Specialization: Physical Sciences Focus: Atom By: Adolfo P. Roque

SPECIALIZATION: PHYSICAL SCIENCES Formatted: Left: 0.
75"
Focus: Atom
By: Adolfo P. Roque
Competencies:
1. Trace the historical development of atomic structure.
2. Identify properties of sub-atomic particles.
3. Perform calculations involving mass number, atomic number, number of protons, electrons and
neutrons.
4. Predict the number of orbitals and electrons of a given atom using quantum numbers
5. Illustrate electron configuration of elements
6. Identify the group and period where each element belongs.
7. Predict the atomic, physical and chemical properties of elements using trends in the periodic
table
8. Select which model represents atoms, ions and molecules.
9. Name the given chemical formula for simple ionic and molecular compounds.
PART I CONTENT UPDATE
The quest for the fundamental units of matter began in the ancient times. From there, we have known
that elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. Each atom has its own identity and/or
property which were used to bring about patterns in the periodic table. As time passed, the solid view of the
atom is changed with the discovery of subatomic particles and the duality nature of electron. With this, it was
easier to explain formation of compounds.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The first concept of the atom began with the ancient Greeks. Democritus was one of the principal
proponents of the theory on atomism. He believed that matter is composed of tiny indivisible particle
called atoms (from the Greek word, atomos which means uncut). However, this idea was rejected by
Aristotle believing that matter is continuous.
Thousand of years have passed but the idea did not flourish not until John Dalton revived the atomistic
view of matter. He proposed his Atomic Theory in 1808 but some of the assumptions are not true today.
Below is the modern re-evaluation of the theory.
Daltons Postulates Modern Re-evaluation

