IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 10 | March 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Nano Bioactive Compounds to Enrich Antioxidant

Methods in Food Science
Dr. A. Jaganathan S. Muguntha Kumar
Principal / Secretary Assistant professor
Food Craft Institute, Hoshiarpur, Department of Hotel Management & Catering Science
Punjab, India Muthayammal College of Arts & Science, Namakkal,
Tamilnadu, India

Abstract
This paper aims at investigating the effect of the nano technique delivery systems on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of
different bioactive components. Thymol, carvacrol, linalool and eugenol hydrophobic compounds were encapsulated in dextran
of oil-in-water (o/w) nanos prepared by ultrasonic homogenization method and stabilized by different types of emulsifier Tween
20, 40 or 80 and distilled water. The results showed that the reducing power, antioxidant capacity, H2O2 scavenging and
antioxidant activity of un-encapsulated eugenol was the highest percent compared others essential oils. The highest essential oils
nanoencapsulated yield (EY%) and efficiency (EE%) were observed for eugenol 91.74 and 97.81 %, respectively by using
Dex/T20 treatment. Nano technique of eugenol can enhance the aqueous solubility of eugenol at 25, 35 and 45 C. Thermal
stability of eugenol increased from 63.5 to 143 C after nano technique by using Differential Scanning Coliremetry. Antioxidant
activity of nanoencapsulated eugenol 0.5 mg/ml in linolic acid system compred with BHT activity at different periods storage
were 98.97, 98.42, 98.12 and 97.89 % at 0, 60, 120 and 180 days, respectively. Sensory evaluation of jelly prepared with
different levels of nano-encapsulated eugenol compared to 1% its un-encapsulated showed the Dex/T20 (0.3 %) formation was
the most accepted by testers. The antimicrobial activity of nano-encapsulated eugenol was measured against three different
microorganisms, such as Molds & yeasts, coliforms and salmonella. Significance and Impact of the Study: nano technique
affects positively essential oils main compounds, improves antioxidant activity and retains antimicrobial activity, enhancing the
quality of the oils.
Keywords: Nano Techniques, Nano-Encapsulation, Bioactive Compounds
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

In plant phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are widespread components of the human diet found in vegetables, fruits,
soybean, cereals, tea, coffee, red wine and natural herb extracts. The extracts of medicinal plant and culinary herb sources
possess very strong antioxidant activity in vitro. This antioxidant activity is due mainly to phenolic compounds present in plants
(Sahaa et al, 2008). The strong antioxidant activity of the volatile extract of thyme is mostly due to its main volatile components,
thymol and carvacrol. In the case of the volatile extract of basil, eugenol, reported as a major volatile component, probably
contributes significantly to the strong antioxidant activity of the extract. Eugenol showed high antioxidant activity in the
aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay (Teissedre & Waterhouse 2000; and Lee, & Shibamoto 2001). Essential oils (EO) are a group of
ethereal lipophilic compounds, extracted from herbs and spices such as thyme (thymol), oregano (carvacrol) and clove (eugenol)
(Burt, 2004). EO are volatile and highly aromatic, with strong antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties (Toure et al,
2007). When applying EO at a level above their solubility limit, the visible insoluble EO, particularly in beverages, may be a
quality defect unacceptable by consumers. Encapsulation is the most commonly employed approach in the food industry to
disperse lipophilic compounds. In addition, effective encapsulation technologies protect sensitive compounds from degradation,
mask unpleasant tastes of certain compounds, reduce losses due to evaporation, prevent binding or interaction with other food
matrix components, or facilitate controlled release under desired conditions (McClements et al, 2007; de Vos et al, 2010).
Proteins and carbohydrates are frequently studied as matrices to encapsulate lipophilic compounds by spray drying (Charve and
Reineccius 2009; Gharsallaoui et al, 2007; Sliwinski et al, 2003; Zeller et al, 1998), which is a one-step, low-energy and
economical encapsulation method commonly used in the food industry (Adamiec and Kalemba 2006). Specifically relevant to
this study, mixtures of whey protein isolate (WPI) and maltodextrin (MD) have been used to encapsulate avocado (Bae and Lee,
2008), ginger (Toure et al, 2007), oregano (Baranauskiene, et al, 2006) and caraway (Bylaite et al, 2001) essential oils.
Moreover, conjugation of WPI and MD by dry heating (the Maillard reaction) improves emulsifying properties of whey protein
(Akhtar and Dickinson 2007; Choie et al, 2010).
For whey proteinbased encapsulation systems, heat stability of capsules is an important parameter because manufacturing of
many beverage products requires thermal processing to inactivate spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, but whey protein is
known to aggregate during heating, especially at increased ionic strength and acidity near isoelectric point when electrostatic
repulsion weakens (Bryant and McClements 1998). Further, to prepare transparent dispersions, nanoparticles with encapsulated
lipophilic compounds typically smaller than 100 nm are required to reduce the scattering of light (Farhang 2009). However, heat

