415 ( . /.)
25.679 28.741 34.643 47.013 ( .).
74.679 65.241 61.843 68.013 ( .).

80

70

60
( .).

50

40

30

20

10

0
600 700 800 900 1000 1100
()

113/1

.

1-1

. ( 0 0) (
)
( .)1-1
.

( )1-1

1/2

.

: 2-1

3-1

()1 0.11 +
11.11 0.11
.

()0
5.11.

( )0


.

( )4
0.11 +
11.11.

2/2

.

( )5 ( ) 011

511.

()0
15.11 01.11

()
5.11 .

4-1

( )1 0.11 1.11

.

( )0
.

( )0 .

5-1

6-1

. -

-
.

/ /. -

( -
......).

7-1

3/2

.

8-1
:

.
.
(
) .
.
.


.....

.
0.5 1.1
.
. -

9 1
:

.
.
.
.

.
( - -)

.

4/2

.

5/2

.

1-2
: 1-1-2

()

:

-

.

. -

-


01

.

: 2-2

:
- .
. -
. -
. -
. -

: 1-2-2

6/2

.

: 2-2-2

:
( ) .
. ( )
. ( )
0.51 . ( )
. ()
()
.
:
( ) .
. ( )
. ( )
:
( )
.
. ( )
. ( )

: 3-2-2

:
( ) 0.5
.
. ( )
( )
.

7/2

.

. ( )

: 4-2-2



()0-0-0
( )0-0-0 :
-1 .
-0
1.11.
-0 .

: 3-2
()
.
. ( )
( )
51.
( )
0.5 ( 0)
1.11.
( )5-0( )4-0( )0-0( )0-0( )1-0 .

4-2

.

8/2

.

( )1-2

9/2

.

( )2-2

11/2

.

( )3-2 -

( )4-2

( )5-2

11/2

.

5-2
1-5-2

011 ( )
.

2-5-2

.

.

3-5-2

.

4-5-2
:
-1
011 151

051 .
-0
011
151
051
.

12/2

.

1-3




:
/ -
( )Shale . -
( )Mudstone . -
( )Claystone . -
( )Marl . -
( ) -
.
-
( ).
. -
. -
. -

2-3
-
.
-
.
. -
. -

13/2

.

: 3-3

:

: -
1.51
1.11 .

: -

1.01 1.11 .

: -

/
1.51 1.11
.

( )Geosynthetics
.

: -

: -

1.51
/ .

14/2

.

1-4

: 1-1-4

: 2-1-4

: 2-4

: 3-4

1.51 :

: ()4-4( )3-4( )2-4( )1-4 1-3-4

15/2

.

- 5 ( 0)
.

-
.

. -

-

.

-
.

16/2

.

( )1-4

( )2-4

17/2

.

( )3-4

)6 6
5)-4(
-4
(
: )4-
(4 2-3-4

18/2

.

01 01 -
1.51

.

-
( ) 1.11 4.11.

41 51 -
( )0-4



.

-
.

01 ( .). -
-

.

-

.

- ( 5 ( 0)

.

-
.

(
) .

19/2

.

( ) 5-4

( ) 7-4 ( ) 6-4

4-4

1-4-4

21/2

.

-1
.
-0
..
-0 04
.
-4
.
Drawdown versus (Log) elapsed pumping time
-5 .
-0
.
Drawdown versus Distance

-0 :

Artesian Flow
)2 kD (H - h
= QW
) In (R / r
Gravity Flow
) kD (H2 - h2
= QW
) In (R / r

21/2

.

where

QW = Flow fromthe well

D= aquifer thickness
= ) drawdown at dis tan ce r from well (H - h) or (H2 - h2
R = radius of influence
Fully Penetrating Wells
Partially Penetrating Wells

-.

.

2-4-4

-1 .

-0 .

-0 .

3-4-4

22/2

.

23/2

.

24/2

.