All matter is composed of atoms, which are the
The atom is the smallest unit that retains
tiny indivisible particles that cannot be created
the unique identity of the element.
or destroyed.
Atoms of one element cannot be converted into
Elements can only be converted into
atoms of another element in a chemical
other elements through nuclear reactions.
reaction.
Atoms can have the same number of
All atoms of an element are alike but are
protons but different numbers of
different from atoms of any other element.
neutrons. These are known as isotopes.
Compounds are formed by the chemical
Source: Silberberg, M. (2006) Chemistry
combination of two or more elements in specific
4/e
ratios.
The early picture that an atom is an indestructible sphere like billiard ball was debunked by the
investigations made during the 19 th & 20th century. The experiments conducted by J.J. Thomson (1897),
E. Rutherford (1911), and J. Chadwick (1932) proved that atom consists of subatomic particles namely:
electron, proton and neutrons. It is also important to recognize that without the early studie s or
discoveries conducted by G. Stoney (1874), E. Goldstein (1886), W. Roentgen (1896), H. Becquerel
(1896), M. Curie (1898), R. Milikan (1909), etc., no developments in atomic structure is possible.
The early evidence on the internal structure of the atom was established by J.J. Thomson using the
cathode ray tube. From there he was able to determine the charge to mass ratio for the electron and
proposed the Plum Pudding model. Furthermore, Rutherfords alpha scattering experiment showed that
the atom consists of a very dense central nucleus with the positive charge protons. These findings,
together with the discovery of neutrons by Chadwick, completed the Nuclear model of the atom.
The atom, as represented below, is an electrically neutral, spherical entity composed of a positively
charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. The nucleus consists
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of protons and neutrons. The atom is extremely small that even a single speck of dust consists of 1 x
1016 atoms.
A table below shows the property of the three key subatomic particles:
Charge Mass
Name Symbol Location
Relative Absolute (C) Relative (amu) Absolute (g)
Proton p+ +1 +1.60218x10-19 1.00727 1.67262x10-24 Nucleus
Neutron n0 0 0 1.00866 1.67493x10-24 Nucleus
Outside
Electron e- -1 +1.60218x10-19 0.00054858 9.10939X10-28
nucleus
Source: R. Chang (2006) Chemistry 8/e
Today, the atom is generally pictured to have a cloud of rapidly moving, negatively charged electrons,
which occupies almost the entire volume of the atom surrounding the nucleus. This modern view of the
atom is based on the theories of quantum mechanics.
ATOMS, ISOTOPES & IONS
Protons and neutrons are the two massive subatomic particles. These two particles in an atom create
the identity of the atom.
Conventional representation for a neutral atom is given below:
The symbol of the elements consists of one or two letters that always starts with a capital letter. The
symbol Z is the atomic number which is equal to the number of protons and which determines the
amount of positive charge in the nucleus. A is the mass number, which is equal to the sum of the
number of protons and neutrons. Below are necessary relationships for calculations:
Z = p+ A = p+ + n 0
p+ = e- (neutral) p+ = A - n0
p+ > e- (cation) charge = p+ - e-
p+ < e- (anion) n0/Z>1 (radioactive)
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the electrons and protons. The position of the
electron in the atom subjects it from being lost or gained during chemical interactions. During such
event, the neutral atom changes to a charged particle known as ions. The positively charged particle is
a cation while a negatively charged particle is an anion. The chemical representation for an ion follows
the atomic symbol but a charge is added on the upper right hand corner (e.g.
40
20 Mg
2
,
32
16 S 2 ).
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The nuclear behavior of the atom is determined by protons and neutrons. These massive particles
define the existences of elements known as isotopes. Isotopes of an element are atoms that have the
12
same atomic number but different number of protons (e.g. 6 C and 14
6 C ).
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
The current picture of the atom today is a result of an in-depth study on the three phenomena involving
matter and light. These are as follows:
Blackbody Radiation
The absorbed or emitted radiation by a heated object (blackbody) is explained by the
Quantum theory of M. Planck. This theory states that radiant energy is emitted by
atoms and molecules in small discrete amounts rather than over a continuous range.
The theory was used to explain the next phenomena.
Photoelectric Effect
Einstein explains that the electrons ejected from the surface of certain metals struck
by light is not due to the intensity of light but because light behaves as a stream of
particles called photons.
Atomic Spectra
The mystery on the line spectra of an H-atom was resolved by N. Bohr. He proposed
that an atom has concentric shells or orbit of electrons surrounding the positively
charged nucleus. Each shell represents an energy level (n) that has a fixed amount of
energy that is given a value of 1,2,3, . . . and so on. The moment an electron absorbs
energy, it will not jump to the next higher energy level. The transition from higher to
lower energy level of the electron emits a radiation that has a corresponding
wavelength and frequency equivalent to a specific energy along a spectral line.
These investigations showed that energy is particulate like matter. Hence it is possible that matter is
wavelike. This was resolved by de Broglie in his theory which states that all matter travels in wave. Therefore
electrons follow wave motion that makes the energy of the atom quantized. However, even though electron
moves, it is still impossible to determine both the position and its momentum at the same time as stated in the
Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle.
The dual nature of matter and energy and the uncertainty principle led E. Schrdinger to derive an
equation which would tell us the possible energy states of the electron in a hydrogen atom and the
probability of its location in a particular region of space (known as orbitals) surrounding the nucleus.
The approximation of this equation can be applied also to atom with many electrons. The manipulation
of the Schrodinger equation results into quantum numbers that can be used to plot electron density
diagrams (known as orbitals) that show the probable location of electrons in an atom.
There are four quantum numbers that characterize each electron in an atom. Thes e are as follows:
Principal quantum number with the symbol (n). Identifies the energy level or shell of the
orbital
Angular momentum quantum number with the symbol (). Indicates the shape of the orbital
and regarded as the sublevel or subshell
Magnetic quantum number with the symbol (m). Specifies the orientation or the number of
orbitals in space
Electron spin quantum number with the symbol (ms). Indicates the direction of the electrons
spin on its own axis
Below is a table that summarizes the relationship of the quantum numbers
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Remember that allowed values are only numbers that
corresponds to a certain description. Take note of the values for
n. As it increases, the energy of the electron increases, as well as
its distance from the nucleus. The values for , represented as a
one-letter symbol describe the shape of the atomic orbital. Such
as, if n =1 and =0, it means that the atomic orbital, 1s, is
spherical and centered on the nucleus. Moreover, if n =2 and
=1, it means that the atomic orbital, 2p, is a dumbbell-shaped
orbital arranged at right angles to one another. If n =3 and =2, it
means that the atomic orbital, 3d, has a more complex shape and
representation. The images of these orbitals are shown above.
The f orbital found in the 4th energy level is more complex than d.
Figure 1 Shape of Orbitals
Since the atom is viewed in three-dimensional manner, the m values as dictated by , represent the
number of orbital orientations assigned arbitrarily. The s orbital has one orientation with the m value, 0; p orbital
has three orientations with m values of -1,0, +1. The d and f orbitals has 5 and 7 orientations, respectively.
The ms value + tells that the electron moves clockwise while the other pair of electron with an
assigned value of - moves counterclockwise. Each orbital orientation receives a maximum of two electrons.
Thus, in each energy level starting at n =1 to n =4 there are 2, 8, 18, 32 . . . 2 n 2 maximum number of electrons
while there is 2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons in orbital s, p, d and f respectively.
Since the electronic behavior of an atom is determined by how the electron moves in an orbital, we now
distribute the electrons of an element in the energy levels and sublevels. This process is termed as
electron configuration, written as n e. Where: e is the number of electron occupying the orbital or
sublevel , found at an energy level n. In writing electron configuration, we follow certain rules which
are generally known as:
Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two electron can have the same set of quantum
number (n, , m, ms).
Hunds Rule, which states that in filling the orbitals of same energy, fill-up singly first before
pairing the electrons. An atom with a fully filled orbital (with paired electrons) is said to be
diamagnetic while an incompletely filled orbital (with unpaired electrons) is paramagnetic.
Aufbau Building-Up Principles provides a guideline that the lower energy orbital should be filled
up first before the next higher energy orbital. The arrangement of orbital energy is as follows:
s<p<d<f.
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Example:
The electron that is found at the outermost energy level and orbital (sublevel, ) are known as
valence electrons. The valence electron is numerically equal to the group number of the elements. The
above example has five valence electrons occupying the 2s and 2p orbitals, thus it belongs to group
VA. These electrons are those involved in forming compounds. Other categories of electrons are inner
core electrons seen in the noble gases and outer electrons found in the highest energy level.
PERIODIC TABLE
Even before the orbital theory of quantum mechanics was developed, it is amazing that sc ientists were
able to arrange the growing number of elements, surprisingly with pattern. This collection and
arrangement of elements in chart form that shows groups of elements with similar physical and
chemical properties is the periodic table. In the 19th century, scientist like J. Dobereiner (1829), L.
Gmelin (1843), S. Cannizzaro (1858), B. de Chancourtois (1862), J. Newlands (1865), L. Meyer (1868),
etc., by just using the known behavioral facts like physical or chemical properties and atomic weight,
were able to create their own design of periodic table. But with all those designs, only Demitri
Mendeleevs periodic table was recognized by the scientific community. His periodic table was able to
foresee undiscovered elements, rule out places for unusual trend in the behavior of elements and many
more.
The current periodic table is a modern version of Mendeleevs design. In todays time, the elements are
not arranged according to increasing atomic weight but in terms of increasing atomic number (H.
Moseley), the similarity on properties and in compliance with the orbital theory. It is generally divided
into metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Metals are found at the left of the stairway boundary, where the
metalloids are situated, while the nonmetals are found at the right.
The elements in the modern periodic table is arranged according to:
Periods/series- there are seven rows or horizontal sequence