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stable transparent dispersions with EO-containing capsules based on whey protein or conjugates have not been reported.
Recently, studies have shown the successful approach of using nanos to improve stability in food applications. Tan (2005) and
Yuan et al, (2008) prepared EO nanodispersions using high-pressure homogenization and studied their physicochemical
properties. Other applications include the encapsulation of limonene, lutein, omega-3 fatty acids, astaxantin, and lycopene (Chen
et al, 2006), the encapsulation of a -tocopherol to reduce lipid oxidation in fish oil (Weiss et al, 2009), and the use of nanos to
incorporate essential oils, oleoresins, and oil-based natural flavors into food products such as carbonated beverages and salad
dressings (Ochomogo and Monsalve- Gonzalez 2009). In the last two decades, nanotechnology has rapidly emerged as one of the
most promising and attractive research fields. The technology offers the potential to significantly improve the solubility and
bioavailability of many functional ingredients. The high hydrophobicity of some bioactive substances makes them insoluble in
aqueous systems, and they therefore have a poor intake in the body.
To improve antioxidants dispersibility in water, for example (Horn and Rieger 2001), and also to increase their bioavailability
during gastrointestinal passage (Deming and Erdman 1999), antioxidant crystals must be formulated, that is, to incorporate them
in the fine particles of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. They can be produced using two different approaches: high-energy and low
energy methods. High-energy methods use intense mechanical forces to break up macroscopic phases or droplets into smaller
droplets and typically involve the use of mechanical devices known as homogenizers, which may use high-shear mixing, high-
pressure homogenization, or ultrasonication. In contrast, low-energy methods rely on the spontaneous formation of emulsions
under specific system compositions or environmental conditions as a result of changes in interfacial properties (McClements and
Li 2010). Spontaneous emulsification is a less expensive and energy-efficient alternative that takes advantage of the chemical
energy stored in the system (Bilbao Sinz et al, 2010). High-energy methods are effective in reducing droplet sizes but may not
be suitable for some unstable molecules, such as proteins or peptides. One of the most used low-energy methods is the phase
inversion temperature (PIT) method, which is based on the changes in solubility of polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants
with temperature. The surfactant is hydrophilic at low temperatures but becomes lipophilic with increasing temperature due to
dehydration of the polyoxyethylene chains. At low temperatures, the surfactant monolayer has a large positive spontaneous
curvature forming oil-swollen micellar solution phases (or O/W microemulsions), which may coexist with an excess oil phase.
At high temperatures, the spontaneous curvature becomes negative and water-swollen reverse micelles (or W/O microemulsions)
coexist with an excess water phase. At a critical temperaturethe hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) temperaturethe
spontaneous curvature is zero and a bicontinuous microemulsion phase containing comparable amounts of water and oil phases
coexists with both excess water and oil phases.
If the cooling or heating process is not fast, coalescence predominates and polydispersed coarse emulsions are formed (Ee et
al, 2008). Other low-energy methods that can be used to prepare nanos are the PIC (phase inversion composition) method, in
which the temperature is maintained constant and the composition is changed (the solvent quality is changed by mixing two
partially miscible phases together). By using the PIC method, different nanomaterials such as colloidosomes (Dinsmore et al,
2002), cubosomes (Spicer 2004), and microfluidic channels (Xu et al. 2005) have been prepared. Liu et al, (2006) used
polyoxyethylene (PEO) nonionic surfactants for the preparation of paraffin oil-in water nanos also by using the PIC method.
They reported the preparation of 2.1 Methods of Formation 9 stable nanos with diameters ranging from 100 to 200 nm.
Surfactants used in this system were a combination of Span 80, a sorbitan monooleate with a low HLB, and Tween 80, an
ethoxilated sorbitan monooelate ester with a high HLB. As these two surfactants possess the same backbone, they can mix easily,
leading to a controlled change in the final HLB. Another commonly used inversion method is transitional phase inversion (TPI)
(Jahanzad et al, 2010). Before TPI can occur, the surfactants in both phases must diffuse toward the interface, adsorb at the
interface, and conform into a mixed surfactant layer at the optimum conditions. The rate of diffusion of the surfactants depends
on many parameters, including their size, the viscosity of the phase, and the intensity of mixing, etc. For oil-in-water emulsions
containing a pair of water soluble and oil-soluble surfactants, it was found that the addition of the water phase containing the
water-soluble surfactant to the oil phase containing the oil-soluble surfactant may produce very fine emulsions if it is associated
with interfacial tension lowering in the course of addition. The rate of addition of the second phase is of great importance in
achieving an emulsion with the desired properties. This is Nano and Micro Food Emulsions because the dynamic of phase
inversion emulsification is very fast, and the emulsion properties change quickly with further addition, contrary to some
conventional emulsification methods. Therefore, it is important to find and maintain a semi equilibrated state in the course of
emulsification during which sufficient surfactant diffusion/adsorption can occur, and thus droplet rupturing is enhanced. TPI
occurs when the curvature of the oilwater interface gradually changes from positive to negative, passing through a zero
curvature at the inversion point. This is associated with a shift in the surfactant nature from water-soluble to oil-soluble, or vice
versa.
Encapsulation of bioactive compounds represents a feasible and efficient approach to modulate drug release, increase the
physical stability of the active substances, protect them from the interactions with the environment, decrease their volatility,
enhance their bioactivity, reduce toxicity, and improve patient compliance and convenience (Ravi 2000). Encapsulation of
Essential Oils deals with micrometric size capsules, which are used for the protection of the active compounds against
environmental factors (e.g, oxygen, light, moisture, and pH), to decrease oil volatility and to transform the oil into a powder.
Encapsulation in nanometric particles is an alternative for overcoming these problems but additionally, due to the sub cellular
size, may increase the cellular absorption mechanisms and increasing bioefficacy (Anna et al, 2014). Carvacrol, limonene and
cinnamaldehyde were encapsulated in the sunflower oil droplets of nanos prepared by high pressure homogenization and
stabilized by different emulsifiers: lecithin, pea proteins, sugar ester and a combination of Tween 20 and glycerol monooleate.