1-5

:
( )1
Vitrified Clay Pipes with flexible joint
( )0 Vitrified Clay Pipes
( )0 .Reinforced Concrete Pipes
( )4 .
)Unplastisized Polyvinyl Chloride (u.P.V.C
)Glass Fiber Reinforced Pipes (G.R.P ( )5
HDPE ( )0

2-5
- - :
()1 - .
( ).
( )0 .
.
()0
(.)1-5
. .
( )1 .
( )1
-
- ( - )1 .
.


.

25/2

.

(.)0

( )1-5
()4 -

(.)0-5

( )2-5
( )5 .
. (
) ( ) .
.
()0 ( ) 01
01
.
()0 (
)
.

26/2

.

3-5

011 . -
. %1( %0 )
. .
10 ( ).

4-5
: ()
.

1-4-5

051 / .0
( .)Fair Face
1:1 .
.

() 2-4-5


11 : 1
.

.

3-4-5
( ) 0.1
01 1.0 .
051 00
1.0 .

.

27/2

.

( + -)
.

4-4-5
()0-5
( )4-5

15 55
05
51 .

( )3-5

28/2

.

( )4-5

5-5
111
0 451 .

0.5 FMA 151 .
( )P.V.C (.)T-Lock

6-5
P.G.4 451 .

7-5
:
-1 .
-0 .
-0 ( )
-4 .
-5 .

29/2

.

1-7-5

:
* 1.0
1.01.
* 1.1 0.5.
* 1.1 0.5.
* 1.0
411 ( 10).
*
.
* ( ) 1.0

1.11 .
.

( ) 2-7-5
:
-1 .

.
-0 .
-0


.
-4 .
.
0551 111 :
0000 00 :
.

31/2

.

- 01.
0 ( ) -
01 111 ( )
.

3-7-5

. 05
.
.
. (.)0-5

.

31/2

.

( )5-5

( )6-5

8-5

32/2

.

:
-1 005 ( 15).
-0 005 .
0.5
051
011
001.
-0 1
011.
-4
.
-5
.
-0
.
-0
.
-.
.
-0

-11
.
-11
.
-10
.

-10
.

.
-14
.

33/2

.

-15 04
.
-10
.
-10
.
-1.
0.05.
-10
01 .
-01
51 .
-01
.
-00
01
05 01
0
.
-00 .
-04
01x 01 .
-05
.
-00
.
-00 ( ) .11 : 1

34/2

.

1-6


.

.


.
. -
- .

.
.
.
( )1-0 :

( )1-6

35/2

.

2-6

:
-

-
.
( . ) -

.
14
111
.
-
.
-

.
-
.
( -
) .

.

36/2

.

3-6
.
.

.
.

CCP -
DI -
SP -
GRP -
HDPE -

RCP -
VC -
GRP -
HDPE -

RCP -
SP -

4-6
-:

37/2

.

Starting Pit 1-4-6

- -
.
. (
) .

Diaphram Wall Piles Wall
. .

.
.

Receiving Pit 2-4-6

- -
.
. (
) .

Diaphram Wall Piles Wall
.
.
.
( )0-0
:

()2-6

38/2

.

3-4-6

.
.


.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
(
).
( )0-0 :

( )3-6 5-6

(

...).
-
.
-:

39/2

.

1-5-6
Pipe Jacking - Unmanned Technique Micro Tunneling
151 0111
.

.
.
( )4-0 :

( )4-6
2-5-6
Pipe Jacking - Manned Technique - Long Drive
1011 0511
.

.
.


.

.
( )5-0 :

41/2

.

Main Jacking

Intermediate Jacking
Station Stations

Tunnels
Segmental (6 )5-
3-5-6

10111
(
1.111 )


.

0111 .

( )6-6
.
.
.
.
.
HDPE
.GRP


.
55 05 .

( )1-6 :

41/2

.

16111 3511 2111 1211 151

6-6

.

-

. .

.
.

42/2

.

( )0-0 :

( )7-6
7-6

.
.

8-6


.
.
.

9-6

.

( )HDPE .

.

43/2

.

11-6
1-11-6

.
.

( )0-0 .

( )2-6

() ()
()

0 01 011 - 151
0 .1 011 - 411
0 101 1111 - 011
0 411 101 1411 - 1011
0 011 011 0111 - 1511
0 1111 0511 - 0011

2-11-6
( )0-0
.
10
.