Groups/families- these are divided into A (main group) and B (rare group) in vertical
sequence. The elements found in the same group has similar properties and with a
corresponding name. Refer to the diagram below.
Groups IA to VIIA are classified as representative elements. The noble gases differ
from the rest because it contains a very stable configuration. Group B consists of the
transition elements.
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Grouping the elements as IA-VIIIA and IB-VIIIB follows the American convention while the
grouping with Arabic numbers 1 to 18 is an IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry) convention.
Sublevel block- these depends on the outermost filled orbital or the valence shell. Group IA
and IIA elements occupy the s-block with a valence configuration of ns1 to ns2. Group IIIA to
VIIIA elements occupy the p-block with a valence configuration of ns2np1 to ns2np6. The inner
transition metals, grouped from IB to VIIIB to, are referred to as d-block. Most of them generally
follow the valence configuration of ns(n-1d). The elements in lanthanide, with a general
valence configuration of ns 2, and actinide series occupy the f-block.
If the valence electron identifies the group, the valence shell identifies the period .
Example: Chlorine, 17Cl, has a condensed configuration of [Ar] 3s 23p5. This shows that the
valence shell is 3 hence it belongs to period 3. In its valence shell is seven electrons hence it
belongs to group IA.
The atomic properties of elements are based primarily on their electron configuration. These properties
show trends whether in increasing or decreasing manner in the periodic table. Among these properties
are atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity. These properties are greatly
affected by effective nuclear charge (Zeff), which is the attractive force of the nucleus towards the
outer electrons. In general, Zeff increases significantly left to right across a period and increases slightly
down a group. Below are some of
the atomic properties and the
general trends:
Atomic size is based on atomic

