GM General Motors

Truck Group

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Variation Simulation Modeling
 Date of Publication: January 12, 1998
Latest Revision Date: May 1, 1999

GM General Motors
Truck Group

DIMENSIONAL
ENGINEERING
Based on the ASME Y14.5M-
1994 Dimensioning and
Tolerancing Standard
as amended by the GM Global
Addendum-1997

GM General Motors
Truck Group

Copyright c 1998 by General Motors Corp.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording
or otherwise without prior written permission of the author and publisher.
 Seminar Agenda
Objectives
Dimensional Engineering Concept
ASME Y14.5M-1994 and GM Global Addendum
Video - Introduction to GD&T
The Language of GD&T
Why Use GD&T ?
Engineering Drawings - General Review
Basic Rules and Definitions
Datum Function & Datum Reference Frames
Datum Planes, Features and Simulators
Datum Target Areas, Lines, Points
and Partial Datum Surfaces
Feature Control Frame Elements
Variation Simulation Modeling (VSM)
Tolerances of Form
Tolerances of Orientation
Tolerances of Runout
Tolerances of Profile
Tolerances of Location
 Course Objectives

Develop an awareness of Dimensional Engineering

concepts and explain how the techniques are used to
understand, control, and help reduce variation in the
overall vehicle build process.

Introduction to the Build Tolerance Procedure.

Provide an overview of the Variation Simulation

Modeling (VSM) process and how it is used to
predict variation in the vehicle.

Provide an introduction to Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing (GD&T), the ASME Y14.5M-1994
Standard including the GM Global Addendum and
how the concepts, symbols and terms of GD&T are
used in the engineering process.
 Dimensional Engineering
Concept

Dimensional Engineering is a sub-process within the

overall vehicle development cycle, key to achieving
robust designs and controlling product definition.

-
through the entire Four Phase Vehicle Development

the GMTG Dimensional Engineering approach.

 What is GD&T?
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is an international graphic
engineering language designed to allow designers and engineers
to on engineering drawings. The
concepts, symbols and mathematical structure of GD&T provide a
precise and logical way to describe the manufacturing tolerance
zones that are applied to individual features or groups of features
on parts or assemblies.

What is ASME Y14.5M-1994?

The ASME Y14.5M-1994 is the latest revised issue of the common
Industrial Standard on dimensioning and tolerancing. The Standard
establishes uniform practices for the dimensioning and tolerancing
of engineering drawings and related documents. All GD&T rules,
concepts, and practices are contained within the current Y14.5M
Standard and the GM Global Addendum.

Why a GM Global Addendum?

The GM Global Addendum was written to address and/or clarify
concepts and practices described within the ASME Y14.5M-1994
Standard. Sections 1-6 of the addendum represent the consensus
of the US Car GD&T Team and have been adopted by GM, Ford,
and Chrysler. Sections 7&8 apply specifically to General Motors.
The addendum replaces section A91 of the current GM Drafting
Standard.

The goal of GD&T is to improve communication !!

The Language of Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Geometric Characteristic Symbols

TYPE OF
FEATURES TOLERANCE
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL

Straightness

For Flatness
Individual Form
Features Circularity (roundness)

Cylindricity
For Profile of a Line
Individual Profile
or Related Profile of a Surface
Features
Angularity

Orientation Perpendicularity

Parallelism

For Position
Related
Features Location Concentricity

Symmetry

Circular Runout *
Runout
Total Runout *

* Runout symbols may be filled or not filled

 The Language of Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Additional Symbols and Modifiers
TERM SYMBOL
Maximum Material Condition M

Least Material Condition L

Regardless of Feature Size ** s **

Free State Datum Modifier F

Projected Tolerance Zone P

Tangent Plane Modifier T

Diameter Symbol

All Around Symbol *

Between Symbol *
Radius R
Controlled Radius CR
Datum Feature Symbol A *
Basic Dimension (or Angle) 234.5

Statistical Tolerance Symbol ST

* Symbols may be filled or not filled

** The RFS symbol is no longer used per ASME Y14.5M-1994. It is applicable only on
drawings using earlier standards.
 The Language of Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Basic Feature Control Frame

Datum Reference Frame

1 A BC
Tolerance
Value
Tertiary
Primary
Geometric Datum
Datum
Characteristic
Symbol Secondary
Datum

Each feature control frame contains information identifying a specific feature

characteristic to be controlled (geometric characteristic symbol),the limits of
error or variation allowed for that characteristic (tolerance value), the point(s)
or surfaces from which the characteristic is to be measured (datum reference
frame), and the theoretical shape of the tolerance zone that applies (diameter
symbol and material condition modifiers). Feature control frame are the basic
building blocks of the GD&T language. The ability to accurately interpret the
feature control frame is fundamental to understanding other GD&T concepts.
 The Language of Geometric
Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Feature Control Frame with Material

Condition Modifiers and Diameter Symbol

Tolerance Material
Condition Symbol
Diameter Datum Material
Symbol Condition Symbol

1M A BM C

As required, additional symbols are used along with the basic feature control
frame to identify specific geometric or dimensional requirements. The above
example shows a diameter symbol and two maximum material condition (MMC)
symbols that have been added to precisely describe the feature requirements.
The diameter symbol describes the cylindrical shape of the feature tolerance
zone while the maximum material condition symbols indicate both the feature
and secondary datum material condition in which the stated tolerance applies.