.

44/2

.

( )3-6

()
() ()
(x) (x)
0.1x1.1 0 0.1x0.1 0 011 - 151
0.5x1.5 0.5 0.1x0.1 0 011 - 411
0.5x0.5 0.0 4.5x0.5 4.0 1111 - 011
4.5x0.5 4.5 5.5x4.5 0.5 1411 - 1011
5.5x0.5 0 0.1x5.1 0.5 0111 - 1511
..5x5.1 0 11.1x0.1 11 0511 - 0011

3-11-6


. -
.

45/2


.

1-7
-1


.
-0 .
-0

.
-4
01
.
-5

.
-0
.
-0 .
2-7
-1
.
-0
.
-0

.
-4
.
.
-5
3-7

46/2


.

- -
.

: 4-7


.

: 5-7



.
15 .

51 01.

47/2


.

6-7

( )1-0
:

( )1-7

() ()
611 811 211-151
611 + 911 311 -251
711 + 911 + 611 351
811 + 1211 + 811 711

.
1.11.

.
11
.

.

7-7

.


.

8-7
1-8-7

48/2


.

2-8-7

.

9-7
...
.

.
.
. .

: 11-7

4.
.

49/2


.

: 11-7

:

0
051
.
( ) 01
011 0.5

0.05 .

51/2

.

1-8

2-8

-



.

-
.

(). -

-
( )1-.
.

( 05) . -
) (BF4 1.11
.

51/2

.

()1-8

() () ()

0.5 114.0 01

4.5 10..0 151

5.1 010.1 011

5.1 000.1 051

-
5.11
).(BF4

-


.

: 3-8

-

0 : 0.5
.

-
.

52/2

.

-

.

: 4-8

- )Mini Tunnels( :
.

)Pipe Jacking( : -

.

- )Rocket( :


01 .

1.51 -

.

-
( )
51
0.11 .

-

.

: 5-8

53/2

.

() .
( )0 : 1.

011
051 1.4 :
1.. : (0)
.
.

() -
() ()
.

-
()
(.)0-.( )1-.

: 6-8

5.11
(
) 5.11 1.1 .
.
.

7-8

-1

.

-0


(.)0-.

54/2

.

-0

.

-4
.

-5
.

-0

.

55/2

.

( )1-8

56/2

.

( )2-8

57/2

.

( )3-8

58/2

.

( )4-8

59/2

.

1-9
( )

51 ( 0) .
() 51 ( 0)
.

.
.
:
-1 .
-0 .
-0 .
-4 .
-5 .
.
.

.

()
.
. ( )
() .
PVC ( )
.

61/2

.

()
. PVC
() 011 .
( )
.

2-9


.




.




.

3-9

( )Telescopic Pipes


.

4-9
.

1-4-9
00 ( 0.5)
.

61/2

.

. ()15-.
.

2-4-9
01
.

.

62/2

.

: 1-1
:




.

1-1-1





. ( )PVC

.


.

1/3

.

.
.
.



.

2-1-1
-

.
() -

.
() -
.
-
.
-

.

3-1-1
-
0.5
051
11..51 .

2/3

.

-
4
( ) .
. -
. -

2-1
511 -
1111
1.5

.
-

. (./ )0 .1/.0
011
0
= 1.10 0 = .1/
5.0 = 1.10.
() -


.
-

.
-

( )
.

3/3

.

-
(
)
.
-


.
-
( )
.
-
1.5/.0
( )1-1
. ( )0-0 .


.

-
3 1

-
-


.

.

4/3

.

-

11
.
04 -
.
-


.
-



.
. -

5/3

.

5 6
4

1 2 3
7

()1-1

6/3

.

)2-1
( 4-1

7/3

.

.
:

: :

(

)....
.

: :

.
.

5-1
( )1

.
( )0 .
( )0 .
( )4 .
( )5
.
( )0
( ).

( )0 (
).

8/3

.

6-1
:

-1 :
. ()
() (
) .
( )0
.
( )0
.
( )4
.
( )5
.

7-1
( )1 .
( )0 .
( )0
. .