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The antimicrobial activity was measured against three different microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus
delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The measured antimicrobial activity was significantly affected by the formulation of
the nano, where the different bioactive compounds were encapsulated. In particular, the effect of the delivery systems on the
antimicrobial activity was correlated to the concentration of the essential oil components in the aqueous phase in equilibrium
with the nano droplets, suggesting that the ability of the active molecules to interact with cell membranes is associated to their
dissolution in the aqueous phase. (Francesco et al, 2012).
Although the antimicrobial effects of essential oils are well established and despite the several studies on their antimicrobial
activity (Bakkali et al, 2008; Ben Arfa et al, 2006; Ceylan and Fung, 2004; Helander et al, 1998; Lambert et al, 2001; Ultee et al,
2000, 2002; Sikkema et al, 1995), it must be highlighted that their mechanisms of action are poorly understood, even though
different theories were proposed. In particular, it appears that the different essential oil components are characterized by a
peculiar mechanism of action, which depends on the nature of the specific bioactive molecule (Di Pasqua et al, 2007). The
objective of this work was to try increase the efficiency and stability of some essential oils using nanotechnology (nano-emulsion
and nano-encapsulation) techniques on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for application in the food industry

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials
Pure bioactive compounds, Thymol, Euganol, Linalool and Carvacrol were delivered from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals.
Methods
Reducing Power
The reducing power of thymol, carvacrol, linalool, and eugenol was determined according to the method of Oyaizu, (1986). A
volume of 0.4 ml of ethanolic solutions with different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml) form each tested
compound were added to 1 ml potassium ferricyanide 1% and 1 ml phosphate buffer 0.2 M, pH = 6.6. Mixture was incubated at
50 oC for 20 min. Then, trichloroacetic acid 10% was added to mixture, and centrifuged at 650 g for 10 min. Two ml of the
supernatant was mixed with 2 ml distilled water and 0.4 ml ferric chloride 0.1% and the absorbance was read
spectrophotometrically( Shimadzu UV-VIS 160 A) at 700 nm. Higher absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated greater
reducing power.
Total Antioxidant Capacity as Equivalents
The total antioxidant capacity of thymol, carvacrol, linalool and eugenol was determined according to the method of Prieto et al.
(1999). Ethanolic solution with different concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100 and 500 ppm) was added to 3.5 ml reagent
solution (0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate, and 4mM Ammonium molybdate). Then, the tubes were capped and
incubated in a water bath at 95 oC for 90 min. After cooling to room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 695 nm
against a blank. The antioxidant capacities expressed as equivalents of -tocopheroel.
The Antioxidant Capacity of Thymol
The ability of tested compounds to scavenge DPPH radical was determined according to the method of (Hatano, et al, 1988). The
reaction mixture had contained 0.1 ml of DPPH radical solution (5 mM) and different concentration of tested compounds (from
0.0026 mM to 83 mM). Total volume of the reaction mixture was 3ml. Absorption of DPPH radical at 515 nm was determined
after 10 min against a blank solution that contained only methanol. % DPPH radical scavenging activity = ((Ac-As)/Ac) 100
Where: As= absorbance of sample; Ac= absorbance of control (DPPH radical solution in methanol without sample).
Antioxidant Activity in an Acid System
An antioxidant activity assay was carried out by using the linoleic acid system Osawa and Namiki (1981). Tested compounds in
ethanolic solution with different concentration (125, 250, 375,500 ppm) were added to 2 ml ethanolic solution of linoleic acid 0.2
M. Then, the total volume was adjusted to 4 ml with ethanol. And the reaction mixture incubated at 40oC. the degree of
oxidation was measured according to the thiocyanate method Mitsuda et al, (1996) by adding 0.1 ml reaction mixture , 0.1 ml