radius that is one-half the distance
between nuclei of identical atoms.
Ionization energy (IE) is the

energy required to remove the
highest energy electron from one
mole of gaseous atom.
Figure 2 General Trends in Periodic Table
Electron affinity (EA) is the

energy change accompanying the
addition of one mole of electrons
to one mole of gaseous atoms.
Electronegativity is the relative

ability of a bonded atom to attract electron shared electrons.
COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL FORMULA
According to the postulate of Daltons theory, compounds are formed by the chemical combination of
two or more elements in specific ratios. When an element chemically combines with atoms of other
elements, its oxidation state changes from zero to a certain value (which may either be positive or
negative). The types of compounds that are easiest to name and write are inorganic compounds (ionic
and molecular compounds).
Chemical formula is a representation, which is used to denote one molecule of pure substance. It
indicates the relative amount of atoms of each element in a molecule, which consists of symbols of the
elements composing the pure substance and subscripts denoting relative number of atoms of each
element in a unit particle or molecule and or compound. It can be in a form of empirical (simplest ratios
of elements) and molecular (shows exact numbers of atoms) and can be shown in structural formula
(Condensed/Lewis/Line-Bond) and in model (ball and stick/space-filling). Below are examples of
chemical formulas:
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Remember the following rules in writing and naming ionic compounds
Write the positive ion first followed by the negative ion. (Note: The same sequence is followed
when the formula is read.)
Do the criss-cross method. Adjust the subscript to produce electrically neutral formula unit
(Note: The algebraic sum of the oxidation number of all elements in a compound is always
equal to ZERO.)
Use the smallest set of whole number (Note: Most ionic compounds are presented as empirical
formula, however molecular compounds are not.)
Binary Compounds contain 2 elements only

Metal (cation) + Nonmetal (anion)
cations with fixed oxidation number + anions derived from nonmetals
The cation takes or retains the name of the parent element.
Elements Symbol of Cations

Alkali Metals (Group I A) Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+
Alkaline (Group II A) Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
Ag (most stable) Ag+
Zn & Cd (most stable) Zn2+, Cd2+
Al Al3+
The name of the anion is obtained by modifying the element from which it is derived by adding
the suffix - ide to the root word of the element.
Element Name of Anion Formula

Fluorine Fluoride F-
Chlorine Chloride Cl -
Bromine Bromide Br -
Iodine Iodide I-
Oxygen Oxide O2-
Nitrogen Nitride N3-
Phosphorus Phosphide P3-
2
Carbon Carbide C4- or C 2
Example: Mg2+ O2- Mg2O2 MgO = magnesium oxide
cation with variable oxidation number + anions derived from nonmetals

transitional metals form cations that exhibits more than one oxidation state
for these species, the charge is indicated together with name and is written using the
traditional or stock system.
138
Traditional Stock or Systematic
Ion
Name Name
Cr3+ Chromic Chromium(III)
Cr2+ Chromous Chromium(II)
Co3+ Cobalt(III)
Co2+ Cobalt(II)
Cu2+ Cupric Copper(II)
Cu+ Cuprous Copper(I)
Fe3+ Ferric Iron(III)
Fe2+ Ferrous Iron(II)
Pb4+ Lead(IV)
Pb2+ Lead(II)
Hg2+ Mercuric Mercury(II)
2
Hg 2 Mercurous Mercury(I)
Sn4+ Stannic Tin(IV)
Sn2+ Stannous Tin(II)
Example: Fe3+Cl- FeCl3 = ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride
hydrogen (cation) + nonmetal (anion)
hydrogen halides or hydrohalic acids (HX) X= F, Cl, Br, I

pure (hydrogen + _____-ide)
aqueous solutions (hydro + ______ - ic)
Examples: HCl (g) hydrogen chloride HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid
nonmetal + nonmetal
molecular compounds have a different nomenclature system compared to ionic

compounds
uses Greek prefixes: 1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, and so on. The number of atoms will
be represented by the greek prefixes. Omit mono for the first element and drop the
vowel of the prefix if it is next to a vowel.
Examples: CO carbon monoxide N2O4- dinitrogen tetroxide
Ternary Compounds contain 3 elements.
Polyatomic ions are covalently bonded atoms that behave as a group with the net charge
distributed evenly.
Formula name Formula Name