: 8-1
-



.

9/3

.

-

.

11/3

.

: 1-2



.

: 2-2

:
Rigid Pipes -


:
-1 .
-0 .
-0 .
-4 .
-5 .
Flexible Pipes -



:
-1 (.)UPVC
-0 (.)GRP

11/3

.

-0 .
-4 (.)HDPE
Semi-Rigid Pipes -

411

(.)Ductile Cast Iron
:
- :

.
- :


.
( )1-0
.

12/3

.

( )1-2

13/3

.

: 3-2
: 1-3-2
: 1-1-3-2
( )


.

: 2-1-3-2


(.)Brittle

: 3-1-3-2

0-0

.

:
:
. -
( ) -
:
. -
. -
. -
( ). -
. -

14/3

.

0. 0. -
. -
:
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -

: 2-3-2
: 1-2-3-2
( )


.

: 2-2-3-2

:
: -

( )x - ray (
).
- :
( )


(.)Durability

15/3

.

: 3-2-3-2


.

: 4-2-3-2


.

: 4-2

: 1-4-2


:

: -





( )5
( )0-0
.

( )2-2

16/3

.

- :

( )Bolts


()5

.
( )0-0 .
( )1-0
.

( )3-2

( )1-2


() ()
1. - 10 011 - 111 1
04 - 01
-- 00 - 01 411 - 01 0
-- 10 - 0 0 1.11 - 511 0
-- 00 0111 - 011 4
1.4 011 111 5

-- 1.4 1.0 0111 - 011 0
-- 41 51 01 1111 111 0
-- 011 0111 101 .
-- 1.4 011 - 111 0

: 2-4-2

17/3

.

: -
( )4-0
(.)Two edge bearing

- :
( )5-0
(.)Three edge bearing

( )4-2

( )5-2

18/3

.

:
451 /.
.
:
1.05
01 0111/

.
:
( )0-0
( )
.
* 111 1.10
=

:
005 - 1
/ =
+ 1441

( )2-2 ( )

19/3

.

/ /
-- 10 05
-- 01 111
-- 01 105
-- 04 151
-- 05 105
41 0. 011
41 00 005
45 01 051
51 00 011
55 05 051
55 00 005
01 41 451
01 41 511
01 41 505
01 41 011
01 41 005
01 41 051
01 41 .05
01 41 011
01 41 1111
-- 41 1111
-- 41 1011
-- 41 1051
-- 41 1011

21/3

.

: 3-4-2



.
:

: 1-3-4-2

( )
( )0-0 .

( )6-2

21/3

.

: 2-3-4-2
( )Stiffness


( )%5 .
:
(
EI = 0.149 P.S )r 3 )
:
0
/ : E
0
: /4 I
0
/ : p.s

() : r

( )0-0 ( )E

( )3-2

" "E

2
/

01111 -

0111 -

011111 -

01111 -

22/3

.

: 1-3



.
:
( ). -
- ( ).

: 2-3

Quality Conntrol 1-2-3

.

Quality Assurance 2-2-3

.

Quality Assurance System 3-2-3

.

23/3

.

Quality Assurance Plan 4-2-3

.

Quality Assurance Program 5-2-3

.

6-2-3




.

.

7-2-3

:
-
.
-
.
-
.

24/3

.

-

.

8-2-3


.

3-3

1-3-3


.
:
. -
. -
. -
-
.
. -
. -

2-3-3



.

.

25/3

.

3-3-3

1-3-3-3

( )
.

2-3-3-3


.


.

3-3-3-3
.
.
.

.

4-3

.
.
.

5-3
1-5-3

26/3

.

2-5-3






.

3-5-3



.
.

.

6-3

.


.

27/3

.

1-6-3


.


.
.

2-6-3


.

. -

. -

. -

-
.

-
.

28/3

.

-

.

1-2-6-3
-

.

.

.

-

.
.

-



(.)1-0

29/3

.

( )1-3

-


( )0-0

31/3

.

.
.



.
( )2-3

31/3

.

-

.

.

2-2-6-3
01

.
( )Modified Proctor Test
.

32/3