ammonium thiocyanate 30% , 3 ml solvent (n butanol :ethanol 1:1) and 0.1 ml ferrous chloride (20 mM in 3.5% HCl). After
mixing was stirred for 3 min, the absorbance measured at 500 nm, and the percentage of antioxidant activity was calculated from
the following equation: Antioxidant activity %= 100 - [(absorbance of sample / absorbance of control) 100] All tests and
analyses were run in triplicate and averaged
Preparation of Bioactive Nanos
Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions were prepared according to Helder et al, (2011) with some modifications. Briefly: 0.03% (w/w)
bioactive compounds (higher than 97 % purity) was dissolved at 40 C in n-hexane (95% purity). This organic solution was then
added to an aqueous solution containing 0.5 % (w/w) Tween (20, 40 and 80) (97%, Sigma, USA) in distilled water. The
organic/aqueous phase volume ratio of 1: 9 was used. The emulsions were homogenized using an ultrasonicator homogenizer

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(Homogenizer PRO 400PC). The n-hexane was then removed from the fine emulsion by rotary evaporation. In order to simulate
industrial production environment, no special care was taken to avoid contact with oxygen.
The nanos obtained were stored at 4 C in the absence of light, during the evaluation period, reproducing eventual commercial
conditions.
2 % dextran was added to 0.5 % (w/w) Tween 80 and then 100 ml distilled water and stirring (Dex/T80).
2 % dextran was added to 0.5 % Tween 40 and then 100 ml distilled water (Dex/T40).
2 % dextran was added to 0.5 % Tween 20 and then 100 ml distilled water (Dex/T20).
Oxidation Study of Bioactive Compounds Encapsulated
DSC was furthermore employed to study the thermo-oxidation stability of the samples. Samples of pure terpenes as well as their
complexes with B-CD and their encapsulated forms in MS containing around 2 mg of terpenes were placed in 40-L aluminum
pans having a hole in their lid. The specimens were heated in pure oxygen atmosphere from room temperature to 120 C at 90
C/min, remained at 120 C for 1 min, to ensure a uniform temperature distribution within the sample, and then heated up to 420
C at 10 C /min.
Application and Preparation of Jelly
Jelly was prepared in laboratory by adding different levels of eugenol nanoencapsulated i.e. 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50%
w/w in laboratory using the traditional procedure. The formulation of Jelly was contained the ingredients of sucrose, gelatin,
citric acid, flavoring agent, sodium benzoate and potassium citrate, ascorbic acid and antioxidant pigment were 84.0, 15.0, 0.20,
0.10, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.1-0.5 %, respectively. Jellies were wrapped by polyethylene and aluminum foil and packed in carton bags
and were stored at room temperature 255C. The control of jelly was prepared with 0.10% synthetic color (carmine) according
to Attia et al,(2013)
Sensory Evaluation
An acceptance test of the jelly samples was carried out at the Sensory Analysis Laboratory of the Food Science and Technology
Department, National Research Center (NRC) with the participation of 41 volunteer members of the NRC community from both
sexes and of all ages. Volunteers were selected based on their interest and availability to take part in the tests. Samples were
evaluated through tests of preference and intention to purchase in accordance with NBR 12806/1993 (ABNT, 1993). The testers
assessed the samples using a 9-point structured hedonic scale, as follows: 1 - disliked very much; 2 - disliked quite a lot; 3 -
fairly disliked; 4 - slightly disliked; 5 - neither liked nor disliked; 6 - slightly liked; 7 - fairly liked; 8 - liked quite a lot; 9 - liked
very much. The samples were marked with random three digit numbers and served to testers in individual booths under white
light. Plain mineral water and biscuit means cookie were provided for rinsing of the palate between sample evaluations.
Statistical Analyses
Experimental results were mean S.D. of three parallel measurements and analyzed by SPSS 10 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL).
Differences between means were determined using Tukey multiple comparisons and least significant difference (LSD).
Correlations were obtained by Pearson correlation coefficient in bivariate correlations. P values <0.05 were regarded significant.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Antioxidant Activity of the Basil and Essential Oils Major Components