2
NH 4 Ammonium CO 3 Carbonate

CN Cyanide HCO 3 Bicarbonate
2
ClO hypochlorite CrO 4 Chromate
2
ClO 2 Chlorite Cr2O7 Dichromate

ClO 3 Chlorate MnO4 Permanganate
3
ClO 4 Perchlorate PO3 Phosphite
3
NO 3 Nitrate PO4 Phosphate

NO 2
Nitrite H2PO4 Dihydrogenphosphate
O22- Peroxide SO32- Sulfite
Hydroxide SO42- Sulfate
OH
acetate Hydrogensulfate
CH3COO HSO4
ternary compounds that contain metal (cation) + polyatomic ion (anion)

polyatomic cation + monoatomic anion
polyatomic cation + polyatomic anion
Name the cation ion and anion as it is.
139
Examples: Cu2+ SO42- CuSO4 = cupric sulfate or copper (II) sulfate

NH 4 Cl- NH4Cl = ammonium chloride
2
NH 4 CO 3 (NH4)2CO3 = ammonium carbonate
Ternary compounds that contain H + oxyanions (or Oxyacids)

-in naming oxyacids, if the polyatomic anion is ending in ate change the suffix to ic + the
word acid and if it ends in ite change to the suffix to ous + the word acid

Examples: H+ NO 3 HNO3= nitric acid

H+ NO 2 HNO2 =nitrous acid
]
PART II ANALYZING TEST ITEMS]
1. Who is the Greek philosopher who viewd that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called
atomos?
A. Dalton C. Thales
B. Socrates D. Democritus
PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the nature of the subatomic particles in an atom?
A. Electrons spin around the nucleus.
B. The nuclear charge of the nucleus holds the electron.
C. The number of neutron depends on the number of proton.
D. Protons and neutrons are non-fundamental subatomic particles.
Explanation: Options A, B and D are correct while option C is incorrect. The trueness of option A is illustrated
in the atomic model of N. Bohr. Option B is consistent with the fact that positive charge (protons) in the nucleus
attracts its opposite charge. Option D is supported by experimental evidence on the presence of quarks, which
compose this subatomic particles. On the other hand, option C is incorrect because atoms can have varying
numbers of protons and neutrons which is proven by the existence of isotopes.
3. Carbon 14 is radioactive and is used by archeologists in carbon dating. Which species has both the
same number of electrons and the same number of neutrons as an atom of carbon -14?
14 + 17 +
A. N C. F
16 2+ 28
B. O D. Si
14
Explanation: Adding Z (atomic number) to complete the symbols of the species given above will result to, 6 C,
14 16 2+ 17 + 28
7 N+, 8O , 9F , and 14 Si. With this, the number of electron s can be calculated for each by subtracting the
charge with Z and neutron can then be calculated by subtracting Z to A (mass number). Doing so, each species
will be having electron and neutron as follows:
14 14 16 2+ 17 + 28
6 C 7 N+ 8O 9F 14 Si
e- 6 6 6 8 14 Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
no 8 7 8 8 14
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
Option A is only equal with the number of electrons. Option C is only equal with the number of neutrons and
option D is over the requirement to be equal to C-14. Hence, the best answer is option B.
4. Which condensed electron configuration represents elements that have similar properties?
i) [He] 2s2 2p4 ii) [He] 2s2 2p5 iii) [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p3 iv) [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4
A. i and ii C. ii and iv
B. i and iii D. i and iv
Explanation: The elements with similar properties are those that belong to the same group. From the electron
configuration, the group can be determined by getting the valence electrons. Respectively, elements i), ii), iii)
and iv) have valence electrons of 6, 7, 5, and 6 that are occupying valence orbital s and p. This suggests that
they belong to group VIA, VIIA, VA, and VIA, in that order. Hence, element i) and iv) belong to the same group
which is represented by option D.
140
5. Which of the following diagrams represents an atom that is neutral?
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"
A B C D
. . . .
Explanation: An atom to be neutral must have the same number of electrons and protons. Option A satisfies
this requirement which eliminates option B that is positively charged and option C and D that are negatively
charged.
6. What is the maximum number of electron that can be accomodated in n=3?

A. 2 C. 18
B. 8 D. 32
7. How many orbitals are there in an atom if its n=4?

A. 1 C. 9
B. 4 D. 16
8. Which of the following is the correct electron configuration for a neutral atom the has a Z of 7?
A. 1s22s32p2 C. C. 1s12s12p5
B. 1s 2s22p3
2
D. D. 1s22s12p4
9. Which of the given elements below has the largest atomic radius?
A. Mg C. C. F
B. Ca D. Cl
10. Which given pair of chemical formulas and names is CORRECT?

A. Fe2O3 : iron(II) oxide C. Na2CO3 : sodium carbonate
B. BaOH : barium hydroxide D. S2Cl2 : disulfur dichlorine
Explanation: Applying the rules in naming and writing chemical formulas for binary and ionic compounds shows Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
that options A, B, and D are incorrect. Option A has an incorrect name, due to the oxidation number of (II) where
it must be written with an oxidation number of (III). Remember that subscripts in a chemical formula is a result
of crisscrossing the number from the charges, which means that the 3 of O is coming from iron that is Fe 3+.
Option B must have a chemical formula of Ba(OH) 2 because it is a combination of Ba of group IIA that carries
a charge of 2+ and hydroxide that carries a charge of -1. Option D is misnamed because the less positive
element in a molecular compound will be named with the root word of the element plus the suffix ide. Thus
option D must be named as disulfur dichloride.
11. Before the idea of the nucleus radiation was first known, the term radioactivity was coined. Who coined Formatted: No bullets or numbering
this term ?
A. Becquerel C. Curie Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"
B. Roentgen D. Chadwick
12. The diagram shown below represents radiation passing through an electric field.
Formatted: No bullets or numbering
What does the arrow labeled "A" most likely represents? Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"
141
A. Alpha radiation C. Positron
B. Electron D. Gamma radiation
13. The isotope 68Ga of the group IIIA element can be produced from a natural radioactive process of 68Ge.
This transformation of 68Ge, caused by an electron entering its nucleus, is medically useful because 68Ga can
be used to detect tumors. Which statement about the composition of an atom of the gallium isotope is correct?
A. It has 37 neutrons. C. It has a total of 32 electrons.
B. Its proton number is 32. D. It has 4 electrons in its outer shell.
14. Which of the quantum numbers predicts the number of orbitals?

A. n C. ml
B. l D. ms
15. What is the condensed configuration for 26Fe3+?

A. [Ar] 4s23d6 C. [Ar] 3d5
B. [Ar] 4s23d3 D. [Ar] 4s13d4
16. Which of the following elements has the highest first ionization energy?
A. Na C. P
B. Mg D. Cl
17. Element X has an electron configuration of [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In what, group, period and sublevel-block of
the periodic table does X belong?
A. IIIA, 2, s C. IVA, 3, p
B. IIA, 3, p D. IVB, 3, s
18. Diagrams below depict various types of matter on the atomic scale. Which of these best represents a
mixture of elements & compounds?
A. B. C. D.
19. The atoms J and Q have the electron configurations shown as follows
J: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 Q: 1s2 2s2 2p4
Which compound are they likely to form?

A. JQ C. JQ4
B. JQ2 D. J2Q4
20. What subatomic particle identifies the chemical behavior of an atom?

A. Electron C. Neutron
B. Proton D. Both A and B
23
21. How many protons, electrons and neutrons are present in 11 Na?
A. 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 23 neutrons
B. 12 protons, 11 electrons, and 23 neutrons
C. 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 12 neutrons
D. 23 protons, 23 electrons, and 11 neutrons
22. Effective nuclear charge greatly influences atomic properties. Which of the following statement is
INCORRECT?
A. The effective nuclear charge increases slightly down a group.
B. The effective nuclear charge increases significantly right to left across a period
C. The higher the effective nuclear charge the tighter the electrons will be held by
the nucleus.
D. The higher the effective nuclear charge the closer the electrons will be pulled
towards the nucleus.
23. Consider an element with the following electron configuration, [Kr] 5s 2 4d10 5p5.
Where will you group this element?
a. Alkali metals C. Noble gas Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
b. Halogen D. Transition metals numbering, Tab stops: Not at 1"
142
24. Isotopes of hydrogen (H), is known to be protium ( 1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Which of the Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
diagram below depicts the isotope deuterium? numbering
Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
line: 0"
Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0"