Reducing Power
The reducing power of thymol (T), carvacrol (C), linalool (L), and eugenol (E) was measured by the ferricyamide method.
Different concentrations of thymol, carvacrol, linalool and eugenol 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml were investigated.
Higher absorbance at 700 nm of the reaction mixture indicated greater reducing power. Table 1 represents the reducing power of
T, C, L and E measured as absorbance at 700 nm. Table 1 reveals that T, C, E exhibited a reducing power, but to varying degrees
while L has no significant reducing power. A positive correlation has been observed between concentrations and reducing power
for T, C, E especially E. There is a significant difference among the tested compounds in their reducing power.
The antioxidant capacity of L was very high but its reducing power is very low. So, there was a very high difference between
the reducing power and the antioxidant capacity of L. linalool is a monoterpen which has an allelic structure, its structure can be
reacted with H2SO4 which present in the reaction mix in the antioxidant capacity and a sulfunyl compound will form. So that,
sulfonyl compound reacts and give a high antioxidant capacity. The difference between the reducing power and the antioxidant
capacity of L related to the reaction conditions because of the reaction mixture of antioxidant capacity contained H2SO4 0.6 m
and the reaction mix was heated at 95C for 90 min. so, its false antioxidant capacity. This mechanism can explain according to
March (1968). On the other hand, the reducing power and antioxidant capacity of E were the highest activity. So, that, BO has a
high reducing power and antioxidant capacity because of its containing of E. from the obtained results, T and C have low
reducing power and antioxidant capacity. In addition, to has a low reducing power and antioxidant capacity. As previously
mentioned the reducing power and the antioxidant capacity of E is the highest activity. Mechanism of antioxidant action is
reducing power and antioxidant capacity of E could be explained according to Ou et al. (2002)

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Characterization of Nano technique of Bioactive Compounds

Nanos are not only used to change the texture, flavor, and appearance of foods, but they are increasingly used to delivery
biologically functional components that are lipophilic such as antioxidants, flavors, and nutraceuticals. Traditionally, emulsions
could only be manufactured on a commercial scale with droplets in the nano-size range 10-100nm) (Friberg et al, 2004;
McClements, 2005a; Leal-Calderon et al, 2007). Encapsulation of essential oils at the nanoscale represents a viable and efficient
approach to increasing the physical stability of the bioactive compounds, protecting them from the interactions with the food
ingredients. Encapsulation of functional ingredients has been shown to reduce ingredient interactions and allow for better control
over mass transport phenomena and chemical reactions. Encapsulation of biologically active components such as nutraceuticals
may also improve bioactivity, e.g. by improving adsorption and uptake of components during digestion. In the case of food

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Nano-encapsulation offers great advantage for an improved stability of bioactive compounds in certain food formulations. Jelly
as a staple food is considered to be a useful model to develop new generation of functional products, and to test the stability of
nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds. In this study, bioactive compounds were encapsulated with dextran and added to jelly
formulation to test their stability during the process. The results revealed that nano-encapsulation significantly improved the
thermal stability of eugenol at elevated temperatures applied during process. Addition of the particles of encapsulated bioactive
compounds at amounts up to 0.02 % in jelly formulation seemed reasonable in terms of general quality parameters and sensory
properties. Presence of bioactive compounds in a formulation may bring important changes in the chemical reactions occurring
in food during processing. The most bioactive compounds bear functional groups that may react with other compounds in food.
These reactions may lead to the formation of processing contaminants especially in products in which processing conditions are
severe. Therefore, prevention of the reactivity of bioactive compounds through their nano-encapsulation may also help
preventing certain food safety risks

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