Formatted: No bullets or numbering, Tab stops: Not
at 0.13"
Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or

numbering, Tab stops: Not at 1"
25. Which of the following can be classified as inorganic, molecular, and acid-forming compound? Formatted: Justified, Adjust space between Latin and
A. Methanol (CH3OH) C. Calcium oxide (CaO) Asian text, Adjust space between Asian text and
B. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) D. Sodium chloride (NaCl) numbers, Tab stops: Not at 0.38" + 0.63"
PART III: PRACTICE TEST
PART III ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS at 0.5"
1. Who discovered the charged to mass ratio of an electron? Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
A. Dalton C. Thomson
2. B. Rutherford D. Chadwick at 0.5"
1. Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 0.5"

3. Which of the following statements about neutron is INCORRECT?
A. It is slightly heavier than proton. Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Tab stops:
B. It is the only uncharged subatomic particle. Not at 0.5" + 0.75"
C. It is found to be at the inner core of an atom.
D. It is added to a proton number to signify the atomic number. Formatted: No bullets or numbering, Tab stops: Not
at 0.5"
2 Formatted: No bullets or numbering, Tab stops: Not
3. An oxygen atom loses two electrons and forms the ion, 8 O . What is the number of proton and
electron? at 1"
A. 8 protons and 6 electrons C. 10 protons and 8 electrons Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Tab stops:
B. 8 protons and 8 electrons D. 8 protons and 10 electrons Not at 0.5"
4. The table shows the electron configuration of different elements with their groups and periods. Which Formatted: No bullets or numbering
element has an INCORRECTLY assigned group and period?
line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 1"
Element Electron Configuration Group Period
D 1s22s22p63s23p4 VI A 3 Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
J 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 II A 4 numbering, Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
Q 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 III B 4
X 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d2 II B 4 line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
A. D C. Q
B. J D. X Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
4
5. Which of the diagram below represents an ion with a hypothetical symbol, 2 X ? Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First


Formatted ...
Formatted ...
6. What is the maximum number of electron that can be accomodated if an atom has n=3 and l = +1?
A. 4 C. 18 Formatted ...
B. 8 D. 32
7. How many orbitals are there in an atom if its n=3? Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
A. 1 C. 9
B. 4 D. 16 Formatted: No bullets or numbering
8. Which of the following is the correct electron configuration for a neutral atom the has 15 electrons?
A. 1s22s22p43s23p7 C. 1s22s23s23p63d3 Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
B. 1s22s22p63s23p3 D. 1s22s22p63s23p6 Formatted: No bullets or numbering
143
9. Which of the following has a correct arrangement based on increasing atomic size?
A. Na<K<N<P C. P>N>Na>K
B. K>Na>N>P D. P<N<Na<K
10. What is the chemical formula if an element P of an alkaline earth metal combines with an element Q of
the group VA?
A. P5Q2 C. Q3P2
B. P3Q2 D. P3Q
11. Who proposed that electron has dual character where it is a particle and travels in wave? Formatted: No bullets or numbering
A. Bohr C. Heisenberg
B. de Broglie D. Scrodinger Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"
12. If a certain subatomic elementary particle, given a hypothetical symbol x, is twice the mass of a proton line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
but carries a charge equivalent to two electrons, which of the following symbol will be appropriate?
2 1
A. 1 x C. 2 x numbering
2 1
B. 2 x D. 1 x line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 1"
13. A given species, X, has the following Z = 13, e = 10, n o = 14 and A =27. The species would be most Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
likely ________. numbering
A. an anion C. an isotope Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
B. a cation D. neutral line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 1"
14. Which of the quantum numbers predicts the shape of orbitals? Formatted: Normal, Justified, Tab stops: Not at 1"
A. n C. ml Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
B. l D. ms numbering
line: 0"
15. What is the condensed configuration for 15P3-?
A. [Ar] C. [Ne] 3d8 Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0"
B. [Ne] 3s23p6 D. [Ne] 2s22p6
16. Which of the following elements has the greatest electron affinity? numbering
A. Na C. P line: 0"
B. Mg D. Cl
Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0"
17. Element Z belongs to group IV, family B, period 5 and a transition metal. Which of the following electron Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
configuration will best represent element Z? numbering
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d2 Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p2 line: 0"

18. Diagrams below depict various types of matter on the atomic scale. Which of these best represents a
mixture of molecules but not compounds? Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Tab stops:
Not at 1"

Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Tab stops:
Not at 0.5"
A. B. C. D.
19. What is the correct name of the chemical formula, CuSO 4? Formatted: No bullets or numbering
A. Copper sulfate C. Copper(II) sulfate
B. Cuprous sulfate D. Copper sulfur tetroxide Formatted: No bullets or numbering, Tab stops: Not
at 1"
20. Which of the following statement is NOT true about the sub-atomic particles? Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
A. Electron is a negatively charged particle. line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 0.5"
B. Proton is a positively charged particle.
C. Neutron is a neutral subatomic particle. Formatted: No bullets or numbering
D. Proton is a slightly heavier particle than neutron. Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Tab stops:
Not at 1"
21. Which is the correct atomic symbol for protactinium if it has 91 protons, 91 electrons and 140 neutrons?
140 232 Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or
A. 91
Pa C. 91
Pa numbering
231 91 Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
B. 91
Pa D. 231
Pa line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 1"
144
22. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
A. Aluminum is the smallest metal in period 3.
B. Sodium has the lowest ionization energy in period 3.
C. Francium has the smallest atomic radius in group 1A.
D. Argon is the period 4 element with filled outer level.
23. An element has a condensed electron configuration of [Ar]4s 2. Which of the following would NOT be a
fitting description of the element?
A. It is a reactive metal.
B. It has two valence electrons.
C. It can combine with metals to form salts.
D. It belongs to the representative elements.
24. Which representation is most likely to be a carbon -12 atom?
25. Drain cleaners major component is highly basic and corrosive substance commonly known as caustic
soda. What is the chemical name of this component?
A. Sodium bicarbonate C. Sodium hydroxide Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First
B. Sodium carbonate D. Sodium hypochlorite line: 0", Tab stops: Not at 1"
Formatted: Justified
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Italic
145

Specialization: Physical Sciences Focus: Atom By: Adolfo P. Roque

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Specialization: Physical Sciences Focus: Atom By: Adolfo P. Roque

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SPECIALIZATION: PHYSICAL SCIENCES Formatted: Left: 0.

PART I CONTENT UPDATE

Daltons Postulates Modern Re-evaluation

ATOMS, ISOTOPES & IONS

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Below is a table that summarizes the relationship of the quantum numbers

Figure 1 Shape of Orbitals

The elements in the modern periodic table is arranged according to:

Periods/series- there are seven rows or horizontal sequence

Atomic size is based on atomic

Ionization energy (IE) is the

Figure 2 General Trends in Periodic Table

Electron affinity (EA) is the

Electronegativity is the relative

COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL FORMULA

Binary Compounds contain 2 elements only

cations with fixed oxidation number + anions derived from nonmetals

The cation takes or retains the name of the parent element.

Elements Symbol of Cations

Element Name of Anion Formula

Example: Mg2+ O2- Mg2O2 MgO = magnesium oxide

cation with variable oxidation number + anions derived from nonmetals

Example: Fe3+Cl- FeCl3 = ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride

hydrogen (cation) + nonmetal (anion)

hydrogen halides or hydrohalic acids (HX) X= F, Cl, Br, I

Examples: HCl (g) hydrogen chloride HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid

molecular compounds have a different nomenclature system compared to ionic

Examples: CO carbon monoxide N2O4- dinitrogen tetroxide

Ternary Compounds contain 3 elements.

Formula name Formula Name

ternary compounds that contain metal (cation) + polyatomic ion (anion)

Ternary compounds that contain H + oxyanions (or Oxyacids)

PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"

6. What is the maximum number of electron that can be accomodated in n=3?

7. How many orbitals are there in an atom if its n=4?

10. Which given pair of chemical formulas and names is CORRECT?

14. Which of the quantum numbers predicts the number of orbitals?

15. What is the condensed configuration for 26Fe3+?

Which compound are they likely to form?

20. What subatomic particle identifies the chemical behavior of an atom?

Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0"

Formatted: Normal, Justified, No bullets or

1. Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 0.5"

Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First

Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First

Formatted: No bullets or numbering

Formatted: No bullets or numbering

24. Which representation is most likely to be a carbon -12 atom?

Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 12 pt, Italic

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